DOC 74
LAND AT NEWLANDS ROAD, CARDIFF
Environmental Statement Volume
Technical Appendix 13
Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment
rpsgroup.com
Quality Management
Version Status Authored by Reviewed by Approved by Review date
1 Draft Nikki Cook Nick Cooke Maureen Darrie 17/03/2020
2 Final Nikki Cook Nick Cooke Maureen Darrie 22/05/2020
3 Reen clarifications Nikki Cooke Nick Cooke Maureen Darrie 27/08/2020
Approval for issue
Nick Cooke Nicholas Cooke 27 August 2020
File/Model Location
Document location: O:\_HERITAGE\Nikki Cook\2. National\Wales\HER - Newlands Road, Cardiff
Model / Appendices location:
© Copyright RPS Group Plc. All rights reserved. The report has been prepared for the exclusive use of our client and unless otherwise agreed in writing by RPS Group Plc, any of its subsidiaries, or a related entity (collectively 'RPS'), no other party may use, make use of, or rely on the contents of this report. The report has been compiled using the resources agreed with the client and in accordance with the scope of work agreed with the client. No liability is accepted by RPS for any use of this report, other than the purpose for which it was prepared. The report does not account for any changes relating to the subject matter of the report, or any legislative or regulatory changes that have occurred since the report was produced and that may affect the report. RPS does not accept any responsibility or liability for loss whatsoever to any third party caused by, related to or arising out of any use or reliance on the report. RPS accepts no responsibility for any documents or information supplied to RPS by others and no legal liability arising from the use by others of opinions or data contained in this report. It is expressly stated that no independent verification of any documents or information supplied by others has been made. RPS has used reasonable skill, care and diligence in compiling this report and no warranty is provided as to the report’s accuracy. No part of this report may be copied or reproduced, by any means, without the prior written consent of RPS.
Prepared by: Prepared for:
RPS Môr Hafren Bio Power Ltd
Dr Nikki Cook MCIfA Director – Historic Environment
20 Western Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire. OX14 4SH.
T E
Land at Newlands Road, Cardiff | Environmental Statement | Appendix 12.1 | March 2020 rpsgroup.com
Contents INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Site Description ...... 2 1.3 Summary of heritage assets and landscape context ...... 3 1.4 Geology and Topography ...... 4 1.5 Aims and objectives ...... 5 LEGAL AND PLANNING FRAMEWORK ...... 6 National Legislation and Policy ...... 6 National Guidance ...... 9 Best Practice Guidance Overview ...... 12 Local Planning Policy ...... 14 METHODOLOGY ...... 15 BASELINE POSITION ...... 1 4.1 Introduction ...... 1 4.2 Previous archaeological work ...... 1 4.3 Designated heritage assets ...... 4 4.4 Historic Landscape ...... 8 4.5 Archaeological and historical context ...... 9 ASSESSMENT OF HISTORIC ASSETS ...... 17 ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL ...... 18 REFERENCES ...... 19
Plates Plate 1 Aerial view of proposed development site ...... 1 Plate 2 Extract of the St Mellons Tithe Map and the Site, showing Plots 728, 729 and 730 ...... 5 Plate 3 Extract of the St Mellons Tithe Apportionment, showing Plots 728, 729 and 730 ...... 6
Appendices Appendix 1: Site Gazetteer
Figures
Land at Newlands Road, Cardiff | Environmental Statement | Appendix 12.1 | March 2020 rpsgroup.com APPENDIX 12.1: HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT DESK BASED ASSESSMENT
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background RPS was commissioned to produce a historic environment desk-based assessment in connection with the proposed development of Land at Newlands Road, Cardiff centred at NGR 566324, 176593 (hereafter, ‘the Site’). An aerial view of the proposed Site is shown Plate 1.
The Applicant (Môr Hafren Bio Power Limited) is seeking planning permission for an energy recovery facility (ERF) fuelled by residual waste (i.e. commercial and industrial waste remaining post-treatment and destined for landfill). The proposed ERF will process up to 200,000 tonnes of mainly commercial and industrial waste per annum to export around 15MW of electricity. The plant will be classified as an energyrecovery facility and will be designed with the ability to export heat, as well as electricity, to adjacent developments.
Plate 1 Aerial view of proposed development site
The land had the benefit of planning permission for the construction of an integrated waste management facility incorporating autoclave technology, materials recycling and combined heat and power generation, ancillary offices and weighbridge office, and associated roads, car parking and landscaping (planning reference 09/00246/E). Permission was granted subject to 32 planning conditions. There was an associated legal agreement under Section 106 of the Town and County Planning Act 1990, as amended.
Planning permission was subsequently granted for an extension of time for the commencement of development (14/0251/MJR). This allows the development to be commenced, under the terms of the extant permission, to 30th April 2020.
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The proposed scale of the development (above 10MW and below 50MW) means that it constitutes development of national significance (DNS). The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)) (Wales) Regulations 2017 implement the requirements of the EIA Directive in Wales, on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment.
The proposed development will fall under Schedule 1 (10) of the Regulations: Waste disposal installations for the incineration or chemical treatment (as defined in Annex IIA to Council Directive 75/442/EEC under heading D9) of non-hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 100 tonnes per day. As such, EIA is mandatory, and the Applicant is required to submit an Environmental Statement with their planning application.
Following a formal request for a Scoping Direction in August 2019 with accompanying Scoping Report (GP Planning 2019), the Planning Inspectorate issued a DNS: EIA Scoping Direction in October 2019 (ref: 3236340). Historic Environment as a topic was scoped in.
This Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment (DBA) has therefore been prepared by RPS Planning and Development (part of RPS Group plc), on behalf of Môr Hafren Bio Power Ltd. The DBA provides an account of the known archaeology and history of the proposal site and the surrounding area. Additionally, it identifies the relevant legislation, guidance and policy (national and local) regarding the historic environment, and has been undertaken in accordance with these documents and also the Scoping Direction.
It is intended that this assessment, as a detailed technical report, should be used as an Appendix to the Environmental Statement (ES) prepared in support of the Application.
1.2 Site Description The Site lies within the Trowbridge area of Cardiff, a modern suburb, approximately 6 kilometres to the northeast of Cardiff City Centre. The residential suburb of Rumney lies approximately 1.5 kilometres to the west of the site and the suburb of Llanrumney is about 0.6 kilometres to the north (see Figure 1). Historically, until 1938, the area was part of the civil parish of Rumney, in the historic county of Monmouthshire, when the Cardiff Extension Act of 1937 incorporated it into the county borough of Cardiff. The Site itself historically lay in the Parish of St Mellons, also part of Monmouthshire, to the east of the Rhymney River, with the parish border between Rumney and St Mellons following the line of an early reen, although this has now largely been developed over by the modern industrial park. Historically, two farms, Trowbridge-mawr and Trowbridge-bâch, lay c.300m to the northwest and c.175m to the southwest of the Site respectively. Both of these are no longer extant, and their farmland largely developed in the post-war period as modern housing.
The development Site comprises 1.67 ha of previously developed land: it is trapezoidal in shape and is currently comprises unmanaged scrubland, being grazed by horses, and a number of trees and hedges. A historic drain runs along its western edge.
The northern edge of the Site is delimited by the mainline railway linking Cardiff with London Paddington. The southern edge is bounded by the B4239 Wentloog Avenue / Wentloog Road and beyond this is a similar area of open unmanaged land. This boundary edge provides the main access into the Site, which is currently blocked by a number of pieces of metal fencing. Fly-tipping on this part of the Site has made access difficult and with the horses in the field it was not possible to access the Site during the field visit and walkover survey.
There is one small building within the southern corner of the Site which is a late 20th century electric substation and has no architectural or historic special interest.
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To the southwest of the Site there is dense band of vegetation, which prevents any views into the Site from the adjacent path. Further southwest there is a large industrial building with associated carparking and infrastructure, comprising the Pinewood Studios Wales and a single wind turbine, which sits at 79m tall to the hub, with a tip height of 120m. To the east of the Site there is an industrial complex of buildings along with an associated car park. The south and eastern edges of the Site both have dense hedgerow boundary treatment.
The Site had planning permission for thermal treatment and waste management which expired on 30th April 2020. An archaeological watching brief undertaken on Ground Investigation works as part of that project identified no buried features or deposits of archaeological interest. A condition placed upon that planning permission required a further programme of archaeological investigation.
1.3 Summary of heritage assets and landscape context There are no designated or recorded non-designated heritage assets within the Site itself.
Designated heritage assets identified within a 2km radius of the Site include three scheduled monuments, Caer Castell Camp and St Mellons Churchyard Cross, c.1.16km and 2km to the northwest and north-northwest of the Site respectively, and the Relict Sea Wall on Rumney Great Wharf, c.1.25km to the south of the Site (see Figure 2).
There are also 12 Listed Buildings within a 2km radius of the Site (see Figure 3). These comprise the Grade I listed Church of St Mellon, with the remainder listed at Grade II. Four of these Grade II listed buildings lie within 1km of the Site, and comprise Longcross Farm; Pill Du Farm; Pen-Pil (Penpil Farm Kennels) and Ty-Du, with associated byre and stables. With the exception of Quarry Hill House, the remainder of the listed buildings (Bethania Evangelical Church; Kingdom Hall; Bluebell Inn; The White Hart; the War Memorial; and the base of the churchyard cross in St Mellons churchyard) are also within the Old St Mellons Conservation Area (see Figure 4).
The St Mellons Conservation Area is located c.1.65km to the north-northwest of the Site. Other conservation areas are located to the west of the Site, within the Cardiff suburbs between 4km and 5km away (see Figure 4), and were therefore scoped out of any further assessment.
The Site lies adjacent to, but not within, the Gwent Levels landscape of Outstanding Historic Interest (see Figure 5), as recorded on the Register of Landscapes of Outstanding and Special Historic Interest, maintained by Cadw. This is a non-statutory Register, but all historic landscapes on this Register are of national importance in the Welsh context.
The Site also lies within an Archaeologically Sensitive Area (ASA) as defined by Cardiff Council (see Figure 6), comprising ASA4: The Wentloog Levels, which is considered to have extremely high potential for extensive and significant buried, waterlogged, archaeological and environmental deposit dating from the prehistoric to the Roman, Medieval and post-medieval periods.
In terms of historic landscape character, Natural Resources Wales (NRW) have created LANDMAP, an all-Wales resource where landscape characteristics, qualities and influences on the landscape are recorded and evaluated in a nationally consistent dataset. The five LANDMAP spatial datasets are called the Geological Landscape, Landscape Habitats, Visual & Sensory, Historic Landscape and Cultural Landscape. In terms of Historic Landscape, the Site sits within an area defined as River Rhymney Corridor (see Figure 7).
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As a whole, the Gwent Levels Outstanding Landscape of Historic Interest in Wales comprises three discrete and extensive areas of alluvial wetlands and intertidal mudflats situated on the north side of the Severn Estuary and represent the largest and most significant example in Wales of a 'hand- crafted' landscape. The area has been characterised into 21 distinct areas. In terms of the Gwent Levels, the Site sits within the Trowbridge historic landscape character area (HLCA) (see Figure 8), described as a fairly simple landscape in the low-lying back fen, probably created in the medieval period after the higher coastal areas had been colonised. However, it borders the Roman landscape of Peterstone to the south and east, and the Rumney complex ‘irregular landscape’ typical of piecemeal medieval reclamation to the west.
Figure 9 illustrates the spread of recorded heritage assets contained within the regional and national historic environment records within the 2km buffer surrounding the Site. The bulk of sites and finds dating to the prehistoric and Roman period are located to the south of the Site, with many identified as part of various walkover surveys at Rumney Great Wharf and along the coast by Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust (GGAT). Inland sites are predominantly medieval and later. All heritage assets considered within this assessment are tabulated within Appendix 1 and illustrated chronologically in Figures 10-14.
1.4 Geology and Topography The study site comprises Tidal Flat Deposits of Clay, Silt and Sand of the Wentloog Level and Rumney Formation, laid down during the Quaternary period. These superficial deposits are underlain by Mudstone of the Mercia Mudstone Group, dating to the Triassic. The Wentloog Formation reaches a depth of c.7m below ground level within the Site boundary. These deposits were formed by successive phases of marine inundation and peat formation during the post-glacial period, and are 'Lower', 'Middle' and 'Upper' horizons.
The Wentloog Level formed through the gradual accumulation of sediments during the post-glacial period, from the later Mesolithic into the Iron Age. During the Roman period the salt marshes were reclaimed and protected from further sedimentation, which only resumed as the original Roman sea-wall fell into disrepair during the early Medieval period. The Rumney formation relates to this later sedimentary event, and includes deposits that have accumulated since the rebuilding and relocation of the sea-wall in the later Medieval period (Allen 1988).
The study site is located c.5 km to the east of Cardiff within the south-western part of the Wentloog Level coastal plain. This is part of the Gwent Levels, a largely human-made landscape, resulting from drainage of the former salt marshes along the northern edge of the Severn Estuary. The modern foreshore of the Bristol Channel lies c. 1km to the south.
The study site is level at c. 5m above Ordnance Datum (aOD) and is generally flat with localised bunding to the east and south to prevent access.
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1.5 Aims and objectives In accordance with relevant policy and guidance on archaeology, historic environment and planning, and in accordance with the Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessments (Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA), December 2014, updated January 20171 and the Standard and guidance for commissioning work on, or providing consultancy advice on, archaeology and the historic environment (CIfA, December 2014)2 the aim of this assessment is to draw together the available archaeological, historical, topographic and land-use information in order to clarify the archaeological potential of the Site and potential impacts of the proposed development on the historic environment as a whole, whether above- or below-ground, including archaeological remains, built heritage and historic landscapes.
This report also fulfils the objective of enabling relevant parties to assess the archaeological potential of various parts of the Site and to consider the need for masterplanning, design, civil engineering, and archaeological solutions (mitigation) to the archaeological and historic environment potential identified as part of the decision-making process.
1 see https://www.archaeologists.net/sites/default/files/CIfAS%26GDBA_3.pdf
2 see https://www.archaeologists.net/sites/default/files/CIfAS&GCommissioning_1.pdf
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LEGAL AND PLANNING FRAMEWORK
National Legislation and Policy 2.1 Legislative frameworks provide protection to the historic environment while planning policy guidance provides advice concerning how the historic environment should be addressed within the planning process. 2.2 Statutory protection for archaeology is principally enshrined in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act (1979) amended by the National Heritage Acts (1983 and 2002). Nationally important archaeological sites are listed in a Schedule of Monuments and are accorded statutory protection. 2.3 For other components of the historic environment, the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act (1990) and the Town and County Planning Act (1990) provide statutory protection to listed buildings and their settings and present measures to designate and preserve the character and appearance of Conservation Areas.
The Historic Environment (Wales) Act 2016 2.4 The Historic Environment (Wales) Act became law after receiving Royal Assent in March 2016. It gives more effective protection to listed buildings and scheduled monuments, improves the sustainable management of the historic environment, and introduces greater transparency and accountability regarding decisions affecting the historic environment. 2.5 This Act amends the two pieces of UK legislation, the Ancient Monument and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 and the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, which currently provide the framework for the protection and management for the Welsh historic environment. These amendments predominantly relate to the transference of a number of existing powers, including the designation of scheduled monuments and listed buildings, from the Secretary of State to Welsh Ministers. The key provisions of the Act can be summarised as the following: • amendments to the procedure for determining scheduled monument consent; • provision for Welsh Ministers to enter into a Heritage Partnership Agreement with the owner of a scheduled monument, or any associated land, within Wales; • provision for Welsh Ministers to compile and maintain a register of historic parks and gardens of special historic interest; and • provision for Welsh Ministers and/or local authorities to enter into a Heritage Partnership Agreement with the owner of a listed building, or part of such a building, situated in Wales. 2.6 Historic Parks, Gardens and Landscapes are described on a Register maintained by Cadw (and others) for the Welsh Government. Such designation does not afford statutory protection, however the Historic Environment (Wales) Act 2016 includes a provision for historic parks and gardens to be placed on a statutory register and this is due to come into force in 2020. This register will not include historic landscapes, which are instead identified on the non-statutory Register of Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest in Wales (published as Part 2.1, by Cadw, in 1998), or on the Register of Landscapes of Special Historic Interest in Wales (published as Part 2.2, by Cadw, in 2001). 2.7 The Act also contains new stand-alone provisions for the compilation of a list of historic place names in Wales; for the compilation of an historic environment record for each local authority area in Wales; and for the establishment of an Advisory Panel for the Welsh Historic Environment.
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Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 and the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Wales) (Amendment No.2) Regulations 2017 2.8 Where any development may affect designated heritage assets, there is a legislative framework in place to ensure that due regard is given to its impact on the historic environment. Notwithstanding the amendments made in the Historic Environment (Wales) Act 2016, this extends from primary legislation under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. 2.9 Section 66(1) states that special regard must be given by the planning authority in the exercise of planning functions to the desirability of preserving or enhancing listed buildings and their setting. 2.10 The meaning and effect of these duties have been considered by the courts in recent cases, including the Court of Appeal decision in relation to Barnwell Manor Wind Energy v East Northamptonshire District Council [2014] EWCA Civ 137. 2.11 The Court agreed with the High Court’s judgement that Parliament’s intention in enacting Section 66(1) was that decision-makers should give ‘considerable importance and weight’ to the desirability of preserving (i.e. keeping from harm) the setting of listed buildings. 2.12 Additionally, Section 72 of the 1990 Act states that in exercising all planning functions, local planning authorities must pay special attention to the desirability of preserving or enhancing conservation areas, with this duty applying to any buildings or land within a conservation area. 2.13 The mechanisms for implementation of the 1990 UK Act were updated for a Welsh context in The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Wales) Regulations 2012. These Regulations have most recently been amended in the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Wales) (Amendment No.2) Regulations 2017. In this most recent amendment, the requirement that an application for listed building consent is accompanied by a design and access statement has been replaced with the requirement that an application for listed building or conservation area consent is accompanied by a heritage impact statement.
Planning Policy Wales (Edition 10, December 2018) 2.14 The principal national planning policy is Planning Policy Wales (Edition 10, Welsh Government, December 2018, PPW10). This establishes Welsh Government objectives with regard to the protection of the historic environment and explains that responsibility for caring for the historic environment lies with all those that have an interest in the planning system. 2.15 PPW10 sets out the land use planning policies of the Welsh Government. It is supplemented by a series of Technical Advice Notes (TANs). Procedural advice is given in circulars and policy clarification letters. 2.16 Chapter 6 of PPW10, entitled ‘Distinctive and Natural Places’, has a section entitled ‘The Historic Environment’ (section 6.1 - pp. 123-128) which provides policy for planning authorities, property owners, developers and others on the conservation and investigation of heritage assets. Overall, the objectives of Section 6.1 in relation to the historic environment can be summarised as seeking to: • protect the Outstanding Universal Value of the World Heritage Sites; • conserve archaeological remains, both for their own sake and for their role in education, leisure and the economy; • safeguard the character of historic buildings and manage change so that their special architectural and historic interest is preserved; • preserve or enhance the character or appearance of conservation areas, whilst the same time helping them remain vibrant and prosperous;
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• preserve the special interest of sites on the register of historic parks and gardens; and protect areas on the register of historic landscapes in Wales. 2.17 Section 6.1 of PPW10 describes the historic environment as comprising all the surviving physical elements of previous human activity and illustrates how past generations have shaped the world around us. The historic environment is made up of individual historic features, archaeological sites, historic buildings and historic parks, gardens, townscapes and landscapes, collectively known as historic assets. It notes that the ways in which historic assets are identified varies, with the most important historic assets often having statutory protection, yet other assets may yet to be formally identified. 2.18 Regarding archaeological remains, Section 6.1 of PPW10 states: 'The conservation of archaeological remains and their settings is a material consideration in determining planning applications, whether those remains are a scheduled monument or not’ (Paragraph 6.1.23). ‘Where nationally important archaeological remains are likely to be affected by proposed development, there should be a presumption in favour of their physical protection in situ. It will only be in exceptional circumstances that planning permission will be granted if development would result in a direct adverse impact on a scheduled monument (or an archaeological site shown to be of national importance)’ (Paragraph 6.1.24). ‘In cases involving less significant archaeological remains, local planning authorities will need to weigh the relative importance of the archaeological remains and their settings against other factors, including the need for the proposed development' (Paragraph 6.1.25). 2.19 Section 6.1 goes on to say: ‘Where archaeological remains are known to exist or there is a potential for them to survive, an application should be accompanied by sufficient information, through desk- based assessment and/or field evaluation, to understand a full understanding of the impact of the proposal on the significance of the remains’ (Paragraph 6.1.26). ‘If the planning authority is minded to approve an application and where archaeological remains are affected by proposals that alter or destroy them, the planning authority must be satisfied that the developer has secured appropriate and satisfactory provision for their recording and investigation, followed by the analysis and publication of the results and the deposition of the resulting archive in an approved repository’ (Paragraph 6.1.27). 2.20 Section 6.1.7 notes that it is important that the planning system looks to protect, conserve and enhance the significance of historic assets, and that this will include consideration of the setting of an historic asset. Any change that impacts on an historic asset or its setting should be managed in a sensitive and sustainable way. 2.21 Section 6.1.9 reiterates that any decisions made through the planning system must fully consider the impact on the historic environment and on the significance and heritage values of individual historic asset and their contribution to the character of place. 2.22 Section 6.1.10 states that there should be a general presumption in favour of the preservation or enhancement of a listed building and its setting, which might extend beyond its curtilage. It advises that for any development proposals affecting a listed building or its setting, the primary material consideration is the statutory requirement to have special regard to the desirability of preserving the building, its setting or any features of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses. Applicants for listed building consent must be able to justify their proposals, shows why the alteration or demolition of a listed buildings is desirable or necessary, and consider the impact of any change upon its significance. This must be included in a heritage impact statement, which will be proportionate both to the significance of the building and to the degree of change proposed. 2.23 Concerning conservation areas, section 6.1.14 states that there should be a general presumption in favour of the preservation or enhancement of the character or appearance of a conservation area or its setting. Conversely, section 6.1.15 states that there will be a strong presumption against the granting of planning permission for developments, including advertisements, which damage the character of appearance of a conservation area or its setting to an unacceptable level. However, it
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states that ‘In exceptional cases, the presumption may be overridden in favour of development considered desirable on public interest grounds’ (Paragraph 6.1.15). 2.24 Section 6.1.16 states that preservation or enhancement of a conservation area can be achieved by a development which either makes a positive contribution to an area’s character or appearance or leaves them unharmed. Mitigation measures can also be considered which could result in an overall neutral or positive impact. Section 6.1.17 states that proposals should be tested against conservation area appraisals, where they are available. 2.25 Section 6.1.29 addresses locally specific historic environment policies, stating that development plans should consider the inclusion of locally specific policies relevant to the historic environment, but that these must be distinctive and only cover those elements deemed as important considerations from a local planning perspective. It is noted that planning authorities may develop lists of historic assets of special local interest, that do not have statutory protection, but that make an important contribution to local distinctiveness and have the potential to contribute to public knowledge. Where a planning authority chooses to identify historic assets of special local interest, policies for the conservation and enhancement of those assets must be included in the development plan. 2.26 PPW10 also includes policies regarding historic landscapes: ‘Planning authorities should protect those assets included on the register of historic landscapes in Wales…….The register should be taken into account in decision making when considering the implications of developments which meet the criteria for Environmental Impact Assessment, or, if on call in, in the opinion of Welsh Ministers, the development is of a sufficient scale to have more than a local impact on the historic landscape’ (Paragraph 6.1.21). 2.27 The aspirations and vision of the Welsh Government regarding the historic environment are additionally expressed in the following documents. • People, Places, Future: The Wales Spatial Plan (Welsh Assembly Government, 2008). • Conservation Principles for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment in Wales (Welsh Assembly Government, 2011). • Historic Environment Strategy for Wales (Welsh Government, 2013).
National Guidance Technical Advice Note (TAN) 24: The Historic Environment (2017) 2.28 TAN 24 is one of a suite of documents designed to aid the application of PPW10. TAN 24 was adopted in May 2017, and supersedes pre-existing Welsh Office Circular concerning the historic environment. 2.29 TAN 24 provides specific guidance on how the planning system considers each aspect of the historic environment during development plan preparation and decision-making on planning and Listed Building (LBC) applications. It also sets out that it is for an applicant to provide the LPA with sufficient information to allow the assessment of their proposal in respect of historic assets, irrespective of their designation, which may take the form of a heritage impact statement. 2.30 Regarding archaeological remains, TAN24 provides the following guidance:
‘Archaeological remains are a fragile and non-renewable resource. In many cases they are highly fragile and vulnerable to damage and destruction. Produced by human activity over thousands of years, they are the only evidence of our prehistoric past and complement historic records from the last 2,000 years. Archaeological remains include evidence buried below the ground and the surviving fabric of historic buildings and structures. Their significance, as evidence of the past
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development of our civilisation and as part of Wales’ identity, is not necessarily related to their size, visibility or popularity.’ (Paragraph 4.1)
‘The conservation of archaeological remains is a material consideration in determining a planning application. When considering development proposals that affect scheduled monuments or other nationally significant important archaeological remains, there should be a presumption in favour of their physical preservation in situ, i.e. a presumption against proposals which would involve significant alteration or cause damage, or which would have a significant adverse impact causing harm within the setting of the remains (see Annex A). In cases involving less significant archaeological remains, local planning authorities will need to weigh the relative importance of the archaeological remains and their settings, including the need for the proposed development.’ (Paragraph 4.2)
2.31 Annex A of TAN24 as referenced above deals with the legal issues applied to scheduled monuments.
‘Where development might reveal, disturb or destroy archaeological remains, including palaeoenvironmental evidence, it is important that opportunities to record archaeological evidence are taken and that archaeological remains are not needlessly destroyed. The ability to record such evidence should not be a factor in deciding whether controlled removal should be permitted.’ (Paragraph 4.3)
‘The needs of archaeology and development may be reconciled and potential conflicts between development proposals and the preservation of significant archaeological remains can often be avoided through pre-application discussion. This should be between the applicant, the local planning authority, their archaeological advisors and, in cases where scheduled monuments may be affected, Cadw. In the case of those local authorities that do not have in-house archaeological advisors, they could draw upon the expertise and advice of the curatorial sections of the Welsh Archaeological Trusts.’ (Paragraph 4.4)
‘Where there is a possibility that archaeological remains may be present, applicants are encouraged to make an enquiry with the body responsible for the relevant historic environment record and seek advice from the local planning authority’s advisor at an early stage in considering their development proposal. This will help determine if the proposal might impact on known archaeological remains. Certain major developments require pre-application consultation with the local planning authority and, where specialist advice is required, the Welsh Ministers through Cadw.’ (Paragraph 4.5)
‘Where archaeological remains are known to exist, or considered likely to exist, and a study has not been undertaken by the applicant, the local planning authority should ask an applicant to undertake a desk-based archaeological assessment and, where appropriate, an archaeological evaluation. These should be done by a competent expert to the appropriate standard. The reposts of these investigations will form part of the planning application. Applicants should show how they have modified their development proposals to minimise any negative impact on the identified archaeological remains, and how they intend to mitigate any remaining negative impacts.’ (Paragraph 4.7)
‘The need for a desk-based assessment, and field evaluation where appropriate, should be discussed with the local planning authority prior to submission of an application, and where required the results of these studies should be submitted as part of the planning application. Failure to provide sufficient archaeological information of the appropriate standard may be a valid reason for the local planning authority to refuse planning permission.’ (Paragraph 4.8)
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‘When considering planning applications that affect known or potential archaeological remains, the local planning authority should consult with their archaeological advisor, about the impact, including the potential scale and harm, of the development on archaeological remains, and/or the adequacy of the mitigation of what has been proposed. Where a planning application directly affects a scheduled monument and its setting then the local planning authority is required to consult the Welsh Ministers through Cadw.’ (Paragraph 4.9)
‘The case for the preservation of archaeological remains that are not considered to meet the criteria for national importance (See Annex A2), must be assessed on the individual merits of each case. The local planning authority must take into account relevant policies and material considerations, and will need to weigh the significance of the remains against the benefits of, and need for the proposed development. In cases where there are issues of more than local importance, applications may be called in for determination by the Welsh Ministers.’ (Paragraph 4.10)
2.32 Annex A2 of TAN24 as referenced above identifies the criteria used for assessing the national importance of an ancient monument, but these criteria are not regarded as definitive.
‘Having considered all policies and other material considerations and the need for the proposed development, the local planning authority may decide that the significance of the archaeological remains is not sufficient to justify their physical preservation. In these cases, the local planning authority must satisfy itself that the necessary and proportionate arrangements for the excavation and recording of these archaeological remains are secured, and the results of this archaeological work are properly analysed and published, and that arrangements are made for the deposition of the resulting archive to the appropriate standards. This can be achieved by the local planning authority issuing a brief setting out the scope of the archaeological work that is required, which should be prepared in conjunction with their archaeological advisor.’ (Paragraph 4.12).
Technical Advice Note (TAN) 12: Design (2016) 2.33 TAN 12 provides advice on the good design of new development. Alongside promoting sustainability, it sets out that the context of a development should be appraised, including the historic environment, to inform design. 2.34 Section 5.6 Historic Environment highlights that design should have regard to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character and appearance of areas of special character, such as conservation areas. It also highlights that specialists are needed to accurately assess areas of architectural or historic character.
Conservation Principles for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment in Wales (Conservation Principles) (2011) 2.35 Conservation Principles provides the basis upon which Cadw discharges certain statutory duties on behalf of the Welsh Ministers. It is also for use by others (including owners, developers and other public bodies) to assess the potential impacts of development proposals on the significance of historic assets, and assist in the decision-making process where the historic environment is affected by the planning process. 2.36 The document echoes PPW in the emphasis it places upon the importance of understanding significance as a means to properly assess the effects of change to heritage assets. The guidance describes a range of heritage values which enable the significance of assets to be established systematically, with the four main component values being: 2.37 Evidential value: which derives from those elements of an historic asset that can provide evidence about past human activity, including its physical remains or historic fabric. These may be visible and relatively easy access, or may be buried below ground, under water or be hidden by later fabric.
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These remains provide the primary evidence for when and how an historic asset was made or built, what it was used for and how it has changed over time. 2.38 Historical value: derives from the ways an historic asset might illustrate a particular aspect of past life or be associated with a notable family, person, event or movement. These illustrative or associative values of an historic asset may be less tangible than its evidential value but will often connect past people, events and aspects of life with the present. As the functions of an historic asset are likely to have changed over time, the full range of changing historical values might not become clear until all the evidential values have been gathered together. 2.39 Aesthetic value: which derives from the ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place. Aesthetic values can be the result of the conscious design of a place, including artistic endeavour, or they can be the seemingly fortuitous outcome of the way in which a place has evolved and been used over time, or a combination of both. 2.40 Communal value: which derives from the meanings of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or memory. Communal values are closely bound up with historical (particularly associative) and aesthetic values, but tend to have additional and specific aspects. Commemorative and symbolic values reflect the meanings of a place for those who draw part of their identity from it, or have emotional links to it. Social value is associated with places that people perceive as a source of identity, distinctiveness, social interaction and coherence. Spiritual value attached to places can emanate from the beliefs and teachings of an organised religion or reflect past or present-day perceptions of the spirit of a place.
Best Practice Guidance Overview 2.41 Cadw publishes a wide range of Best Practice Guidance documents (BPGs). This guidance relates to: the care and understanding of historic buildings, scheduled monuments and other archaeological remains; understanding the significance of, and managing, conservation areas; managing local lists, historic parks and gardens, wider historic landscapes, and World Heritage Sites; the role of the planning system in the management of the historic environment; and technical guidance for conservation. 2.42 This Best Practice Guidance is intended to complement the Historic Environment (Wales) Act 2016 and recent planning policy and advice. In particular, it is designed to provide information on good conservation practice to assist LPAs, planning and other consultants, owners, applicants, and other interested parties when implementing Welsh policy. BPGs of particular relevance are discussed below:
Heritage Impact Assessment in Wales (May 2017) 2.43 Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessment in Wales has been published by Cadw (2017a) on behalf of the Welsh Government. This document advises that a heritage assessment should ‘take into account sufficient information to enable both the significance of the asset and the impact of change to be understood. It should be proportionate both to the significance of the historic asset and to the degree of change proposed’ (Page 5). 2.44 This document sets out the general principles to consider when planning changes to historic assets and applying for listed building, conservation area, and scheduled monument consent. In particular, it emphasises the purpose and value of undertaking Heritage Impact Assessments in order to help identify the most appropriate way to accommodate change within the historic environment. The guidance echoes PPW10 by stressing that understanding the significance of historic assets is key to making decisions regarding the historic environment.
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Setting of Historic Assets in Wales (May 2017) 2.45 This guidance document focuses on the management of change within the setting of heritage assets. It explains what setting is, how it contributes to the significance of a historic asset, and why it is important, in order to aid practitioners with the implementation of Welsh national policies and guidance relating to the historic environment. 2.46 In the Conservation Principles document (Cadw, 2011), setting was defined as: ‘The surroundings in which an historic asset is experienced, its local context, embracing present and past relationships to the adjacent landscape’. 2.47 This definition has been updated thus in TAN24: ‘The setting of a historic asset includes the surroundings in which it is understood, experienced and appreciated, embracing present and past relationships to the surrounding landscape. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Setting is not a historic asset, though land within a setting may contain other historic assets’ (Welsh Government, 2017, Annex D). 2.48 The definition is repeated in recent guidance regarding the issue of the settings of historic assets in Wales (Cadw, 2017b), which makes the following points: • Setting usually extends beyond the property boundary of an individual historic asset. • Intangible factors such as function, sensory perceptions or historical, artistic, literary and scenic associations can be important in understanding settings, as well as physical elements within the surroundings of the asset. • When development is proposed there is a need to assess the historic assets that may be affected and understand how their settings contribute to the significance of these assets. 2.49 The 2017 document goes on to outline a four-stage approach to decision-taking, as follows: 1. Identify which historic assets and their settings could be affected by a proposed development; 2. Define and analyse the setting of each historic asset and assess whether, how and to what degree the setting contributes to the significance of the asset; 3. Evaluate the effects of the proposed development, whether beneficial or harmful, on that significance; and 4. Consider options to mitigate or improve potential impacts on that significance. 2.50 Although assessments of changes within the settings of historic assets can involve non-visual issues such as noise, odour and vibration, it is more usually the visual aspects of a development that form the major part of the assessment. 2.51 The existence of direct lines of sight between the historic asset and the proposed development is an important factor in judging the visual impact of the development. However, it is possible for changes within the setting to occur even when such a relationship does not exist. For example, views towards a listed building from a frequently visited location, such as a park or a public footpath, may be affected by the presence of a larger development, even if the development is not directly visible from the building itself. 2.52 An assessment of visual impacts on the historic assets and their settings needs to consider a wide variety of factors including the location of the asset within the physical landscape, its relationship with contemporary and non-contemporary features within that landscape and the location, size and character of the proposed development in relation to these factors. 2.53 The assessment then needs to balance the impact of these various considerations based on informed professional judgment. Assessment of visual impacts can be undertaken in accordance with the procedures expressed in the Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (3rd Edition, Landscape Institute, 2013). If there is the potential for changes within the setting of historic assets due to noise or other impacts than these would be considered using appropriate procedures.
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2.54 There should also be consideration of the sensitivity to change of the setting of a historic asset. This requires examination of the current setting with regard to identifying elements that contribute to the significance of the asset, elements that make a neutral contribution to the significance of the asset and elements that make a negative contribution to (i.e. detract from) the significance of the asset. 2.55 The guidance states that the introduction of offsetting or compensatory proposals, such as public access or interpretation panels, will not reduce the impact of the development within the setting of the historic asset, and thus should not be accepted as mitigation. However, these may be considered when the decision-making body weighs up the benefits of the scheme.
Local Planning Policy 2.56 The Site is located within the Cardiff City Council area, which adopted a Local Development Plan for the area in 2016. Within this, there are two policies which relate directly to heritage and to this application. 2.57 Policy KP17: Built Heritage – Cardiff’s distinctive heritage assets will be protected, managed and enhanced, in particular the character and setting of its Scheduled Ancient Monuments; Listed Buildings; Registered Historic Landscapes; Parks and Gardens; Conservation Areas; Locally Listed Buildings and other features of local interest that positively contributes to the distinctiveness of the City. 2.58 Policy EN9: Conservation of the Historic Environment – Development relating to any of the heritage assets listed below (or their settings) will only be permitted where it can be demonstrated that it preserves or enhances that asset’s architectural quality, historic and cultural significance, character, integrity and/or setting. i. Scheduled Ancient Monuments; ii. Listed Buildings and their curtilage structures; iii. Conservation Areas; iv. Archaeologically Sensitive Areas; v. Registered Historic Landscapes, Parks and Gardens; or vi. Locally Listed Buildings of Merit and other historic features of interest that positively contribute to the distinctiveness of the City. 2.59 There is also Supplementary Planning Guidance provided by Cardiff Council regarding Archaeology and Archaeologically Sensitive Areas (April 2018) within the City3. The designation as an Archaeologically Sensitive Areas (ASA) highlights the archaeological significance of these areas, the need for potential developers to seek professional archaeological advice to ascertain the archaeological significance of a site, the possible impact of the development on the archaeological resource and how that effect might be mitigated.
3 See https://cardiff.moderngov.co.uk/documents/s21311/Cabinet%2019%20April%202018%20SPG%20App%201.pdf
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METHODOLOGY 3.1 Data regarding known historic assets (designated and undesignated) has been sought from several sources, including the Regional Historic Environment Record (HER) maintained by Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust (GGAT), the National Monuments Record for Wales (NMRW), the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW) and the Gwent Archives. 3.2 A review of relevant documentary and archival material was undertaken, including published and unpublished sources. 3.3 Site visits were undertaken in October 2019 and March 2020 in order to review the physical nature of the land within the Site and to assess the current settings of historic assets that could be affected by the project. 3.4 This desk-based assessment has been compiled in general accordance with the guidance provided by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA, 2017) and in the document Notes for Archaeologists undertaking Desk-Based Studies in South-East Wales (GGAT, 2007).
Study Areas 3.5 The study area for historic environment data collection has comprised an area extending approximately 2 km from the edge of the Site, as supplied by GGAT and the NMRW. 3.6 For designated historic assets that could be affected by a change within their settings, the study area comprised an area extending approximately 3 km from the edge of the Site, and was also informed by the results of a Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV), derived from NRW 2m DSM Lidar data, where the proposed development height was taken to be 70m for the stack and 46.5m for the building, with an observer height of 1.6m (see Figure 15). The ZTV took into account buildings and other intervening features to derive areas from which the scheme may potentially be visible. 3.7 These Study Areas have exceeded the scope suggested by Cadw in response to a request for a Scoping Direction in order to ensure a robust approach to the environmental assessment.
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BASELINE POSITION
4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 This section reviews the available historic environment evidence for the Site and the archaeological/historical background of the general area, and, in accordance with national and local planning policy and guidance, considers the potential for any below-ground archaeological evidence within the development Site, in order to provide a current historic environment baseline context and to identify known and potential sensitive receptors to the proposed development. 4.1.2 This chapter also reviews the settings of known heritage assets, where relevant. Whilst the setting of a heritage asset is not simply one with a visual link to the proposed development, the LVIA analysis and photomontages have been drawn upon to assist with the assessment of setting and potential effects of the proposed development on the settings of selected heritage assets. 4.1.3 Within this report, archaeological and/or historic periods are defined as follows: • Prehistoric, comprising: ○ Lower Palaeolithic (pre 150,000 BC), ○ Middle Palaeolithic (150,000 – 30,000 BC) ○ Upper Palaeolithic (30,000 - 10,000BC), ○ Mesolithic (10,000 - 3,500BC), ○ Neolithic (3,500 - 2,000BC), ○ Bronze Age (2,000 - 700BC), and ○ Iron Age (700BC - AD43);
• Roman/Romano-British (AD43 – AD410); • Early Medieval (AD410 – AD1066); • Medieval (AD1066 – AD 1485); • Post-Medieval (AD 1485 - 1700); • 18th century (AD 1701 – 1800) • 19th century (AD1801 – 1900); • Early 20th century (1901 – 1939); • World War II (1939 – 1945); and • Modern (1946 onwards).
4.1.4 Heritage assets have been attributed a chronological HA number, cross-referenced with the gazetteer in the text and on relevant figures. All known heritage assets recorded within a 3km buffer from the centre of the Site are shown on Figure 9. 4.1.5 Only those which are relevant to the assessment will be discussed in this section, but the chronological spread and form of these heritage assets set the background context of the Site and its wider Study Area, and enables a robust understanding of the archaeological potential of the Site to be posited.
4.2 Previous archaeological work 4.2.1 A number of previous investigations and assessments have been undertaken within the Site and its surrounds, which have also been drawn upon to inform this technical report. 4.2.2 As part of the previous application process for a waste treatment facility at the Site in 2009, an Environmental Statement (ES) was produced which included a chapter on cultural heritage (Golder Associates, February 2009). 4.2.3 A watching brief was undertaken at the Site by GGAT in 2008 during geotechnical site investigations at Newlands Road, the results of which were incorporated into the 2009 ES chapter (GGAT 2009).
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No archaeological finds or features were encountered during the watching brief. The known stratigraphy of the Wentloog Formation was identified down to the alluvial clays of the Middle Wentloog including the well-developed phragmites-rich peat horizon. The Bronze Age peat horizon of the Middle Wentloog Formation was encountered at an average of 3m below ground level, but the alluvial clay of the Middle Wentloog Formation, underneath the peat, was not excavated to its full depth. 4.2.4 The application for the scheme was approved, subject to the imposition of a planning condition requiring further archaeological investigations within the site. 4.2.5 Immediately adjacent to the Site on its western side, GGAT undertook an archaeological watching brief of geotechnical site investigation works associated with the proposed development of the area for an electronics building by the Welsh Development Agency in 1998. The various borehole logs recorded a layer of peat, which was sampled for further analysis, with an intermittent peat recorded above it, and an organic layer (possibly buried soil). Radiocarbon dates for the peat sample dated to 1886-1526 cal BC (Bronze Age), and it also contained a high organic content. The results suggested that the upper, intermittent peat layer is of Iron Age date (c.2m below ground level) with the buried soil horizon dating to the Roman period at a depth of c.1.3m below ground level. The result of the watching brief and sampling provided valuable new information for the interpretation of the development of the landscape at Wentlooge (Locock 1998). 4.2.6 Approximately 125m east of the Site an archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cambrian Archaeological Projects in 1998, comprising three 20m long trenches. The aim was to find the Roman ground surface and was done by machine to 1m or deeper if necessary. The topsoil consisted of compacted clay, which was suggested landfill. Trench 1 was dug to a depth of 1.6m with no archaeological finds: it was then excavated to a level of 3m. No artefacts were identified from the evaluation although there was a peat layer identified at a depth of 2.8m which was bulk- sampled and sent off for dating and environmental analysis, and was considered to be of prehistoric date. Possible tidal conditions were encountered at a depth of 0.8m due to sandy silt. The silt layer was a band of dark brown silty peat which was 0.3m thick lying being 2.5m and 2.2m. In trench 3 a modern drain was identified. Many layers of alluvium were identified of various silty and clay contents. No Roman ground surface was encountered, despite it being in other locations and also on another site 500m west. At the level it was found, a post-medieval context topsoil seems to have lay until c.1945. The site may have been low lying and possibly not fully drained during the Roman period, with a possible lagoon. There was also possible soil removal before landfill took place which reduced the general level of the ground surface, however, this is uncertain (Tavener 1998). 4.2.7 In 2014 Wessex Archaeology undertook an archaeological watching brief c.155m to the west of the Site at Trow Road, on the northern side of the railway line, on a site which lay immediately adjacent to it. During the watching brief a buried modern ‘rubbish dump’ and associated artefacts were identified during the watching brief, which employed careful examination of the excavated areas and the spoil. No archaeological features or deposits of interest were recorded (Wessex Archaeology 2014). The ‘rubbish dump’ may have been material used to infill the previous areas of marshland recorded adjacent to the railway line on historic maps. 4.2.8 An archaeological evaluation was also undertaken on land at Trowbridge Mawr, c.230m to the west of the Site, on the north side of the railway line, in May 2003 by Cotswold Archaeology, following a desk-based assessment by CgMs in 2001 and a geotechnical investigation of the site by Exploration Associates on behalf of Hyder Consulting, which identified an estuarine alluviation and peat formation sequence across the site, overlying the natural substrate. The evaluation site covered an area of approximately 23 hectares on the northern edge of the Wentloog Level, containing an area of small fields drained by a network of ditches and reens. Whilst the larger of these features are currently functional, the majority of the ditches survive only as earthworks, in varying states of silting (Cotswold Archaeology 2003). The evaluation confirmed a sequence of alluviation and peat formation across the site, together with a number of undated partially or fully infilled drainage ditches of probable post-medieval date. Within the peat in one trench possible evidence for land clearance
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was identified by the presence of partially burnt tree stumps. Although no evidence of activity has been recovered from the site itself, archaeological interest arises from the discovery of a Bronze Age looped socketed axe at Rumney and Iron Age structures found within the inter-tidal zone at Goldcliff, as well as the potential for the landscape at Trowbridge Mawr to have been reclaimed during the Roman period. The historic landscape here is one of back-fen of prehistoric and/or Roman date, which was then subject to various phases of regular marine flooding and continued alluvial accretion until the construction of the late medieval sea defences, when the area was then utilised for agriculture (arable and pasture). 4.2.9 Similarly, at the site of the proposed Cardiff International Rail Freight Terminal, c.285m northeast of the Site, archaeological evaluation revealed estuarine clays and peat deposits, but no artefactual material: further palaeoenvironmental investigations of the buried peats dated phases of peat development at the site to be of Early Bronze Age and Middle Iron Age (Sell 1999). 4.2.10 Cardiff Archaeology was commissioned by Cardiff Council in 2015 to carry out an archaeological watching brief as part of a programme of archaeological work at Longcross Farm, Wentoog Road, located c.450m southwest of the Site. The works comprised the excavation of foundation and service trenches, and other associated groundworks. The observed and recorded stratigraphy consisted of black ash and clay made ground, overlying grey alluvial clays with no archaeological features observed in the monitored area and no significant artefacts recovered. 4.2.11 At Ty-to-Maen Farm c.500m to the south of the Site, Cotswold Archaeology carried out an archaeological evaluation on land proposed for a recycling centre in 2009. A previous auger survey in 2008 identified organic layers within the upper 3m of the alluvial sequence. Seven trenches were excavated to the upper surface of the peat where practicable and sections of the trenches were then excavated to between 2.7-3m aOD. Peat deposits were identified in trenches 1, 2, 5 and 6; no archaeological features cut into the peat were discovered. A drainage reen was encountered in Trench 7 along with fragment of Post-Medieval brick. Palaeo-environmental and geoarchaeological analysis were also undertaken, with the samples taken comprising principally plant residues, seeds and roots, with no charcoal or artefacts within them. The trenches revealed estuarine sediments, representing former episodes of tidal inundation, interbedded with undated peat and organic silty- clay deposits. The latest alluvial clays had been truncated by modern activities which may have removed entirely late Roman and subsequent land surfaces (Barber 2009). 4.2.12 Approximately 550m to the southwest of the Site, an archaeological desk-based assessment was written by CgMs in 2014 regarding a proposed Regional Distribution Centre at Capital Business Park for Aldi Stores. A watching brief was also undertaken for the same development by L-P Archaeology in 2015 as archaeological monitoring of works including the implementation of 18 boreholes and reen mitigation works across the site (Matthews 2015). The archaeological monitoring of the area showed the stratigraphy to be fairly constant across the site, comprising mixed topsoil, orange-brown clays and natural grey clays. There is a little evidence for archaeological activity with exception of pre-existing reens of probable 20th-century origin crossing the site and potentially earlier reens associated with the alluvial silts seen to the west of the site. Also, to the north and northwest of the development were recorded redeposited clays which highlighted modern landscaping along the border of the current business park. 4.2.13 On land adjacent to Hendre Isaf Farm, c.550m to the north of the Site, of which the Site was formerly part of the homestead landholdings recorded at the time of the St Mellons Tithe Map in 1846, Cotswold Archaeology conducted an archaeological evaluation at the site which recorded a substantial backfilled reen (drainage ditch) in Trench 2 containing medieval and post-medieval pottery and late 19th/early 20th century ceramic building material. Alluvial clay was also recorded in Trench 4. 4.2.14 Approximately 700m to the north of the Site, on land between Crickhowell Road and Willowbrook Drive, Trowbridge, Cotswold Archaeology carried out an archaeological evaluation of the site which recorded the presence of a Roman ditched settlement and enclosure dating from the 3rd and 4th
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centuries. Earlier fieldwork in 2004 at Areas 9-12, St Mellons had discovered features of Roman date including stone spreads, wall footings, corner of a structure and a number of ditches at the site (Cotswold Archaeology 2005), and the enclosure recorded in 2005 was subject to an open area excavation and recording ahead of development, which also recorded an oval pit of Bronze Age date containing a broken flint scraper and 32 sherds from a single Beaker vessel: it may have been a burial feature, but no human remains were recovered. The remaining artefacts recovered from the site (pottery, animal bones, whetstone, ceramic building material (brick/tile), iron punch, metalworking slag) were all of Roman date (Cotswold Archaeology 2007, 2009). 4.2.15 GGAT were commissioned by Welsh Water (Dŵr Cymru) to carry out archaeological investigations along the Wentloog Sewers, between Cardiff and Newport, which run c.950m to the southeast of the Site. A number of finds, consisting of pottery animal bone and stone were uncovered during the work, and palaeoenvironmental analysis was also undertaken. Collectively, the evidence points towards an episode of marine inundation late in the fourth millennium BP followed by a marked regression episode (negative sea-level tendency) at the end of the fourth millennium and early in the third millennium BP. If these dates are correct, this would suggest that areas of the Wentlooge Levels immediately inland from the present day coastline were free from marine inundation in the late Bronze Age, and that human communities occupied these coastal areas at that time. There are indications in the pollen records of possible cereal cultivation and perhaps also pastoral activity (Yates, et al 2001). 4.2.16 Further from the Site, an archaeological watching brief of a series of geotechnical test pits at Wentlooge Corporate Park, c.1.5km to the southwest, revealed a possible buried Roman land surface, a Roman tile fragment, and a wooden post of possible Bronze Age origin. 4.2.17 In 1998, GGAT undertook a coastal archaeology survey from the River Rhymney to the River Wye, which recorded a large number of sites in the area of Rumney Great Wharf c.1.5km to the south the Site, including a number of prehistoric and Roman features (Locock 1998; Bell, et al 2000). These are entered individually into the regional HER and included in the baseline position presented here.
4.3 Designated heritage assets 4.3.1 There are no designated heritage assets within the Site itself. 4.3.2 In terms of relevant designated heritage assets, no World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Historic Battlefields, Registered Parks and Gardens, or Protected Military Remains lie within the Site itself, nor within a 1km buffer of the Site. 4.3.3 Within 1km of the Site, there are four Grade II listed buildings. These comprise Longcross Farm, located c.460m to the southwest of the Site; Pen-Pil (also known as Pen-pil Farm Kennels), located c.150m to the south-southeast of the Site on the Wentloog Road, which also is the main access road to the Site; Ty-Du, with adjoining byre and stable, c. 1km to the southeast of the Site; and Pill Du, which lies c. 825m to the northeast of the Site and is bisected from it by the mainline railway. 4.3.4 Longcross Farm comprises a former Welsh longhouse of mid-17th century date, which was later extended along the same axis. The farmhouse is depicted as Llan-croes on historic maps. It is designated as a regional farmhouse unusually retaining a thatched roof as well as its 17th century core, with internal features also surviving including its fireplace, with bressumer and old bread oven, as well as stone stairs. The house has been absorbed into a modern industrial estate, and therefore its setting severely compromised. 4.3.5 Pen-Pil was a traditional Welsh historic farmhouse dating to c.1700, which was formerly thatched. Like the nearby Longcross Farm, and also Ty-Du and Pil-du, the farmhouse was a former Welsh longhouse, with attached ranges either side: the right hand range was likely to be the remnants of a former byre which was later incorporated into the main building. Internal features such as a large stone fireplace with bake oven, stone stairs and timber trusses were believed to have once survived. However, the building is currently on the Heritage at Risk register and at the time of the latest site
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visit (March 2020) it had been reduced to rubble; it has been absorbed into a modern industrial estate, and therefore its setting severely compromised. As it no longer appears on the Cadw weblink (although remains in their GIS dataset) it is assumed that the building has been de-listed. 4.3.6 Ty-Du, with adjoining byre and stable, is designated as a traditional small regional farmhouse, retaining its character: the interior has a wide central hall with the historic core of the house leading off to the right. Originally constructed as a small farmhouse during the 17th century, the building was later extended, probably in the 18th or early 19th century, when the axis of the building was altered through a right angle. The dwelling was formerly thatched, but the roof has since been raised, at some point after 1935. One of the few surviving farmhouses in the study area which were constructed close to the sea wall (along with Maerdy and Newton to the west of the low-lying settlement of Peterstone Wentloog/Broadstreet Common, located c.1km to the east), the house is facing the main historic thoroughfare through the reclaimed landscape (Wentloog Road), from which it is separated by a small ditch, and largely retains its historic setting. The principal elevation of the farmhouse faces south towards the Severn Estuary, away from the Site. 4.3.7 Pil-du is a former Welsh longhouse, dating to 16th or 17th century, which appears to have been remodelled in the early to mid-19th century. The longhouse formerly had an adjoining byre to the east and barn to the west, but these have been incorporated into the present dwelling, and is listed for retaining its traditional farmhouse character. The proposed development Site lie within its wider landscape setting, but there is no historic evidence that the Site was associated with this farmstead, nor with Longcross, Ty-Du or Pen-Pil: the St Mellons Tithe Map and Apportionment of 1845 (Plates 2 and 3, and Figure 16) indicates that the plots of land on which the Site is located at the time of the Tithe (plots 728, 729 and 730) belonged to the farm at Hendre, c.575m to the north of the Site, located c.600m west of Pil-Du as a neighbouring farmstead. They are listed as three arable fields, tenanted by John Cross who occupied the homestead at Hendre.
Plate 2 Extract of the St Mellons Tithe Map and the Site, showing Plots 728, 729 and 730
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Plate 3 Extract of the St Mellons Tithe Apportionment, showing Plots 728, 729 and 730
4.3.8 The Site was separated from Hendre and St Mellons by the railway in 1852: the former historic dispersed farmstead at Hendre (once a listed building, but now de-listed) has now been largely subsumed by modern, post-war 20th century housing development in Trowbridge. However, the historic farmland, depicted as Trowbridge Mawr on modern mapping and characterised by a network of reens, including Pil-du Reen, remains largely intact as depicted on the Tithe for the portion to the north of the railway line, and is included within the Gwent Levels Outstanding Historic Landscape. However, that part to the south of the railway, including the Site, has been redeveloped as an industrial park, and is excluded from the designated landscape. 4.3.9 Within 2km of the Site there are a further eight listed buildings, most of which are also within the Old St Mellons Conservation Area located c.1.6km to the north-northwest of the Site, with the exception of the Grade II listed Quarry Hill House, which is located c.1.3km to the northwest of the Site. These assets are all bisected from the Site by the mainline railway. 4.3.10 Quarry Hill House comprises a former Gentleman’s residence of mid-19th century date, which has since been converted to a nursing home, and has been much altered and extended. Despite being gutted by a fire and the loss of internal features, the historic core of the house retains its external character, which is the reason for its designation, but the Site makes no meaningful contribution to its setting or significance. The house is set within its own verdant grounds and private driveway, and has been compromised by modern development (including a school) within its immediate environs. 4.3.11 The Grade II listed Bethania Evangelical Church, in Gothic Revival style, is situated within the Old St Mellons Conservation Area at the southern end of the historic core of the village, and the present building dates to 1870, although the first chapel on the site dates to 1820. Called the Bethania Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Chapel on the OS map of 1880, the chapel formerly fronted the main road into Cardiff, itself the site of a Roman road, before a new stretch of road was built in the 20th century and by-passed it. The chapel is surrounded by some historic mid-19th century cottages on Bethania Row, but has also been encroached by modern development, and shares no meaningful relationship with the Site. The Site does not contribute to its setting or significance as a historic asset. 4.3.12 Approximately 120m north of the Bethania chapel is the St Mellons War Memorial, built to commemorate those from the village who had died during the First World War, with an additional plaque added for those who died during WWII. The memorial is sited on a corner site between what is now the main Cardiff-Newport road and the old village street. The memorial is designated as an important local monument, which has group value with other nearby listed heritage assets, including the former Soar Methodist Chapel, and two inns: the Bluebell and White Hart (now re-named the Coach & Horses). The memorial shares no meaningful relationship with the Site, and the Site does not contribute to its setting or significance as a historic asset.
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4.3.13 The Kingdom Hall (formerly a Soar Welsh Independent Methodist Chapel) is now a private architectural practice, and is located c.30m to the northeast of the War Memorial. The chapel was built in 1837 and the census of 1851 records that there were c.30 scholars educated there morning and afternoon, with an evening attendance at chapel of 60. By comparison with the Bethania Chapel, which was Calvinist Methodist, where there were 109 scholars in the morning and 70 in the afternoon, with 141 attending in the evening, the Soar Chapel was a much smaller group, but was still more popular than the main St Mellons Parish Church, which had only 27 regular attendees in the mornings only. These figures show the impact of the Methodist movement in this part of Wales, and which also reflect St Mellons as a largely rural community, which in 1851 had a total population of 637, but farmed an area comprising 2574 acres (Jones, et al 1976). 4.3.14 The Grade II listed Bluebell Inn and the Coach House (formerly the White Hart Inn) are two 16th century traditional village public houses, lying next to each other within the historic core of Old St Mellons, located on the important thoroughfare which linked Newport with Cardiff. The Welsh Sunday Closing Act did not apply to Monmouthshire prior to 1921, so the inns at St Mellons did a good trade with visitors from Cardiff, the boundary between Monouthshire and Glamorgan being the nearby Rhymney River. Stable facilities were offered here and a pump is shown on OS map of 1880. The inns share no meaningful relationship with the Site, and the Site does not contribute to their setting or significance as a historic assets. 4.3.15 The Church of St Mellon is Grade I listed, and is located in a commanding hilltop position, within a large churchyard enclosure which slopes down to the south. The core of the building is 14th century, with additions and modifications of 15th century date, and a north chapel added in the 16th/17th century. There are extensive views out over the Gwent Levels and to the Severn Estuary from the church, although the encroachment of modern housing and mature vegetation does interrupt some of these views. 4.3.16 Within an area c.45m downslope to the south of the eastern end of the Church at St Mellon is the Grade II listed base of a partially surviving medieval stone cross, with the Cross itself a Scheduled Monument. Wales was originally evangelised by Celtic monks whose practice was to move into an area, and erect small religious premises within a fenced area or enclosure, often of oval or roughly circular form. From here they continued their work and subsequently a church would be erected on the site. The extent of the missionary activity in Wales is shown by the number of place names beginning with 'Llan' which is generally followed by the name of the missionary monk who founded the church in that place (e.g. Llanddewi, parish of St David), or after early Saints individually or collectively (e.g. St Peter; St Mary; or ‘Holy Trinity’). St Mellons is historically recorded in Welsh as ‘Llaneurwg’, meaning parish of Eurwg. Eurwg was the great-great-grandson of Bran, King of Gwent and grandson of the famous Caradoc, in 180 AD. It is recorded that Eurwg lived on the hill at St Mellons where the church now stands during the Romano-British period, where he and his people were converted to Christianity and baptised in the nearby Rhymney River. Many early churches were subsequently re-named and re-dedicated during the Anglo-Norman period, and it is postulated that the dedication at St Mellons possibly refers to an early Christian (4th century) Bishop of Rouen, or alternatively the 6th century St Melaine, who became Bishop of Rennes in Brittany. 4.3.17 Located c.1km south of the Church, and c.1.2km northwest of the Site, there is another Scheduled Monument, that of Caer Castell Camp. The monument comprises the remains of a motte and ditch, dating to the medieval period. The motte stands on the edge of a southeast facing scarp, overlooking the Levels and the Bristol Channel, on the edge of marshy ground within the grounds of St Illtyd's School. The motte consists of a large circular mound, c.3m high. The top is c.30m in diameter, slightly dished, with a bank on the northeast edge with an interior height of 2m. The Site densely overgrown with trees, shrubs and brambles and has been encroached and its setting compromised by modern housing development. The Site does not make any contribution to the setting or significance of the scheduled monument. 4.3.18 The Scheduled remains of the relict sea wall at Rumney Great Wharf is located c.1.25km south of the Site. The relict seawall on Rumney Great Whart comprises a 560m length of wall located behind
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the modern seawall. Much of the surviving structure of clay bank may be original and documentary evidence points to a date as early as 1591 for the setting of the wall, based on surviving medieval documents from the manor of Rumney relating to sea defences and the regulation of the drainage system. The present height of the wall, on the seawall side is between 1-2m and on the landward side it is 3.2m. The width at the base measures between 6m and 7m, tapering to 2m width at the top. There are three styles of stone revetment at its western end and two modern breaches near its eastern end. The Site does not make a meaningful contribution to the setting or significance of the relict seawall due to intervening built form and mature vegetation, and its historic landscape context. 4.3.19 Historically, the Site would have been part of the agricultural hinterland of the Old St Mellons (Llaneurwg) medieval settlement, which was predominantly located on the higher ground to the north. The low-lying farms on the reclaimed land are typical of the Wentlooge Level, where place-, field- and personal names both today and in the medieval period were predominantly Welsh, settlement was largely dispersed and there is almost no evidence for open fields (Rippon 2012: 93). The Wentlooge Level reflects the indigenous Welsh approach to landscape management, which differs from the characteristic patterns observed to the east at Caldicot and Caerleon (the marshland around Redwick, Nash, Goldcliff and Whitson) where the influence is Anglo-Norman, with differing characteristics, such as the loosely nucleated green-side village with open fields at Redwick, the single row planned village at Whitson and ‘English’ place- and field-names in both current and historic documents. 4.2 The potential for the presence of archaeological remains within the Gwent Levels is recognised in the designation by Cardiff Council of Archaeologically Sensitive Areas (ASAs), one of which covers the portion of the Wentloog Levels within the jurisdiction of the local authority. The Site lies wholly within the designated Archaeologically Sensitive Area of the Wentloog Levels (as shown on Figure 6).
4.4 Historic Landscape 4.4.1 To recognise the value of historic landscapes, and to raise awareness of their importance, Cadw, in partnership with the Countryside Council for Wales (now called Natural Resources Wales) and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS UK) has compiled a non-statutory Register of 58 landscapes of outstanding or special historic interest in Wales. 4.4.2 Although it is currently non-statutory, all landscape areas identified on the Register are of national importance in the Welsh context. The Site lies adjacent to, but not within, the Gwent Levels Outstanding Historic Landscape (see Figure 2), and as such there is the potential for the proposed development scheme to impact on the setting of the Historic Landscape. 4.4.3 The summary description in the Register for the Gwent Levels Landscape of Outstanding Historic Interest (LOHI) states that: 'Three discrete and extensive areas of alluvial wetlands and intertidal mudflats situated on the north side of the Severn estuary represent the largest and most significant example in Wales of a 'hand- crafted' landscape. They are entirely the work of man, having been recurrently inundated and reclaimed from the sea from the Roman period onwards. The areas have distinctive patterns of settlement, enclosure, and drainage systems belonging to successive periods of use, and a proven and possibly quite vast potential for extensive, well-preserved, buried, waterlogged, archaeological and palaeoenvironmental deposits surviving from earlier landscapes'. 4.4.4 A total of 21 Historic Landscape Character Areas (HLCAs) have been identified and described with regard to the Gwent Levels LOHI. Some of these extend beyond the boundary of the designated historic landscape as the actual boundary is based on other considerations and not just on the character of a particular HLCA. 4.4.5 The Site is located within Gwent Levels LOHI HLCA 19: Trowbridge (Figure 8). This landscape occupies part of the lower-lying back-fen area of the Wentlooge Level mainly in the parish of St.
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Mellons. It borders the Roman landscape of Peterstone to the south (HLCA 17), and Rumney (HLCA 18) to the west. 4.4.6 The description of HCLA 19 is provided on the GGAT website and states that ‘This is a very remote area of landscape, consisting of small blocks of rectangular fields, within a framework provided by major reens and minor green lanes. There are no major roads and just one farm. Some very fine areas of surface ridging survive. Hedges are varied, but being characteristic of the lower-lying parts of Wentlooge, they are often absent; reed filled field ditches with an occasional willow are typical, giving a strongly wetland feel. They afford little screening for the housing and light industrial developments to the north and west. The integrity and coherence as a historic landscape have been damaged, but this area still has a great value. This was an area of fairly typical Wentlooge landscape, comprising long narrow fields, the occasional major reen and an absence of settlement.’ 4.4.7 HLCA 19 covers an area both to the south and north of the railway line, and it is arguable as to whether the historic landscape character of the Site fits more closely with the Rumney HLCA 18, given that it borders Rumney parish and displays similar characteristics of being a landscape typical of piecemeal medieval reclamation, with an irregular field pattern characterised by small irregular shaped fields, incorporating the meandering lines of former tidal creeks; Pill Melyn in the Rumney area is typical, and was used for a medieval water mill. Similarly, Pill-Du Reen and Rhosog Fawr Reen meander to the north and south of the Site, and roads in the study area are sinuous and had an abundance of roadside waste. Settlement was dispersed in both Rumney and within the immediate landscape context of the Site, with a small hamlet at Newton to the south of the Site, which is not dissimilar to the dispersed farmsteads on the low lying land at Hendre, Trowbridge- mawr and Pill-Du as shown on the Tithe. 4.4.8 There has been considerable research into the history and archaeology of the Gwent Levels, much of which has been focused on the higher ground at the coastal edge. This is partly because most Roman and post-Roman settlement is located here and is more accessible here. It is also because this land has been where most development has taken place within the most recent years in which archaeological investigation has been an integral part of the planning process. There has also been a large amount of academic research within the present intertidal zone (i.e. seaward of the reclaimed land) – this is because the post-Roman alluvium that covers earlier deposits and material within the Gwent Levels proper has been stripped away by the sea and these earlier deposits are therefore visible and more accessible. 4.4.9 The general historic landscape character is largely one of former reclaimed land, historically divided into small plots with associated isolated farmsteads on the lower ground and settlement clustered on the higher ground to the north. There has been significant boundary loss in the immediate surrounds of the Site on the south side of the railway line due to the redevelopment of the area as an industrial park, which has changed the historic character considerably. To the north of the railway, there has been encroaching housing development, but of the landscape that survives there is little boundary loss and the retention of the open landscape and areas of grazed marsh. On the north side of the railway, the patterns of historic drainage channels remain extant and legible and there is considerable time-depth, but with diminished legibility.
4.5 Archaeological and historical context 4.5.1 A total of 198 heritage assets have been assessed, which comprise findspots, monuments, buildings and landscape features, and include designated and undesignated assets. These assets are included in a gazetteer in Appendix 1, and are illustrated in Figures 10-14.
Prehistoric (Figure 10) 4.5.2 There are no recorded sites or finds of prehistoric date within the Site itself, although the Site sits within a prehistoric palaeolandscape, attested by palaeoenvironmental evidence and the results of various archaeological investigations within the Site and its surrounding area (HA0-HA6).
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4.5.3 The Gwent Levels lie just beyond the southern extent of a number of ice-sheets that covered northern Britain during period of glacial maxima during the last 500,000 years. The valley of the River Severn was recut by glacial meltwater each time the ice-sheets retreated. Although there is some evidence for human settlement in Wales as early as 225,000 BP, this seems to have ceased by about 175,000 BP with no activity recorded until at least 60,000 BP. 4.5.4 There is a general paucity of evidence for Lower Palaeolithic activity in Wales, therefore the recovery of a small quantity of material of this date from the Gwent Levels should be regarded as potentially significant (Aldhouse-Green 2004). Some Lower Palaeolithic material was also recovered during the archaeological investigations associated with the construction of the Second Severn Crossing (now known as the Prince of Wales Bridge), but nothing is recorded within the environs of the Site. 4.5.5 The Gwent Levels were formed as a result of rapidly rising sea-levels at the end of the last (Devensian) glaciation into the early Holocene period to around 7000 BP. After this, the rate fluctuated but slowed overall, continuing in combination with human factors to create local and temporal variations in the late Holocene sea-level and coastal position (Allen and Scaife, 2010). These fluctuations have resulted in the deposition of a great depth (between 10m and 15m in places) of inter-bedded alluvial and peat deposits formed under a range of marine and dry land environments. Within these deposits there is evidence for both the past natural environment and its exploitation by human populations. 4.5.6 A large number of sites and finds recorded with a general prehistoric date, as well as Mesolithic and Neolithic material, have been recorded largely to the south of the Site at the coastal edge (HA7- HA27). The area of Rumney Great Wharf to the south of the Scheduled relict medieval seawall is a prehistoric landscape, and contains a wide variety of features, which were identified and recorded by GGAT during the River Rhymney to River Wye Coastal Survey in 1998. 4.5.7 Mesolithic material has been recorded in the intertidal peats at Rumney Great Wharf including a hearth feature composed of burnt stone, charcoal and burned clay recorded on the Mesolithic surface (HA8) (Bell, et al, 2000), with similar features recorded to the southwest and northeast (HA9). However, these may be later prehistoric (late Neolithic/early Bronze Age features) which have been cut into the former Mesolithic ground surface. 4.5.8 The Mesolithic period is one generally seen as being characterised by the presence of hunter- gathers groups traversing the landscape with seasonal exploitation of resources, although some settlements may well have been more permanent. The rising sea-level following the last glacial maxima would have resulted in the Gwent Levels being established as an area of tidal mudflats and saltmarshes, with reed swamps along the fen-edge (Rippon, 1996). During this time a considerable amount of material was deposited across what is now the Gwent Levels through processes of alluviation and peat formation. The deposition rate was not constant and there would have been periods of erosion but the overall environment was a depositional one. The deposits of this period are collectively referred to as the Lower Wentlooge Formation. The wetlands would have provided opportunities for fishing, fowling and hunting as well as the collection of edible plants. These activities could have taken place from temporary encampments on drier land within the Levels but equally so from the higher land just to the north, which was also quite heavily wooded during the Mesolithic period. 4.5.9 At the end of the Mesolithic (c. 4,000 BC), the rise in sea level began to slow down although mean sea level was still approximately 8m below the present level (Allen, 1990). A series of peat deposits formed at this time as land plants colonised the mudflats and tidal saltmarshes – these are collectively known as the Middle Wentlooge formation (Rippon, 1996). The initial vegetation would have been wet alder woodland with subsequent open reed swamps. 4.5.10 There is limited evidence for Neolithic activity on the Gwent Levels and the surrounding higher ground. Three findspots are recorded within the HER and NMR data (HA10-HA12), comprising an auroch skeleton, a flint arrowhead from an Upper Wentlooge formation ditch fill, and a small curved knife. This may indicate that activity here may have been very limited during that period. However,
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for the wetland areas it could also mean that the evidence of Neolithic events remains buried beneath later material. 4.5.11 Further afield, a skull of possible Neolithic date was recovered from Alexandra Docks in Newport, whilst other human remains also of potential Neolithic date were found in the early 20th century at Ifton Quarry which is on the higher ground to the north of the eastern end of the levels (Schulting, 2009). A few pieces of worked flint have been recovered from alder carr peat dated to the Neolithic at Vurlong Reen (Parkhouse and Lawler, 1990) and further material of similar type was recovered from the fill of a palaeochannel at Caldicot (Nayling and Caseldine, 1997). The full corpus of Neolithic finds in the wetlands on either side of the Severn Estuary has been summarised by Bell (2007b). 4.5.12 Many of the sites and finds recorded by GGAT during the 1998 coastal survey are recorded with a general prehistoric date, and could be late Neolithic/early Bronze Age features (HA13-HA28) or be associated with the known Bronze Age reclamation of the landscape. These features comprise parts of a horizontal hurdle or trackway, wooden stakes (post-settings) surrounding small peat islands, split wooden posts across palaeochannels, relic reens, a roundhouse (and possibility of another), hearths and cow hoofprints. Other wooden features, such as V-shaped fish traps, have also been attributed to the prehistoric period by virtue of their contextual associations.
Later Prehistoric and Roman (Figure 11) 4.5.13 There are no recorded sites or finds of later prehistoric (Bronze Age and Iron Age) within the Site but a few sites and finds have been recorded at Great Rumney Wharf to the south of the Site (HA29, HA31-HA39). These include a Bronze spearhead, various different archaeological assemblages comprising pottery and animal bones, burnt stones, a 5m diameter roundhouse constructed of split timber posts, various pottery types, a wooden trackway, a clay ball and hearth features. The National Museum of Wales (NMW) data also records significant quantities of Bronze Age auroch (cattle) bones from the area, as well as a number from red deer and sheep. 4.5.14 To the north of the Site, a late Bronze Age looped socketed axe was found during deep ploughing of a field, recorded as being c.1.4km to the north-northwest of the Site near the junction of Greenway Road with Hendre Road (HA30). The NMW data also records a further four late Bronze Age bronze socketed axes from the St Mellons area which do not appear in the HER/NMR data, but the locations of these separate finds are not clear. 4.5.15 Archaeological evaluation on land between Crickhowell Road and Willowbrook Drive, Trowbridge, c.700m north of the Site, recorded an oval pit of Bronze Age date, which may have been a former round barrow or funerary monument, which was later subsumed into a Romano-British settlement site (Brett, et al, 2009). 4.5.16 Some of the recorded Bronze Age activity within the Gwent Levels continued on into the early part of the Iron Age (c. 700 BC - AD 43), including settlement in what is now the intertidal zone west of Goldcliff Point and also activity at Magor Pill (Allen and Rippon, 1997) and at Greenmoor Arch (Locock, 2000). Within the study area, a sherd of Iron Age pottery was recorded as part of the 1998 GGAT coastal survey (HA38) as well as a possible hearth (HA39), although Bell dates the latter to the Bronze Age (Bell, et al 2000). The NMW data records an Iron Age stone beehive quern and some quartz tempered pottery sherds from the area, but it is not clear where this finds were made. 4.5.17 The Iron Age period is more generally characterised by a substantial marine transgression in which much of the Levels were reflooded and alluvial clays known as the Upper Wentlooge Formation were deposited. The landscape would have returned to one dominated by tidal mudflats and saltmarshes, although some areas of reed swamp were present, and peats continued to form in some locations. The geotechnical investigations on the land adjacent to the Site recorded an intermittent layer of Iron Age peat at about 2m below the present ground level.
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4.5.18 The initial efforts to drain parts of the Levels were made during the Roman period (AD 43 – 410), and may have been carried out by legionaries stationed out of Caerleon (Allen 1988). The full extent of this drainage remains unknown and most of the reclaimed land was subsequently flooded. However, some of the major drainage elements and axial alignments within the present landscape could have been first established during this time (Allen and Fulford, 1987; Allen et al., 1992; Fulford et al., 1994; Rippon, 1996, but see also Parkhouse and Parry, 1990 and Marvell, 2004). Any sea wall constructed at this time is likely to have been seaward of the present one and no evidence has survived for a Roman sea wall. 4.5.19 However, there is extensive evidence for Roman activity (including settlement) across the Levels and extending within the intertidal zone beyond the present sea wall (cf. Allen 1998; 2000; Neumann 2000). The establishment of such settlements with associated land-use may have required the construction of banks as well as ditches in order to control water flow. Investigations undertaken ahead of the establishment of the Gwent Levels Wetland Reserve at Goldcliff identified several banks that displayed evidence for maintenance and alterations. The fills of the associated ditches suggested heavy episodic flooding rather than smaller silting events thus it appears that the banks were successful in providing some level of protection against regular inundation (Locock 1997). 4.5.20 Palaeoenvironmental evidence indicates that the landscape across the Levels was open and predominantly pastoral, although some agriculture may well have been possible (Meddens 2001; Meddens and Beasley 2001). Livestock would have included cattle and sheep, although horses were also presented in reasonably high numbers. Known Roman settlements are mainly located on the slightly higher ground at the coastal and estuary edges. However, this may be a distribution based on opportunity for observation rather than a genuine distribution. Evidence of Roman navigation along the network of channels within the Levels is provided by the discovery of a well- preserved boat of a late 3rd/early 4th century date at Barland’s Farm, Wilcrick, during work ahead of the construction of the Gwent Europark (Nayling and McGrail 2004). 4.5.21 It appears that most, if not all, of the land reclaimed and used during the Roman period was subsequently inundated, with the deposition of alluvium (up to 700 mm thick) across the former ground surface which in places is preserved as a buried soil. This is likely to have been an episodic process in which different parts of the Gwent Levels landscape were subject to various stages of deposition and stabilisation. 4.5.22 As shown on Figure 11, there are a number of Roman sites and finds within the wider study area (HA40-HA76), although none are recorded within the Site itself. 4.5.23 A Roman Road linking Cardiff with Caerleon runs to the north of the Site (RR60b) (Margery 1955) and was a major routeway through the area, eventually leading to the historic development of the village of Old St Mellons. 4.5.24 Approximately 200m to the north of the Site, a 15-trench evaluation over 22ha in the Gwent Levels by Cotswold Archaeology in 2004 revealed elements of Romano-British settlement (HA48). Features comprised several stone spreads, one representing the corner of a structure and another a dwarf-wall footing, along with a number of associated ditches. The stone structure contained a possible post-setting indicating a mainly timber superstructure. General pottery from the ditches suggests a broad 2nd-4th century AD date, while pottery associated with the building is of later 2nd/early 3rd century and later date (Cotswold Archaeology 2004). Several ditches were recorded, the majority of these containing a similar primary fill of blue grey and several were observed to have had their bank tipped back over the silting of the ditch. Animal bones were also recovered. Two sherds of Middle to Late Iron Age pottery were also recorded from alluvial layers. The majority of ditches dated as being Roman contained a similar primary fill of blue grey clay, and no layers of sedimentation that may be expected of a feature filled by silting. This implies that they were mostly kept clean during their active life and the fills observed occurred as a result of a major episode of flooding. Such a pattern has also been observed at Goldcliff (Locock 1997, 63) where it has been provisionally interpreted as a flooding deposit representing a single major flooding event. Some of
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the ditches then appear to have been deliberately backfilled after the flood event, with some of these later re-cut. Organic silt horizons recorded during the evaluation were interpreted as evidence of former land surfaces, and palaeoenvironmental analysis suggested the presence of reed beds (Cotswold Archaeology 2004; 15). 4.5.25 On land between Crickhowell Road and Willowbrook Drive, Trowbridge, c.700m north of the Site, an archaeological evaluation by Cotswold Archaeology in 2005 also revealed the peripheral parts of a Romano-British settlement (HA43-HA47, HA49). The earliest features comprised ditches of a drainage system laid out in line with the fen edge. The main ditch contained significant quantities of domestic material (pottery of 2nd-early 3rd century AD date, animal bone and querns) which suggests occupation in the near vicinity, although no specific domestic focus was located in the excavation area. The drainage ditches had fallen out of use by the early/mid 3rd century AD, and a large ditched enclosure created (limits not defined in excavation area; ditches up to 2.7m wide). Within the fills of the enclosure ditch were ceramics (including a single complete vessel) and large quantities of animal bone (mostly in the SW corner of the enclosure) which may indicate continued nearby occupation, though the excavators argued for an agricultural function for the enclosure. After these ditches had silted up in the later 3rd century AD, a smaller rectangular enclosure was created from it (0.16ha). Within this enclosure were pits, postholes, gullies, an area of metalling (possibly defining a sill-beam timber building; 10x5m) and spreads of metalworking material. It is suggested as enclosing a smithy, but again the quantities of domestic debris suggest occupation at least in the immediate vicinity if not within the enclosure. There is no ceramic evidence for activity continuing into the later 4th century AD. Possible remains of field ditches and a trackway were revealed in evaluation trenches around the enclosure (Brett, et al, 2009). 4.5.26 The remaining sites and finds of Roman date are all recorded from the area of Rumney Great Wharf (HA42, HA50-73, HA76) and comprise artefact scatters, buried soil horizons, palaeochannels, occupation layers, drainage channels, evidence for metalworking, pottery of various vessels and forms (bowls, jars, mortarium, dishes, and a tankard) and animal bones, suggesting there was a settlement on the coast, in what is largely now the intertidal zone. 4.5.27 Overall the records for the Later Prehistoric and Roman period indicate widespread activity within the vicinity of the Site during the Bronze Age and Roman periods, including settlement, prior to a major flooding event. The evidence suggests that Roman land surfaces are sealed beneath up to 1.0 m of later material, and that some of these buried soil horizons may exist within the Site itself. There is also likely to be buried organic layers of Bronze Age at a depth of c.3m below the present ground surface, and possibly some intermittent peats of Iron Age date also within the Site.
Early Medieval and Medieval (Figure 12) 4.5.28 The limited evidence for Gwent in the early medieval period (c. AD 410 – 1066) points to a certain amount of continuity in both land use and settlement. It is likely that the void left behind by the departing Roman authority was taken up initially at least by members of local elites, with activity continuing in key sites such as Caerleon and Caerwent. The latter site may have been the location of an early monastic community. 4.5.29 Most of the evidence for activity within the Levels during this period comes from documentary sources, predominantly descriptions of estate boundaries but also references to possible landing places. It is likely that there was some limited recolonisation, with small embanked 'infield' enclosures and potentially canalisation of natural channels (Rippon, 2000). 4.5.30 What little documentary evidence there is for the Levels during the early medieval period is mainly in the form of charters granting land, though these largely rely upon natural features of the landscape in the definition of the bounds, beyond the occasional reference to fish weirs and moorings, indicating that there was little human impact upon the landscape. However there is evidence that a number of estates/manors and churches were established at the fen edge at this time (e.g. at Rumney (HA80) and Llanederyn (HA79)).
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4.5.31 The Levels stretching from the River Usk to the east and the Rhymney to the west became known as the cantref of Gwynllwg, named after Gwynllw, the legendary 5th – 6th century saint who is thought to have established the church at Newport, from which the name ‘Wentloog’ is most likely derived. 4.5.32 The Roman sea wall protecting the Levels appears to have fallen into disrepair in the early Medieval period (Rippon, 1996). Inundation recommenced and the land up to the fen edge largely reverted to salt marsh. Re-colonisation began from the 11th century with new sea walls constructed, and new drainage ditches and reens dug (in places probably re-using the former Roman system, as at Peterstone). Anglo-Norman settlement is well represented across the Gwent Levels, with sites including castles (e.g. Rumney), moated sites (e.g. Redwick), churches, mills, manor houses and court houses. Nucleated villages are rare and the dispersed pattern of farms seen today in the Rumney area is likely to reflect an earlier Medieval pattern. 4.5.33 The current landscape of the Gwent Levels is predominantly a result of the process of drainage and recolonisation which commenced during the medieval period (c. AD 1066 - 1500). This was linked to the post-Conquest settlement of south Wales and the influx of English settlers with associated socio-economic elements that affected land ownership and land use. Some of the drainage may be associated with monastic ownership and the establishment of grange farms both on the Levels and on the dry land. Monks Ditch appears to represent a clear boundary within the Levels, with land to the east potentially being held by English lords whilst that to the west was held by Welsh landlords (Rippon, 1997; 2014). 4.5.34 Small settlements were established on the dry land at the fen edge (e.g. Llandevenny, Bishton, Llanwern, Coedkernew, Magor, Undy) and exploited areas of the back-fen. Other settlements were established on the Levels proper; these were mostly dispersed but with some distinct foci (e.g. Redwick, Goldcliff, St Brides, Peterstone, Newton) and these were able to utilise the remaining open saltmarshes as well as the back-fens. 4.5.35 A settlement was clearly present at St Mellons itself at this time, probably centred on the early church (HA86) where the present Grade I Church is located (HA85), and along the roadside edge of the main historic road located on the higher ground to the north of the Site. The Scheduled motte and bailey castle further to the south of the Parish Church (Caer Castell) probably dates to the late 11th century, most likely a Norman ringwork associated with the eventual subjugation of the region after the 1090s (HA82/83). The site became the demesne of the lordship of Gwynllwg. The site was occupied for more than two centuries, and underwent conversion from a castle into a manorial centre during the late 13th century, but then fell out of use, possibly as a result of its destruction during a Welsh revolt in 1295. Evidence for possible Medieval water management features within ditches/reens, surviving as waterlogged structural timbers, were recorded by GGAT c.800m to the southwest of the Site (HA87, HA88, HA89). 4.5.36 Over the last few decades, the field patterns on the Gwent Levels have been studied in order to understand the history and sequence of this reclamation and the establishment of the drainage network. This includes not only the numerous ditches and reens (major and minor) which drain the wetlands but also the embanked watercourses that channel the runoff from the uplands to the north across the Levels to the coast. The process of reclamation and settlement was not constant and certainly there was a time at the end of the 14th century when population decline and climate change led to the (temporary) abandonment of some areas of land (cf. Rippon, 1996; 1997). The dispersed settlements across the Levels include individual farmsteads and properties, often within a moated enclosure for drainage purposes. 4.5.37 During the later Medieval period a process of managed coastal retreat appears to have taken place whereby sea-walls were repositioned further inland as a result of increased coastal erosion, the relict wall at Newton, Rumney Great Wharf, being a good example of this (Allen 1988). The higher alluviated ground, the earliest re-colonisation took the form of oval 'infields', with appended farm steads and droveways, with later intake taking the form of small irregular fields radiating out from them. Later still, former open moorland was enclosed by regular stripbased fields. and the gaps
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within the earlier irregular settlement pattern were infilled by small blocks of 'intermediate' fields with a generally rectangular morphology. These later stages of colonisation of the Wentloog Levels may have largely been completed during the later medieval period, although it is possible that they continued into the post-medieval period (Golder Associates 2009). 4.5.38 On the Gwent Levels, as in the rest of Britain. the later medieval period saw a great deal of social upheaval, exacerbated by plague and climatic deterioration. There were a number of revolts in Wales during the 14th and 15th centuries, and 14th century plagues greatly reduced the population living on the Levels. The resultant decline in manorial authority affected the maintenance of the drainage system on the Levels, and the increasingly bad weather resulted in widespread flooding of coastal areas in the Severn Estuary. Late medieval pottery washed out of intertidal deposits at Rumney Great Wharf indicates that the sea wall was set back at this time on Wentloog, and previously reclaimed land was abandoned to the sea once more (ibid, p.10).
Post-medieval and Modern, including historic map analysis (Figures 16-35) 4.5.39 The process of reclamation and enclosure of common land continued on throughout the post- medieval period (c. AD 1500 – 1800) with the back-fens being the areas that were predominantly the last to be enclosed and drained: in some cases that did not happen until the 19th century. There appears to have been an increased emphasis on pastoralism and a decrease in arable farming and this has continued until the present day. Settlements expanded and there was an increase in the number of dispersed farmsteads and roadside cottages. 4.5.40 During the great Severn flood of 1606-7, huge swathes of Wentloog were inundated by the sea. and the aftermath of this event may have facilitated the increasing importance of pastoralism rather than arable in the economy of the Levels, and this became the specialism of the area by the early post- medieval period. There is documentary evidence for extensive cross-Severn trade in cattle and dairy produce during the 16th century from small landing places dotted along the Wentloog and Caldicot coast. By the 18th century this trade had largely become concentrated at the burgeoning ports at Cardiff, Chepstow and Newport, and the smaller ports on Wentloog went into decline. By the mid-18th century the Levels had become one of the most prosperous farming regions of Wales, with animal husbandry predominating, although arable production for local use was also important (Golders Associates 2009). 4.5.41 It is likely that there is some continuity of settlement from the Medieval period to the post-medieval period, with Rumney characterised by dispersed farms including the hamlet at Newton (HA135- HA138), c.1km to the south-southeast of the Site. As noted above, enclosure of the fields appears to have occurred early in this area although there may have been continued improvements and modifications to the drainage system. The fullest expression of this system comprised a hierarchy elements with subtle surface ridging of the fields feeding water into field ditches, lesser reens and main reens, with water flow and levels controlled by sluices, ‘stanks’ and ‘gouts’. 4.5.42 During this period, farms were at the centre of the local economy and these survive in the designated and non-designated historic buildings listed on the HER, principally at Longcross Farm (HA171), Pill-Du (HA140), Hendre (HA174); Pen-Pil (HA175), Ty-du (HA149), Sluice Farm (HA152), Chapmans Farm (HA153), Lower and Middle Newton Farms (HA176 and HA178), and Maerdy Farm (HA170). 4.5.43 In this period, understanding of settlement, land-use and the utilisation of the landscape is enhanced by cartographic and documentary sources which can give additional detail to data contained within the HER. 4.5.44 In 1531, King Henry VIII passed the Act of Sewers, creating Commissioners and Courts of Sewers to oversee the management of coastal marshlands, productive but flood-prone agricultural land. The Courts were tasked with maintaining sea defences and drainage of low-lying areas and consisted of ‘gentlemen’ of the county, often justices of the peace, who were named as
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Commissioners. Individual landowners were made responsible for the maintenance of sea defences and drainage ditches, and could be compelled by the Courts to carry out work. 4.5.45 There were two separate courts for the Caldicot and Wentlooge Levels, although proceedings were kept in the same book. Commissions ran for 10 years, after which a petition was made to the Crown for a new Commission. In 1830, the Commissioners of Sewers ordered a survey of the Gwent Levels, recording land ownership, field boundaries, drainage and sea defences. This was then used to establish responsibilities for the upkeep of flood defences. 4.5.46 The Site lies within the Parish of St Mellons Tithe Map and Apportionment (Figure 16) which also bordered the Rumney Tithe of 1846, separated by the parish boundary. The Site comprised arable fields belonging to the former farmstead at Hendre, which has since been demolished and the area redeveloped as a modern housing estate. The historic landscape features recorded on the Tithe Map, including ditches/reens/field boundaries, are predominantly the same as those on the Tithe. 4.5.47 The fields which bordered to Site within the Rumney parish were under different ownership but also comprised a mix of arable and pasture fields, and isolated homesteads. Most of these farmsteads appear to have been established during the 16th and 17th centuries following the strengthening of the sea defences, as evidenced by the relict sea wall at Great Rumney Wharf, which protected the land from flooding. 4.5.48 By the time of the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey (OS) 25 inch map of 1882 (Figure 17) the South Wales Division of the Great Western Railway had cut a swathe through the landscape, and bisected the Site from its historic landscape context. Ditches/drains are shown as bordering the Site on its northern and western sides, with a drain also crossing the Site running northeast-southwest. 4.5.49 Figure 18 shows the wider context of the Site as shown on the 1886 OS 6 inch (1:10,560) map and historic landscape pattern, which was largely unchanged since the Tithe, with the exception of the intrusion of the railway. 4.5.50 The development area. bounded by the railway to the north, appeared unchanged on all of the Ordnance survey maps published up until 1947 (Figures 19-25), but by the edition of the OS 1951- 1954 six inch map (Figure 25), a Ministry of Transport Stores had been established on the Site. The terminus of this branch line overlay much of the one remaining field drainage ditch within the proposed development area, which was likely to have been infilled and buried beneath the track's levelling deposit, with only a short length at the southwest of the area surviving. The site was originally developed as a goods yard during the Second World War, and then later used as a storage yard for wooden pit props. 4.5.51 During the Second World War a number of military positions were established around Newport in order to defend the docks, which were a strategic target for enemy airborne assault. A heavy anti- aircraft battery was established at Maerdy Farm (HA192) as well as at Pengam (HA193), defending the airfield at RAF Pengham Moor. A series of dispersal sheds were also linked to the main railway at Wentlooge to the east of the Site (HA194). 4.5.52 Figures 26 and 27 illustrate the Site continued in use as a Depot and Timber Yard during the 1960s, and also show the burgeoning urban development of the Rumney area of Cardiff to the west in the post-war period. 4.5.53 By the 1970s, this urban expansion led to the creation of the modern Cardiff suburb of Trowbridge, to the north of the Site, as shown on Figure 28. 4.5.54 During the 1980s and 1990s the land to the east of the Site began to be developed as an industrial area (Figs. 29-32), including the Wentlooge Corporate Industrial Park to the immediate east, and by the late 1990s a caravan park had been established to the southeast of the Site (Figure 33). By 2006, the Pinewood Studio Wales site had been developed to the west of the Site (Figure 34) and there was also further urban extension at Trowbridge and encroaching on Pill-Du to the north and northeast, and the retail/business park to the west. The modern context of the Site is shown on Figure 35.
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ASSESSMENT OF HISTORIC ASSETS 5.1 As recommended in the EIA Scoping Direction by Cadw, a Stage 1 assessment, as per the Welsh Government guidance given in the document ‘The Setting of Historic Assets in Wales’, was carried out for the designated assets identified in their response, comprising:
o Scheduled Monuments • GM474 Relict Seawall on Rumney Great Wharf • GM216 Caer Castell Camp • MM121 St Mellons Churchyard Cross
o Historic Landscapes • HLW (GT) 2 Gwent Levels
o Listed Buildings • 13822 Ty-du and adjoining byre and stable II • 13823 Longcross Farm II • 13833 Bethania Evangelical Church II • 13864 Base of churchyard cross in St Mellons churchyard II • 13865 Church of St Mellon I • 13905 Pill du Farm II • 13923 Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses II • 13940 Bluebell Inn PH II • 13942 White Hart PH II • 14087 Quarry Hill House II • 23959 War Memorial II 5.2 There will be no direct, physical impacts to any designated heritage assets. 5.3 A Stage 2 assessment to define and analyse the setting of these historic assets was then undertaken, in order to scope any designated assets considered to be sensitive receptors to the proposed scheme to be taken forward for a Stage 3, and where relevant, a Stage 4 assessment of the impacts to the settings of these assets. 5.4 The only designated historic assets scoped in for further assessment are the Grade I Listed Church at St Mellons, and the Gwent Levels Outstanding Historic Landscape. 5.5 The remaining designated assets were scoped out of further assessment at Stage 2, as the Site made no meaningful contribution to their setting or significance as historic assets, and any perceived impact from the proposed development would be negligible, and not significant in EIA terms.
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL 6.1 On the basis of previous archaeological investigations within and around the Site, and the established baseline context of the Site and surrounding wider Study Area, the Site is considered to contain potential prehistoric archaeological deposits at a depth of c.0.7m to >3m below ground level, with the various layers above this indicating successive phases of marine inundation and reclamation dating from the later prehistoric and Roman to the post-medieval period. Deposits such as these are characteristic of the Gwent Levels. 6.2 Modern debris associated with the construction of the railway line in 1852 is expected along the northern edge of the Site where there is likely to have been some disturbance to archaeological deposits in this area. 6.3 There has also been 20th century industrial activity within the Site, most likely dating to WWII and subsequent decades when a timber mill is recorded and railway tracks are shown, and these may have truncated some archaeological deposits during their construction. 6.4 Previous investigations both within the Site and in the surrounding area have revealed deposits typifying the Wentlooge formation, which are widespread across the Gwent Levels, but have not identified specific features or deposits of archaeological interest other than these. In the light of this, the low potential for buried archaeological remains within the site and the general absence of archaeological features or deposits of interest in archaeological investigations in the vicinity, it is considered that any further archaeological works required on the site can be subject to an appropriately worded condition.
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REFERENCES Aldhouse-Green, S H R, 2004, ‘The Palaeolithic’, in Aldhouse-Green, M and Howell, R (eds), The Gwent County History, Volume 1: Gwent in Prehistory and Early History, Cardiff; University of Wales Press, 1-28. Aldhouse-Green, S H R, Whittle, A, Allen J R L, Caseldine, A E, Culver, S J, Day, M H, Lundquist, J and Upton, D, 1992, ‘Prehistoric human footprints from the Severn Estuary at Uskmouth and Magor Pill, Gwent, Wales’, Archaeologia Cambrensis 41, 14-55. Allen, J R L, 1990, ‘The post-glacial geology and geoarchaeology of the Avon Wetlands’, Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists Society 50, 28-46. Allen, J R L, 1998, ‘Magor Pill multi-period site: the Romano-British pottery and status as a port,’ Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 9, 45-60. Allen, J R L, 2000, ‘Magor Pill multi-period site: the Romano-British pottery and status as a port. A postscript,’ Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 10, 130-1. Allen, J R L and Fulford, M G, 1987, The Wentlooge Level: a Romano-British saltmarsh reclamation in southeast Wales, Britannia 17, 91-117. Allen, J R L and Rippon, S, 1997, ‘Iron Age to Early Modern activity at Magor Pill and palaeochannels, Gwent: an exercise in lowland coastal-zone geoarchaeology’, Antiquaries Journal 77, 327-70. Allen, J R L, Fulford, M G and Rippon, S, 1992, ‘Rumney Great Wharf 1992’, Severn Estuary and Levels Research Committee Annual Report 1, 31-4. Allen, M, Blick, N, Brindle, T, Evans, T, Fulford, M, Holbrook, N, Richards, J.D, Smith, A. 2015 The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain: an online resource http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/romangl/index.cfm Barber, A. 2009 Land at Ty-To-Maen Farm, Newton Road, Rumney, Cardiff: archaeological evaluation 2627 209/02 Bell, M, 1992, ‘Field survey and excavation at Goldcliff 1992’, Severn Estuary and Levels Research Committee Annual Report 1, 34-42. Bell, M, 2007a, Prehistoric coastal communities: The Mesolithic in western Britain, York; CBA Research Report 149. Bell, M, 2007b, ‘Wetland-dryland relationships in the Severn estuary and surroundings during the Mesolithic and Neolithic’ in Haughey, F and Sidell, E J (eds.), Neolithic Archaeology in the Intertidal Zone, Oxford; Oxbow, 26-47. Bell, M, 2013, The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary, York; CBA Research Report 172. Bell, M, Caseldine, A E and Neumann, H, 2000, Prehistoric intertidal archaeology in the Severn Estuary, York; CBA Research Report 120. Bell, M, Allen, J R L, Nayling, N and Buckley, S, 2001, ‘Mesolithic to Neolithic coastal change c. 6500 – 3500 cal BC’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 12, 27-53. Bell, M, Allen, J R L, Buckley, S, Dark, P and Haslett, S, 2002, ‘Mesolithic to Neolithic coastal environmental change: excavations at Goldcliff East, 2002 interim report’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 13, 1- 29. Bell, M, Allen, J R L, Buckley, S, Dark, P and Nayling, N, 2003, ‘Mesolithic to Neolithic coastal environmental change: excavations at Goldcliff East, 2003 and research at Redwick, interim report’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 14, 1-26. Brett, M. 2005 Land between Crickhowell Rd and Willowbrook Drive Trowbridge Cardiff Archaeological Evaluation 1808 205/02
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Brett, M, McSloy, ER and Holbrook, N. 2009. A Roman enclosure at Crickhowell Road, Trowbridge, Cardiff. Evaluation and excavation 2005-06, Archaeologia Cambrensis 158 , 131-166 Cadw 2011, Conservation Principles for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment in Wales, March 2011. Cadw 2017a, Heritage Impact Assessment in Wales, May 2017. Cadw 2017b, Setting of Historic Assets in Wales, May 2017. Cadw, CCW, and ICOMOS UK 1998, Landscapes of Historic Interest in Wales, Part 2 of the Register of Landscapes, Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales, Part 2.1: Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest, Cadw, Cardiff. CIfA 2017, Standard and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessments, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, updated January 2017. Cotswold Archaeology. 2003. Trowbridge Mawr, Cardiff. Archaeological Evaluation. 1542/ ref:03063 Cotswold Archaeology. 2004. Areas 9-12, Trowbridge Road, St Mellons, Cardiff. Archaeological Evaluation. Ref. 04066 Cotswold Archaeology. 2005. Land between Crickhowell Rd and Willowbrook Drive Trowbridge Cardiff Archaeological Evaluation. Cotswold Archaeology. 2007 Land between Crickhowell Road and Willowbrook Drive Trowbridge Cardiff: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design. Cotswold Archaeology. 2009. A Roman Enclosure at Crickhowell Road, Trowbridge, Cardiff, Evaluation and Excavation 2005-2006. Fulford, M G, Allen, J R L and Rippon, S J, 1994 ‘The settlement and drainage of the Wentlooge Level, Gwent; excavation and survey at Rumney Great Wharf’, Britannia 25, 175-211. GGAT 2007, Notes for Archaeologists undertaking Desk-Based Studies in South-East Wales, Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust. Golder Associates. 2009. Cardiff Waste Treatment Facility. Environmental Statement. Chapter 9. Cultural Heritage. Report for Sterecycle UK Ltd. Jones, IG and Williams, D (eds). 1976. Church and chapel data from The Religious census of 1851 : A Calendar of the returns relating to Wales, Vol 1, South Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press Landscape Institute 2013, Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment, 3rd edition, Landscape Institute & Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment. Locock, M, 1997, ‘Gwent Levels Wetland Reserve, Hill Farm, Goldcliff: excavation 1997’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 8, 55-65. Locock, M. 1998, Land north of Wentlooge Avenue, Cardiff Electronics facility Phase 1 Archaeological mitigation: Stage 4 Radiocarbon dating of palaeoenvironmental sample 566 98/02 Locock, M, 2000, ‘Iron Age and later features at Greenmoor Arch (Gwent Europark), Newport’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 10, 128-30. Margary, ID. 1955. Roman Roads in Britain. Marvell, A G, 2004 ‘Roman settlement and economy’ in Nayling, N and McGrail, S, 2004, 91-110. Matthews R. 2015, RDC Cardiff: Archaeological Watching Brief. L-P Archaeology, ref. 3862. Meddens, F M, 2001, ‘The Roman landscape between Chepstow and Nash and its implications for Roman land management’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 12, 1-13. Meddens, F M and Beasley, M, 2001, ‘Roman seasonal wetland pasture exploitation near Nash, on the Gwent levels, Wales’, Britannia 32, 143-84.
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Nayling, N, 1998, The Magor Pill medieval wreck, York; CBA Research Report 115. Nayling, N and Caseldine, A E, 1997, Excavations at Caldicot, Gwent: Bronze Age palaeochannels in the Lower Nedern Valley, York; CBA Research Report 108. Nayling, N and Jones, T, 2013, ‘The Newport medieval ship, Wales, United Kingdom’, International Journal of Archaeology 43.2, 239-78. Nayling, N and McGrail, S, 2004, The Barland’s Farm Romano-Celtic Boat, York; CBA Research Report 138. Neumann, H, 2000, ‘Romano-British and later archaeology in the intertidal survey’, in Bell, M, Caseldine, A E and Neumann, H, 2000, CD 16.7. Parkhouse, J and Lawler, M, 1990, Archaeology of the Second Severn Crossing: assessment and recommendations for Gwent, GGAT report. Parkhouse, J and Parry, S, 1990, Rumney Alternative Feeding Grounds: an archaeological assessment, GGAT Report. Parry, S and McGrail, S, 1991, ‘A prehistoric plank boat fragment and a hard from Caldicot Castle Lake, Gwent, Wales’, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 20.4, 321-4. Parry, S and McGrail, S, 1994, ‘A Bronze Age sewn plank boat fragment from Caldicot, Gwent, Wales’, in Westerdahl, C, (ed.), Crossroads in Ancient Shipbuilding, Oxford; Oxbow Monograph 40, 21-8. Rippon, S, 1996, Gwent Levels: The evolution of a wetland landscape, York; CBA Research Report 105. Rippon, S, 1997, The Severn Estuary: Landscape, evolution and wetland reclamation, Leicester; Leicester University Press. Rippon, S, 2000, ‘The historic landscapes of the Severn Levels’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 11, 119- 35. Rippon, S. 2012. Historic Landscape Analysis: Deciphering the Countryside. Council for British Archaeology, Practical Handbook 16 (first published 2004; revised edition 2012) Rippon, S, 2014, Beyond the medieval village: The diversification of landscape character in southern Britain, Oxford; Oxford University Press. Schulting, R J, 2009, ‘Non-monumental burial in Neolithic Britain: a (largely) cavernous view’ in Larsson, L, Lüth, F and Terberger, T (eds.), Non-Megalithic Mortuary Practices in the Baltic – New Methods and Research into the Development of Stone Age Society, Schwerin; Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 88, 581-603. Sell, S. H 1999 Cardiff International Rail Freight Terminal, Wentloog, Cardiff, Archaeological Evaluation. 99/06. Tavener, N. 1998. Land to the South of Newlands Road, Wentloog Corporate Park, Cardiff. Archaeological Evaluation. 98/03 Welsh Assembly Government 2008, People, Places, Futures: The Wales Spatial Plan, 2008 Update. Welsh Assembly Government 2011, Conservation Principles for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment in Wales. Welsh Government 2013, Historic Environment Strategy for Wales, May 2013. Welsh Government 2017, Technical Advice Note 24: The Historic Environment, May 2017. Welsh Government 2018, Planning Policy Wales, Edition 10, December 2018. Wessex Archaeology. 2014. Trow Road, Rumney Cardiff: Archaeological Watching Brief 3988 Yates. A, Roberts. R & Walker. M 2001. Cardiff WWTW: Investigations Along The Wentloog Sewers 705 201/05
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Site Gazetteer
HA NPRN/HER No Status NAME PERIOD BROADCLASS TYPE DESCRIPTION No.
Water Supply and NATURAL GGAT Assessment Lamby Way Landfill (additional) A255 - 0 GGAT02822s - Landfill, Trowbridge Palaeolandscape Drainage FEATURE possible palaeochannel.
Peat deposits were found during an evaluation (E004548) and were investigated further during a hand auger survey NATURAL (E004549). In some areas the peat is well humidified and in 1 GGAT05090s - Peat deposits Palaeolandscape Palaeoenvironmental FEATURE other areas the peat is poorly humidified. Dating on the peat reveals that it is between the Late Neolithic and the Bronze Age.
Water Supply and NATURAL Palaeochannel in intertidal zone (Locock 1993b and 2 GGAT02789s - Palaeochannel in intertidal zone Palaeolandscape Drainage FEATURE 1995,Site 4) (Maynerd 1995).
NATURAL 3 GGAT03289s - Peat deposit Palaeolandscape Palaeoenvironmental GGAT assessment A445 - boreholes showed a peat deposit FEATURE
Peat deposits were revealed and analysed during a field NATURAL 4 GGAT05094s - Peat deposit Palaeolandscape Palaeoenvironmental evaluation by the Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust FEATURE (Walker, Caseldine, Cameron & Druce, 2001)
On the Wentlooge surface below the erosion face a number RELIC REENS, RUMNEY Water Supply and NATURAL of features were noted. These included lines of the relic 5 GGAT02394s - Palaeolandscape GREAT WHARF Drainage FEATURE reens (2394S) and three rectangular areas c2m wide by several metres long (2395S). Palaeochannel.
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HA NPRN/HER No Status NAME PERIOD BROADCLASS TYPE DESCRIPTION No.
Industrial estate, Cardiff, WATER SUPPLY NATURAL GGAT Assessment Spring Meadow Industrial Estate A204 - 6 GGAT02275s - Palaeolandscape Trowbridge AND DRAINAGE FEATURE possible palaeochannel preserved as substantial earthwork
INTERTIDAL PEAT DEPOSITS, NATURAL An exposure of intertidal peats has been reported in this 7 524774 Mesolithic UNASSIGNED RUMNEY FEATURE vicinity. Samples dated by carbon 14 suggest 2180+/-50 BP.
Hearth-like feature at Rumney in Trowbridge recorded within the peat c 100m northwest of the roundhouse. It consists of Hearth feature at Rumney, 8 GGAT02899s - Mesolithic Monument (by form) HEARTH an area of discoloured clay, burnt stone and charcoal Trowbridge concentration on the Mesolithic surface. Similar features (03244s and 03247s) we
Hearth-like feature at Rumney, Trowbridge recorded within SSSI,SPA, Hearth feature at Rumney, the peat c 100m northwest of the roundhouse. A roughly 9 GGAT03244s Mesolithic Monument (by form) HEARTH RAMSAR Trowbridge circular, area 0.9m in diameter, shallow depression consists of charcoal concentration and burned clay.
AGRICULTURE AUROCH SKELETON FIND, (See also numerous NMW data entries for Neo/BA auroch 10 519314 Neolithic AND FINDSPOT RUMNEY and red deer) SUBSISTENCE
519324; Neolithic arrowhead, Rumney, Neolithic bifacially flaked arrowhead found in upper 11 - Neolithic Monument (by form) FINDSPOT GGAT03250s Trowbridge Wentlooge Formation ditch fill in Rumney.
Small Neolithic, curved flint knife. Trimmed blade of Find spot at Rumney Great unpainted black flint with fine pressure flaking along 2 12 GGAT05222s - Neolithic Monument (by form) FINDSPOT Wharf lengths. Found during walkover survey at Rumney Great Wharf.
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HA NPRN/HER No Status NAME PERIOD BROADCLASS TYPE DESCRIPTION No.
Upright and horizontal roundwood noted in situ at W end of a paleochannel 200m from a hut circle (2381S). Part of a 13 GGAT02385.0s - RUMNEY GREAT WHARF Prehistoric Transport Trackway horizontal hurdle (trackway?) also visible. Other upright roundwoods were noted, and close to the erosion face a circle? of thin horizon
Prehistoric wooden structure comprises 5 stakes Wooden structure at Rumney, WOODEN 14 GGAT02890s - Prehistoric Monument (by form) surrounding small peat island. The post setting recorded in Trowbridge STRUCTURE Cadw Coastal Archaeology Survey.
Wooden structure at Rumney in Trowbridge of prehistoric SSSI,SPA, Wooden Structure at Rumney, 15 GGAT02902s Prehistoric Monument (by form) Wooden structure date. Feature in form of 16 split timbers surrounding 1.6m by RAMSAR Trowbridge 1m area.
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This prehistoric landscape encompasses an area approximately 580m east-west by 180m north-south. Features within this landscape were identified by Gwent- Glamorgan Archaeological Trust during their River Rhymney to River Wye Coastal Report. The landscape comprises a trackway (ST236777), three post settings (ST2368677790, ST2387777852 and ST2390377874), split wooden posts (ST2388877908), a roundhouse (ST240778), three hearths (ST2408077993, ST24097799 and ST24107800) and cow hoof prints. The wooden trackway is located in a palaeochannel at the far western end of the site, and consists of upright and horizontal roundwood posts thought to be part of a hurdle trackway. Other upright roundwood posts are assocaited with the trackway, along with the
AGRICULTURE possible remains of a circle approximately 1m in diameter. 3 PREHISTORIC LANDSCAPE, 16 519318 Prehistoric AND LANDSCAPE pieces of black gritty ware and a cow humerous have RUMNEY GREAT WHARF SUBSISTENCE previously been found in the palaeochannel. The first wooden post setting is located approximately 125m northeast of the trackway. The second and third wooden post settings are both square, and are located approximately 320m and 350m northeast of the trackway. The split wooden posts are located approximately 50m north-northwest of the square post settings, and are placed so that they are blocking a palaeochannel. The cow hoof prints are located approximately 25m west-northwest of the split wooden posts. The remains of the roundhouse are located 125m southeast of the square post settings, and its diameter measures 4.64m. The roundhouse remains consist of 8 upright wooden (mainly roundwood) posts measuring between 15-20cm diameter, some of them split. The ground surface within the roundhouse was found to contain charcoal, heat-fractured stone, bone and ceramic material,
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all of which are now housed at Newport Museum. The remains of three hearths are all located within 21m of each other, approximately 220m north-northeast of the roundhouse. They consist of discoloured clay and burnt stone. The site of a possible further roundhouse is located approximately 100m north of the three hearths.
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Catlle hoofprints at Rumney, Cattle hoofprints near palaeochannel discovered within 17 GGAT02892s - Prehistoric Unassigned FOOTPRINT Trowbridge middle Wentlooge Formation peat date to Prehistoric times.
Footprint of large ruminant exposed in Wentlooge Formation WENTLOOGE PEAT SHELF 18 GGAT08989g - Prehistoric Monument (by form) FOOTPRINT at Rhumney Wharf. Located at the eastern end of block HOOFPRINTS stone revetments.
Prehistoric feature found during the survey in 1996: an Prehistoric feature at Rumney, outline of peat within the underlying estuarine clay defined a 19 GGAT02893s - Prehistoric Monument (by form) FEATURE Trowbridge square c 1m by 1m. Similar feature (02894s) was recorded to the north-east.
Wooden structure at Rumney in Trowbridge of prehistoric Wooden structure at Rumney, WOODEN 20 GGAT02903s - Prehistoric Monument (by form) date. Feature in the form of a double row of 4 split timbers Trowbridge STRUCTURE across palaeochannel.
Prehistoric feature located during the survey in 1996: an outline of peat within the underlying estuarine clay defined a Prehistoric feature at Rumney, 21 GGAT02894s - Prehistoric Monument (by form) FEATURE square c 1m by 1m. Square post setting had two small Trowbridge round-wood posts located along one side and the peat extended at least 0.07m ver
Round house. Remains of circular hut consisting of 8 substantial uprights c4.64m in diameter. Posts consisted 22 GGAT02381s - RUMNEY GREAT WHARF Prehistoric Domestic Hut circle mainly of roundwood some appear to have been split. Posts ranged from 15-20cm in section, were between 75-80cm apart. (see desc text).
Religious, Ritual and Timber circle about 20ft across. Feature noted by the farmer 23 GGAT01983s - timber circle, Cardiff Prehistoric Round house Funerary may have been a round-house.
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On the Wentlooge surface below the erosion face a number of features were noted. These included lines of the relic 24 GGAT02395s - RUMNEY GREAT WHARF Prehistoric Monument (by form) Pit reens (2394S) and three rectangular areas c2m wide by several metres long (2395S). The rectangular pits(?) were separated by narrow baulk
This 'V' shaped fish trap is approximately 68m from end to end. Its remains consist of an alignment of 8 wooden posts (split) and a group of 3 wooden posts set in a triangle. The apex of the 'V' points shoreward, as does the apex of adjacent fish trap NPRN 519298. It is probable that the two AGRICULTURE PETERSTONE GREAT WHARF were part of the same zig-zag shaped fish trap compex. This 25 519297 Prehistoric AND FISH TRAP FISH TRAP 1 fish trap is approximately 75m southwest of NPRN 519298, SUBSISTENCE and both are adjacent to, and parallel with the shoreward edge of the foreshore. Both are also situated above the high water line: this, and their association with prehistoric findspots, indicates that the fish traps are of considerable antiquity.
This collection of animal bones, wood and charcoal is distributed over two findspots, the second located 125 metres east of the first. The first findspot is located in a AGRICULTURE palaeochannel at ST26177913, and the finds consist of a ANIMAL BONES, ARTEFACT 26 519299 Prehistoric AND cow jaw and unidentified bone. The second findspot is PETERSTONE GREAT WHARF SCATTER SUBSISTENCE located at ST2629379139, and the finds consist of numerous animal bones, wood and charcoal. 519 metres from the first findspot is a set of cow hoofprints. All remains are thought to be prehistoric.
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This 'V' shaped fish trap measures approximately 110m from end to end. It consists of 4 wooden posts at ST263792; a withy tie made of twisted wood fibres at ST2628979222; 11 wooden posts at ST263792, and 6 wooden posts with thin horizontal strips woven around them at ST2636079275. A number of animal bones were also found at ST263792. The AGRICULTURE apex of the 'V' points shoreward, as does the apex of PETERSTONE GREAT WHARF 27 519298 Prehistoric AND FISH TRAP adjacent fish trap NPRN 519297. It is probable that the two FISH TRAP 2 SUBSISTENCE were part of the same zig-zag shaped fish trap compex. This fish trap is approximately 75m northeast of NPRN 519297, and both are adjacent to, and parallel with the shoreward edge of the foreshore. Both are also situated above the high water line: this, and their association with prehistoric findspots, indicates that the fish traps are of considerable antiquity.
AGRICULTURE 28 86852 WENTLOOGE LEVELS Prehistoric AND FIELD SYSTEM Large area of re-claimed land. SUBSISTENCE
This find, a Bronze Age spearhead with side loops, was BRONZE AGE SPEARHEAD 29 519315 Bronze Age FARMSTEAD FINDSPOT identified by GGAT in 2005 during their River Rhymney to FIND, RUMNEY River Wye Coastal Report.
Looped, socketed bronze axe with elongated socket, facet 30 GGAT00641s - Bronze Axe Bronze Age Object Findspot on outer surface. Length is 0.1m. Found during deep ploughing in field, of late Bronze Age period.
Archaeological assemblage comprise pot and jar of coarse Bronze Age assemblage at ARTEFACT 31 GGAT02888s - Bronze Age Monument (by form) grey pottery and cattle bone recorded in Cadw Coastal Rumney, Trowbridge SCATTER Archaeology Survey. Artifacts date to Bronze Age.
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Artefacts assemblage at Rumney in Trowbridge found during Assemblage at Rumney, ARTEFACT the field survey. The assemblage comprises 67 very 32 GGAT02889s - Bronze Age Monument (by form) Trowbridge SCATTER fragmentary pottery sherds, bones and fire cracked- stones and dates to Bronze Age.
Archaeological assemblage comprises pottery, clay ball, Assemblage at Rumney ARTEFACT charcoal, fire-cracked stones. Artefacts were found in hearth 33 GGAT02891s - Bronze Age Monument (by form) (Findspot), Trowbridge SCATTER feature within middle Wentlooge Formation woody peat and dates to Bronze Age.
This partially eroded Bronze Age building was identified by Gwynedd Archaeological Trust in 1998 during their River Rhymney to River Wye Coastal Report. A number of Bronze AGRICULTURE Age black gritty pot sherds were found adjacent to the BRONZE AGE BUILDING, BUILDING, FIND 34 519319 Bronze Age AND building. Another sherd was found approximately 200m RUMNEY GREAT WHARF SCATTER SUBSISTENCE west-southwest of the building. These sherds may be assosiated with the 3 sherds of black gritty ware found in association with the prehistoric trackway at ST236777 (part of NPRN 519318)
BRONZE AGE BUILDING, 35 GGAT03243s - Bronze Age Object Sherd pot sherds of black gritty fabric RUMNEY GREAT WHARF
A late Bronze Age wooden structure at Rumney in Wooden structure at Rumney, Religious, ritual and Trowbridge. A small roundhouse constructed of split oak 36 GGAT02895s - Bronze Age Building Trowbridge funerary posts, c 5 m diameter, recorded next to a tidal creek at Rumney.
BRONZE AGE SHERDS FIND, This find, 3 Bronze Age pottery sherds, was recorded by 37 519302 Bronze Age FARMSTEAD FINDSPOT PETERSTONE GREAT WHARF Gwent-Glamorgan Archaeological Trust during their 1998
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River Rhymney to River Wye Coastal Report. The sherds belong to a vessel of the Trevisker style.
This find, an Iron age pottery sherd, was identified by IRON AGE SHERD, RUMNEY 38 519320 Iron Age FARMSTEAD FINDSPOT Gwynedd Archaeological Trust in 1998 during their River GREAT WHARF Rhymney to River Wye Coastal Report
Archaeological feature in form of discoloured baked silt, probably hearth, recorded in middle Wentlooge Formation Hearth feature at Rumney, 39 GGAT03242s - Iron Age Monument (by form) Hearth woody peat. The feature dates to Bronze Age (Bell et al. Trowbridge 2000). The site was recorded during Cadw Coastal Archaeology Survey (Locock 1998).
Causeway leading from Rumney village towards the river ROMAN ROAD AT RUMNEY 40 GGAT00816.0s - Roman TRANSPORT ROAD Rumney, running behind back of Rumney Castle PH near a (RR GGAT 009) place called Pen yr heol (indicating Roman nature?)
Object;Tools and Damaged Roman quern stone. Found at Penpeel Farm, St 41 GGAT00794s - PENPEEL FARM Roman Quern Equipment Mellons in October 1933.
This linear drainage ditch system is thought to be Roman. ROMAN DITCHES, RUMNEY The site was identified by Gwent-Glamorgan Archaeological 42 519317 Roman Monument (by form) DITCH GREAT WHARF Trust in 2001, during their Romano-British SE Wales Settlement Survey.
Postholes and pits excavated on land between Crickhowell Rd, Willowbrook Drive and Trebanog Crescent, Trowbridge. Postholes and Pits, Crickhowell 43 GGAT05738s - Roman Monument (by form) POST HOLE Finds from those in the smaller enclosure 04113s suggest Rd, Trowbridge the Roman period and one in the large enclosure 04112s had finds likely to be from
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The trackway lies SW of the enclosure (04113s) near Trackway, Crickhowell Road, 44 GGAT05739s - Roman transport TRACKWAY Crickhowell Road, Trowbridge. It is built of rounded cobbles Trowbridge and is 2.7m wide.
Possible smithy located within enclosure (04113s). An area of metalling and a concentration of features rich in 45 GGAT04104s - Smithy Roman industrial smithy metalworking debris. A 13m curved feature nearby was probably a screen trench or drainage gully for the metal working site.
Large enclosure dated to the 3rd century AD. The enclosure 46 GGAT04112s - Enclosure, Crickhowell Road Roman Monument (by form) enclosure ditches survive to a width of between 2m and 2.7m
An enclosure roughly rectangular in plan measuring 65m in Small Enclosure Crickhowell length and 25m in width. An entrance measuring 4m wide 47 GGAT04113s - Roman Monument (by form) enclosure Road existed in the north-west side of the enclosure. A possible subsidiary entrance was located on the north-east side.
Evidence of Roman settlement was discovered at Areas 9- Roman occupation site, Areas water supply and DRAINAGE 48 GGAT05204s - Roman 12, to the east of and adjacent to Trowbridge Road St 9-12 nr Trowbridge Road drainage,unassigned DITCH,BUILDING Mellons Cardiff.
Several ditches, from the 3rd and 4th centuries, were discovered during an evaluation at Crickhowell Rd, Ditches, Crickhowell Rd, 49 GGAT05740s - Roman Monument (by form) DITCH Trowbridge.They are associated with a large enclosure Trowbridge 04112s and a smaller Roman sub-enclosure 04113s. Others may be a drainage system.
Thin Roman occupation layer comprised of fragments of 50 GGAT00817s - RUMNEY GREAT WHARF Roman Object Findspot pottery, coal and iron - slag, found at depth of 60cms from the present surface of the exposed mud - cliff.
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Roman ditch at Rumney in Trowbridge (site referred to Roman ditch at Rumney, water supply and DRAINAGE Rumnay-B1 in Bell et al. 2000; Ditch X in Allen and Fulford 51 GGAT02900s - Roman Trowbridge drainage DITCH 1986). Ditch parallel with the shore joins the larger ditch 03245s.
Roman Feature found during walkover survey at Rumney agirculture and BURIED SOIL Great Wharf. Horizon containing late 1st-2nd century CE 52 GGAT05221s - Horizon at Rumney Great Wharf Roman subsistence HORIZON sherds of bowl or dish. Sherd had olive green lead glaze on interior surface.
Roman ditch found during walkover at Rumney Great Wharf. 53 GGAT05214s - Ditch at Rumney Great Wharf Roman Monument (by form) DITCH There were upper fills of burnt material, bone and greyware sherds.
Roman sherds of greyware found during walkover survey at Find spot at Rumney Great 54 GGAT05217s - Roman Monument (by form) FINDSPOT Rumney Great Wharf. 2nd to 3rd century with scored Wharf zigzags for neck decoration.
Roman ditch at Rumney in Trowbridge. The ditch lies at right angle to the coast and it is joined by the two shore-parallel Roman ditch at Rumney, WATER SUPPLY 55 GGAT03245s - Roman Monument (by form) trenches (02900s and 03248s). The ditch is of very variable Trowbridge AND DRAINAGE width, averaging 1.9m. It can be tracked nearly 100m across the peat an
Find spot at Rumney Great Sherd of Roman Oxford mortarium found during walkover 56 GGAT05215s - Roman Monument (by form) FINDSPOT Wharf survey at Rumney Great Wharf.
Roman ditch at Rumney, water supply and DRAINAGE Roman ditch at Rumney in Trowbridge. Short ditch parallel 57 GGAT03248s - Roman Trowbridge drainage DITCH with the shore which joins the larger ditch 03245s.
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Roman ditch at Rumney in Trowbridge. The ditch lies at right Roman ditch at Rumney, water supply and DRAINAGE 58 GGAT02901s - Roman angle to the coast, gently curved. It ranges 0.2m and 1m in Trowbridge drainage DITCH width.
Iron-working site at Rumney in Trowbridge. The large quantities of slag, fragments of hearth/furnace lining, iron ore Iron-working site at Rumney, IRON WORKING 59 GGAT03246s - Roman industrial and coal, associated mostly with Romano-British pottery, Trowbridge SITE were found on the site. The nature of the slag suggests that smelting as well a
Occupation site at Rumney in Trowbridge. Finds Occupation site at Rumney, OCCUPATION 60 GGAT03249s - Roman Object;Ecofacts assemblage recovered from the site comprises charcoal, Trowbridge SITE sheep and pig bones of Romano- British date.
water supply and DRAINAGE Ditch containing assemblage of fire-cracked stone, bones 61 GGAT03251s - Ditch at Rumney, Throwbridge Roman drainage DITCH and Roman pottery found at Rumney in Throwbridge.
These Roman finds were recovered from an area near the landward area of the foreshore, measuring approximately 170m east-west and 80m north-south. At ST245784 a quantity of charcoal was visible in the exposed section of a wide palaeochannel, along with heat fractured stone, Roman pottery, animal bones and teeth. These are now housed in AGRICULTURE ROMAN FINDS, RUMNEY ARTEFACT Newport Museum. Samples of iron slag, thought to be 62 519323 Roman AND GREAT WHARF SCATTER Roman, were recovered from the surface below the erosion SUBSISTENCE surface. In 1992 a series of ditches, palaeochannels and a possible well were surveyed and partially excavated by the University of Reading. Finds included Roman pottery and glass, animal bone and fired clay. Analysis of pollen and plant macrofossils indicated damp pasture, with arable cultivation some distance away. Approximately 15m west- southwest a quantity of sheep and cow bones were
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recovered, along with a further sample of slag. Approximately 40m west-southwest of the bones and slag, 20 sherds of Roman pottery were recovered, with a further 8 sherds recovered approximately 30m further to the southwest.
Roman pottery assemblage at Roman pottery findspot at Rumney in Trowbridge. Finds 63 GGAT02904s - Roman Object;Unassigned FINDSPOT Rumney, Trowbridge recorded in palaeochannel and moved to Newport Museum.
Roman material recovered from an exposed section of RUMNEY GREAT WHARF palaeochannel in 1991. Samples collected for Newport 64 GGAT03581s - Roman Object Findspot PALAEOCHANNEL Museum, including pottery, fire-cracked stone, animal bones and teeth, iron slag, and charcoal.
AGRICULTURE 9 sherds of Roman Black Burnished and greyware found in Occupation layer at Rumney BURIED SOIL 65 GGAT05213s - Roman AND occupation lens during walkover survey at Rumney Great Great Wharf HORIZON SUBSISTENCE Wharf, Cardiff. One animal tooth also found.
Romano-British ditch in Rumney, Trowbridge. The ditch Romano-British ditch in water supply and DRAINAGE 66 GGAT02905s - Roman contained Romano-British collection of artefacts comprises Rumney, Trowbridge drainage DITCH bones, stones, charcoal and burnt wood.
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Undated whetstone found during walkover survey at Findspot at Rumney Great 67 GGAT05223s - Roman Object FINDSPOT Rumney Great Wharf. Three polished faces, with pecking Wharf marks on forth face.
Find spot at Rumney Great Sherd of Roman greyware found during excavations at 68 GGAT05218s - Roman Object FINDSPOT Wharf Rumney Great Wharf.
Roman pottery sherds, 7 Black Burnished and greyware. Find Spot at Rumney Great 69 GGAT05219s - Roman Object FINDSPOT Also, one animal tooth. All found during Walking survey at Wharf Rumney Great Wharf.
Find Spot at Rumney Great 2nd - 3rd century CE Roman sherd of greyware, which was 70 GGAT05220s - Roman Object FINDSPOT Wharf found during a walkover surveyu at Rumney Great Wharf.
Find spot at Rumney Great Roman Oxford mortarium rim sherd found during walkover 71 GGAT05216s - Roman Object FINDSPOT Wharf survey at Rumney Great Wharf.
AGRICULTURE Two sherds and one animal tooth contained in horizon at BURIED SOIL 72 GGAT05212s - Horizon at Rumney Great Wharf Roman AND Rumney Great Wharf. 1 Black Burnished ware and 1 HORIZON SUBSISTENCE greyware.
This set of four parallel ditches is thought to be Roman. The ROMAN DITCHES, site was identified by Gwent-Glamorgan Archaeological 73 519301 Roman Monument (by form) DITCH PETERSTONE GREAT WHARF Trust during their 1998 River Rhymney to River Wye Coastal Report
ROMAN ROAD AT RUMNEY Possible alternative route for RR GGAT 009 Road at 74 GGAT00816.1s - (RR GGAT 009), alternative Roman TRANSPORT ROAD Rumney. route
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A sub-rectangular metalled surface measuring 10m x 5m x Metalled surface, Crickhowell METALLED 75 GGAT05736s - Roman Monument (by form) 0.3m deep was excavated near the centre of enclosure Rd, Trowbridge SURFACE 04113s at Crickhowell Rd, Towbridge.
A wide palaeochannel was noted. A quantity of charcoal was visible in the exposed section, and samples of heat RUMNEY GREAT WHARF Water Supply and NATURAL 76 GGAT02393s - Roman fractured stone, Roman pottery, animal bones and teeth PALEOCHANNEL Drainage FEATURE (Newport Museum acc no 91.30). Samples of ?Roman iron slag also recovered.
The earthwork remains of Rumney Castle were excavated in RUMNEY CASTLE (CAE- 77 300453 Medieval DEFENCE CASTLE 1978 and de-scheduled in 1986 due to planned development CASTELL) on the site.
RELIGIOUS RITUAL Site of an ancient cross - in Rumney. Site now occupied by 78 GGAT00622s - CROSS IN RUMNEY Medieval Cross AND FUNERARY ornamental gardens.
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Grade II* listed. St Edeyrn's is one of a number of ancient Christian sites which were established soon after the founding of Llandaff Cathedral, as the Celtic church was anxious to spread itself through the region as swiftly as possible in order to secure its position. Saint Edeyrn and his associate Saint Isan were amongst the missionaries sent by Saint Teilo to perform this work.[1] Isan founded the church in what is now Llanishen with Edeyrn. Edeyrn later founded a religious community on the banks of the Rhymney River St Edeyrn's Church RELIGIOUS RITUAL 79 9677; 419447 LB Medieval CHURCH (then Renis River). He is reputedly buried in the churchyard. LLANEDEYRN AND FUNERARY After the Norman Conquest, the church was rebuilt and became a chapel of ease to St Mary's. In the 12th Century, it was recognised as the property of Tewkesbury Abbey, though returned to the Bishop of Llandaff in 1236, at which time it became a separate parish. The large Perpendicular windows were added in c. 1500, and the tower soon after. Five of the bells which the tower currently houses date from 1766. An extensive restoration occurred in 1888[2] when the east chancel wall was completely rebuilt
1. Built in the Perpendicular Gothic style, long-wall entry type. A prominent feature of this Church is the integral tower. Present status [2002] : unknown. 2. Traditionally founded in 1108 and restored and enlarged in 1470. A battered stone wall church with slate roof, comprising of a SW belfry, 3-bay ST AUGUSTINE'S CHURCH, RELIGIOUS RITUAL 80 301444 LB Medieval CHURCH nave with lower chancel. The chancel has 2 Perpendicular RUMNEY AND FUNERARY windows in south-east and east wall. Internally the nave has doors adjacent to the chancel arch, leading to the roodloft. Three steps lead up from the nave to the belfry which has a flagstone floor and three chambers above ground floor. (Source: Cadw listing description)
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There were only 2 grist-mills at Rumney in 1402, but in 1442 81 GGAT01853s - Mill, Cardiff Medieval INDUSTRIAL Fulling mill a fulling mill was leased for 10 years. By 1480 the mill was in ruins & was still decayed in 1504.
Caer Castell is located on the edge of marshy ground within the grounds of St Illtyd's School. The mound measures about 45m in overall diameter its top once embanked to enclose an area of about 33m in diameter; this bank is now CAER CASTELL RING MOTTE, 82 95148 Medieval DEFENCE RINGWORK largely levelled. The mound is about 9m high above the RUMNEY marsh, 4m above the ditch on the north. Some garden landscaping has recently been carried out in the north and east ditch areas but the site is otherwise covered in trees, shrubs and brambles.
Pen-y-pill, or Cae Castell Mound. A crescentic bank and Scheduled PEN Y PIL ST MELLONS; 83 GGAT00640s Medieval Domestic;Defence Ringwork ditch on the edge of a steep-sided dingle, the inside Monument CAE'R CASTELL probably having been levelled along the dingle.
84 GGAT02788s - Medieval mill Medieval Industrial Mill The possible site of a medieval mill.
Built in a mixture of Perpendicular and Decorated Gothic styles, long-wall entry type. A prominent feature of this Church is the integral tower. Mostly C14, with C15 tower, and C16-17 N chapel. Restoration work carried out in C19.
ST MELLON'S CHURCH, ST Stone construction with slate roof. Consists of nave with 4- RELIGIOUS RITUAL 85 300624 LB MELLON'S;ST MELAN'S Medieval CHURCH storey tower, porch and chapel to S, narrow chancel, and AND FUNERARY CHURCH chapel to N. Large C14 3-light window with reticulated tracery to W of nave, and 3-light window with Perpendicular tracery to SW. Porch with wooden barrel roof to S wall of nave. Tower to E of porch, with embattled parapet and 3- light ground floor window. Interior includes a small hexagonal font; C19 stone pulpit; unusual wide pointed arch
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to chancel; stairs to roodloft with pointed doorway at foot and square headed doorway at top. Associated with Cross (Nprn307833) and Lych gate (Nprn302973).
A socket-stone, 0.8m square, holds 1.0m of an octagonal ST MELLONS, CHURCHYARD RELIGIOUS RITUAL shaft. 86 307833 SM Medieval CROSS CROSS AND FUNERARY (source Os495card; ST28SW11). Associated with: Church (Nprn300624)
GGAT assessment Cardiff Food Park A392 Structural wood was recovered from the blue-grey alluvium at-three points on 87 GGAT02827s - Structural wood, Trowbridge Medieval Monument (by form) Post the reen which encircles the northern- perimeter of the Food Park, at a depth of c2.5m below the-present ground surface (Fig. 2, Nos. 1-3)
GGAT assessment Cardiff Food Park A392 Structural wood was recovered from the blue-grey alluvium at-three points on 88 GGAT02829s - Structural wood, Trowbridge Medieval Monument (by form) Sluice the reen which encircles the northern- perimeter of the Food Park, at a depth of c2.5m below the-present ground surface (Fig. 2, Nos. 1-3)
GGAT assessment Cardiff Food Park A392 Structural wood was recovered from the blue-grey alluvium at-three points on 89 GGAT02828s - Structural wood, Trowbridge Medieval Monument (by form) Post the reen which encircles the northern- perimeter of the Food Park, at a depth of c2.5m below the-present ground surface (Fig. 2, Nos. 1-3)
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HA NPRN/HER No Status NAME PERIOD BROADCLASS TYPE DESCRIPTION No.
The farmhouse and outbuildings of Wern-Gethin are modern Domestic;Agriculture 90 GGAT00635s - WERN GELTHIN Medieval Farmhouse and there are no visible remians of a medieval building in the and Subsistence vicinity. Tithe maps are not available
91 GGAT05592g - SLUICE HOUSE FARM Medieval Object Findspot Medieval pottery from excavation of pit
This pit and double row of upright wooden posts are AGRICULTURE approximately 8m apart and may be contemporary. They WOODEN POSTS AND PIT, 92 519322 Medieval AND CHURCH were identified by Gwent-Glamorgan Archaeological Trust RUMNEY GREAT WHARF SUBSISTENCE during their 1998 River Rhymney to River Wye Coastal Report
Coed y Goras, Llanedeyrn; architects drawings received in 93 18366 COED-Y-GORAS Post Medieval DOMESTIC CHURCH the course of Emergency Recording
AGRICULTURE COED-Y-GORES, 94 37501 Post Medieval AND CHURCH 18th century. Thick stone rubble walls & slate roof. OUTBUILDINGS SUBSISTENCE
95 19898 RUMNEY CHURCH, HOUSE IN Post Medieval DOMESTIC CHURCH
House and pottery building, 17-18th century, altered. A two storey building with thick stone rubble walls and pantile gabled roof. Wide modern metal casement windows. Pottery 96 19899 LB RUMNEY POTTERY Post Medieval DOMESTIC CHURCH buildings adjoin the house at south end. Internally there are two ground floor rooms with stone fireplaces and ceiling beams with chamfered stops.
A 2-storey house with sash windows and slate roof. The OLD VICARAGE, CHURCH house was probably originally built in the early C17, the 97 19541 Post Medieval DOMESTIC CHURCH ROAD, RUMNEY period from which the hall dates, however, the kitchen and dairy are C18 additions.
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HA NPRN/HER No Status NAME PERIOD BROADCLASS TYPE DESCRIPTION No.
98 28028 WHITEHALL, CHURCH ROAD Post Medieval DOMESTIC CHURCH Late 18th centrury
BETHANY BAPTIST CHAPEL, RELIGIOUS RITUAL 99 10823 Post Medieval CHURCH Bethany Baptist Chapel was built in 1889 RUMNEY AND FUNERARY
Grade II* listed building in the Cardiff suburb of Llanrumney in Wales. The Elizabethan mansion was built in 1450, rebuilt in 1852 and refurbished around 1900. Throughout its history LLANRUMNEY HALL; it has been a stately home and more recently a pub. The 100 45087 LB Post Medieval DOMESTIC CHURCH LLANRHYMNEY HALL building had fallen into disrepair. New plans were brought up and a local businessman has taken over the renovation and repair work. The building has now been renovated and completed in 2019.
19th century casing to earlier house. 16th century work 101 19192 LLANRUMNEY HALL HOTEL Post Medieval COMMERCIAL CHURCH traced. Barrel-vaulted cellars. Allegedly incorporates remains of Little Keynsham Monastery
AGRICULTURE LLANRUMNEY HALL 102 37590 Post Medieval AND CHURCH OUTBUILDINGS SUBSISTENCE
PENSARN COTTAGES, 1 AND 18/19th Cnt. 2 storey building with thick stone walls. Color 18075; 103 2;BRACHDY ROAD, 18, Post Medieval DOMESTIC CHURCH washed externally. Slate roof, very steep over rear lean-to. GGAT01253s RUMNEY, CARDIFF Stone fireplace against each gable wall.
Boat house, slipway and moorings on the banks of the River Rumney, Pengam Moor, Cardiff. The boat house is a base BOAT HOUSE AND SLIPWAY, 104 415475 Post Medieval RECREATIONAL CHURCH for the Rumney River Boat Club. A building in this area is RIVER RUMNEY denoted on the 4th edition Ordnance Survey County Series mapping of Glamorgan, 1947-52
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HA NPRN/HER No Status NAME PERIOD BROADCLASS TYPE DESCRIPTION No.
GILEAD WESLEYAN RELIGIOUS RITUAL Gilead Methodist Chapel was built in 1845 and modified in 105 10837 METHODIST CHAPEL, Post Medieval CHURCH AND FUNERARY 1905. RUMNEY
106 20824 ST. MELLONS, HOUSE IN Post Medieval DOMESTIC CHURCH
17th - 18th century. Thick walled fabric. 2 storey. Stone 107 20251 UNICORN INN PUBLIC HOUSE Post Medieval DOMESTIC CHURCH rubble.
GREENWAY FARM, 18th century or earlier. Stone walls, gabled slate roof, 108 18883 Post Medieval DOMESTIC CHURCH GREENWAY RD., RUMNEY formerly thatched.
WASHFORD AVENUE RELIGIOUS RITUAL 109 9391 WESLEYAN METHODIST Post Medieval CHURCH AND FUNERARY CHAPEL, LLANRHYMNI
A Grade II listed, two-storey pebble-dash building with end pilasters and a plinth. It is located at the end of a short drive, 21383; QUARRY HILL HOUSE, 110 LB Post Medieval DOMESTIC CHURCH looking south to the playing fields at St Illtyd's RC school. GGAT04043s NEWPORT ROAD The building was started by Joseph Benjamin Hemingway in 1850, a
The Pil Melyn was a watercourse running behind the sea defences, into which the low lying farmland drained. Visible Water supply and 111 GGAT05865s - Pil Melyn Gout Post Medieval CHURCH on the 1823 Survey of the sea defences, and appeared on drainage the later Ordnance Survey (1st - 4th edition) mapping as a sluice.
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HA NPRN/HER No Status NAME PERIOD BROADCLASS TYPE DESCRIPTION No.
This garden is depicted on the Second Edition Ordnance GARDENS PARKS QUARRY HILL, GARDEN, Survey 25-inch map of Monmouthshire XXXVIII, sheet 1 112 266074 Post Medieval AND URBAN CHURCH RUMNEY (1901). Its main elements on that map include carriage drive, SPACES lodge, possible kitchen garden and greenhouses.
ST MELLONS CHURCH Memorial to Joseph Benjamin Hemingway. Mid to later 19th 113 32833 Post Medieval COMMEMORATIVE CHURCH MEMORIAL century.
CHAPEL ROW, ST No 2 Hilltop Cottage is far larger than no 1. Both are of 18305; 114 LB MELLONS;HILLTOP Post Medieval DOMESTIC CHURCH 18/19th Cnt date. No 2 has 2 storeys & 3 bays while no1 has GGAT01131s COTTAGES, 1 AND 2 1 storey & attic.
Bethania Methodist Chapel was built in 1820 and rebuilt in BETHANIA (BETHANY) 1869. The present chapel, dated 1869, was built in the CALVINISTIC METHODIST RELIGIOUS RITUAL Gothic style with a gable-entry plan. This chapel is now 115 10702 LB Post Medieval CHURCH CHAPEL, BETHANIA ROW, ST AND FUNERARY Grade 2 Listed as an early work of Gothic Revival by the MELLONS local architect H C Harris, within the historic core of St Mellons village
UA Local Fox & Hounds Public House, Chapel Row. Building shown 116 GGAT05305s Chapel Row, Old St Mellons Post Medieval DOMESTIC CHURCH List on First Edition Ordnance Survey mapping (OS map).
Soar Congregational Chapel was built in c.1840 in the KINGDOM HALL WELSH Simple Round-Headed style of the short-wall entry type. In 10699; CONGREGATIONAL CHAPEL, RELIGIOUS RITUAL 1972 the denomination changed to Jehovah's Witness and 117 LB Post Medieval CHURCH GGAT01345s NEWPORT ROAD, ST AND FUNERARY the building became known as Kingdom Hall. This chapel is MELLONS now Grade 2 Listed as a small chapel in the early nineteenth century village centre of Old St Mellons
Early to mid 19th century, probably. 2 storeys. Slate hipped 118 20006 SUNNYSIDE, BETHANIA ROW Post Medieval DOMESTIC CHURCH roof
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HA NPRN/HER No Status NAME PERIOD BROADCLASS TYPE DESCRIPTION No.
Caersalem Baptist Chapel was built in 1830, enlarged/rebuilt in 1842 and rebuilt in 1880. The 1880 chapel is built in the CAERSALEM BAPTIST RELIGIOUS RITUAL 119 12918 Post Medieval CHURCH Lombardic/Italian style, with a gable entry plan and two CHAPEL, ST MELLONS, AND FUNERARY storeys. It was designed by architect George Morgan of Carmarthen
Originally built as poorhouse circa 1650, St Mellons School ST MELLONS SCHOOL;POOR 120 32000 Post Medieval EDUCATION CHURCH was damaged by fire in 1989 and was subsequently HOUSE, LLANELAN demolished
ST MELLON'S CHURCH, LYCH RELIGIOUS RITUAL 121 302973 Post Medieval CHURCH Associated with church NPRN300624. GATE AND FUNERARY
WHITE HART INN, TYR WINCH 122 21133 Post Medieval RECREATIONAL CHURCH 19th century frontage. Rendered. Slate roof. 2 storeys. RD.
123 36477 BLUE BELL PUBLIC HOUSE Post Medieval RECREATIONAL CHURCH 18th century or earlier. Stuccoed.
This scatter of limestone blocks was identified by Gwent- LIMESTONE BLOCKS, 124 519316 Post Medieval UNASSIGNED CHURCH Glamorgan Archaeological Trust during their 1998 River RUMNEY Rhymney to River Wye Coastal Report
Buildings at Pen-twyni, Rumney, Small group of three buildings depicted on the 1st edition 125 GGAT04032s - Post Medieval DOMESTIC HOUSE Cardiff Ordnance Survey 25-inch map of 1882.
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Ty-to-Maen was built in 1885-9 by E. Bruce Vaughan of Cardiff, who was also the diocesan architect. Sir William Edgar Nicholls, manager of Spillers, was the subsequent owner who presented the mansion and estate to the Cardiff Royal Infirmary for use as a convalescent home. The mansion is in Tudor/Gothic Revival style, built mostly of snecked rock-faced stone with Bathstone dressings; it has a mostly small slate roof with gable finials and terracotta ridge tiles. It is two storeys and attics, with a main frontage of 5 bays. There are mullion and transom windows and a 3 EDUCATION, TY-TO-MAEN; WILLIAM storey tower with embattled parapet, corbel table and HEALTH AND CONVALESCENT 126 32016 NICHOLLS CONVALESCENT Modern gargoyles, and with a chequered band of ashlar and brick. WELFARE, HOME HOME;ST JOHN'S COLLEGE Photos of the convalescent home in use (1964) show a deep DOMESTIC verandah stretching across right bay of frontage. Main interior rooms including reception hall and staircase were decorated by Campbell Smith of London, who also provided the stained glass, with stone carvings by William Clarke of Llandaff. In spite of institutional use, much of the rich interior fitting survives. Many rooms have decorative plasterwork, large ornate fireplaces, dark stained heavily moulded woodwork and lentiful stained glass mostly depicting naturalistic flowers and birds. Now in use as a school known as St John's College
This garden is depicted on the Second Edition Ordnance GARDENS PARKS Survey 25-inch map of Glamorgan XXXVIII, sheet 13. Its TY-TO-MAEN, GARDEN, ST 127 266084 Post Medieval AND URBAN GARDEN main elements on that map include kitchen garden, carriage MELLONS SPACES drive, conservatory, pump, woodland, walled garden and walk. C.H. Nicholas, RCAHMW, 18th August 2006.
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HA NPRN/HER No Status NAME PERIOD BROADCLASS TYPE DESCRIPTION No.
A 2-storey house of rubble construction with thatched roof, 128 19267 MAERDY FARMHOUSE Post Medieval DOMESTIC HOUSE now mostly modernised. Internally of four bays with cow shed attached.
AGRICULTURE 129 43356 PWLL COCH BARN Post Medieval AND BARN 16th-17th century core, stone walls. SUBSISTENCE
House with barn attached at lower end. Main beams broach 130 20718 PWLL COCH Post Medieval DOMESTIC FARMHOUSE stops.
HENDRE ROAD, HENDRE 131 18950 Post Medieval DOMESTIC FARMHOUSE 17th - 18th century farmhouse, 19th century alterations. ISAF
Hendre Isaf, Hendre Road, Hendre Isaf is shown on the First Edition Ordnance Survey 132 GGAT05268s - Post Medieval DOMESTIC HOUSE Trowbridge map. Demolished c.2006.
The place name 'Rumney Wharf' or 'Rumney Great Wharf' appears to be applied to a long frontage of marsh between the River Rhymney in the southwest and the outlet of Tabb's Gout in the northwest. A post is shown on the seawall and on the flats in front of the seawall on OS 1st editon mapping, 133 506654 RUMNEY WHARF (WEST) Post Medieval MARITIME LANDING POINT with a footbridge over a drainage ditch to the north suggesting a landing place for Mardy Farm. A substrate annotation of 'mud' for the flats at immediately adjacent suggests the availability of a suitable berth for smaller vessels.
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HA NPRN/HER No Status NAME PERIOD BROADCLASS TYPE DESCRIPTION No.
The relict seawall on Rumney Great Whart comprises a 560 metre length of wall located behind the modern seawall. Much of the surviving structure of clay bank may be original and documentary evidence points to a date as early as 1591 RELICT SEAWALL ON for the setting of the wall. The present height of the wall, on 134 275880 SM Post Medieval MARITIME SEA DEFENCES RUMNEY GREAT WHARF the seawall side is between 1-2 metres and on the landward side it is 3.2 metres. The width at the base measures between 6-7 meters, tapering to 2 metres width at the top. There are three styles of stone revetment at its western end and two modern breaches near its eastern end
AGRICULTURE MIDDLE NEWTON FARM 18th century or earlier, 3 bays, stone rubble walls, slate 135 37612 Post Medieval AND FARM BUILDING OUTBUILDING gabled roof. SUBSISTENCE
17th century house. 3 storey. Good barn. On ?Motte site. Annotated estate sales particulars for the Cefn Mably Estate 136 21074 VAINDRE FAWR Post Medieval DOMESTIC FARMHOUSE (Kemeys Tynte Estate), date of sale 23rd September 1920, auctioneer Stephenson and Alexander.
137 20489 NEWTON FARM Post Medieval DOMESTIC FARMHOUSE
A two storey, early C17 house with attached farm buildings. LOWER NEWTON The external walls have a strong batter. The windows are all 138 19258 Post Medieval DOMESTIC FARMHOUSE FARMHOUSE;NEWTON ISAF modern, however, much of the C17 interior survives. (Source: Site File notes by H. Brooksby)
17th-18th century, contemporary with attic of house. Seven VAINDRE VAWR; FAENDRE 139 43405 Post Medieval DOMESTIC BARN bays some with timber frames infilled. Demolished, some FAWR, BARN beams used in Heritage Public House.
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HA NPRN/HER No Status NAME PERIOD BROADCLASS TYPE DESCRIPTION No.
AGRICULTURE 140 43344 PIL DU OUTBUILDINGS Post Medieval AND OUTBUILDING 16th - 17th century, later barn. SUBSISTENCE
16/17th Cnt house with probably contemporary byre at E 20656; 141 LB PILL DU,HENDRE ROAD Post Medieval DOMESTIC House end & later barn at W end. Colourwashed stone walls. Slate GGAT01333s gabled roof with cladding. Barn of 3 bays.
MELROSE HALL, VAINDRE Mid to later 19th century. 2 storeys and attic. Cement 142 20336 Post Medieval DOMESTIC DWELLING LANE rendered cladding
AGRICULTURE 143 43300 MELROSE HALL STABLES Post Medieval AND STABLE Later 19th century, 1 storey, walls of fancy stone rubble SUBSISTENCE
144 20335 MELROSE COTTAGE Post Medieval DOMESTIC HOUSE 19th century
AGRICULTURE FAENDRE HALL, STABLE 145 43230 Post Medieval AND STABLE Circa mid 19th century, stone walls, slate roofs BLOCK SUBSISTENCE
This garden is depicted on the Second Edition Ordnance GARDENS PARKS Survey 25-inch map of Glamorgan XXXVIII, sheet 13. Its FAINDRE HOUSE, GARDEN, COUNTRY 146 266083 Post Medieval AND URBAN main elements on that map include walk, woodland, terrace ST MELLONS HOUSE GARDEN SPACES walls, kitchen garden, greenhouses and lodge. C.H. Nicholas, RCAHMW, 18th August 2006
147 36838 FAENDRE HALL Post Medieval DOMESTIC DWELLING Circa mid 19th century. 2 storeys & attic.
148 36839 FAENDRE HALL (LODGE AT) Post Medieval DOMESTIC LODGE Circa mid 19th century, 1 storey and attic; stone walls.
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HA NPRN/HER No Status NAME PERIOD BROADCLASS TYPE DESCRIPTION No.
Ty-du, post-medieval farm, Grade II Listed Building (Maynard 1995). 27993; 149 LB TY-DU Post Medieval DOMESTIC House GGAT01269s 17/18 Cnt. 1-storey & attic. 2 bays & centre doorway. thick walls of stone rubble clad externally in rough- cast; slate gabled roof with 2 end stacks.
The place name 'Rumney Wharf' or 'Rumney Great Wharf' in combination with a convergence of tracked line with ditches leading from Newton to the water's edge suggest the presence of a landing place. The name 'wharf' appears to be 150 506709 RUMNEY WHARF (EAST) Post Medieval MARITIME LANDING POINT applied to a long frontage of marsh between the River Rhymney in the southwest and the outlet of Tabb's Gout in the northwest. A substrate annotation of 'mud' for the flats at immediately adjacent suggests the availability of a suitable berth for smaller vessels.
The site comprises sea defences set within alluvial deposits to the east of Cardiff. Sea defence improvements both at Middle Newton Farm and Wentlooge have affected this site; which was surveyed near Middle Newton Farm showing little 151 GGAT05327g - Sea Defences Post Medieval MARITIME Sea defences variation in the profile of the sea wall. Near Wentlooge, three phases of the bank construction were identified; they were identified as clay interspersed with beach deposits, and all were of a Post-medieval date (Williams 1996).
AGRICULTURE Sluice farm as noted on the 1st-4th edition OS maps, and 152 GGAT11602g - Sluice Farm Post Medieval AND FARM still seen currently with some later additions. SUBSISTENCE
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HA NPRN/HER No Status NAME PERIOD BROADCLASS TYPE DESCRIPTION No.
AGRICULTURE Chapmans farm as noted on the 1st-4th edition OS maps, 153 GGAT11601g - Chapman's Farm Post Medieval AND FARM and still seen currently with some later additions. SUBSISTENCE
This scatter of limestone blocks was identified by Gwent- Glamorgan Archaeological Trust during their 1998 River Rhymney to River Wye Coastal Report. It consists of a dense scatter of stones forming a slight east-west mound in an intertidal position, where the grass ends and the mud begins. It lies just east of a stream and culvert draining the LIMESTONE BLOCKS 1, 154 519300 Post Medieval Monument (by form) LITHIC SCATTER levels. On the west side of the scatter there is a roughly PETERSTONE GREAT WHARF parallel arrangement of about 12 stakes, rising no more than about 20cm above the mud, and appearing to converge towards the north end. The arrangement is approximately 6.5m long and 3m wide. It could be the remains of a small boat, but is perhaps more likely to be one of many fish-traps in the locality." Paul R. Davis Sept 2016.
This find, three scatters of limestone blocks, was identified by Gwent-Glamorgan Archaeological Trust during their 1998 LIMESTONE BLOCKS 2, 155 519303 Post Medieval Monument (by form) LITHIC SCATTER River Rhymney to River Wye Coastal Report. Scatter 1 is PETERSTONE GREAT WHARF located approximately 180m north of Scatter 3. Scatter 2 is located approximately 45m northeast of Satter 3.
This series of rectangular pits is located 6m north of NPRN AGRICULTURE RECTANGULAR PITS 1, 519303, Scatter 1. It was identified by Gwent-Glamorgan 156 519304 Post Medieval AND PIT PETERSTONE GREAT WHARF Archaeological Trust during their 1998 River Rhymney to SUBSISTENCE River Wye Coastal Report.
Fairfield Buildings, Rumney, A group of buildings depicted on Second Edition Ordnance 157 GGAT04041s - Post Medieval DOMESTIC house Cardiff Survey 25-inch maps on the east side of the Roman road.
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Witla Court Lodge, Rumney, The lodge house of Witla Court, on the east side of the 158 GGAT04040s - Post Medieval DOMESTIC Lodge Cardiff Roman road.
Small group of buildings depicted on First Edition Ordnance Survey 25-inch maps on the east side of the Roman road. Wicklow (Witla) Cottages, The name has changed to "Witla" Cottages on Second 159 GGAT04037s - Post Medieval DOMESTIC house Rumney, Cardiff Edition maps, and the field immediately to the south is wooded, possibly due to the building of the new Witla Court immediately adjacent
Group of buildings depicted on Second Edition Ordnance Survey 25-inch map, partially over the quarry shown on First Edition maps. The land to the south and east of the 160 GGAT04039s - Witla Court, Rumney, Cardiff Post Medieval DOMESTIC house buildings, previously agricultural, is now wooded, possibly due to the cultivation of the land as a garden for the new house
Small area of earthworks depicted on First Edition Ordnance 161 GGAT04038s - Quarry, Rumney, Cardiff Post Medieval INDUSTRIAL quarry Survey 25-inch map and labelled "Old Quarry".
Oak Meadow cottage is reported to be over 300 years old (Cardiffians 2010) and has a clay bake oven (RCAHMW 162 GGAT02067s - Oak Meadow Cottage Post Medieval DOMESTIC House 1988). The 1st edition map 1882 shows Oak Meadow Cottage to be at a different grid reference to that recorded by the RC
Buildings at Pen-twyn, Rumney, Group of buildings depicted on First Edition Ordnance 163 GGAT04036s - Post Medieval DOMESTIC house Cardiff Survey 25-inch map, on the west side of the Roman road.
St Mellons Milestone, Rumney, Milestone on south side of Newport Road, "St Mellons" still 164 GGAT04042s - Post Medieval TRANSPORT Milestone Cardiff clearly visible, but numbers weathered to illegibility.
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GGAT Assessment Spring Meadow Industrial Estate A204 - 165 GGAT02273s - MARDY ROAD Post Medieval TRANSPORT Drove road droveway from Rumney village to coastal meadows and pastures
Row of terraced buildings depicted on the 1st edition Buildings at Mount Pleasant, Ordnance Survey 25-inch map of 1882. They are located on 166 GGAT04033s - Post Medieval DOMESTIC house Rumney, Cardiff the eastern side of the Roman road and appear to survive, being marked on modern maps as "The Mount".
Kiln at NGR ST 2235 7780, depicted on Commissioners of 167 GGAT02790s - Kiln Post Medieval INDUSTRIAL Kiln Sewers survey and OS 1" survey (1st edition) (Appendix Three,below).
Buildings at Pen-y-pill, Rumney, Building marked on First Edition Ordnance Survey 25-inch 168 GGAT04034s - Post Medieval DOMESTIC house Cardiff map.
Buildings at Pen-y-pill south, Small cluster of buildings depicted on First Edition Ordnance 169 GGAT04035s - Post Medieval DOMESTIC house Rumney, Cardiff Survey 25-inch map.
Maerdy Farm, post-medieval cowhouse, Grade II Listed AGRICULTURE 37601; Building (Maynard 1995). Possibly C17. 5 bays. Steep roof; 170 LB MAERDY FARM Post Medieval AND Barn GGAT01181s half-cruck probably re-used & other old timbers; roof until SUBSISTENCE circa 10 years ago thatched, but now of corrugated iron.
Mid-17th century two-unit, end-entry house with hall and 27991; 171 LB LONG CROSS Post Medieval DOMESTIC House inner room, retaining principal rafters with curved feet and GGAT01270s cambered ceiling beams.
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A 540m length of relict seawall lies behind the modern seawall on Rumney Great Wharf. Documentary evidence shows this length of wall to have been set back in 1591 and much of the surviving structure of the clay bank may be Scheduled Rumney Great Wharf Relict 172 GGAT02321.0s Post Medieval MARITIME Sea defences original. This wall stands 1-m high on the seawall side and Monument Seawall 3.2m high on the landward side. It is 6-7m wide at the base and 2m at the top. A revised entry to the SAM notes that the monument comprises of a 565m in length by 15m in width (Cadw 2011)
Old sea wall (Locock 1993b and 1995, Site 3). Probably a continuation of the post-medieval sea bank recorded as 173 GGAT02787s - Sea Defences Post Medieval MARITIME Sea defences PRNs 1453 and 2321. Largely replaced by the modern sea wall (Mayner 1995).
Old farmhouse C17-18; later C19 alteration to entrance de-listed 174 GGAT01169s HENDRE ISAF Post Medieval DOMESTIC Farmhouse front, Internally, remains of old fireplace with bread oven at building SE end; stone staircase to N; Chamfered beams.
Two-unit, end-entry house built c1700 with hall and inner 27992; 175 LB PEN-PIL Post Medieval DOMESTIC House room, retaining principal rafters with curved feet and GGAT01271s cambered ceiling beams.
Middle Newton, post-medieval building, Grade II Listed Building (Maynard 1995). 19334; MIDDLE NEWTON 176 LB Post Medieval DOMESTIC House House comprises an altered C17 farmhouse of 1 storey & GGAT01197s FARMHOUSE attic; slate gabled roof. 2 bays & centre doorway. 3 gabled attic windows; modern centre porch.
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Post-medieval wooden structure at Rumney in Trowbridge. The feature is a roughly L-shaped double row of upright wooden stakes embedded in greenish-grey silts of the Wooden structure at Rumney, WOODEN 177 GGAT02897s - Post Medieval Monument (by form) Wentlooge Formation. The rows that form its long arm are Trowbridge STRUCTURE 0.7-0.8m apart and trend roughly southwest-northeast over about 8m, before curving gently through almost a right-angle toward the head of the inlet.
Newton Farm, has a small, rectangular, single storeyed 20489; 178 LB NEWTON FARM Post Medieval DOMESTIC Farmhouse farmhouse with semi-attic. The doors, windows, and roof GGAT00623s are modern The house is in a good state of repair
Rumney Methodist church erected in 1956 and designed by Architects Sir Percy Thomas and Son, Cardiff. Built in the 307536; RUMNEY METHODIST RELIGIOUS RITUAL 179 - Modern CHAPEL Simple Gothic style, gable entry type. GGAT04163s CHAPEL, RUMNEY AND FUNERARY This church was built adjacent to the original church dating to 1929. Demolition proposed 2010.
Rumney Memorial Hall, 180 GGAT05894s - Modern COMMEMORATIVE WAR MEMORIAL Memorial Hall Wentloog Road, Rumney
Built in the Arts and Craft style, gable entry type. Present status [2002] : unknown. 'The church of the Blessed Sacrament, Rumney was built in 1960 by F. R. Bates & Son BLESSED SACRAMENT under the influence of Sir Basil Spence. It has a fully glazed RELIGIOUS RITUAL 181 307378 CATHOLIC CHURCH, Modern CHURCH entrance wall, rectangular body with exposed concrete AND FUNERARY RUMNEY frame. Mildly expresionist in its use of pointed forms.' (Glamorgan: (Mid Glamorgan, South Glamorgan and West Glamorgan), by John Newman, Stephen R. Hughes, Anthony Ward, 1995. Page 311)
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182 GGAT05869s - Building, Rhymney Modern Monument (by form) BUILDING Small building visible on the 3rd Edition Mapping.
A sluice which first appears on the Second Edition Ordnance 183 GGAT05868s - Sluice, Rhymney Modern MARITIME SLUICE Survey Map. It is square and sited just outside the sea defences.The sluice had gone by the Third Edition
"Obvious remains of a wooden sailing vessel partly submerged in tidal mud and accessible only at low tide. It measures at least 16m long, but the stern is missing. It appears to be held together only by wooden pegs, rather WRECK, RUMNEY GREAT 184 410461 Modern MARITIME WRECK than metal bolts, so may not be as modern as the Coflein WHARF notes suggest." Paul R. Davis September 2016. Modern wreck, photographed during RCAHMW aerial reconnaissance at low tide on 30th July 2007 T. Driver, RCAHMW, 24th March 2010.
Built in 1929 in the Sub-Classical and Arts and Craft style, gable entry type. It is also known as the Alfred Tilly Memorial ALFRED TILLY MEMORIAL RELIGIOUS RITUAL Chapel, named after the minister of Bethany Church, St 185 307515 Modern CHAPEL CHAPEL AND FUNERARY Mary Street, Cardiff (1857-1861), and minister and founder of Tredegarville Baptist Church, Cardiff (1861-1893). Present status [2017] : Chapel. RCAHMW May 2017
In 1970, both John Lloyd and Philip Evans, S.J., were ST JOHN LLOYD CATHOLIC RELIGIOUS RITUAL canonized by Pope Paul VI among the Forty Martyrs of 186 421467 Modern CHURCH CHURCH, TROWBRIDGE AND FUNERARY England and Wales, whose joint feast day is kept on 25 October. Modern church of post-1970 date.
CHURCH OF THE RELIGIOUS RITUAL 187 307412 RESURRECTION, ST Modern CHURCH Built in the Late 20th c style, long-wall entry type. AND FUNERARY MELLONS
Land at Newlands Road, Cardiff | Environmental Statement | Appendix 12.1 | March 2020 rpsgroup.com Page 35 APPENDIX 12.1: HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT DESK BASED ASSESSMENT
HA NPRN/HER No Status NAME PERIOD BROADCLASS TYPE DESCRIPTION No.
RELIGIOUS RITUAL 188 307312 ST DYFFRIG, LLANRUMNEY Modern CHURCH Built in the Late 20th c style, gable entry type. AND FUNERARY
ST CADOC'S CATHOLIC RELIGIOUS RITUAL 189 307374 Modern CHURCH Built in the Late 20th c style. CHURCH, LLANRUMNEY AND FUNERARY
SILOAM BAPTIST, RELIGIOUS RITUAL 190 307554 Modern CHAPEL Built in the Late 20th c style, gable entry type LLANRUMNEY AND FUNERARY
191 GGAT05011s - World War Two Dispersal Area WWII DEFENCE dispersal
Heavy anti aircraft battery, two magazines command post, Anti aircraft 192 GGAT02019s - MAERDY FARM WWII DEFENCE plus gun store remain. All other buildings demolished, used battery as a stable. Circa 1941
All that remains of the heavy anti-aircraft battery is the Pengam Heavy anti-aircraft ANTI AIRCRAFT 193 GGAT04480s - WWII DEFENCE concrete roadway around the central command bunker battery BATTERY ellipse.
There is a group of four industrial buildings built in wartime WENTLOOG INDUSTRIAL as dispersal sheds linked to the main railway at Wentloog. 194 309948 WWII DEFENCE BUILDING PARK DISPERSAL SHEDS The shed at ST 2406 7923 still has camoflage paint on its roof.
Rectangular pits cut through the peatshelf into the Rectangular pits at Rumney, underlying clays have been recorded at Rumney. The seven 195 GGAT02898s - MULTIPERIOD Monument (by form) Pit Trowbridge pits fill at Rumney comprise silt clasts, concretion sand and laminae of peat detritus.
Land at Newlands Road, Cardiff | Environmental Statement | Appendix 12.1 | March 2020 rpsgroup.com Page 36 APPENDIX 12.1: HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT DESK BASED ASSESSMENT
HA NPRN/HER No Status NAME PERIOD BROADCLASS TYPE DESCRIPTION No.
A series of wooden stakes were uncovered, some of which were on peat islands were identified during a walking brief POST,FISHING 196 GGAT05096s - Series of Wooden Posts MULTIPERIOD Monument (by form) conducted during flood defence measures (Tuck 2004). SITE,DWELLING Two sets (RGW13 and RGW14) were suggested of being of post-medieval date.
There are no visible remains of the walls. They have been 197 GGAT00621s - ANCIENT WALLS Unknown Monument (by form) Earthwork destroyed by the construction of a modern road through a housing estate.
Stone strew at Rumney in Trowbridge recorded in Cadw 519321; Stone pile at Rumney, Coastal Archaeology Survey. Stone strew in form of 198 - UNKNOWN Unassigned STONE PILE GGAT02896s Trowbridge scattered limestone blocks discovered near a wooden medieval structure.
Land at Newlands Road, Cardiff | Environmental Statement | Appendix 12.1 | March 2020 rpsgroup.com Page 37 REPORT
FIGURES
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