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ENVWRNT;\! l,-. ASSESSMENT REPORT 0> fi j rvtt! VOFSUSTAINABLE vPMIENT OF CINA Public Disclosure Authorized <.GASTAL RESOURCES Public Disclosure Authorized
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Prepared by EastChina Sea of Fisheries F t U!e Public Disclosure Authorized Chinese Academy of F .. Science Shanghai People's F epublic of China Septemb ---.1997 A * ' /
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4' 4 0 24 r.L PkL *UAI:2¶:cU *<& a. p r AU. PV-",,.. 4 ' 4 j"r \&' ;t' N .: * X,h '+\' ; UI>\¶U.\#*; \A N . ,. 4r " - sv4½4tC f 3 £ NI 2 ' '.4flt,St*4aJIi4 I " I Environment Impact Assessment Report on The Project of Sustainable Development of China Coastal Resource prepared by East China Fisheries Research Insitute: Xu Zhaoli X Yang Hongshan, Chen Yaqu. Shen Xinqiang Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Insitute: Cui Yi Chen Minshan Qingdao Oceangraphy University: Xi Pangen Fisheries Research Insitutte of Fujian Province: Du Qi September,1997 East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute 300 Jungong Road Shanghai P.R.C. I I Contents Introduction Brief Description of the Project * Management of coastal zone * Sustainable aquatic culture and mariculture * Reconstruction of prawn ponds * Quality and safety of aquatic production 1. ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON NET CAGE MARICULTURE 1.1 Description of Net Cage Mariculture 1.1.1 Species 1.1.2 Location 1.1.3 Size 1.1.4 Water Area Occupied 1.1.5 Distribution 1.2 Analysis of Mariculture Production 1.2.1 Fry And Larva Species, Quantity and Source 1.2.2 Mariculture Engineering and Procedure 1.2.3 Feeding Manner of Diet and Remanent Diet and Feces 1.2.4 Analysis and Assessment of Sewage Discharge Quantity in Relation to Water Quality and Red Tide Organisms 1.2.5 Experimental Analysis and Assessment of Population Physiology and Ecology ( Selecting Better Feed Conversion Ratio) 1.3 Environmental Status of Surrounding Area of Net Cage Mariculture 1.3.1 Meteorology Dynamic 1.3.2 Hydrographic Dynamic 1.3.3 Chemical Dynamic of Water 1.3.4 Sediment Dynamic 1.3.5 Biological Dynamic 1.3.6 Potential Pollution Sources and Pollutants 1.4 Environment Impact Assessment on Surrounding Environment of Net Cage Mariculture 1.4.1 Change of Water Quality 1.4.2 Change of Hydrodynamic ( Water Current and Tidal Action) 1.4.3 Change of Sediment Dynamic 1.4.4 Others 1.5 Impact of Environmental Conditions on Net Cage Mariculture 1.5.1 Impact of Surrounding Water Environment on Net Cage Mariculture I 1.5.2 Impact of Urban Sewage Discharge on Mariculture of Net Cage 1.5.3 Impact of Run Off on Net Cage Mariculture 1.6 Suggestions and Counter-Measures 1.6.1 Selection and Establishment of Different Ecological Mariculture Models 1.6.2 Improvement of Diets and Feeding Types In Mariculture 1.6.3 Fisheries Environmental Monitoring and Pollution Control 1.6.4 Biological Treatment ( Including Periodic Movement of Cages and Clean- Up the Vacated Site) 2. ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON PRAWN POND RECONSTRUCTING AND HATCHERY 2.1 General Situation of Prawn Pond Reconstructing and Hatchery Farm 2.1.1 Site, Scale, Area and Distribution 2.1.2 Program of Prawn Pond Reconstruction and Main Technology 2.2 Engineering Analysis of Prawn Pond Reconstruction and Hatchery Farm 2.2.1 Effluent Amount, Types of Waste Water and Pollutants of Discharged,and Properties in Effluent 2.2.2 Treatment Plan Of Waste Water 2.3 Environmental Status Around the Area of Prawn Pond Construction and Hatchery Farm 2.3.1 Project Region in Shangdong Province 2.3.2 Project Region in Fujian Province 2.3.3 Project Region in Liaoning Province 2.3.4 The Investigation Report of Nantong Project 2.4 Environmental Impact on Prawn Pond Reconstruction and Hatchery 2.4.1 Environment Impact Assessment on Use Of Disinfectant 2.4.2 Environment Impact Assessment on Waste Water Drainage of Prawn Pond 2.4.3 Environment Impact Assessment on Waste Water Drainage of Breeding 2.5 Environment Impact Assessment Pollution on Breeding 2.6 Suggestions And Mitigation Measure 2.6.1 Drawing up Management Plan 2.6.2 Improvement of Culture Technique 2.6.3 Disposal of Removed Silts in Prawn Pond during Process of Reconstruction 2.6.4 To strengthen Training of Technical Force 2.6.5 Improvement of Operation System 2.6.6 Control of Contaminant Drainage 3. ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON AQUATIC PRODUCT n1 PROCESSING PLANT 3.1 General Situtation 3.11 Name, Location and System of Ownership of Plants 3.1.2 Size, Area and Plane Layout of Plants 3.1.3 Land Utilization and Future Scale of Productivity 3.1.4 Product Assortment and General Technology 3.1.5 Number of Employe and Living Area 3.2 Engineering Analysis 3.2.1 Raw Material and Their Origin, Storage, Transportation, and water Consumption 3.2.2 Technological Process 3.2.3 Quantity of Pollutants Discharged, Released Manner and Pollutant Features 3.2.4 Programme for Wastes Treatment 3.2.5 Traffic , Transportation and Land Utilization of Plants 3.3 Environmental Status around Processing Plant Area 3.3.1 Geographical Location 3.3.2 Status of Land And Hydrography 3.3.3 Status of Water Quality 3.3.4 Socio-Economic Status 3.3.5 Other Pollution Sources 3.4 Impact Assessment 3.4.1 Impact Assessment on Water Quality 3.4.2 Impact Assessment on Land 3.5 Management And Monitoring Plans 3.5.1 Plan, Proposal And Stratagem for Disposing Waste Water, Sewage and Solid Wastes 3.5.2 Management 3.5.3 Monitoring and Testing 3.5.4 Organization, Staff and Instruments 4. ASSESSMENT CONCLUSIONS m A I ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT ON THE PROJECT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE COASTAL RESOURCE Introduction Since the reformation and open door policy were carried into effect, Chinese fishery has been rapidly developed. The rise ratio of aquatic-production is 13.6% annually, which is much higher than the world average level of 1.5%. The total yield in 1995 reached 28000 metric ton which accounted for 25% of the total yield of the world and ranked first in the world. Chinese fisheries is taking a fishery developing road with Chinese characteristics. In the procession of fishery development in China, some new problems emerged, among which diseases of culturaled species (for example, prawn disease)occurred serious in recent years, natural resources of marine fishery seriously declined, water quality of coastal areas nearby big cities and industrial zones became polluted, and over-exploiting of fisheries in some areas have exceeded their bearing capacity. The problems mentioned above directly influence whether the Chinese fishery can be sustainable development. The Chinese relevant authorities have recognized this serious problem and made their best endeavours to solve it. However, the fishery is a trade with high investment and high benefit. The funds for developing fishery must be raised through various channels. One of the channels is to introduce foreign funds for expediting the development of Chinese fishery. For this reason, the Ministry of Agriculture in China has applied for a World Bank loan for the project of comprehensive development of fisheries in the southeast coastal area of China in 1995. The State Planning Committee in China has arranged the project for the three years' rolling plan of World Bank loan. The project group of World Bank visited China and investigated the project in May of 1996. After consulting with the State Planning Committee, the Ministry of Finance , the Ministry of Agriculture and the relevant departments of the project areas, the project was finalized and named as "the project of sustainable development of chinese coastal resources The total amount of the loan is 100 millions $US. Because the project of sustainable development of Chinese coastal resources is a constructing project of ecological agriculture , the object of construction is to ensure marine ecological balance and reaches sustainable and good e'cological circulation of fisheries. Therefore, the scope and degree of disadvantageous impact caused by environment will be limited and some disadvantageous impacts in the process of construction and production may be reduced to an acceptable degree by adopting advanced technology and proper measures of prevention and control. Brief Description of the Project Fujiang, Jiangsu (Nantong city), Shangdong and Liaoning provinces are designated as the project areas. The project involves 4 parts, namely the management of coastal zones, sustainable aquatic culture and mariculture, reconstruction of prawn ponds, and quality and safety of aquatic production. * Managementof Coastal Zones The management plan of coastal zones will include the following items: 4 Three management centers of coastal zones; 4 Four fishery environmental monitoring stations; 4 One center of prevention and control of disease and technical training; - Five stations of prevention and control of disease and technical training; 4 One protected zone of precious and rare aquatic animal; 4 Nine fishery administrative boats; 4 One monitoring and controlling system of fishing boats; 4 6000 hectares coastal preventing and protecting Inter Tide Zone culture; 4 Three training teams of coastal management; * Sustainable Aquatic Culture and Mariculture 4 Fish culture The plan of fish culture is listed in Table 1. Table 1 The plan of fish culture Cultural pattern Species Area Annual yield ___ha) (metric ton) Net cage culture Paralichthys olivaceus, Pseudosciaena 38780 10262 crocea, Pagrosomus major, Lateolabrax cages japonicus, Zonichthvs nigrofasciatus Industrial farming one farm 100 Pond farming Tilapia spp. 2.1 208 Pond farming Fuga rubripes 290 682.5 4 Shellfish culture The plan of shellfish culture is listed in Table 2. 2 Table 2 The plan of shellfish culture Cultural pattern Species Area (ha) Annual yield (metric ton) raft culture Crassostrea rivulars 3955 237300 tidal culture Crassostrea rivulars 100 600 suspendingculture Chlamysfarreri 354 15930 tidal culture Ruditapes variegeta 1999.7 18000 tidal culture Sinonovacula constricta 133 2000 tidal culture Shellfish 11000 21450 tidal culture Scapharca broughtonii 5333.3 1600 4 Algae culture The plan of algae culture is listed in Table 3. Table 3 The plan of algae culture Cultured species Area (ha) Annual yield (metric ton) Laminariajaponica 100 3000 Bangia atropurpurea 200 120 Spirulinamajor 2193 mn 117.74 Porphvrayezoensis 133.3 2700 4 Hatchery farm To build 25 ha.of hatchery farms of multi-species with 68630 m3 water body . To build 33.3 ha.of hatchery farms of shellfish and the annual yield to be 2.5 billions pills. 4 Reconstruction of prawn ponds To reconstruct 1066.7 ha. prawn ponds and the annual yield to be 2375 metric tons 4 Quality and Safety of aquatic product To build or reconstruct 15 aquatic product processing plants and the annual processing yield to be 19655 metric ton. To build 2 markets of product wholesale and trade, and the annual amount of trade to be 250000 metric ton. 3 I 1. ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON NET CAGE MARICULTURE 1.1 Description of Net Cage Mariculture 1.1.1 Species The species for net cage mariculture in the project are left-eyed flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), large yellow, croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea), genuine porgy(Pagrosonius nmajor), japanese seabass(Lateolabrax japonlicus) and blackbanded amberjack(Zonlichthys nigrofascialus). 1.1.2 Location Net cages are planned to lay in 5-10 m deep sea waters of bays with small wind wave, simple water current direction and convenient communications. These bays can take shelter from typhoon. The area of net cage mariculture is far from discharging points of industrial waste water and sewage, so that the water quality in this area is in compliance with " Fisheries Water Quality Standard" of P.R.C. 1.1.3 Size Totally 38,780 net cages are planned to put into operation based on the project, among them 3780 net cages (2m x 2m x 2m) are planned in.Rongcheng, Shangdong province and 35,000 net cages in Fujiang province. 1.1.4 Water area occupied 38,780 net cages will occupy 480.28 ha. sea area,among them the net cages in Rongcheng, Shangdong province will occupy 250 ha.of sea areas and 233.28 ha. of sea areas in Fujiang province. 1.1.5 Distribution * Rongcheng of Shangdong province 900 net cages will be laid in the sea area southeast to Chengshanwei town, 1530 net cages will be laid in the sea area northeast to Madao village, 450 net cages in the sea area northeast to Lidao town and 900 net cages in the sea area east to Xunshan village. The concrete location is referred to Fig. 1.1-1. The species of mariculture is paralichthys olivaceus. * Fujian.province The net cages in Fujian province are distributed in ten bays of the province. They are Shacheng Bay, Funing Bay, Sandu Bay, Pingtan sea water, Xinghua Bay, Meizhou Bay, Dagang Bay , Quanzhou Bay, Xiamen Bay and Dongshan Bay. The concrete distribution is listed in Table 1.1-1. 12,400 net cages of mariculture of Pseudosciaetna crocea are planned to lay in Shachng Bay, Funing Bay, Sandu Bay, Pingtan sea waters, Xinghua Bay and Xiamen Bay. 10,800 net cages of mariculture of Pagrosonius major each are planned to lay in Shacheng Bay, Sandu Bay, Pingtan sea waters , Xinghua Bay, Meizhou Bay, Dagang Bay, Quanazhou Bay, west sea water of Xiamen and Dongshan Bay. 4,000 net cages of mariculture of Lateolabrajaponicus each are planned to lay in Sandu Bay, Xinghua Bay, Meizhou Bay, Quanzhou Bay and Xiamen Bay. 7800 net cages of mariculture of Zonichthys nigrofasciaius are planned to lay in Meizhou Bay, Quanzhou Bay and Dongshan Bay. The concrete locations are referred to fig. 1.1-2. Table 1. I-I Distribution of net cages mariculture in Fujian Place Number (cage) Funing Bay 1000 Sandu Bay 4600 Shacheng Bay 1600 Pingtan sea waters 2600 Xinghua Bay 6600 Meizhou Bay 6400 Quanzhou Bay 1800 Dagang Bay 1800 Xiamen Bay 2000 Dongshan Bay 6600 Total _ 35000 1.2 Analysis of Mariculture Production 1.2.1 Fry and larva species, quantity and source The fries for mariculture of net cages are fish fries of Paralichthys olivaceus,Pseudosciaena crocea, Pagerosomus major, lateolabra japonicus and Zonichthys nigrofasciatus. The net cages mariculture of this project will need 3,780,000 fries for Paralichthys olivaceus, 1,488,0000 fries with 3 cm long for Pseudosciaena crocea, 1,000,0000 fries with 3 cm long for Pagrosomus major, 4,000,000 fries with 3-4 cm long for Lateolabra japonicus and 4,000,000 fries with 3-4 cm long for Zonichthys nigrofasciatus. Total number of 36,660,000 fries will be needed in the net cage mariculture of the project . These fries will be offered by artificial breeding of mariculture unites. 1.2.2 Mariculture engineering and procedure Net cage mariculture is combined with factory culture. When the natural water temperature is suitable for the cultured fishes, then they will be moved to 2 the net cages.Fig. 1.2-1 is engineering procedure of net cage mariculture. Breed diet and medicine I I Management at Installcages iPut thef r y the sea and grow linto f net cage up to maturity Residualdiet and feces Small amount dissolved in water Sink to the sea bottom Fig. 1.2-1 Engineering procedure of net cage mariculture The net cages are closed nylon ones covered with anti-adhesion paint outside, and the paint used is proved no harmful and poisonous to the cultured organisms. According to the living habits of maricultured species, the net cages are reformed and fitted with iron frame at the bottom in order to make cage bottom plain and let the water flow freely through the cage. The net cages will be put in shallow water areas at 5-10 m depth, with a distance between cages no less than 2 m and between lines is no less than 10 m. The cages should be arranged along the vertical direction with the current. 1.2.3 Diet, feeding manner, quantity, remanent diet and feces There are two types of diets for net cage mariculture. I. Fresh or frozen little fishes II. Soft particulate mixture diet made of fish meal and some kinds of vitamins. The diet is fed manually. The quantity of diet fed, remanent diet and feces are dependent on the mariculture species. The feeding amount for Paralichthys olivaceus is usually determined by water temperature, water quality and feeding condition. The daily feeding amount is controlled at 5-6% of fish's weight at the mature fish stage, feeding 3 times per day when the fish is 15-20 cm lenth and 2 times per day (once in morning and once in evening ) when fish is over 20 cm long. For one cage, about 20 kg diet are fed per day and 3 about I kg residual feed and 11.4-15.2 kg feces are left over. The flounders can be harvested and sold when their individual weight is over 0.75 kg, and the yield per cage will reach 400 kg or 16 kg/m2 , 1,512 metric ton living fish will be harvested annually. The feeding amount for yellow large croaker, genuine porgy, japanese seabass and blackhanded amberjack in mariculture of net cages in Fujian province is 73,690 metric ton of frozen little fish and 4,106 metric ton of fish meal. Table 1.2-1 lists the feeding amount of cultured species in Fujian province. Table 1.2-1 Feeding amount of net cage mariculture in Fujian provine Species Cage Dict Soft particulate Fish meal Frozen yield number coefficient diet rate (metric little fish (metric (individual) (%) ton) (metric ton) ton) japaneseseabass 4000 7.34 28 290 5890 1000 large yeliowcroaker 12400 10.34 28 713 14477 2170 genuineporgy 10800 9.4 28 783 15903 2700 blackbanded 7800 12.0 35 2320 37420 4095 ambheijack X_i__ Total 13500 . 14106 [73690 9965 The amount of remanent diet and feces can be calculated based on the following formula, if the efficient of conversion of energy is 90%. Amount of remanent feeds and feces = feeding amount - yield 90% Table 1.2-2 lists the estimating amount of remanent feeds and feces in net cage mariculture in Fujian province based on the above formula. Table 1.2-2 Estimation of amount of remanent feeds and feces in net cage mariculture in Fujian province Species Feeding Yield Amount of residual feed and feces amount (metric (metric ton) (metric ton) ton) large yellow croaker 18042 2170 15631 genuine porgy 19818 2700 16818. japanese seabass - 7340 1000 6229 blackbanded amberjack 49020 4095 44470 Total 94220 [_9965 83148 Note:the fish meal in diet is converted into frozen fish on rate of 1:5 1.2.4 Analysis and assessment of sewage discharge quantity in relation to water quality and red tide organisms Net cage mariculture is usually chosen in the area where is an open and wide sea 4 area with higher velocity of ocean current and good water exchange. The discharge quantity of pollutants produced by mariculture usually shows by loads of N and P. The calculating formula is as follow~s: TN = (CxNp-Nb)X 10 Tp = (Cx Pf - Pb) x 10 Where: TN, Tp - the loads of N and P (kg/T) C - diet coefficient Nf, Pf - the contents of N and P in diet (%) Nb. Pb - the contents of N and P in the body of mariculture fish (%) The loads of N and P of net cage mariculture fish are 251.4 kg/T and 33.7 kg/T, respectively when mean Nb is 2.86%, mean Pb 0.63%, Nf2.5%, Pf O.4%, and diet coefficient is 10 for the mariculture fish in Fujian province. Table 1.2-3 lists the discharge amount of N and P in various mariculture area in Fujian province. Table 1.2-3 Discharge amount of N and P in various net cage mariculture in Fujian province Place Cage number Species' Estimating Discharge Discharge (individual) ___ yield (ton) amount of N amount of P ShachengBav 1600 e ellowcroaker,japeseseabass 355 89.25 11.96 FuningBay 1000 largeyellowvcroaker 175 44.00 5.90 9SanduBay 4600 1rage vellowcroakerenumeporgy 890 223.75 3.0 Pingan sea2ter 2600 largeyellowoamkergenuinepoiy 590 148.33 19.88 Xinghua Bay 6600 largeyellow coakergenune porgy, 1380 346.93 46.51 japns seabass A Meizhou Bay 6400 1argeyellowcaker,gwne porgy, 2160 543.02 72.79 blackbandedamberjack Dagang Bav 1800 genuineporgy 450 113.13 15.17 Quanzhou Bay 1800 japaneseseabass 450 113.13 15.17 Xiamen Bay 2000 largeyellow croaker, genuine porgy, 380 95.53 12.81 japanese seabass Dongshan Bay 6600 gnuine porgy,japanese seabass, 3150 788.14 105.65 blackbandedamberiack Total 3500 1 9965 1 2505.21 1 335.84 The results of investigation at present show that the water quality in Funing Bay, Sandu Bay, Pingtan sea water, Xinghua Bay, Dagang Bay and Dongshang Bay of Fujiang province are good. The contents of N and P are less than the standards of first category sea water (N=0.2 mg/L, P=0.3 mg/L). Thus, a small amount of N and P discharge in net cage mariculture does not affect the water quality of these bays. But the water quality of Shacheng Bay and Quanzhou Bay in Fujiang province belongs to the standards of third category sea water (N=0.3 mg/L, P=0.045 mg/L). The N and P discharge in net cage mariculture may cause local S eutrophication in these two bays and result in occurrence of red tide. Therefore it is suggested that the quantity of net cage mariculture must be limited. The water quality of the west waters of Xiamen bay has been eutrophication, where the water exchange is bad. If the net cages of mariculture are set in this area, it will make water.quality further worse. It may result in breaking out of red tide and disease of mariculture organisms in this area. The present contents of N and P are 0.01555 mg/L and 0.00256 mg/L, respectively in the area of net cage mariculture of Rongcheng Bay, Shangdong province, which are much lower than the threshold value of eutrophication ( N=0.2-0.3 mg/L, P=0.045 mg/L). The organic pollution caused by net cage mariculture is limited and the water exchange is better in this area, so the N and P contents will not be raised remarkably. In normal circumstances, there is less possibility of red tide resulted from net cage mariculture in this area. 1.2.5 Experimental Analysis and assessment of population physiology and ecology The characteristics of population physiology and ecology of net cage mariculture species are briefly summarize inTable 1.2-4. Table 1.2-4 Main characteristics of population physiology and ecology of net cage mariculture species Species large yellow genuine japanese blackbanded left-eyed croaker porgy seabass amberjack flounder Distribution coastalareas ofcoastal areas o coastal areas ofcoastal areas of Coastal areas of China ,westChina, KoreaChina, Korea and China, Korea andChina, Korea, coastalof Koreaand Japan Japan Kaushuof Japna Japan and far eastof Russia Feeding carnivorous carnivorous carnivorous carnivorous carnivorous habits . Ecological warm and mid-warm and wide temperaturewarn fish in tropicscold and bottom feature bottomfish bottomfish and salinity and subtropics fish Suitable 8-31 C 7-31 *C 2-38 C 12-35 *C 12-23 C temperature I suitable 22-32 %o/ 23-32 O/0 10-32 O/m 22-32 '/oo - >31 °/ salinity __ _ _ I__ _ _ _ I______The ecological environment conditions of the project area are suitable to the growth of net cage mariculture species except Xiamen Bay. The species of net cage mariculture do not influence on the population physiology and ecology in surrounding environment. 1.3 Environmental Status in Surrounding Area of Net Cage Mariculture 1.3.1 Meteorology dynamic * Rongcheng Bay of Shangdong province The climate of Rongcheng bay is temperature zone and monsoon style with distinct seasonal change. In winter , controlled by Mongolia-Siberia high 6 pressure, the cold air frequently invades, northwest monsoon prevails, cold and arid, but influenced by the ocean, there is no severe cold but more windy weather. In summer, controlled by Asia co'ntinental low pressure and subtropical high pressure, southeast monsoon prevails, there is no high temperature and the weather is warm and wet due to the influence of ocean. The climate characters around one year are moderate rainfall, humid air and warm weather. The mean annual temperature is 11.8 C . The lowest monthly average to temperature is -1.6 C and appears in January with extreme value of -9.9 'C . The highest one is 24.8 C in August with extreme value of 33.1 C. The monthly-mean temperature is listed in table 1.3-1. Table 1.3-1 Monthly-mean temperature (C ) in Rongcheng Bay Month | 1 2 3 4 1 5 1 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 1 10 Ill1f2IyearI [Monthlymean -1.61-1.13.7 9.517.7121.5123.2124.8121.3114.415.812.111.8 The mean annual precipitation is 742 mm, rainfall is concentrated from June to September, with total mean precipitation of 521 mm, covered 70% of the annual rainfall. There are 95 days with average rainfall (o. 1 mm/d), and the mean annual evaporate amount is 1536 mm. Table 1.3-2 gives the monthly-mean precipitation. Table 1.3-2 Monthly-mean precipitation (mm) in Rongcheng Bay Month I 2 3 |4 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 1 10 I 11 12 | year | Monthlymean 14 11 19 41 | 44 | 81 1911166184 1 43 | 31 | 171 742 The mean annual wind speed is 5.6 m/s, northwest and north wind are the main wind directions around one year, whose appearing frequencies are 23% and 17%, respectively. The maximum wind speed was 40 m/s in the cape of Chengshan. The mean annual wind days are 88 with over force 6 wind. This area can be influenced by typhoon in summer. According to the statistical data of the year 1949-1982, there are average 2.1 times of typhoon annually, but the typhoon center seldomly lands in this area. * Net cage mariculture in the bay of Fujian province The scope of mean annual temperature in the ten bays of Fujian province is from 18.5 C to 20.8 'C, and the highest mean annual temperature appears in the Dongshan Bay and the lowest in Shacheng Bay. The highest monthly average temperature appears in July or August in the ten bays, and the distribution scope is between 27.3-28.7 C. The lowest monthly average temperature appears in January or February, and the distribution scope is between 8.5-12.9 'C. 7 The mean annual precipitation in the ten bays are between 977.5-1656.4 mm and the highest mean annual precipitation appears in Shacheng Bay and the lowest in Dagang Bay. Rainfalls in the ten bays are concentrated in spring and summer. The mean annual wind speeds in the ten bays are between 1.4-7.1 m/s and the maximum mean annual wind speed appears in Dongshan Bay , and the minimum in Sandu Bay. The north and northeast winds are the main wind direction of the ten bays in autumn, winter and spring, and the southern wind is the main wind direction in summer. These bays could be influenced by the disaster weathers of tropical storm, cold wave, frost , hail, rainstorm, gale and drought. They are frequently influenced by tropical storm from July to September. According to statistics, these bays are averagely influenced by 5-6 tropical storms each year. Table 1.3-3 gives some statistical values of meteorological parameters in the ten bays of Fujian province. Table 1.3-3 Statistical values of meteorologicalparameters in ten bays of Fujian province Nameof Bays Meanannual Highestmonthly lovest monthly meanannual meanannual meanannual temperatureaverage temperature average temperature precipitation windspeed tropicalstorm _ _ (tI) (t) (mm) (mis) (tines) ShachengBay 18.5 28.3 8.6 1656.4 1.6 5.3 Funing Bay 18.7 28.4 8.5 1098.0 3.2 SanduBay 19.0 28.7 9.6 2013.0 1.4 5.5 PmgtanBay 19.5 27.8 10.5 1191.6 6.4 XunghuaBay 20.2 28.5 11.4 1289.5 2.6 5.9 MeizhouBay 20.2 28.4 11.6 1316.6 5.4 6.1 Dagang Bay 19.9 27.4 11.2 977.5 6.9 5.9 QuanzhouBay 20.4 28.3 11.9 1095.4 3.9 5.9 YiamenBay 20.9 28.4 12.6 1143.5 3.4 5.6 DongshanBay 20.8 27.3 12.9 1071.2 7.1 5.8 1.3.2 Hydrographic dynamic * Rongcheng Bay of Shangdong province This area is close to the noon-tide compartment of M2 branch of the Yellow Sea, tide is the main hydrodynamic factor which may influence marine environment, the style of tide is irregular half-day tide, the phenomenon of daily non-equivalent is obvious,and tide range is relatively small. The mean tide range is 0.75 m in the cape of Chengshan and gets more and more southwards, and it reaches 1.0 m in the mariculture area. The style of tidal current is regular half-day tide, which is different from tide, the directioh of flood tide current is southward, and the ebb tide current is northward. 8 Although it is an open area, the tide current velocity is not quick in mariculture area, and the maximum velocity is no more than 0.60 cm/s. The velocity is getting quick beyond 10 m isobath, and the maximum can reach 0.8-0.9 cm/s. This sea area is also influenced by the coastal current from Bohai sea, which goes from north to south along 20 m isobath and is stronger in winter, very weak in summer, it is very favorable to the mariculture environment here. In addition, there is a strong tide mixed up-welling. In summer, the bottom cold water of the yellow sea upwells to surface layer in coastal area as a result of strong tidal mixture, the water with low temperature and high nutrition can be formed and make the water temperature lower about 2 'C than other areas. The mean annual water temperature is 11.6 C . The annual change range is relatively smaller because of above reasons, the lowest water temperature appears in January with monthly mean of 1.71 *C, and the highest appears in September with monthly mean of 22.47 C. The temperature rises more quickly from April to May , and falls more quickly from October to November. Table 1.3-4 gives the mean monthly water temperature of Rongcheng Bay. Table 1.3-4 Mean-monthly change of water temperature of Rongcheng Bay (C) Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vear water 3.15 1.17 2.89 5.94 10.00 14.34 16.88 21.15 22.47 19.17 13.77 7.49 11.58 temperature The salinity is at the range of 30.8-32.1 %o,and annual mean temperature is 31.6 'C . There is no big river runoff so that the seasonal change of salinity is not great. The salinity is relatively high in spring and autumn, lower in winter due to the influence of coastal current from Bohai Sea in winter. * Ten bays of Fujian province The styles of tide of nine bays of Fujian province are regular half-day tide except Dongshan Bay which is irregular half-day tide with 6.63 hours of mean high tide period and 5.75 hours of mean low tide period. The mean tide ranges of the ten bays are from 2.30 to 5.31 m, and the largest tide is in Sandu Bay and the smallest mean tide ranges in Dongshan Bay. The maximum tide ranges of the ten bays are from 4.14 m to 8.38 m and the largest and smallest one are still in Sandu Bay and Dongshan Bay respectively. The directions and velocities of tidal current in the ten bays are influenced by the topography of bays, and there exist bigger differences among them. The mean wave height in the ten bays are between 0.1-1.5 m and the 9 maximum mean wave height appears in Pingtan sea waters and the minimum in Sandu Bay. Table 1.3-5 gives the statistical values of some tidal and wave parameters of ten bays in Fujian province Table 1.3-5 Statistical values of some tidal and wave parameters of ten bays in Fujian province Nameof Bay Style of Meantide Mean Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximu tide range high tide low tide tide range tide range wave m wave .______(m) (m) (m) (m) height height ShachengBay regular half- 4.17 9.26 5.09 6.09 0.99 1.4 7.7 daytide FuningBay regular half- 4.55 7.49 2.94 6.51 1.4 12.0 davtide I SanduBay regularhalf- 5.31 8.36 3.01 8.38 1.94 0.1 dav tide ____ Pingtansea waters regular half- 4.27 5.86 1.59 6.03 1.5 16.0 davtide XinghuaBay regular half- 4.61 6.71 2.10 6.30 2.14 0.7 day tide I___I MeizhouBay regular half- 5.12 7.59 2.22 day tide ___ DagangBay regular half- 4.27 6.67 2.40 6.67 1.22 6.5 dav tide QuanzhouBay regular half- 4.27 6.68 1.22 0.7-1.2 daytide _ _ XiamenBay regular half 3.99 6.42 0.99 0.2 1.3 ______da y tide ______DongshanBay irregular 2.30 4.14 0.43 0.4 2.4 ... ____.__._half-day tide . ______ 1.3.3 Chemical dynamic of water X Rongcheng Bay of Shangdong province YpH: In the ocean, pH is mainly determined by CO2 content, organism activity, river runoff, etc. The. pH value is relatively stable in this mariculture area and the annual mean value is 8.19, no obvious seasonal change. The minimum (pH8.14) appears in summer and the maximum (pH8.25) in winter. 4 DO: The annual mean value is 6.20 mg/L in Rongdong Bay ,the highest is 7.6 mg/L in winter and the lowest 5.1 mg/L in summer. Saturation of DO can reach 108.0% in spring which is the highest in whole year and the lowest is .97.3% in autumn which is not at the saturation stage. 3 3 4 N0 3 -N: The mean is 15.55 mg/m , changing range is 1.5-21.1 mg/m . NH4-N:The mean is 55.9 mg/m3, changing range is 0.05-106.0 mg/m3 4 P04 -P: The mean phosphate content is 0.47 g.g-atom/L. The annual highest value is 0.65lig-atom/L in winter and the lowest 0.32 p,g- atom/L in spring.because the phytoplankton grows vigorously and consumption of nutrition is increased rapidly in spring. 10 * Ten bays of Fujian province The water chemical status in the ten bays of Fujian shows in Table 1.3-6. Table 1.3-6 Statistical values of some water chemical parameters in ten bays of Fujian province Name of Content PH DO COD N P Oil Cu Pb Cd Bay . -mgJL mg mg/L mg!glL mg/L mg/L FLgJL 4gL n/L Shacheng minimum 8.19 6.94 0.71 0.044 0.0099 0.0084 1.11 0.31 0.006 Bay maximum 8.46 7.99 1.64 0.520 0.038 0.057 5.81 4.39 0.057 mean 8.33 7.27 0.84 0.329 0.025 0.022 2.36 1.36 0.022 Funing minimum 8.19 5.73 0.61 0.0081 0.0053 0.0083 0.15 0.008 0.004 Bay maximum 8.46 9.51 0.89 0.372 0.038 0.0042 1.91 0.60 0.019 mean 8.33 7.69 0.70 0.186 0.0200 0.0192 0.44 0.13 0.0100 Sandu minimum 8.02 5.54 0.60 0.036 0.0071 0.0067 0.25 0.15 0.006 Bay maximum 8.38 8.84 1.85 0.25 0.0031 0.33 4.0 3.06 0.031 mean 8.21 7.38 0.75 0.19 0.021 0.015 1.43 1.21 0.015 Pinigtan miniimum 8.09 5.51 0.27 0.065 0.0016 0.0005 0.33 0.007 0.008 sea maximum 8.41 8.89 3.23 0.321 0.041 0.173 2.02 1.66 0.182 waters mean 8.21 7.54 1.40 0.163 0.016 0.032 0.84 0.449 0.031 Xinghua minimum 8.02 6.22 0.70 0.025 0.017 0.0063 0.34 0.336 0.046 Bay maximum 8.27 6.35 0.98 0.18 0.020 0.0096 0.74 0.562 0.077 mean 8.18 6.32 0.90 0.10 0.018 0.0077 0.55 0.436 0.053 Meizhou minimum 7.97 5.50 0.55 0.004 0.004 0.01 0.8 1.1 0.00 Bay maximum 8.32 9.15 4.93 0.591 0.130 0.07 3.4 5.0 0.39 ______=mean 8.23 7.45 1.58 0.106 0.021 0.03 1.7 2.2 0.14 Dagang minimum 8.09 5.77 0.58 0.156 0.007 0.0001 I Bay maximum 8.13 6.59 0.98 0.134 0.021 0.0014 mean 8.12 5.08 0.73 0.059 0.012 0.0007 _ _ Quanzhou minimum 7.73 5.53 0.78 0.156 0.003 0.003 1.2 1.3 0.00 Bay maximum 8.32 8.30 3.84 0.943 10.049 0.04 4.7 7.8 0.62 mean 8.11 7.00 2.02 0.464 0.024 0.02 2.4 4.9 0.03 YXiamen minimum 7.90 5.02 0.65 0.194 0.020 0.02 0.7 0.9 0.00 Bay maximum 8.02 7.26 2.48 0.447 0.090 0.04 3.9 15.7 0.73 |_____ |mean 7.96 6.16 1.46 0.329 0.053 0.03 1.4 3.2 0.13 Dongshan minimum 8.02 3.50 0.80 0.034 0.001 0.002 0.8 1.0 0.00 Bay maximum 8.44 6.68 2.31 0.189 0.078 0.03 6.2 6.3 3.3 ______lmean 8.23 5.13 1.07 0.105 |0.012 0.02 1.7 2.7 0.3 1.3.4 Sediment dynamic * Rongcheng Bay of Shangdong province Size of sediments is getting finer and finer regularly from bank to the sea in Rongcheng Bay . Most parts of sediment of mariculture area are silt and mud, the others are sand ,rock and reef. 1] * Ten bays of Fujian province The sediment styles in the ten bays of Fujian are different . Table 1.3-7 gives the sediment styles of the ten bays . Among them, powdered sand- clay is the most main distribution style in these bays. Table 1.3-7 Sediment styles of Ten Bays of Fujian Name of bay sediment style Shacheng powdered sand-clay,pebble,top-middle sand, middle-top sand,pebble-clay and sand-pebble etc. Funing powdered sand-clay,sand-pebble, clay-powdered sand, middle-top sand, sand-powdered sand-clay,ect. Sandu pebble,top sand top-middle sand, fine sand, clay-sand, sand-clay,sand- powdered sand-clay, pebble-sand-clay, clay-powdered sand and powdered sand-clay etc Pingtan |pebble,top sand, middle-top sand,middle sand, sand,clay-sand,sand- powder-clay,clay-powdered sand and powdered-clay Xinghua pebble, pebble-sand, middle-top sand, top-middle sand, sand, fine sand, powdered sand-sand, middle-sand, pebble-sand-powderde sand, powdered sand, sand-powered sand-clay, clay-powdered sand and podered sand-clay, pebble-powdered sand-clay Meizhou pebble,top sand, middle-top sand, sand, middle-fine sand , fine sand, powdered sand-sand, clay-sand, powdered sand-clay and sand-powdered sand-clay etc. Dagang Quanzhou top sand, middle-top sand, middle sand ,middle-fine sand, fine sand, sand, sand-powdered sand-clay, clay-powdered sand and powdered sand-clay. Xiamen sand-pebble, pebble-powdered sand, clay-pebble-sand, top sand, middle- top sand, middle-fine sand, sand, powdered sand-sand, clay-sand, sand- powdered sand-clay, clay-powdered sand and powdered sand-clay. Dongshan sand-pebble, middle-top sand, middle sand, middle-fine sand, fine sand, sand, pebble-clay sand, powdered sand-sand ,clay-sand, clay-powdered sand, powdered sand -clay, sand-powdered sand-clay. 1.3.5 Biological dynamic The N and P contents are higher in the pollutants discharged by the net cage mariculture. It often results in flourishing of phytoplankton in the surrounding area of net cage mariculture and sometimes brings out red tide. It is important to know the quantity, distribution and dominant species of phytoplankton in the mariculture area. 2 A great quantity of zooplankton reproduced may control the fast increasing of phytoplankton and eliminate red tide. However, zooplankton is more sensitive to environmental change, so the pollutants such as H2S NH4, etc. produced by net cage mariculture may often limit its growth. Net cage mariculture may largerly influence on the sedimentary environment. The deposit of remanent feed and feces may cause the increase of sulphide and decrease of Oxygen in the sediments. It will influence the growth of benthos. The number of bacteria and colon bacillus is usually higher in the area seriously influenced by discharge of domestic sewage and mariculture waste water. It can make the mariculture organisms easily infected with various diseases. 'The distribution of fish egg and larva number is related to water quality. If the net cage mariculture influences on water quality,it will also influence on fish egg and larva number in the mariculture area. 0 Rongcheng Bay of Shandong province 3 The mean total cell number of phytoplankton is 57.74 x 14 ind./m in spring , in which the dominant species are Ditylum brightwellii Melosira sp. , Asterionella japonica , Chaetoceros affinis Skeletonema costatum, and Biddulphia sinnensis . The mean total cell number is 35.2 x mind/m3 in autumn, in which the dominant species are Asterionellajaponica, Chaetoceros affinis, Nitzschia paradoxa, coscinodicscus graniii leptocylindrus danicus etc. The primary productivity is 6.25 g/m2. Copepods are the dominant species of zooplankton, covering about 50% of total species of zooplankton, in which Calanus sinicus is the main species. There also exist sagitta crassa and the larva of other organisms. There are 250 species of organisms in the inter-tidal zone and the main economic species are Tegillarca granosa, Ruditapes philippinnarum Mactra chinensis, Solen sp., Ostrea sp., Sargassum fusiforme and sargassum thunbergii etc. * Ten Bays of Fujian province The quantity , distribution and dominant species of phytoplankon zooplankton and benthos in the mariculture bays of Fujian province are listed in Table 1.3-8, 1.3-9 and 1.3-10, respectively. The total number of bacteria and colon bacillus is listed in Table 1.3-11 and the species number and biomass of swimming organisms, fish egg and 13 larva are listed in Table 1.3-12. Table 1.3-8 The quantity, distribution and dominant species of phytoplankton in the mariculture bays of Fijian province Name of number Cell quantity Seasonal bay of ( 10 3 ind./m3 ) distribution Dominant species species range annual mean of quantity Funing 40-2360 893.0 peakin springand lowin Nitzschia paradoxa,Skeletonema autumn and winter costatuum Sandu 124 10-440 175.0 peak in spring and low in Skeletonema costalum,nitzschia winter paradoxa Pingtan 148 31- 11142.2 peakin springand lowin Bacillaria paradoxa, Thalassiothrix 42050 Nwinter franuenfeldii,Skeletonema costatunr,Asterionellajaponica Xinghua 120 20-8700 608.3 peak in spring and low in Bacillaria paradoxa Rhizosolenia .______.______autumnand winter stvliformis Meizhou 155 30- 14836.0 peak in spring and low in Bacillaria paradoxa, Rhizosolenia 55480 summerand autumn styliformis,Chaerocerosdenticulatus, Lauderiadanicus Dongshan 211 167.9- 4234.3 peak in spring and Skeletonemacost atumm, ______15862.5_autumn. lowin winter Chaeroceroslorenzianus Table 1.3-9 The quantity, distribution and dominant species of zooplankton in the mariculture bays of Fujian Name of Number Biomass Seasonal distribution of ( x103ind/m3) Dominant species bay species range annual of biomass mean Shacheng 70 25.7-60.3 46.9 peak in autumn, and Labidoceta euchaeta, Calcnus lowin Nov.andDec. Scinicuspseudeuphausia Scinica Funing 107 -163.5 peak in summer and Euchaeta concinna, Lensia low in winter Subtiloides,Calanus Sinicus Sandu 91 81.9-169.8 116.5 peak in spring and Brachyura zoea Laroap autumn, and low in Pseueuphausia Sinica, Lensia winter Subtiloides Pingtan 164 123.8 peak in summer and Sagitta nagae, Calanus Scinicus, low in winter Euchaetaconcinna Xinghua 57 157.4 peak in autumn and low Psedednphausia scinica, Cclanus winter_ scinicus,Euchaeta concinna Meizhou 105 84.9-111.3 94.9 peak in summer and Brachyrua Zoea Larva, Euchaeta low in other seasons Concinna,Calanus Sinicus Dagang 76 443.7-1158.3780.1 peak in summer and Acrocalanusgibber,Sagittaenflata, lowin other seasons Acartia pacifica Quanzhou 82 23.0-1205.2 167.0 peak in summer and Acartia pacifica. Paracalanus low in otherseasons parvus, Pseudodiaptomusmarinus Xiamen 105 62.0-137.0 100.8 peak in autumn and low Acartia pacifica, Tortanus in otherseasons derjugini,Pleurobrachia globosa Dongshan 167 70:5-242.9 166.7 peak in sumnner and Euchoeta Concinna,Sagitta nagae, low in winter Lensiasubtiloides 14 Table 1.3-10 The quantity, distribution and dominant species of benthos in the mariculture bays of Fujian Name of Number Biomass Density Seasonal distribution of (mg/r 3 ) (ind/m2) Dominant species bays species range mean range mean of biomass Shancheng 102-66.1 36.9 30-118 57 peak in autumn and low Crustacean in biomass ______in winter polvchaeta in density Funing 233 25.8-51.5 43.3 109-169 136 biomass peak in summer, I density peak in winter Sandu 311 6.8-26.0 12.5 46-135 88 Pingtan 458 6.8-17.1 14.2 221-278 246 peak in summer Meizhou 269 5.6-160 9.4 78-110 10 peak in summer and low ______in winter Xinghua 245 15.1-85.2 44.2 124-912 338 density peak in spring Musculista senhausia Quanzhou 162 9.5 102 1 Xiamen 698 59.5 255 . Dongshan 349 15.5-29.8 23.8 109-281 192 Table 1.3-11 Total number of bacteria and colon bacillus in the mariculture bays of Fujian Name of Total number of Total number of colon bacterium(l 08 ind/L) bacillus(ind/L) bays range mean range mean Funing 3.4-4.9 4.1 <30-150 49 Sandu 2.9-5.9 4.4 <30-430 157 Pingtan 3.6-25.5 11.1 <30-750 130 Xinghua 5.3-25.6 12.4 30-24000 3365 Meizhou 5.2-25.1 14.9 <30-9300 438 Dongshan 5.2-25.4 13.5 <30-930 183 Table 1.3-12 The species number and biomass of swimming organisms, fish egg and larva in the mariculture bays of Fujian Name of Number Mean biomass Mean biomass Fish egg and arva bays of (kg/net.hour) (indlnet.hour) number mean number o mean number of species - of species egg (ind/M2) larva (ind/m2 ) Shacheng resourcedensitv resourcedensity 411.52kg/km 2 42974ind/km2 Funing 136 13.17 10038 26 2.0 Sandu 203 1.77 1203 28 0.3 Pingtan 87 7.93 1240 19 29.1 <10 Xinghua 158 31.61 9039 9 9.3 16.4 Meizhou 96 9.91 2431 22 10.5 <10 Quanzhou resource density resource density 663.79kg/km2 147298ind1kn2 Xiamnen resource density resource density 2 2 585.77kg/km 105932ind/km' . Dongshan 181 31.22 3218 19 26.1 14.3 15 1.3.6 Potential pollution sources and pollutants * Rongcheng Bays of Shandong province There are 21 villages in the coastal area along the mariculture sea area with a total population of 20,000 people in which 12,000 people are engaged in fishery production. There are 35 factories of villages and towns including small-size aquatic product processing factories, hatchery farms and net factories in the coastal area. The main pollution sources are domestic sewage discharged from the coastal residential area and the industrial waste water discharged by the above-motioned factors and the main pollutants are organic pollutants. All of the coastal rivers are short and small seasonal rivers, their lengths generally only 3-6km. Small-scale reservoirs are built at the upper of the rivers .The run-off of these rivers only appear in summer with lower flow and carry some pollutants into the bay in rainy season, but the influenced range is smaller and can not threaten the mariculture area. * Ten Bays of Fujian province The potential pollution sources in Funing, Pingtan and Dagang Bays mainly are the domestic sewage and mariculture waste water discharged by surrounding villages and towns. The pollutants mainly are organics. Because the mouths of these bays are wide and water-change are strong, the pollutants discharged will not influence on net cage mariculture. The potential pollution sources in Shacheng, Dongshan, Quanzhou and Xinghua Bays mainly are industrial waste discharged by some villages, factories and joint-venture factories such as dyeing house, sugar plant chemical factory. The main pollutants are COD, phenol and heavy metals, etc. In addition ,the waste water of mariculture and domistic sewage are also important sources of pollution which may certainly influence on these bays. The area of net cage mariculture in Meizhou bay is located nearby the releasing point of waste water and oil wharf of Fujian oil refinery. The oil content in the surrounding waters is often over the standard of fisherywater quality. A few accidents of oil spilling have occurred in this bay. The expansion project of Fujian oil refinery is just under planning and the discharge quantity of pollutants is expected to increase largely. Thus ,the development of net cage mariculture in this bay should be carefully considered. The net cages had better be set in the waters east of Huiyu where is far from the releasing point of waste water of Fujian oil refinery. A few rivers flow into Sandu Bay with various pollutants. A large quantity of untreated waste water discharged from villages and factories are directly released into Sandu Bay, which has been impairing the environmental quality of the Bay .At present the oil content has exceeded the standard of fishery water quality. The water quality in.Sandu Bay will become worse with the increase of pollutants year by year. 16 The west sea area of Xiamen is main area into where the industrial waste water and domestic sewage of Xiamen city and Xinling industrial region are released. The water quality has been much bad now and it will be becoming worse and worse with the continuous increase of population and factories. 1.4 Assessmentof Environmentalimnpact on surroundingenvironment of net cage mariculture 1.4.1 Change of water quality * Rongcheng Bay of Shandong province The present water quality of mariculture area is good and belongs to the first category of sea water quality standard .Net cage mariculture will have some impacts on the surrounding waters to a certain extent. The main factors of impacts on water quality caused by net cage mariculture are remanent diet and fish excrements. Frozen block diet is intended to use for feeding Palichthys olivaceus, which can float on the sea surface for a certain time waiting for the fish to catch, so the remanent diet is very little, generally about 5%. The daily feeding amount is 20kg per net cage ,so about lkg of remanent diet, will sink to the sea bottom of mariculture area each net cage perday.The diet efficiency of fish is about 20-40%, so that the total fish excretion of one net cage will be about 11.4-15.2kg. Thus, about 4.8-6.1kg organics will sink to the sea bottom from one net cage and the amount of organics sedimented will be about 46-58g/m2 per day. The sedimentary organics will be decomposed gradually and it will result in the increase of nutrition, consumption of DO, algae proliferation and even eutrophication of water body in serious circumstances. The planned mariculture area is located in an open bay with relatively high velocity of oceanic and tidal current and good water change .There are over 4400 ha. of sea area which can be developed and utilized. At present, only the mariculture of 3,780 net cages is planned, which occupies 397 ha. of sea area covering only 9% of sea area utilized. According to the tidal current character of this area, if marine mixed diffusion is not considered, the remanent diet and excretions will make the increase of organic content about lmg/L except the sedimentaries. It will not result in water quality exceeding the first category of marine water quality together with the background concentration. When considering daily transporation distance of 2.6-4.3km produced by the residual current (generaly 0.3-0.5 cm/s)and strong tidal mixture, the water with high organic concentration can be moved out the mariculture area .Therefore, the planned mariculture scale will affect the water environment lightly and will not lead to the water quality exceeding the first standard. 17 * Ten Bays of Fujian province In the process of net cage mariculture ,remanent diet and fish excrements are discharged into the surrounding sea area .Among them, the soluble part is directly into the sea water, while the insolubles, some organisms, sink to the sea bottom. The main items influenced on water quality in net cage mariculture are S$, BOD, COD, DO, N, P. pH, H2S, NH4 etc. It is estimated that 8.34 tons of remanent diet and fish excrements will be. discharged into the sea area per ton of fish maricultured . It will make the sea area to increase 251.4kg N and 33.7kg P. According to the project of net cage mariculture in Fujian ,the mariculture may produce 9,965 metric ton of fish and 83,148 metric ton of remanent diet and fish excrements (calculating on wet weight)which may produce 2,505.21 metric ton N and 335.84 metric ton P . When these pollutants are discharged into the mariculture areas, it will certainly cause pollution of the bays but not in serious condition, because the original water quality is good and tidal current is strong with bigger water depth. But in some bays where the original water quality has been worse and tidal current is weak with shallower water depth it may cause serious influence on these bays such as Xiamen Bay. 1.4.2 Change of hydrodynamic (water current and tidal action) The sizes of the proposed net cage are 5m x 5m x 5m and 2m x 2m x 2m, which may have a resistance to sea water flow and reduce the current velocity in net cage area. Based on calculation by half -experienced formula and the size of net mesh and twine, the current velocity will reduce 40-50% in mariculture area, but the current velocity in the bilateral and at the bottom area will increase .The mariculture areas usually only cover no more than 5% of total area of a bay, so that the tidal current field and tidal process will not be changed by net cage mariculture. 1.4.3 Change of sediment dynamic The insolubles in remanent diet and fish excrements sink to the sea bottom in the process of net cage mariculture, which may influence on the sedimentary environment quality ,usually 80% of remanent diet and fish excrements enter the sea water and 20% of them sink to the bottom. The decomposing velocity of pollutants sunk to the bottom is very slow, so they are accumulated unceasingly, and result in the change of sedimentary environment .The decomposition of sedimentary organics may consume a great deal of DO and result in the reduction of DO in the bottom mud and the increase of sulphide which may directly threaten the survival of benthos and cause the change of benthic population Lack of 02 and the increase of sulphide may imperil fishes and shellfishes living at the sea bottom. 18 The accumulation degree of remanent diet and fish excrements on the sea bottom under the net cage is related to following factors i.e., total content of pollutants, the characteristic at surface of sea bottom: water depth and tidal current velocity. The diffusion distance of remanent diet and fish excrements can be calculated based on the following formula: d=DxG/V where d - diffusion distance D - water depth V - sinking velocity of particulates C, - current velocity Usually, the sinking matters produced by net cage mariculture are distributed in ellipse along the tidal current direction at the center of net cage. 40-70% of total sinking matters are just under the net cage. The sinking pollutants in the scope of 25m radius at the center of net cage make up 90% of the total sink in pollutants . Almost all sinking pollutants are distributed in the scope of 50m radius. Of course, the distribution scope of sinking pollutants is positive relationship with current velocity and water depth. The deeper the water depth at the position of net cage is, the larger and the distributional scope and the smaller the sink in thickness will be. When tidal current velocity is larger, the distribution scope becomes wider. The positions of net cage in this project are chosen in the area where the water depth is more than 8m and the maximum tidal current velocity is about 30cm/s. It may increase the distribution scope of sinking pollutants and decrease the sinking thickness. Thus, it may improve the self-purification capacity and lighten the pollution of net cage mariculture on sedimentary environment . 1.4.4 Others The organic pollutants caused by net cage mariculture may also influence on the biological community, especially the benthic animal community. The biological monitoring on organic pollution has shown that the pollution at 0 m aparting from net cage is seious, the medium pollution at lOm aparting from net cage, transitional zone at 30m, the light pollution at 60m and normal zone beyond 60m. Therefore, the impact of net cage mariculture on benthic biological community is restricted in the area under the net cage and adjacent area ,which is a very small area comparing with the whole bay. Net cage mariculture will not bring negative impact on benthic eco-system in the most-bays. 19 1.5 Impact of environmental conditions oni net cage mariculture 1.5.1 Impact of surrounding water environment on net cage mariculture There is no other aquatic culture in Rongcheng Bay of Shandong Province at present and it is mainly a natural sea area, so the surrounding water environment has no any negative impact on mariculture. In the bays of Fujian,except the west sea area of Xiamen and Quanzhou Bay, where the water quality has.become bad. If the amount and location of net cage mariculture are considered impraperly, they may produce inadvantageous impacts on the net cage mariculture. The water environmental qualities in other bays are basically good and they will not produce negative influence on net cage mariculture. 1.5.2 Impact of urban sewage discharge on net cage mariculture * Rongcheng Bay of Shangdong Province There are only 20,000 people living in the coastal zone of this area ,so the amount of domestic sewage discharge is very small. The organic waste water discharged by 35 small-size enterprises of coastal town and village which are widely spreaded is also very small. Moreover, it is not directly discharged into the net cage mariculture area, so it does not produce obvious impact on the net cage mariculture. 3 Ten Bays of Fujian Province The contents of BOD, COD, heavy metals and oils in urban sewage are higher. The mariculture area of net cage must be far from discharging points of industrial waste water and domestic sewage in order to avoid suffering influence. According to the planning of net cage mariculture in Fujian, most of mariculture areas are in compliance with the requirements of mariculture, but there are three mariculture areas where exist some problems. I. The west sea area of Xiamen admits about 85% of industrial waste water and domestic sewage of Xiamen city and Xingling industrial zone. Thus, it is considered that this area should not continue developing net cage mariculture. II. The mariculture area of Meizhou Bay locates nearby the discharging point of Fujian oil refinery. Based on the recent investigating results, the oil content in this area has exceeded the first category standard of sea water quality. Oil spilling accidents possibily occur, and the mariculture.fish will suffer from death by oil pollution. Thus, it is considered that the area where it is close to the oil wharf and discharging point of oil refinery is not proper to develop the net cage mariculture. III. Shacheng Bay is long and narrow. The pollutants discharged by Fuding county and neighbouring county are driven slowly to the outside of bay. Thus, it is considered that the area nearby the end of bay is not suitable to develop the net cage mariculture. 20 1.5.3 Impact of runoff on net cage mariculture The species of net cage mariculture in the project are oceanic fish except Japanese seabass. If salinity is too low , the growth of fish will be retarded. Thus, the position of net cage should be far from the mouth of rivers. The rivers flowing into the mariculture area of Rongcheng Bay of Shandong Province are of short-range ones with 3-6km long. Small runoff only appears in rainy season in summer: Although there is no investigating data ,it is certain that the runoff will not affect the mariculture because the salinity of coastal sea water is higher and the yearly salinity change is very low (only 0.5 %o) However, in Fujian there are two mariculture areas which are close to the mouth of river; one is the mariculture area of Sandu Bay and the other the mariculture area of Xinghua Bay. These two locations should be adjusted otherwise only eurysalinity fish of Japanese seabass can be cultured . 1.6 Suggestions and counter-measures 1.6.1 Selection and establishment of different ecological mariculture models. The ecosystem of shallow water area has stereo-spatial character and food relationship between organisms at different layers. If different cultural methods are adopted (for example space mariculture with multi-species and multi- layers) , it may not only fully utilize the ecological environment and cultural facilities, but also create good life habitat for organisms and give full play to productive potentiality of shallow water area. Rongcheng Bay has favorable environmental conditions ,such as wide of open mouth, good water exchange, high and stable salinity, fewer runoff, etc. Therefore, the best cultural model in this area is the space cultivation of Paralichthys olivaceus,Holothuria sp. and Laminaria japonica. The concrete measures may be adopted as follows ,Parallichthys olivaceus is single cultured in cages, Holothuria sp. is one of the famous and precious aquatic products in this area for the plentiful resource , sufficient non-seasonal fry offering. Holothuria sp. is benthic omnivorous animal which can absorb and decompose the remanent diet and feces subsided in the cage and need not other diet. The culture of Holothuria sp. will play the role of biological purification and improve the utilizing rate of diet and economic efficiency. The cuiture of Lami7?ariajapontica is set in the east area of Rongcheng bay, and it can not only prevent big wave and ensure the safety of cage, but also absorb the surplus of N and P and keep good water quality and prevent eutrofication. In the mariculture areas of Fujian ,it is suggested that the net cage mariculture models are alternatively carried on with shellfish and algae. Such a space cultivation with multi-species and multi-layers can not only clear up the influences caused by the net cage mariculture, but also keep ecological balance. It is a peculiar and effective ecological mariculture model. 21 1.6.2 Improvement of diet and feeding types in mariculture Previously ,the food for net cage mariculture such as fresh small fish was placed into the cages directly and then rapidly subsided. Actually only a little was fed. It easily caused waste and water pollution. Now frozen food pieces are adopted .They are easy to store and place into the cages .This kind of feeds can float and stay on the water surface for a period of time, therefore it can be easily fed to fish. They may be mixed with some medicines and other things based on the demands .The utilization rate can be as high as 95%, which will greatly reduce the degree of pollution caused by the remanent diet in the water body and sediments. For the cage mariculture in large scale the ideal feeds should be made of tasty diets according to the growth requirement. The diameter of diet pillet should be smaller than the size of fish mouth, so that fish can easily takes them. The food amount should be determined by feeding amount of fish. Normaly, the daily diet should be 5- 6% of the weight of fish. Feeding manner at present in the net cage mariculture is by manual feeding. It is suggested that daily feeding times can be flexible and adjusted based on the demand of fish growing. The automatic feeding instead of manual feeding . 1.6.3 Fisheries environmental monitoring and pollution control Fisheries environmental monitoring and pollution control are the environmental management to prevent and lessen the impact of the project on environment. In order to develop the mariculture health fully and to utilize sustainable coastal resources, it is essential to establish some special fishery environmental monitoring stations in the mariculture areas. These monitoring stations have been listed in the coastal zone management project. The fishery environmental monitoring stations should have corresponding technical staffs, monitoring facilities and equipment and draw up the detailed monitoring plan. The monitoring items may include water quality, sediment quality, marine organisms, some hydrological and meteorological factors as well as some virus, pathogenic bacteria and parasite if necessary. The monitoring plan should comprise routine, temporary ,emergency monitoring and environmental status investigation which is coordinated with scientific research and administrative law enforcement. The fishery environmental monitoring will play an important role in preventing and controlling marine pollution and preventing aquatic diseases as well as improving yield and quality of aquatic products. It is suggested that the following counter-measures for controlling the pollution of fishery environment should be taken: I. To divide the coastal areas into different environmental functional districts and to formulate the developing and utilizing program of fishery areas according to the function and environmental protection objects of the areas 22 II. To determine the cultural capacity based on the environment and resource characters of the area, and to choose suitable cultpral organisms which have strong adaptability, easy culture and little impact on environment. III. To strengthen the scientific research and to approach scientific cultural model and method , especially in developing the research on cultural ecological mode, so as to guide the cultivation scientifically and quantitatively. IV. To perfect the law and standard system of cultural environment management and to enhance the managing level of cultural environment. 1.6.4 Biological treatment If the organic waste in sediments under the cages has greatly influenced on yield, -the waste should be removed or the net cage should be removed to a new location. It is suggested to use large funnel-shaped collector which may be hung under the cage and to use a pump to stir up the waste in the mud. The experimental results show that the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus can be reduced by 15-20% using this method. Meanwhile, 45% of solid waste can be cleared. Submersible electric stirring machines have been applied to disperse the wastes in some countries, and it may reduce 60-75% of the sediment with 40 cm thickness. However, it may bring disadvantageous impact on environment and organism. If the sediment environment is seriously polluted, a method of pouring lime white into bottom can be used, and it makes lime white cover on the surface of bottom and form a protecting layer. It may reduce the harm of sediment environment pollution to mariculture. It is suggested that the net cage should be removed to a new site after 3-5 years of culture, and it can solve the organic pollution of sediment thoroughly. The sediments at the old site can be treated by ploughing , paving sand, etc. 23 JilDeli t t--W X V S S a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Zejaing Iroyi0ce proyince Tu\ IngS fCdyuntr\y r / t < \ | Yrl lo~~~~~~60Nt Crakge Cul ture o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~cokranyd ea .. | . \ < . v X~~~~~~~~~~~~~City ~ ~~iDgdC100OWNt e Cge Cult-areof | | < < \ 46~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Net Cage Culture o J ~~~~~~~~FujianProvince %hu it / 5 _/- B~~~~~~~~~~~~Citys / ~ 60Nt~~uqiog Cge Culture of | _/~~~~ > ~~~~6600| Net Cage Culture of Porgy, / Yelow I croaker and Porgy . C i / X~~~~~elow croaker an.d Sea b?Lss | < \s ~~6400Net Cage Cuilture of porgy,\\ Yellow croaker and Yellow tail t > . \ ) \ > bar^ou City 1\2 1800BONet Cage Culture \ \ \ T ~~~Totgaa.coutty - <0o Porgy. 4\ > <~~~~~~~~~~~~oSea bassa U tgp: Cott OO0 Net Cage Culture of Porgy, . / < Y~~~~~~~~ellowrcroaker and Sea bass | t ia/Coucty Zb,CO,. °> I s 6600 Net Cage Culture of Porgy. D0J S - i Gus:gooyUcK |Yellow croaker and.Sea. fass * Fig 1.1-1 SKETCH MAP OF THE CONTINUOUSLYEXPLOITING ITEM AREA OF THE COASTALRESOURCES IN FUJIAN PROVINCE-Net Cage Mariculture - ~~24 - 7 -7 O \ r-.,-t/ .2Oh\S , * -{ rS D ; 9 r > ~ t_v:-, [.1^ ~fiLiiiA4l <- e& i§tth° / Chengshanwei / i¢ °&-2on gRcilSeCngBay t ' 0Mt;>iz .\ - '' 9 0E> ''FQF ^, \ 0 cages l530~ BSFt4%ei- t IS:;01530cages Madac A X 4 5 0~~~~~~~450cagest IN t ;5*; @-FEv z 8 \4'fc- 0 i Xutoshan (AiuBa -~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 0~~~~01 Fig. 1-11The Distribution of Net Cage in Weihai City 23 2. Environment Impact Assessment on Prawn Pond Reconstruction and Hatchery 2.1 General situation of prawn pond reconstruction and hatchery 2.1.1 Site, scale, area and distribution The project for planed prawn pond reconstruction is distributed at 14 sites, of which there are 11 sites along the coast of Fujian Province ( Fig.2.1.1),one site in Rushan city , Shandong Province ( Fig.2.1.2),one site in Yingkou city , Liaoning Province ( Fig.2.1.3).The reconstructed prawn ponds in this project will occupy 1,074 ha. of which there are 750 ha. in Fujian Province, 150 ha. in Wehai city , Shandong Province and 173 ha. in Yingkou city , Liaoning Province., The distribution, size and site of prawn pond reconstruction project are shown in Table 2.1 and the layout of the prawn pond reconstruction is shown in Fig.2.1.4. 24 marine water hatcheries with total area of 46,700 m2 will be built in this plan , of which there are 12 hatcheries with an area of 12,940 m2 in Fujian province,5 hatcheries with an area of 9,800 m2 in Nantong city,Jiangsu province, 4 hatcheries with an area of 11,000 m2 in Weihai city, Shandong province and 3 hatcheries with an area of 13,000 m2 in Yingkou city, Liaoning province. The distribution of hatcheries in provinces is shown in Table 2.2. Table 2.1The distribution of prawn pond that returns to production in this project Region Site Size Cultured Percent area % Ningde Southeast of inner bay of 13 570 22.8 region Shandu bay 0 Fuzhou North coast of inner bay of 9 762.67 11.8 Fuqing bay and Fuwan 0 Fujian reclamation area in Pingtan province county Putian Outside of Xinghua bay, North 13 770.5 16.9 coast of Weizhou bay 0 Quanzho East coast of Weitou bay and 13 u Weizhou bay 0 Xiamen Northeast coast of Tong-an 70 814 8.6 bay Zhang- Jiuzhen bay,Fotan bay and 20 289 69.2 zhou Zhao-an bay 0 Total 75 3206.1 23.4 _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~ 7_ ~ ~_ ~~~~~~0_ Shandong Weihai Northeast of Rushankou bay 15 province 0 Liaoning Yingkou Erdaogou township, south of 17 province Laobian district, Yingkou 3 Table 2.2 List of hatchery project 26 Table 2.2 List of hatchery project Region Site Area of Breeding species Number hatchery /year M2 . (million) Chengnanguizhi, 1200 Large yellow croaker 10 Ningde Bantou township, 1400 Genuine porgy 10 Putian Fuj ian Shijingzhidong, 1400 Genuine porgy 10 province Nanan Nongjiao bay, 1400 Yellowtail amberjack 4 Touhai Aotou, Tongan 600 Large yellow croaker 4.5 Zhuyu, Zhangpu 800 Sea bass 5 Hengyu, zhang 900 Seeds of swimming crab Larvae 20, bay,Ningde Juvenile crab 20 Gutongkeng, 480 Arca 550 Xiapu Liushuihoutian, 480 Pacific oyster 2.16 strings Pingtan Pinghai, Putian 3000 Arca 1440 Huli, Xiamen 480 Arca 620 Qianting, Zhangpu 800 Arca 1000 Salt farm, Qidong 4000 Globe fish, Large yellow 0.56 and croaker 1.92 Nangtong Sanjia, Qidong 800 Chinese mitten handed 720Kg City crab Yaowan port, 2000 Arca 11 Tongzhou Lingyang 2000 Mud crab 3.4 reclamation area, Rudong Yingkou Sidaogou, Xishi 4500 Seeds of Shellfish, 400, 200Kg, city, district, Yingkou Swimming crab and Mullet Liaoning city province Yaogou village, 4500 Chinese mitten handed 1200Kg Shuiyan town, crab Dashiqiao city Gouyan town, 4000 Chinese mitten handed 1200Kg Dashiqiao city crab Weihai city, Mashan, 2300 Flat fish 1.04 Shangdong Rongcheng province Mashan, 2200 Flat fish 0.96 Rongcheng Jingzitou 200 Turbot Jingzitou 2500 Abalone Jingzitou 2000 Sea cucumber 2.1.2 Program of prawn pond reconstruction and main technology 27 This project will carry out whole technical transformation for existed prawn ponds and their fitted facilities based on drawing an experience and a lesson at home and abroad in prawn farming, combine Thailand model with national situation and local condition and according tb latest disease preventive technique in prawn culture. The concrete plan is as follows: reforming the prawn ponds from large one to small one, the rectangular to the square, the shallow to the deep, the extensive culture to the intensive culture, monoculture to polyculture and adopting an ecological farming model. In reconstructed prawn ponds semi-closed and recycled inside farming way is adopted. The water from outside sea or the waste water discharged from the prawn ponds goes into the water purifying ponds to sediment and be purified biologically for more than 72 hours. Then the water is put into the water disposing ponds to precipitate and be sterilized. After all of these procedures, the water can be put into the prawn ponds for use. The reconstruction plan of prawn pond with an area of 2 ha ( Tong-an model) in Fujian province is shown in Fig.2.1.5. Former prawn pond Prawn pond Inlet channel e -nlet channel AIM ,', . Storcwater pond 4600 ; Dike l 100 -b 2M .5 200M Formerprawn pon( --. rawnpon dPwn p nd 7200M 2 7200M2 7M , LJ;L- 4,1 l Dike section t ' Outlet channel _ _ Outlet channel FrormepraLvn pond| |Prawn pond I t Prawn pond before reconstruction Prawn pond after reconstruction Fig.2.1.5 A sketch map for the reconstruction plan of prawn pond with an area of 2 ha. * Engineering Remove 0.05m silts,(2) dig in 0.1m,(3) build up a store water pond with an area of 4600m2,(4) construct 2 prawn ponds with an area of 7200m2,(5) construct a 250m dike ,(6)build up newly a sluice gate with 0.8m in width,(7) a management house with an area of 12m2. * Order additional equipment 28 One 20 HP diesel engine, one 15KW pump, 6 X long arm waterwheel aerator driven by a 3HP diesel engine ( one/02-0.3ha) and two wood boats (one/prawn pond). The reconstruction plan of prawn pond with an area of 3.33ha.( Pingtan model) in Fujian province is shown in Fig.2.1.6. Former prawn pon Prawn pond ItI I I It I e-- l - Inlet channel *-- Inlet channel IM Store water pond 80 2 Dike l1 4- 100-/ 2M :1.5 333.33 v1Former prawn pond | Prawn pon P n pon 10,00CM2 10,00CM2 7M _I Dike section 2 -O Outlet channel Jufi'g_P°d3 0d M 7ZThirpr p+nJn I Outlet channel Prawn pond It Prawn pond before reconstruction Prawn pond after reconstruction Fig.2.1.6 A sketch map for the reconstruction plan of prawn pond with an area of 3.3 ha. • Engineering Remove 0.05m silts,(2) dig in 0.1m,(3) build up a store water pond with an area of 8000m2,(4) construct 2 prawn ponds with an area of 10000m2,in each ,(5) construct a water purifying pond with an area of 3700m 2',(6) construct 2 sluice gates with 0.8m in width,(7) build up 408 m dike,(8) build up a management house with an area of 12 i 2. * Order additional equipment One 20HP diesel engine, one 15KW pump;(2) 8 X long arm waterwheel aerator driven by a 3HP diesel engine; (3) Two small wood boats. * Renovation of river course in the saltwater river basin in Weihai city, Shandong province The transformation of saltwater river basin is to increase ecological purification effect in river course and fully play a superiority in smaller prawn pond and adhere intensive culture and create a polyculture of prawn, fish and shellfish in a pond. 29 A. The river course with an area of 200 ha. can be utilized continuously as a store water pond. B. The community structure of hydrophyte is optimized artificially in the river course. It needs to provide salvaging vessels along the different parts of the saltwater river. The salvaging vessels are used for salvaging silk ribbon algae constantly from April to July so as to prevent its breeding and spread, which lead to mosses death in large scale .Over salvaging will loss mosses which has purifying water ability between June and July. It is necessary to prevent it from rotting on the spot and ruining water quality. C. It needs to provide 8 salvaging vessels and necessary affiliated facilities on whole river section. D. To carry out research and utilization for the salvaged hydrophyte. In order to ensure a certain density of intensive culture and control flexibly E. The inlet and outlet of prawn pond and closed culture and properly convert it so as to ensure stable water quality during the closed period, it is planed to install aerators in total 200 prawn ponds with 4.5kw or7.5kw /ha. It is required to arrange the bottom of prawn ponds so as to create a condition for polyculture of prawn ,fish and shellfish. Reconstruction model of prawn pond along the coasts of Shandong province and Liaoning province When a large pond is converted into small ponds the ability of self purification and sterilization is increased. The conversion system in which a pond is divided into two or three ponds has been established in order to culture prawn and shellfish separately and keep higher intensive culture for prawn, meanwhile it also improves the discharged water quality. (A) The part of large and rectangular prawn ponds is divided into two ponds, of which one is used for water quality regulating as precipitation pond and the other is used for polyculture of prawn and shellfish. Before reconstructioF Sea water Prawnculture pond Afterreconstruction Sea wtantpond Culturepon 30 (B) The prawn pond with relatively longer and narrow is divided into three ponds, of which the first one is used for water quality regulating, the second is used for mixed culture of prawn and fish and the third is used for shellfish culture so as to improve the discharged water quality. (C) In order to adjust the improper system of inlet and outlet, it needs to excavate a new river course and install sluice gates with power facilities for separating between inlet-and outlet. (D) It is necessary to install aerators (4.5kw/ha) in order to keep higher stocking density and production level. 0 Culture plan In the reconstructed prawn ponds it takes prawn as major species and mixes with a certain amount of mullet and Tilapia, etc. It mainly adopts a biological purification method in the water purifying pond where a certain amount of Bastard halibut, Puffer, clam and Sinonovacula constricta, etc. There is one crop culture in the north part of China and two crops in Fujian province. Main technological process of prawn culture after reconstruction of prawn pond in the north part of China | Feedingh Cleaning Filling Stocking_l l and pnater prawn Sortipng Steriliz- pand tseedf or seeds m an. e. Harvesting of growout ing culture holding _ ~~~~~~culture _ cleaningsterilizng basicfoodfee imarketingtn WaFstewater is treated by biologyand dry_ The main technological process of prawn culture after reconstruction of prawn pond in Fujian province Reconstructed pond Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Return to prawn culture -cleaning -culturing - stocking -grow out -har-vest -cleaning sterilizing basic food feeding maintenance April May June, July, Aug Sep, Oct. For each pond, the sluice gates are installed at inlet and outlet in each and a screen is installed on the inlet sluice gate. Before stocking seeds the ponds must be cleaned and sterilized by bleaching powder and the sediments on the bottom will be removed and after the bottom being exposed to sun-shine and being sterilized the purified sea water will be 31 filled into the pond and fertilizers will be applied into pond so as to form natural food population and reproduce single cell algae. At the same time some Nereis sp. is put into the pond as food of prawn and to purify the bottom and consume residual food and detritus etc. After cleaning the pond, it is deepened to 2-2.5 m and aerators are installed. 225,000 health prawn seeds/ha. are stocked into the pond and it is not necessary to change water by the end of June and water change amount/day does not go beyond 5% after July in order to optimize and stabilize the ecological environment in prawn farming. The food for the prawn pond is composed of natural food in pond, good quality pellets and some fresh and living food. The completed nutritious pellet is mainly composed of fish meal, peanut cake, soybean cake,(being cooked),small shrimp, fish powder, trace elements, bonding agent and antibiotics, etc .The food coefficient is 2-3 and 80% of food can be taken in a rational feeding condition. This formulation can improve nutrition and increase ability to prevent prawn disease. The technological advantage of the reconstructed prawn pond accords with the requirement of advanced technique of prevention and treatment of prawn disease at present and it is easy to operate and manage .The deepened prawn pond with small area and installation of aerator can keep the environmental stability in prawn pond. The water purifying pond and disposing pond can prevent the spread of disease and the waste water that is biologically purified and treated by drugs can be recycled and used again .So only a little bit of waste water is discharged and it lessens the pollution to marine environment. 2.2 Engineering analysis on prawn pond reconstruction and hatchery 2.2.lEffluent amount, types of discharged waster water and pollutants, and properties in effluent * Main kinds of pollutants and amount in the engineering of prawn pond reconstruction According to the engineering analysis on two types of prawn pond reconstruction in Fujian province, the removed pollutants in the prawn pond reconstruction are silts from the former pond. The removed silts from pond is 500m3/ha.( 0.05 x 1000 );the total amount is 375,000m3 (750 x 500).Based on the monitoring results of bottom silts in the late of prawn farming for the demonstration regions of comprehensive prevention and 32 treatment of prawn disease in Dongban and Qianting,Zhangpu, Tongan,Xiamen in 1994,1995 and 1996 (a key project for prawn disease in National Eight Five Plan),the average content of sulphide is 74mg/kg. In addition, the research results concerned show that after 4 months rearing prawn the organic carbon content in the bottom silts will be up to 3.1%.Therefore, the amounts of sulphide and organism can be calculated to be 22.2 mt and 9,300mt respectively. Calculation method: = V,,x/X(1-WHO) X W 2 X1 Woc= V,, x 2000 x ( -WH,,,) x Woc In which Ws' ----Total amount of sulphide in removed silts( kg) Woc---- Total amount of organic carbon in removed silts (kg) Vlill---- Total volume of removed silts(m3) WH°O The moisture content of the dried silts ( % ) Ws'f --- The average sulphide content of the dried silts (mg/kg) Xoc---- The average organic carbon content of the dried silts (%) 2000 ----- Silt weight/m3 (kg) * The main kinds of pollutants and amount in the process of prawn farming There are not large scale industrial and living pollution around the reconstruction area of prawn ponds. According to a plan of pond which returned to culture after reconstruction and technological analysis, the pollutants from the prawn farming are . discharged water containing a large number of organic matters and nutrient salts. Its main expression shows the increase of contents of suspended substance (ss),BOD,COD,C,N,P. which may led to bloom of algae and result in poor air circulation in water and reduce dissolved oxygen content and deteriorate water quality, of which the organic matters are main pollutants in water discharged from pond. The pollutants exist in the form of solution, suspension and sedimentation in prawn pond and they are gradually decomposed, converted and utilized by the aquatic life. Finally the residues will be removed with discharged water and silts out of the semi-closed system in pond and go into environment. With aid of material balance method, The total nitrogen load is calculated at 60kg/t(prawn),135kg/ha/yr,phosphorus load is about 28kg/t (prawn), 63kg/ha/yr in the process of prawn farming. 33 Calculation method: Nitrogen load (T-N)= ( C X Nf - N b) X I O Phosphorus load ( T - P )= (Cx P f- P b ) X o Unit: kg/output (T) In which C: food coefficient (take 1.4) Nf: Nitrogen content in food ( 6.4%) N b: Mean nitrogen content in the body of prawn ( 2.96%) P Phosphorus content in food ( 2.2%) P b Mean phosphorus content in the body of prawn ( 0.26%) The organic matter in sea water is used to be calculated according to COD. The COD content will change with the different stocking density and feeding amount, meanwhile with the rearing time. Therefore the COD content is various in the waste water of different pond and at different time. Based on the monitoring results of water in prawn ponds in Dongban and Qiangting, Zhangpu, and Tongan, Xiamen in 1994,1995 and 1996,the mean content of COD in the water discharged from pond is 2.34mg/L,however the mean content of COD in sea water is 1.35mg/L. According to prawn farming model with middle stocking density in semi- closed system, the drainage amount of prawn pond is as follows: It takes adding water as major in early stage (20-30 days) and exchangeslo% water a day in the middle and late stages (30-90 days).the exchange water amount will be calculated according to water volume in pond x 2. The total amount of effluents discharged from pond /ha with two crops a year is (10,000 x 10% x 60 + 20,000) x 2 = 160,000 m3 The COD drainage amount in effluents is (2.34-1.35 ) x 160,000 = 158.4 kg/ha/yr. Remove 0.05m silts in the prawn pond a yeas with 500m3/ha, of which sulphide content is 29.6kg and organic matter content is 12,400 kg. According to prawn culture plan, drug amount/ha/yr. for cleaning and sterilizing prawn pond is 6,800 kg quick limes and 1,540 kg bleaching powder. * The main kinds of pollutants and amount in the hatchery Based on analysis of technological process for breeding of fish, crab and shellfish, the main pollutants in the hatchery'come from the nutrient salts for culturing phytoplankton and residues for culturing zooplankton ,residual phytoplankton and zooplankton, excreta of aquatic life, remainders of artificial food in breeding of fish or crab and disinfectants in prevention and treatment of dieseases,etc. The calculation of drainage amount of effluents from a hatchery with an 34 area of 1400 m2 in breeding ponds and. with an annual capacity of producing 10 million genuine porgy seeds (3 cm ) is as follow: With water temperature of 16.0-21.0 °C,fish can grow intp 1.2 cm in body length and 0.02g in weight after 30 days rearing from hatching; it can grow into 3.0cm in body length and 0.4g in weight after 50 days. In 1-30 days, the total feeding amount is 3,300kg,of which Artimnia is 1,425 kg, Copepods 1,875 kg, bread yeast 5,737 kg. The yeast contains 50% protein and the nitrogen content is 8% in calculation of K 6.25. The input total nitrogen is about 460 kg and the total phosphorus is 115 kg in calculation of 2 % phosphorus of artificial food . In 30-50 days it mainly feeds minced fish (fresh food) with total demand of 13,500 kg. The total nitrogen content is 337.5 kg, and total phosphorus content is 54 kg in supplying minced fish in calculation of 2.5% nitrogen and 0.4 phosphorus in the minced fish (fresh food). The weight of 10 million genuine porgy seeds is 4,000 kg. The seeds produced from the hatchery contain total nitrogen (T-N ) of 117.6 kg and total phosphorus of 39.2 kg in calculation of 2.94 % nitrogen and 0.98% phosphorus in the body of genuine porgy. The input total amount of N, P deducts the stored amount in the body of fish and its environmental load is the total nitrogen (T-N) of 685 kg and the total phosphorus (T-P ) of 130 kg. The calculation of effluent drainage amount during the period of breeding is as follow: The total water volume is 1,400 x 1.5 = 2,100 (m3 ) in calculation of breeding pond with 1.5 m in deep. 3 Water exchange amount at the first stage 2,100 x 60% x30 =37,800( m ) 3 Water exchange amount at the send stage 2,100 x 40% x 20 = 16,800 (m ) The nitrogen content can be about 13mg/L and phosphorus content is about 2mg/L in effluent during the period of breeding. The disinfectants can be used for sterilizing breeding pond and food pond and a little of chemical drugs and antibiotics can be used for prevention and treatment of disease such as quick lime, bleaching powder, formalin and potassium permanganate, etc. Their concentration is as same as the prawn farming , however their amount is less than prawn pond due to smaller water body in breeding. The calculation of pollutant drainage amount from a hatchery with an area of 3,000 m2 in breeding ponds and with an annual capacity of producing 1440 million seeds of Arca (500-800 il ) is as follow: The feeding rate ( daily supplying amount/ daily feeding amount) is 1.5- 2.0, it needs to supply 50 t single cell algae/day. and the total feeding 35 amount is 50t x 60 = 3,000 t; the total nitrogen load is 27.1 kg, total phosphorus is 2.7f kg in water flowing into environment, the nitrogen content is increased by 0.lrmg/L, phosphorus content increased by 0.01mg/L in the discharged water in calculation of 80% absorbable rate of single cell algae to N,P, 60% feeding rate and 20% conversion rate. It is not necessary to use antibiotics and other chemicals in breeding of arca besides disinfectants in cleaning pond. * The pollutant properties discharged from the project of prawn pond * reconstruction and hatchery There are three types of pollutants discharged from the prawn pond reconstruction and hatchery, of which the first is the decomposed organic matters biologically(components of BOD),which consume oxygen and release nutrient salts such as N and P, etc; the second is inorganic nutrient salts from the culture of single cell algae, artificial food input and excreta; C,N,P are the growth elements for marine plant, which is favorable to increase primary productivity level in sea area under suitable contents, however over inputting nutrient salts will led to eutrophication ;the third is disinfectants for prawn culture and breeding, which are composed of lime ( quick lime and cooked lime) and bleaching powder. The quick lime ( Ca0) will be soluble in water and release a large amount of energy after cooked and it has strong effect of killing bacteria in this process and produce Ca( OH )2 in solution which can quickly dissolve bacterial protein membrane and result in losing its activity. The lime can neutralize acidic matters in pond and promote organic mineralization caused by anaerobic population on bottom and produce nonpoisonous byproduct. However the insoluble phosphate being produced in the process of using results in shortage of phosphorus in water body which restrains growth of aquatic life. Main composition of bleaching powder is CaCl ( OCI ) which produces hypochlorous acid CI(OCI)-and initial ecological oxygen when it comes into water, it is able to deoxidize plasma protein of bacteria and which leads to lose function of active gene but it interacts with organic molecular in the process of sterilization and produce poisonous by-products such as .-organic chloride, acidic phloride, ammonia chloride, ammonium chloride, etc. 2.2.2.Treatment plan of waste water The culture model of semi-closed system with middle stocking density are adopted in the project of prawn pond reconstruction. The main focal point 36 of this project is to construct newly the water purifying pond and deposing pond. Some flat fish, globe fish, clam and Sinonovacula constricta are stocked into the water pond purified biologically to consume residual food in waste water, clam and Sinonovacula constricta cah filter out the suspended matters and other particulates. The waste water being treated by drugs can come into grow out pond again so as to stabilize the environment in the pond and prevent disease. The water exchange will be carried out after stocking of one month and daily water exchange will be not beyond 5% in order to optimize and stabilize the ecological environment in prawn farming. The purified waste water is filled into the disposing pond again to be precipitated and sterilized by disinfectants and purified again. The water that is in compliance with the requirement of water quality in the culture pond will be filled into pond again. The disinfectant is bleaching powder, the content of effective chlorine with o.5 PPM can kill single cell algae and 1-2 PPM content can kill virus and pathogenic bacteria. The remained content of chlorine shall be controlled between 0.5-1 PPM to meet the requirements of water quality in culture pond. Moreover ,Tilapia and mullet stocked in the prawn pond for intensive culture are omnivorous, which can make full use of the surplus artificial food and algae to clean water. However, the fish in the pawn pond not only can prey on the weak prawn seeds, but also improve the prawn motion and promote health growth and increase its ability for disease resistance. As a result, disease occurrence in the prawn pond with stocked fish is much less in the monoculture pond. Nereis sp. as a natural basic food can also purify bottom and consume remanent food and detritus in water. A part of silts removed from prawn pond are piled up on the dike to be exposed to sunshine and a part of them are transported to behind of house and another part of them are moved far from the prawn pond for concentration and directly dumped into sea area. There is a little of pollutants from a hatchery and they are discharged directly in the normal condition . Part of hatcheries have small influent treatment pond for collection of effluent and decompose the residual drugs and prevent accident. 2.3 Environmental status around the area of prawn pond reconstruction and hatchery 2.3.lProject region in Shandong province 37 * Geographical location Rushankou Bay is located in the southern part of the Rushan City, which is between E 121 2 ' 60 " - 121 36 ' 55 " E 36 46 ' 24 " -36 51 ' 12 " .The prawn pond reconstruction engineering will be carried out in the Rushan No.1 farm with an area of 193 ha. prawn ponds and 43.3 ha. store water ponds which is located in the north-east part of the east branch of Rushankou Bay. * The present status of hydrography The Rushan city is of warm temperate zone with monsoon of South East Asia continental climate and with clearly demarcated four seasons, sufficient sun lighting and long frost-free period. Atmospheric temperature The mean annual temperature over the year is 11.4 DC ( the mean temperature is 12.1 DC in 1995),and the mean temperature in the hottest August is about 24.7 °C,the mean temperature in the coldest January is - 2.7 °C.There are about 280 days when diurnal mean temperature all the year round is over or equal to 0 °C and about 200 days when the diurnal mean temperature is over or equal to 10 °C Precipitation and evaporation The average precipitation over the years is 840 mm and there is a big difference in precipitation year by year. The precipitation has not been fairly well-distributed in a year and there are maximum in summer, 521 mm and minimum in winter,36.2mm . The total evaporation is 1369.6 mm and the maximal month evaporation-is 178.3mm and the minimal month evaporation is 34.6mm. Wind Rushan city is climate of monsoon. In spring the south wind and north wind appear alternatively and in summer mostly south or south-east wind appears, in autumn and winter there are normally north and north-west winds. There is more fresh gale along the codst than inland. According to 25 years statistics, there are 46 days or up to 93 days in fresh gale a year in off shore . The fresh gale appears in winter and spring. The maximal wind speed is 40m/s,being hurricane. 38 River The Rushan river is 64 km long with a drainage area of 954km2.It flows into the bay along the west branch of the Rushankou bay and flows into the Yellow Sea by the way of Rushankou. Tide and tidal current There is a standard semi-diurnal tide in this area with about 3 m in tidal range and 0310 in high tidal interval and 0922 in low tidal interval. The tidal current flows forward through the Rushankou and is divided at the Qigan Stone. Generally, the flow speed is 45cm/s. Water temperature There is a large difference in diurnal and annual temperature due to shallow water and the mean water temperature over the years is 13.9 'C,The maximum a year is 29.4 °C and the minimum -2.1 'C. Salinity There is lower salinity, influenced by the Rushan river and other freshwater. The mean salinity over the years is 29.23 %o,the maximum is 32.56 °/c and the minimum 20.58 Yo%. * The present status of water quality The measured results of water quality at 8 stations are shown in the following Table 2.3. Table2.3 Water quality analysis in the Rushankou bay pH Oil Di DO CO Di Volatile Sn Hg Cyan Cu Pb Cd Zn P D N phenol ide 100 100 200 100 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 75 0 75 Max. 8,1 0.1 0.0 8.7 3.4 0.5 (--) (-) (-) (- ) (-) 0,0 (-) 0.0 0 50 32 0 0 2 03 17 Min. 7.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 2.1 0.1 (-) (-) (-) (-1 (-) (-) (.) (-) 5 16 06 0 8 43 Mean 7.5 0.0 0.0 7.7 2.9 0.3 (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) 0.0 (-) 0.0 5 72 17 1 5 21 01 06 Max times 0 2 1.1 0 l.I 4.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 of exceeding 3 3 standard * The present status of aquatic life In Rushan bay, the biomass of phytoplankton is 3 x 10'-16 x lO' ind./m' and the biomass of zooplankton 2.4 x 105 - 3.1 x 105 ind./m' .There is 500-2500m in width of tidal zone with the mean biomass of 70.17g/m 2 ,of 2 2 which mollusc is 57.04 g/m ( 81.80%),crustacean 10.96 g/m (15.62%),annelid 0.28 g/m2 (0.40%),others 1.53 g/m2 ( 2.18%). 39 The mean biolooical density is 92.64 ind./m 2,of which mollusc is 84.09 ind./m (90.77%),crustacean 6.55 ind./m2 ( 7.07%),annelid 0.36 ind./m2 (0.39% ), others 1.64 ind./m2 (1.7%). The swimming animals are composed of mullet, perch, 'Synechogobius hasta , Chinese white shrimp, Trachjypenaeus curvirostric,Exopapaemon carinicauda and Norther maoxia shrimp,etc. 2.3.2 Project area in Fujian province * Geographical location The project area of prawn pond reconstruction is distributed in 1] main counties (districts) for prawn farming, where the water areas are distributed from Sansha bay,Ningde in north to Zhaoan bay in south neighboring Guangdong province, of which there are Sansha bay and Funing bay 130ha.) along the north coast, Fuqing bay, Pingtan sea area.Xinghua bay,Meizhou bay and Weitou Bay (350ha.) in the central and Tongan bay,Xiamen, Fotan bay,Jiuzhen Bay and Zhaoan bay (270ha.) in the south. There are one hatchery in the northern Funing bay, two in Sansha bay,one in Xinghua bay, one in Haitan sea area and one in Pinghai bay in the central coast, one in Weitou bay, two in Tongan bay,one in Longhailongjiao bay,one in Fotan bay and one in Jiuzhen bay in the south coast. Their geographical locations are shown in a sketch map of project area distribution and in Table 2.4. e The present status of hydrography Water temperature There is higher sea water temperature in all round year and the mean water temperature over the years is 18.8-21.3 °C,the mean water temperature is 19.9 eC with a change range between 8.07-26.28 °C, and the difference in water temperature a year is 15.1 'C. The water temperature off shore is higher than off sea by 2-3 'C. Salinity The salinity distribution in the sea area is also controlled by off sea water and off shore water with obvious seasonal change. The mean salinity on surface of sea is between 28.85 and 33.46 °/w according seasons and the minimum is 14.53 %oaand the maximum 34.38 °/w. 40 Table.2.4 The geographical location of hatchery and prawn pond reconstruction project Locati Region water Item Site on (City) area Funing Arca breeding base Gutongkeng, Xiapu bay 80 ha. for prawn pond Bangyu Reclamation area, Northe reconstruction Fuan rn Ningde marine fish breeding fase Chengnanguizhi, Ningde coast Sansha Swimming crab hatchery Zhangwanhengyu, Ningde bay 50 ha. for prawn pond Jiexitang Reclamation area, reconstruction Sand tow n Fuqing 60 ha. for prawn pond Chengtou Reclamation area Fuzhou bay reconstruction city Haitang Comprehensive hatchery Liushuihoutian, Pingtan Central sea area 30 ha. for prawn pond Xingfuyang Reclamation coast reconstruction area Xinghua Breeding center Ditou township bay 55 ha. for prawn pond Reclamation area of Putian City reconstruction Houhai, Aoshan, Zhengdougangnan, Pinghai Arca industrialized breeding Pinghai bay center Chizhi Reclamation area 2 ha. for prawn pond reconstruction Meizhou 73 ha. for prawn pond Haian and Xiawei bay reconstruction Reclamation area Meizhou 40 ha. for prawn pond Jinna Reclamation area, Quanzhou bay reconstruction Nanan city Weitou Marine water breeding base Shijingzhidong, Nanan bay 90 ha. for prawn pond Jinjing Reclamation area reconstruction Southe Comprehensive breeding base Aotou, Tongan rn Xiamen Tongan Arca industrialized breeding Huli, Xiamen coast city bay plant Chicha, Tongan 70 ha. for prawn pond reconstruction Longjiao Yellowtail amberjack hatchery Longjiao bay, Longhai bay Fotan Arca industrialized breeding Qianting, Zhangpu Zhangzhou bay plant Qianting, Zhangpu city 61 ha. for prawn pond reconstruction Jiuzheng Fish breeding plant - Zhuyu, Zhangpu bay 70 ha. for prawn pond Xiamei, Zhangpu reconstruction Zhaoan 69 ha. for prawn pond Sidu, Meilin and Jinxing bay reconstruction Reclamation area Tide There is semi-diurnal tide along the coast of Fujian province besides informal semi-diurnal tide and mixed tide in the south of Futou bay (the south of Liujia peninsula ), of which there is obvious in shallow sea branch tide behind estuary and harbor which belongs to informal semi- diurnal tide and shallow sea tide. 41 There is small tidal range at the south and large one at the central and north. The mean tidal range is between 1.20-5.48m and 5 m in the most of harbors. * The present status of water quality * The main sea water chemical indexes are shown in Table 2.5. Table 2.5 Main chemical element indexes of sea water in the shallow sea (0-20m) of Fujian province Ammoni Inorganic Seaso pH DO Phosphate Nitrate Nitrite um Salt nitrogen n mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L Surf botto ace m Spring 8.11- 6.54- 0-0.0015 0-0.466 0.007- 0-0.086 0.094 0.071 8.70(") 12.51 0.0028 0.070 0.021 0.017 837(2) 8.61 0.0040 0.048 0.0072 - 8.35(3) 7.93 0.0055 Summ 8.03- 4.50- 0-0.017 0-0.142 0.0008- 0-0.120 0.052 0.057 er 8.41 8.27 0.0043 0.024 0.024 0.019 8.23 8.22 6.54 0.0059 0.029 0.0091 0.018 5.90 0.010 Autum 8,16- 6.63- 0.0012- 0.041- 0.0014- 0.0008- n 8.49 9.71 0.023 0.238 0.022 0.042 0.156 0.142 8.29 8.30 7.71 0.012 0.135 0.0067 0.014 7.24 0.123 00.012 Winter 8.15- 8.31- 0.0037- 0.048- 0-0.0077 0.0014- 8.40 10.20 0.029 0.284 ,0.036 0.034 0.194 0.181 8.26 8.28 9.26 0.015 0.183 0.0025 0.0073 _ _9.14 0.016 0.173 0.006 Note: (1) -change range on sub bottom (3) -Mean value on bottom (2)-Mean value on surface * Water quality status Most indexes of water quality in the tidal zone and along the coast of Fujian province accord with the first class standard of sea water quality and water quality in tidal zone and in a part of semi-closed bay exceeds the standard caused by contaminants such COD matters and oils which account for 90%.The project area polluted by oil is located in Meizhou bay ( within the project area of prawn pond reconstruction),Zhangbay of Sansha bay to waters along, the Saizhi coast ( within the project area of hatchery). The project area polluted by COD matters is located in Meizhou bay and Sansha bay. The water quality around the project area is basically not subject to pollution by heavy metals . The status of water quality is shown in Table 2.6,2.7 and 2.8. 42 Table 2.6 Water quality investigation result in tidal zone in Fujian province Item No. of sample NMinimum maximum NMean Exceedingfirst Exceeding the second classstandard (%) classstandard (%) COD 129 0.20 1.15 1.69 7.0 1.6 Hg 154 - 0.26 0.05 0 0 Cu 154 - 83 6.9 18.8 0 Pb 152 - 50 4.1 0 0 Zn 143 - 274 43 7.7 0 Cd 155 - 0.98 0.12 0 0 Oil 154 - 220 45 31.8 6.5 Benzene 154 - 1.4 0.085 0.6 0 hexachloride DDT 155 - 0.16 0.014 0 0 Total P 65 - 134 37 / Note: COD unit: mg/I, other contamination: mg/I and unchecked is calculated according to half of a checked data. Table. 2.7 Water quality investigation result along the coast of Fujian province Item Minimum Maximum Mean Exceedingthe first class standard (%) COD 0.41 2.58 0.80 0 Hg - 0.438 0.0082 0 Cu - 2.18 0.64 0 Pb - 4.06 0.61 0 Zn - 13.99 2.26 0 Cd - 1.106 0.035 0 Oils - 41 12.7 0 Benzene - 0.165 0.037 0 hexachiroride DDT - 0.115 0.021 0 Note: COD unit: mg/l and others: mg/I. 43 Table 2.8 The heavy metal content in sea water filtered by 0.45mm filtering screen along the coast of Fujian province. Cu Pb Zn Cd Hg Item Particle solution particle solution particic solutio particle solution particle solution n Min. 0.03 0.10 0.07 0.10 0.30 1.91 0.001 0.028 0.0004 0/0007 Max. 1.42 1.08 6.20 0.45 14.0 7.1 0.020 0.098 0.0086 0.0101 Mean 0.31 0.31 1.08 0.18 4.2 0.006 0.047 0.0029 0.0033 * The status of Aquatic life The transparency ,chlorophyll a and primary productivity in waters of project area are shown in Table 2.9. Phytoplankton There are 299 species identified in the phytoplakton, of which there are 177 species of Bacillariophyta,44 species of Pyrrophyta,2 species of Cyanophyta,2 species of Chlorophyta, 3 species of Chrysophyta and one species of Xanthophyta. Diatom accounts for 99.7% in the total phytoplankton cell individuals and such main species as Skeletonema costatum ,Asterionella japonica, Nitzschia pungenus, chaetoceios lorenzianus, Chaet curvisetus, Thalassionema nitzschoides , Rhizosoleni styliformis, Chaet decipience, Thalassiothrix frauenfelldii,etc. occupy in dominant quantity and occurrence rate. In addition, Ceratium fusus, C.furca and C.breve,etc are commonly encountered in Summer and Autumn but in less quantity. Blue algae mainly occur in Summer and Autumn and despair in Winter and Spring. Green algae, Golden algae and Yellow algae are only encountered occasionally. The species of phytoplankton in seasonal change is high in summer ,145 species and a similar in summer and autumn,124 and 126 species respectively and 89 species in winter. The total 51 species has been encountered all the year round and the remainders are encountered seasonally. The phytopiankton community mainly consists of warm water species and eurythermal species, account for 41% and 21%,respectively and worldwide eurychoric species and temperate species follow, account for 10% and 9%, respectively. In addition, there is a little of freshwater and brackish water species, 7%. The phytoplankton community along the coast of Fujian province is a mixed community between tropic and warm temperate zone. The average total cell number of phytoplankton in a month is 1,340 x 104 ind./m3 all the year round . The mean total amount in spring is 676 x 104ind/m3,ranks third , in summer it increases to 1,900 x104 ind./m3, ranks second ,In autumn it increases again to 2,781 x 104 ind.lm3,up to peak a year and in winter the total amount reduces sharply to the minimum, only 3.6 xlO4 ind./m3 . 44 Table 2.9 Transparency, chlorophyll a and primary productivity in sea areas of Fujian province Sea area Season Transparency Chlorophyll a Primary productivity (m) (mg/n13) mg C/m2 .d g C/ m2.a Spring 2.74 2.00 421 Northern sea Summer 1.45 1.46 523 100 area Autumn 1.46 1.03 146 Winter 0.50 0.59 5 Spring 2.65 2.09 391 Central sea area Summer 2.00 1.54 424 113 Autumn 1.79 2.96 408 Winter 1.08 0.68 10 Spring 2.72 1.63 317 Southern sea Summer 2.01 1.72 428 89 area Autumn 1.52 1.22 217 Winter 1.40 0.73 16 Spring 2.69 1.95 320 Mean of whole Summer 1.84 2.02 454 103 sea area Autumn 1.63 1.99 289 Winter 0.98 0.66 10 Zooplankton There are complex compositions in species of zooplankton in sea areas and 357 species have been identified, of which Copecoda is dominant species, account for 28% ,Hydridae and jellyfish account for 19% and 33 species of fish eggs and Juveniles, account for 9.2%. The zooplankton community is more complex in these sea areas and the tropic. and subtropic species occupy dominant (74%).The mean total biomass of zooplankton /month/year is 175mg/m3 ( excluding jellyfishes and Thaliacea).The mean total biomass in spring is 265mg/m3 and the total biomass in summer increases to peak a year. The mean is 272mg/m3 , The total biomass in autumn reduces to 113mg/m3 and the total biomss in winter is minimum with 52mg/ m3 . Benthic life There is higher amount of benthic life in sea area with the mean total biomass of 41.93g/m 2,the mean total density of 147ind./m2.In the composition of the total biomass echinoderm ranks first (19.7 5g/m2 ),accounts for 47% of the total biomass; mollusk ( 11.65g/m2) accounts for 28% and the biomass of polychaete and crustacean is lower, of 4.24g/m2 and 2.15g/m7 respectively. The distribution characteristics of the total biomass and the total density show trend that increases from 45 north to south . There is the highest in the south part of sea area, with a mean total biomass of 89.27g/m2 and a density of 178 ind./m2 , lower in the central part ( 37.15g/m2 and 159ind./m2 ) and the lowest in the north ( 19.06g/m2 and 104 ind.1m2) . There is obvious seasonal change in the distribution of benthic life amount and the highest in summer, follow in spring and autumn and the lowest in winter whatever calculate the total biomass or the total density. 2.3.3 The project area in Liaoning province * Geographical location The project area for prawn pond reconstruction is situated in the south of the Yingkou city with a total coastline of 23 km and 5,747ha. shallow sea. The prawn ponds are located at the east of Yingkou saltfield and at the west of Liaodong bay and there are salt and crystal ponds on the west and east sides of the saltwater river. It has a optimal geographical position, where there are very convenient in the communication of land, sea and air and the Shenda motorway which traverses within the boundaries of this area and a crisscross railway and two international commercial ports ( Yingkou port and Bayuquan port) , a good post and telecommunication which has communicated directly with 198 foreign countries and regions as well as 2,055 domestic cities and counties. * The present status of hydrography The hydrographic condition is an important environmental factor for marine life and has an important effect on the migration, distribution, breeding and growth of fish. There is an irregular semidiurnal tide in this area with the mean tidal range of 4.5 m. The main river is the Daliao River with a mean runoff amount of 1,340 million m3 /year.The salinity range all the year round is 26.9-31.4 °oo and the average 29.4 °/0 and the transparency is 1.6m.The water temperature is affected greatly by land. Water temperature is basically as same from surface to bottom in winter and the isotherms parallel basically with isobanths. The water temperature increases markedly in summer. The mean highest annual temperature is 23 °C( August),the mean lowest annual temperature is -2.0 C( February) and the mean annual temperature is 10.9 'C. 46 * The present status of water quality Water quality in the saltwater river is an important as the water source for farming area. The saltwater river system is restricted by the saltfields and the variance in water quality exists in different time, which is mainly dependent on the water flow and water exchange amount. The indexes that are subject to change ate COD and transparency. If the saltfields do not release water for a long time it will reduce the water level of river and flow speed and increase COD and reduce transparency due to the increase of biomass. In addition, a large number of soil and sand on both sides of river flow into the river after rainfall ,which result in this situation as above mentioned. However, it is temporary in these changes and influences water exchange in prawn pond occasionally. The on-the-spot investigations for water quality of the saltwater river were carried out in March and June to August 1996, separately. The results of investigation to the saltwater river in March show that all indexes meet the standard of fishery water quality, except copper content which exceeds a little, referring to Table 2.10. On the whole, the water quality of the saltwater river is a good and ammonia nitrogen in cultured water has not yet been discovered and the sulphide had not been measured in the past. Table 2.10 The status of water quality of the saltwater river in March Unit: mg/L Items Mean Items Means pH 8.3 Oil 0.039 Dissolved oxygen 13.23 Volatile phenol 0.0034 Salinity 25.0 Cu 0.0123 Transparency 90 Pb 0.0218 (cm) CODMn 5.19 Zn 0.0240 NH4-N / As 0.0345 N0 2-N 0.046 Cd 0.0011 N0 3 -N 0.194 Cr 0.0336 PO4 -P 0.056 There is a certain variance in water quality in different time ( from June to August) of farming. The dissolved oxygen content is usually above 6.5mg/i, pH 8.1-8.9 and ammonia nitrogen is not found before the end of July and is found after that and the highest value is 0.105 mg/l. The mean value of total nitrogen is 0.049 mg/l and accords with the first class of water quality in aquaculture. The mean value of soluble phosphate is 47 0.036mg/l which reaches to the second class of sea water quality. The salinity change from 30.0 %oto 15.5 %o,influenced0 by rainfall, and water temperature ranges from 22.5 to 26.5 'C. COD ranges from 2.62-5.18 mg/. The transparency can be up to 1.0m in sunny day and the transparency declines influenced by sludge usually, but it can be renewed in a short time. All indexes as above mentioned meet the requirements of water quality in aquaculture. The water quality status at various stages is shown in Table 2.11. * The presepit status of water quality along the coast The surveying results along the coast of the project area and neighboring sea waters based on ten stations in May 1997 show that the contents of heavy metals and oil are much lower and other indexes are in normal level .All indexes in the survey accord with the standard of sea water quality and the demand of aquaculture. The results of survey are shown in Table 2.12. Table 2.11 The status of water quality of the saltwater river from June to August Unit: mg/L Date 7June 2 July 9 July 16 July 23 July 30 July 6Aug. 13 Aug Mean WVatertemperature (2t 22.5 26.0 26.0 24.5 26.0 23.5 25.0 26.5 25.0 Salinity 30.0 26.5 24.5 26.2 24.8 20.2 17.8 15.5 23.2 Transparency(cm) 100 100 100 100 100 45 20 50 77 Dissolved oxygen 11.89 11.45 8.04 8.39 6.65 6.65 3.85 11.02 8.49 pH 8.7 8.9 8.1 8.3 8.7 8.4 8.6 8.4 8.5 CODMn 5.18 3.50 3.15 4.02 2.89 2.62 2.89 3.15 3.43 NH4 -N 0.011I / / / 0.062 0.056 0.105 0.029 N0 2 -N 0.038 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.016 0.006 0.014 0.011 N0 3 -N 0.032 / 1 / 0.014 0.027 0.004 0.009 P04-P 0.111 0.035 0.034 0.043 / / 0.039 0.025 0.036 Table 2.12 The status of water quality along the coast of the project area in May 1997. 0o. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean sta on Salinity 30.05 29.58 31.07 29.38 29.51 29.09 28.52 28.48 28.35 25.3 1 28.9 3 DO(mgIL) 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.6 7.4 7.8 7.8 7.1 7.2 7,2 7.4 Oil(mg/L) 29.7 8.27 18.80 9.12 9.19 8.66 21.0 27.3 21.2 16.5 16.9 7 Cu(mg/L) 1.10 0.88 2.00 0.97 0.28 0.48 0.60 0.23 0.23 0.90 0.77 Pb(mg/L) 0.29 0.43 0.42 0.43 0.48 0.48 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.70 0.44 Zn(mg/L) 12.6 15.2 14.5 16.2 9.7 10.1 13.5 6.30 7.96 7.10 11.3 2 Cd(mg/L) 0.25 0.67 0.50 0.50 0.65 0.76 0.66 1.10 0.40 0.70 0.62 Hg(mg/L) 0.013 0.018 0.042 0.008 0.005 0.007 0.026 0.036 0.036 0.005 0.01 9 As(mg/L) 0.40 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.80 1.30 0.50 0.40 0.80 0.50 0.74 pH 8.16 8.15 8.10 8.07 8.12 8.10 8.14 8.13 8.10 8.10 8.12 48 Based on the surveying results of nutrient status along the coast in May and August 1997,the contents of nutrient salt are more plentiful and water quality is good. The contents of nutrient salt change with season and it appears a negative interrelationship with salinity, see Table 2.13 Table 2.13 The survey results of nutrient salt along the coast Items May August Range Mean Range Mean N0 3 -N (mg/L) 0.120-0.259. 0.210 0.139-0.299 0.189 N0 2 -N (mg/L) 0.050-0.229 0.139 0.024-0.036 0.027 NH4 -N (mg/L) 0.050-0.092 0-078 0.008-0.012 0.009 P04 -P (mg/L) 0.035-0.052 0.048 0.023-0.038 0.028 SiO3-Si (mglL) 0.140-0.390 0.270 0.100-0.270 0.150 * The present status of aquatic life * The status of aquatic life in the saltwater river Phytoplankton The mean phytoplankton biomass in the saltwater river is about 364.2 x 104 cell/m3 from June to August and the range of the total number of phytoplankton is 102.3 x 104 cell/m3- 617.3 x 104 cell/m3, a peak appears in the first ten days of July. The composition of phytoplankton is relatively simple in the saltwater river and the main species are consisted of brackish water species, of which Isochrysis galbana and Cylindrotheca closterium are dominant species, accounting for about 36%.Refer to the Table 2.14. Zooplankton There are 13 species (genus ) zooplankton in the saltwater river, consisted of protis, Rotifer,Copepoda, Cladocean and larvae. The average zooplankton biomass is about 112.6 x 103 ind./m3. The maximal biomass with 174 x 103ind./m3 occurs in the first ten days of July.Nauplius aned Limacina inflata are dominant species, accounting for about 43% and 38% of the total zooplankton biomass, respectively. The minimfailbiomass with 13.5 xl03 ind./m3 happens in the second ten days of August. Nauplius and Keatell valga are dominant species, accounting for 33% in each. * The status of aquatic life along the coast Phytoplankton There are 70 species and 31 genera of the phytoplankton on the coastal area, most of them belong to temperate offshore species, of which there are 63 species and 27 genera of the Bacillariophyta, the rest is Phyrophyta, cyanaphyla and chlorophyla,etc. Coscinodicus sp. dominates in the flood period and Synedra in the dry period.The annual average phytoplankton biomass is about 16700 xlO4cell/m3 ,the average phytoplankton biomass is 31700 x 104 cell/rn3 and 1560 x 104 cell/m3 respecitively in the flood period and dry period, respectively. Refer to Table 2.15. 49 Table 2.14 Phytoplankton in the saltwater river ( from June to August) Names 7June 2 July 9 Jutl' 16 Jutv 23 JuON 30Juy 6Aug. 13 Aug. Nitzschia Puinczaa + + Nitzschia closteriurn + + + + + Synedra + + Achnonthes + Cyclotella + Phaeodaciyhiim + + + tricornuium Chlorella vulagris + + Platymonas + + + + Platymonas + Isochrysis galbana + + + + + + + + Sicrateria + Cymnodinium + + aeraginosum Prorocentrum + Cocconeis + Heterogloea sp4 + + Synura sp. + Nitzschia spp. + Table 2.15 Quantity variation of phytoplankton Area Annual mean value Mean value (X 10 cell/m') XlO'cell/m3 Flood period - Dry period Project zone along the 16700 31700 15600 coast Bacillariophyceae occupies an absolute dominant position in quantity and species in number of phytoplankton and it is a main component for deciding the change and distribution of total number of phytoplankton. The main species are Coscinodicus sp.,Chaestoceros sp.,Rhizosolenia sp. and Skeletonemaa costatum. Zooplankton The annual average zooplankton biomass is about 149mglm3 .Copepoda accounts for 50% and the others are Chaelognatha, Jullyfish and plankton larvae. The seasonal variation of the average zooplankton biomass is that the highest value occurs in summer and the lowest value in winter or. spring. See Table 2.16. Table 2.16 Seasonal variation of zooplankton Area Annual mean value Monthly mean value (mg(m3) mg/m 3 May August November December Project area along the coast 149 96 306 141 55 Because the coastal area of project possesses a special condition of inner sea, the species composition is featured by 'the low salinity offshore species. Sagitta crassa and Labidocera euchaeta occupy the dominant position almost all the year round, only the number variation of both species shows a seasonal difference. The other middle-size zooplankton is mainly consisted of Centropages m1murrichi, Tortanus spini-caudatus, Acartia pacific and Acartia bifilosa. 50 and No.2 monitoring points of Donglin in 1997. Therefore, the main contaminants are nutrient salts in this sea area. * The status of aquatic life Based on the analysis of environmental monitoring data along the coast of Rudong county, Nantong city ,carried out by East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute in July 1997, the main features of aquatic life in the coastal waters nearby hatcheries and aquatic products process plants are as follows: Phytoplankton The mean total cell number of phytoplankton in the investigated waters is 2.27 x106 cell/m3 and it ranges from 393 x103 to 7097 x 103 cell/m3.The horizontal distribution of biomass is higher in north than in south of the investigated waters. There are 38 species of phytoplankton, in which diatom occupies dominant, accounting for 92%.It is mainly consisted of eurythermal and euryhaline species, of which Skeletonema costatum dominates and Chaetoceros lorenzianus follows. Chlorophyll a There is a plentiful nutrient salt in the surveyed waters and is high content of chlorophyll a with 22.77mg/i in the bloom of phytoplankton. The mean value is 16.43/1 during the period of rising tide,22.02mg/l during the period of falling tide and the minimum is 7.59mg/l. Zooplankton The mean total biomass of zooplankton is 173.96mg/m3 in this water area and it ranges from 24.75 to 602.25 mg/m3. There are 35 specie of zooplankton identified, in which Copepoda dominates and ten species account for 38%, two species of Mysis. There is low salinity species as major in the species composition of zooplankton and the dominant species is Tortanus derjugini and Labidocera eachaeta.The maximal number of them are 126.92ind./m3 and 81.67 ind./m3 ,respectively. The shallow waters along north coast of Jiangsu province is a good spawning ground. According to the analytical result of investigation, there are much fish eggs and larvae in this area,mainly cosisting of larvae and eggs of anchovy and a little of juveniles or larvae and eggs of croakers. Benthic life in tidal zone There are 18 points on two sections with 11 km in investigation of tidal 52 zone. The mean benthic invertebrate and habitat density are 35 g/m2 and 41.24 ind./m2 ,respectively. There are 45 species identified, in which mollusk dominates, crustacean and polychaeta follow. The dominant species is consisted of neanthes japoica,Lumbrineris heleropoda and meretrix meretrix, etc. 2.4 Environmental Impact of prawn pond reconstruction and hatchery 2.4.1 Environment Impact Assessment on use of disinfectant The disinfectants are used to eliminate the pathogenic bacterial ,remove wild algae and enemies for the purpose of cleaning and sterilizing pond, and prevention and treatment of disease. The commonly used drugs are consisted of quick lime, bleaching powder, tea seed cake and CuSO4,etc. The potassium permanganate is also used to sterilize the hatchery. The cooked lime ( lime water), active zeolite ,etc are used to purify and improve water quality in the process of culture. Antibiotics are used with mixed food according to its dosage in prevention and treatment of disease. The disinfectants can reduce the content of pathogenic microorganisms in water environment and biological contamination in water, especially in the break out of disease a strict sterilization measure is adopted usually so as to prevent or minimize the extension of diseases. However, the residue of disinfectants has also an unfavorable effect on aquatic products, human body and environment. These are as follows: (1) Some disinfectants ,such as bleaching powder, quick lime, antibiotics, etc. kill other non target organisms, algae zooplankton, etc. in the pond, meanwhile they also kill pathogenic bacterial due to their a wide sterilization. The original wild life community is subject to damage and reduce the stability of ecological system in the prawn pond and obstruct the circulation of material and energy partially and accelerate the deposition of organic contaminants in the prawn pond. (2)A part of drug residues within the body of cultured organisms is harmful to human body before being decomposed when it has been eaten by people. Japan, U.S.A, etc have forbidden to import the cultured prawn that contains exceeded standard of antibiotics content. The chlorinated disinfectants produce a poisonous by-product in the process of sterilization when they are interacted with organic matter. It has a strong poisonous effect and causes cancer. The active zeolite and quick lime belong to a natural mineral and the content of some heavy metals is also abnormal due to different materials and processing methods. 53 These chemicals and antibiotics are discharged into natural waters with prawn pond water will be possible to deteriorate the environment in a short or in a long time if they are in high concentration. 2.4.2 Environmental Impact Assessment on the waste water drainage of prawn pond The waste water discharged from prawn pond mainly contains organic or inorganic nutrients such as C, N, P,COD, BOD, SS, ect. However, The amount of waste water discharged from the prawn pond can be reduced to a large extent after reconstruction. The content of organics and nutrient salts in the discharged waste water can be declined by rearing shellfish for water purification. Some factors reducing the level of contamination are as follows: Firstly, the reasonable layout of reconstruction area of prawn ponds has been carried out by dividing one pond into two or three ponds or arranging the water purifying pond and the disposing pond for stocking prawn and shellfish, respectively so as to increase self purification and sterilization and improve the discharged water quality and reducing the impact of discharged water on the environmental waters. Secondly, it adopts semi - closed and recycled farming model with installation of aerators after reconstruction. The waste water discharged from pond can be recycled by biological purifying and sterilizing and only little of the waste water in pond ( water exchange a day is less than 5% after July) is discharged, which is much less than that of the former prawn pond and it has much less impact on environment. Thirdly ,based on the reconstruction model of prawn pond in Fujian province ( i.e. prawn farming model of semi-closed and middle stocking density),in the drainage amount of contaminants from prawn pond the total nitrogen content is 135 kg/ha/yr. and COD 158.4 kg/ha./yr., if the total drainage amount of waste water from prawn pond is 160,000 m3/ha./two crops/yr. The increased volume of the total nitrogen in the waste water is 0.84 mg/l and the total is 0.39mg/I and COD 0.99mg/l( It means that the increased volume is resulted from self pollution in pond, excluding self-content of water in the sea area.).Compared with other contamination-source, there is less contamination in the prawn pond after reconstruction and it is limited to make a contribution to eutrophic level in waters. However, in the program of prawn pond reconstruction the water in the prawn pond is treated through the water purification before drainage and then is discharged into environment. Its concentration will be reduced to a large extent because a part of nutrient matters is further decomposed and converted into 54 something be utilized by shellfish in the pond. The contamination level of waste water from pond on environment will be minimized with improvement of food quality and management level. 2.4.3 Environment Impact Assessment on the waste water drainage of breeding The kinds of contaminant and properties in the waste water of breeding are similar to the culture of prawn. The negative impact on the environment is also a problem of organic contamination and eutrophication. Based on calculation of drainage volume and concentration of main contaminants, it shows that there is little of environmental loads of the total nitrogen and total phosphorous in the process of shellfish breeding and the contents of the total nitrogen and the total phosphorus are increased by O.lmg/l and 0.01 mg/l, respectively. It is not considered to be a new source of pollution because of small water body of breeding. In the process of fish breeding the total nitrogen and total phosphorous loads are more than those of shellfish breeding because there are much more yeast for culturing zooplankton and low utilized rate of minced fish ( fresh food) in the culture of post larvae. The increased volume of nitrogen and phosphorous in the waste water of breeding is estimated at 12.5mg/l and 2.4mg/I, respectively because the residues and excreta in the process of breeding remain for a short time (about 3-5 days) and most of organics are discharged into environment before being decomposed and consume a large number of dissolved oxygen in water. Therefore, it will pay attention to the organic contamination in the waste water of fish breeding in a place where there is a poor water source. In addition, it will pay attention to the higher concentration of disinfectants( bleaching powder, potassium permanganate,etc.) in cleaning hatchery, especially in mass cleaning pond and break out of diseases. The residual content of chemicals and antibiotic is higher in the waste water discharged and it is harmful to aquatic life in the received waters directly. It is not treated by decomposition. The construction engineering has included the water purifying pond and disposing pond for the waste water of breeding in the project of shellfish hatchery. However, it is not mentioned in the facilities of fish (crab) breeding and the disinfected water will be discharged after the decomposition of efficacy of a drug. 2.5 Impact assessment of environmental pollution on breeding Breeding is closely related to the water quality of located zone and most of 55 something be utilized by shellfish in the pond. The contalrination level of waste water from pond on environment will be minimized with improvement of food quality and management level. 2.4.3 Environment Impact Assessment on the waste water drainage of breeding The kinds of contaminant and properties in the waste water of breeding are similar to the culture of prawn. The negative impact on the environment is also a problem of organic contamination and eutrophication. Based on calculation of drainage volume and concentration of main contaminants, it shows that there is little of environmental loads of the total nitrogen and total phosphorous in the process of shellfish breeding and the contents of the total nitrogen and the total phosphorus are increased by O.lmg/l and 0.01 mg/l, respectively. It is not considered to be a new source of pollution because of small water body of breeding. In the process of fish breeding the total nitrogen and total phosphorous loads-are more than those of shellfish breeding because there are much more yeast for culturing zooplankton and low utilized rate of minced fish ( fresh food) in the culture of post larvae. The increased volume of nitrogen and phosphorous in the waste water of breeding is estimated at 12.5mg/l and 2.4mg/I, respectively because the residues and excreta in the process of breeding remain for a short time (about 3-5 days) and most of organics are discharged into environment before being decomposed and consume a large number of dissolved oxygen in water. Therefore, it will pay attention to the organic contamination in the waste water of fish breeding in a place where there is a poor water source. In addition, it will pay attention to the higher concentration of disinfectants( bleaching powder, potassium permanganate,etc.) in cleaning hatchery, especially in mass cleaning pond and break out of diseases. The residual content of chemicals and antibiotic is higher in the waste water discharged and it is harmful to aquatic life in the received waters directly. It is not treated by decomposition. The construction engineering has included the water purifying pond and disposing pond for the waste water of breeding in the project of shellfish hatchery: However, it is not mentioned in 'the facilities of fish (crab) breeding and the disinfected water will be discharged after the decomposition of efficacy of a drug. 2.5 Impact assessment of environmental pollution on breeding Breeding is closely related to the water quality of located zone and most of 55 project sites is located in the coastal harbors with good water quality and are far away from the estuary of inner bay. It is necessary to reduce water pollution for breeding as much as possible. Most of hatcheries are located in the tidal zone and the contamination of water off shore has not exceeded the standard of water, belonging to the first class water quality zone. There are good water exchange and a large environmental capacity in the most of places where good water quality can be kept for a long time to accord with requirements of breeding. However, the water area nearby some hatcheries such as along the coast of Rudong county, Jiangsu province and along the coast of Zhangwan and Guizhi,Ningde,Fujian province) results in contents of COD and oil in water of branch tidal zone along the coast -exceeding the standard due to influents discharged from ships and marine fish farms. The impacts on the breeding are as follows: (1) The concentration increase of organic nutrient matter in sea water strengthens the survival ability of some pathogenic bacterial and it is more difficult for prevention and treatment of disease in the process of breeding. (2) The nutrient salts released by organic matter and a large number of excreta of cultured organisms, vitamin and biological additives in artificial food stimulate bloom of some species to form a red tide. The red tide water has a toxin to fish ( crab), and shellfish and the toxic red tide is more harmful to organisms. (3) The sea water polluted by oil not only changes water property and accelerates eutrophication, but also the toxic matters of oil such as ammonia nitrogen, phenols, sulphide and cancerogenic substances such as benzopyrene 3,4 and benzanthracenel,2 damage the composition of endonuclease and protein in the body of organism. In addition, a phenomenon commonly exists in the prawn culture in recent year in Fujian province, i.e. under an abnormal climate condition, for example , much of cultured prawn die in succession due to disease after typhoon or storm, it encounters the same destiny in breeding operation. This is possibly related to air pollution, acid rain and land contaminants which are run to sea by surface runoff but it is not clear for the kinds of contaminants and their mechanisms which lead to death of organism. Therefore, The pollution of large environment has maximal impact on breeding production. 2.6 Suggestions and mitigation measures These environmental problems involved in management of marine 56 2.6 Suggestions and mitigation measures These environmental problems involved in management of marine aquaculture include man-made enivironmental problems an,d problems on distribution of natural environmental elements and change patterns. In addition, it also involves self pollution in mariculture. Because there are no large scale industries and living pollution, the impact of sea area environment is self-pollution problem in mariculture.As for above mentioned, the suggestions and measures are pointed as follows. 2.6.1 Drawing up management plan The government at various level shall make out an overall plan reasonably and scientifically for shallow sea, beach and ponds under their jurisdiction and avoid conflicts among the exploitation and -utilization of resources, estimate the carrying capacity in area of prawn culture scientifically and reasonably arrange the species of culture, rearing area and stocking density. It is necessary to strengthen monitor and management of fishery environment in order to assess objectively and forecast unfavorable effect and take necessary measures and limit them into acceptable level. 2.6.2 Improvement of culture technique In the situation of prevalent prawn disease it must adhere to carry out semi-closed farming model with installation of aerators and. keep a reasonable stocking density and apply photosynthetic bacteria which not only improve and stabilize the culture environment and prevent and treat disease, but also is used as food and food additive and promote growth of fish and prawn, and effectively improve water quality and bottom environment of pond and put off occurrence of disease. It needs to select good food and health prawn seeds, and chemicals and antibiotics are seldomly used as less as possible. The interfarming of other species and culture in rotation are carried out so as to be fully utilized in the man-made semi-closed system and minimize waste water drainage to environment. In addition, the mixed disinfectant with Cd02 as main component replaces bleaching powder in water quality treatment and cleaning and sterilizing pond. 2.6.3 Disposal of removed silts in prawn pond during the process of reconstruction During the period of prawn pond reconstruction it needs to remove a large quantity of silts from the prawn pond. Because the silt contains a large 57 amount of organics such as metabolites and remanent diet, they will seriously impact on water quality of neighboring waters, caused by loss of silts if a preventive measure is not carried out. For this reason, it should adopt a certain preventive measures for transporting the removed black silts on surface of bottom far away from the farming area and it will not influence on en-ironment due to the loss of silts. 2.6.4 To strengthen training of technical force A success of any mariculture project will be dependent on the skill and experience of workers. In the same area and same natural conditions the different effect and environmental effect are resulted from the different techniques and management methods. Therefore, to gradually improve technical and management level of farmers is an important key for promoting the economy of mariculture and ecological benefits and enforcing sustainable development of ecological aquaculture . 2.6.5 Improvement of operation system At present, most of hatcheries and prawn ponds have been run by individual or inpartnership with low educational level and shortage of technique and fund, and they have no ability to renew equipment and reconstruct prawn ponds. Up to today, most of prawn ponds have not been fitted with advanced equipment and technique ,only depended on natural conditions and there is a large loss in culture production. In the future the aquaculture shall be run by the stock enterprises in individual operation and managed by prawn farmer with good educational level and skills so as to put the culture of prawn and seed up to a new level and do environmental protection well. 2.6.6 Control of contaminant drainage Living sewage and industrial effluent will be discharged according to the standard, and the total volume of contaminant drainage will also be controlled in the area of culture, especially to strictly control toxicants and harmful matters such as metallic elements, phenols, oils and polychlorobiphenyl, etc. to be discharged to farming sea area. Otherwise they will be harmful to human being by the way of deposition of cultured organism and convey of food chain. The station for waste water treatment must be established in the newly constructed hatchery, the size of which will be as same as a factory. The waste water will be discharged on sea area after being exposed to air, precipitated, and treated chemically and biologically. The environmental protection departments will control not 58 only living sewage and industrial waste water, but also farming effluents. To strengthen propagation and education, and to improve the environmental awareness of farmer. It is necessary to shoe clearly the reason of pollution caused by aquaculture and results to broad farmers. Let them to recognize that utilization of resources is as important as the protection of resource and environment, conscientiously maintain ecological environment of aquaculture and struggle against a harmful behavior that is absorbed in immediate interest to sacrifice environment. Meanwhile It needs to understand the way of pollution in sea environment and dangers to aquaculture and increase self resistant to risk of pollution, for example, a large number of contaminants on land run to offshore area so as to increase sharply content of contamination in seawater after typhoon and storm. At this time it shall stop water inlet to avoid a disastrous effect on breeding and aquaculture. The training courses should be held regularly in a place with good conditions. In the training course the environment protection will be one of the important contents for increasing the environmental awareness of all farmers. 59 Zhejiang Xiangxi' Province Provinc| ,~ " eFuding. 0 rl ) . Crib Hatchery / > \ \ -atch ~~~~~~~~~~~Fuzhou~~~~~. / F ~~~~~~FujianProvince _ o 3 r Pn 1 coq Prwn RecoveryProduction X ,>z / f ~~~~~~~~~PrawniRecovery w1 Fig 2.1-1Sketch map of the continProductionsCyeproheonitemarecofty ' /<, % P~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rawn Recovery _ < \ \ V S= Prod~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~uction \ , ~~~~~~~~~~Huji a r bShellfish Hatchery t\ \ J ~~~~Quanz coastal resources of Fujian provincePrawn - Recovery production a Fish\| Hatchery _ 6 ShellfishHatchery J xle rw Recovery \ _ Xi~~~~amh anRcvr \$ Yunxho Zh nff_Shehllfish and fish Hatchery \ ,{ If \! Prwn Recovery Zho aoduction Guan;4/ O . ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5010Oti Provice\ Prawn RecoveryPeoduction Fig 2.1- 1 Sketchmap of the continously exploition iteM area of the g* ~coastalresources of Fujian province - Prawn Recovery Production and Hatchery 60 2~~~~~e 0 ;1;lk:nit( ltl:s -illt r,o Alon. -i(h/W\ (t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~( ris, 51t \ \ _z^ i <~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ullrnandCnrl fo ' ; o i) < . E!~~~~~~~~~~~ \ 1 Ilh;llury nlhi RCtGlStilt' ~~n IlIC SCil n Altlulonc,,ualtciwrlcIicUauli ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~11S\_ \\1 r f C'~~~~~C rD n oi ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ihso1n'aeitsL !~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~aI~4jiohiv5aaiSeau (D 6 IZI- i 122 ptp,2 _ .ri--rr .r ~ Sea 1 Chin... Mittene-Hjpdd Crab hatchery of Goyrtn Town-4O0 2. YangouChart... Mittan.handad C,ab Hatch.ryof Shiwy-n To.n. DOSOn' 3.Yaogou Chin... Mittn-Handrd Crab rnperalurponstant- Stor.roo 01ofShu,yuan lown.2DDD m A.Chin,... Min-n4Hnd.d Crab Hateh.ry of Gaokan Ton- 4000m, 5 Aq.uti. Pr-dcr. Pr,-..% Plant of Dap... Fiih.ri.. Groap Copany.1200mv 6. Polyap-ole Hatch.ry of Enhanc.-,rt and C.11.,e Station .41000m, 7. G-nera Stati-on Catal... Zone M.nag.rnnt S Ennironw-nt Monitoring Station 9. Disease Mon-ioig -nd tn.paction Station -f . . . tE.0Fan.o rdaogou. Eparpint of P-rwn Pondswhich i. returned .1 's_ W ( Shifou to production 186.7 ha. Ii.ClCn earlh pond br-ding 33.3 ha. 13. Indutetrializdfish cuht- of 5000SO 14. Til.pia fanning 21 ha. 2- 3 Go Y 4 ,;) 15. Clamncuttr. on b.ach.165667 ha. Shu,y..n V ( 6 5Uhr.ndintir 7~~~~~~ Dong o a ae o c e Bay 12 CChsn99uan < ( { tS6 th. airitto\i/t~ Sayy n piangtu g / Wongqu.n/^ ); ngz>7 (g-Z huPin99 >-)~~~~~an 15 . < Sran~~~~~~~~~.gyun S ho j, gun Fig. 2.143DistribUtionofT farmning area of coastal resourcessustainable development in Yingkou, Liaoning province 62 fl * 421' 00' .4 4r wr u 1. Jlan.gq Halahn.g Grouppondculture 150h. Yangch.ng 2 and Mud raobbreeding 200m 2.Rudong Beach D.,,..lopoant Co,npanySh.Ilfll.h Cultw. 1600Sandhe. I I I r ( t | J 2 ^ 3X~~~~~~~~~~~~ NearbytheLa*r and ShofifshcomP.ny d a .Shallfiahculture 1600ha. 4. Yankou B.ach fanning ornpany4h.IIflah cultur. 000ha. t\ JS9.X k > 5 Rudong aInggu-n9Xlangdao Aquati. Pndu-ts on,LID. | | eS H-bnl t \ Y^ngbX ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Law*-ullur. 80 h.. a. IInt.ng Sh halthayl prod-ot Co.. LTD-ah.1tl,h proc. \ ; / \ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_tv t~~~~~~~~~~~7H ibi 9Villog. In B.yu To-nhlp-eh.Ilibh ult.,.1333. 9~~~~~^ 1 \ 8 $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3~~BRud.ong Law rPr-..a and M.Ilon..- cC.nl.,-l.v.r 7. 'ulure 53.3 h. 7 \ | | 7 Xlngang^ }10. KaipF.r. -0h.ltllh culture 1333.3h.. 10.Donghuang AquaticProduct Co., LTD. -. h.IItl.h II.t..,,u. 2066.7 h.. e nh.>-Rug | dlsiricl $ r 2 j | ) | yF> 12.TongohouAquaultun, CompanyArc.breading 2000m .0 1~~~~~~~~~~T-ngoho. Aqarl.6-tod~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2.rlyand Cononrri.l I Con,pany- Arc. cullure 6067 h.. f 13. Aquac-ltur. F.n- of T.ngohou Marin. Ffsh.rla. IIdr / ><6< u dog Co_p.ny. 065.1h.. iuogs rlcl ~~~~~~~14.Hialomn h,.lqc.ag Glob. Flah Culture and Proc.a. . 4 h.. \ . z X 1 \ X § < '' J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1'°1 rajrwinng Roo 1000m 2 Y 5(\ ~BCISH an Aqu.cullu,*Cwpanyoncl.edooulture of \ 15 \ > ) / / / * t2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iCyclinasinesk - I 000h. 16. FImhInGroup CoLTD-Br-dingofChtno.Cld.n \ \ 1 \ \ \ t I | ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~13mItI*n h.nd.d v.ub igoom I G\ id-ng} IC..*W 17 M.rltuloBreeding Cop.ny -Br-ndlg of 16.largeyell. cr..ker2500m and br.edingol gl bfh%00lorm \ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~n),| )|npsalU-ic 14 18. Qion Coet.lurany-100 M.Iutr C.r h*.r / t4 >_ 4 N 1-); & !2 _ 811 San«~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~020 { / / /v_ , ~~~~~~~~~~~NotW_-1rIct Fig 2.14 Distributlion of DevelopmentProject of Nantong, Jiangsu Province. . 63 3. Environment Impact Assessment on Aquatic Product Processing Plant 3.1 General situation In the recent years, with the development in economy in China the quality of processed aquatic products demanded by people is going up higher and higher, and various processing plants have emerged accordingly. Based on the data collected, the processed seafoods dominate the market. The plants are mainly scattered along the regions of coast. The enterprises are of medium or small- sized, but highly potentialized for development. Particularly, a slight improvement or modification of processed products to satisfy the consumers requirement will readily bring about high economic efficiency. The industrial pollutants discharged from the plants are mainly of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), and other biological suspensions, which can be removed by two stages of sedimentation and then by the microbiologicaltreatment to reach the release standard for pollutants, so there will be no significantinfluence on environment. 3.1.1 Name, location and system of ownership of plants Totally, there are 14 plants are to be reconstructed or expanded in the project, in which eleven (11) in Fujian Province and one (I) each in Yingkou City of Liaoning Province, Rongcheng City of Shandong Province, and Rudong County of Nantong City. The project includes the reconstruction and expansion of cold processing plant for seafoods, the purpose of which is to expand the local processing plant and promote both domestic and foreign trades of seafoods. As to the system of ownership, some are state ownership, some collective and some limited-liability company. The riame, location and system of ownership of plants are given in Table 3.1. 3.1.2 Size, Area and Plane Layout of Plants The plants in this project are the enterprises of medium or small size. They are mainly located in the suburbs of city with plentiful land resources and so occupy a vast area of land to allow them for augmentation of facilities for sewerage disposal and let sewerage released after sufficient treatment. The details are shown in Table 3.2. The plane layout of workshop in the plant meets the requirements for food technological process in order to assure continuous production without blind angle and crisscross contamination, that will reduce energy waste due to the repeated operations. Fig 3.1 shows the general plane layout for processing plants. 64 Table 3.1 Name, Location and system of Ownership of Processing Plant Province/City Name Location Ownership Fujian Canned Food Manufacturer, Sansha, Xiapu County State Owned Sansha Fisheries Co. Xiapu Algae Processing Nanmenwei, Xiapu County Collective Limited- Co., Ltd. Liability Putian Haihua Industry Co., Beijin Industrial Area, Ltd-Liability Ltd. Hushi, Putian Putian Aquaculture Co. Xueyuan Nan Lu, State owvned Chentxiang Area, Putian Xiangzhi Seafood Xiangzhi, Shishi County Collective Development Co. Ltd. Xianien Seafood processing #60 Shapowei, Fishery Area State owned plant of Xiamen Port _ Xiamen Marine #170 Daxue LU, Xiamen Collective Ltd-Liability Industry(Group) Co.,Ltd Longhai Haixing Seafood Huaqing Industrial Area Private Ltd-Liaability Processing Co., Ltd . Caowei, Longhai City Dongshan Haikui Seafood Tongling, Dongshan Private Ltd-Liability Co. Ltd County Zhangpu Liuao Seafood Liuao, Zhangpu County Collective Comprehensive Processing Plant Liaoning Yingkou Pelagic Fisheries West Laio River Entrance State Owned Group Co..Ltd Yinkou City Shangdong Rongcheng Aquaculture Liao Gulf Bank Collective Co. Nantong Nantong Shenyi Health Juegang, Rudong Countv State Owned Products Co., Ltd. _ Chang- Entr- Raw material ing ance Package storage pretreatment room room Room Seafood procesing Condiments formulation workshop Room Storage room for dried Packing Plat- Plat products room form form Marinated product Panel Fluid- workshop Mach- ized Boiler room me Bed Machinery room Platform Ice making tank Quick Freezer Cold storage for finished Heat preservation Room Ice storage Room products for finished products Fig. 3-1 Plane Layout of Processing Plant 65 3.1.3 Land Utilization and Future Scale of Productivity In the plant area, in addition to the ground area occupied by workshops, administration building, cold storage, and such rooms for necessary facilities as machine room, warehouse, etc., it also should have some spacious and open ground for sun drying, planting trees and flowers to beautify the environment, and transportation. Obviously, it varies with the product processed by the different processing plant. For instance, a vast area of open ground is needed for sun drying in the algae processing plant, but the pretreatment for minced fish (kamaboko) products should be operated within the house. Table 3.2 lists the details for the land area occupied in each plant. Affected by such factors as management stratagem, invested funds, consumption market and source of raw materials, the development between the plants is not in equality, and accordingly their investment, productivity, scale of development, etc. are quite different. The scale of development of each plant is shown in Table 3.2. Table 3.2 Scale, Land Area and Land Used of Each Plant Name of Plant Original Scale/Funds Land Land Productivity Scale Invested (MT/yr) Area Used to be 2 2 M M Expanded(MT/yr) Sansha Canned Food 10,000 29798 20659 11,570 Manufacturer,Sansha Fisheries Co., Fujian Xiapu Algae Processing Co., Ltd 3,000 6184 3707 3,000 Putian Haihua Ind.Co., Ltd CNY5,000 x 103 invested 12000 4050 784 Putian Aguaculture Co. 1850 7299 3256 1,750 Shishi Xiangzhi Seafood Development CNY25,920 x 103invested 18954 5750 2,560 Co. . ' Xiamen Seafood Processing Plant 730 9000 1000 730 Xiamen Marine Ind. Group Co., Ltd. 4,515 13657 3200 to 2,950 be increas Longhai Haixing Seafood Processing 600 990 920 Co. ,Ltd. Dongshan Seafood Comprehensive 770 1250 1132 910 Processing Plant Dongshan Haikui Seafood Co.,Ltd 2,1450 5328 3451 1,295 Zhangpu Liuao Seafood 2333 1400 545 Comprehensive Processing Plant Yingkou Pelagic Fisheries Group CNY2,870 x 103 invested 3320 3,720 Co. Ltd. Rongcheng Aquaculture Co., CNY21,074 x 103 11650 5000 3,720 Shangdong _ I_I Nantong Shenyi Health Products 640 (8,000 cases) 6315 3800 2,400 Co..Ltd _ _(30,00cases) 66 3.1.4 Product Assortment and General Technology To suit the market demand is a manifestation of the processing plant, i.e. producing seafoods of excellent quality, satisfying the majority of consumers requirement and meeting the market demand. Therefore, a rich and varied processing industry is formed. The assortments of seafood are many and varied in the province, such as: processed fish products mainly including fish noodle, fish cake, fish ball, baked and roasted fillet, canned whole fish, dried fish floss, etc. ; processed cephalopod products including flavored squid slices, frozen octopus cuts, etc.; processed shrimp or prawn products including flavored raw shrimp or prawn, baked fresh shrimp, frozen shrimp, shrimp flavor condiments, dumpling with shrimp meat, shrimp meat noodle (ball and cake) , etc.; processed shellfishes products mainly including dried Pacific long oyster, oyster paste, canned oyster, IQF Pacific oyster, dried green mussel, dried clam meat, dried razor clam, etc.; processed crab products mainly including frozen crab lump, frozen crab meat, crab ball, crab paste, canned crab meat. ect.; processed algae products mainly including dried salted or fresh kelps, knotted kelps, sliced kelps, canned kelp, nonsalted laver, laver paste, flavored laver, instant laver, etc. Typically, the products mentioned above are processed with a general character in technology, i.e. * Frozen products technology raw material---washing---mixed with condiments---frozen---glazed---taken off tray---inspection---packaging---frozen * Dried products technology raw material---washing---mixed with condiments---drying or sun drying -- -packaging---storage * Canning technology raw material---washing---mixed with condiments---canning---sealing--- pasteurization---inspection---packaging Because of various formulation in condiment mixing technology the finished products processed and produced may vary in flavor with different or even same plant. 3.1.5 Number of Employe and Living Area The production capacity, management ability and utilization ratio of raw material in a plant are determined to a large extent by the proper arrangement of employe in the plant. Hence, the plant emphasizes on the seasonal employment of casual laborers in addition to the permanent employes. That means recruiting casual laborers from society to alleviate the tension state of production and dismissing them when the harvest season is over. That is why the number of 67 employes in many plants is in fluctuation. The total number of employes: including seasonal employment of laborers is 2964 as shown in Table 3..3. As Food Sanitation Law in China stipulated, the living area for employes should be entirely separated from the plant area in order to protect from crisscross contamination, so no living area is allowed to set up in the plant area. Table 3.3 Statistical Table for Number of Employe in Each Plant Name of Plant Management Technician Worker Administrative Sales Total Staff Staff _ _ Canned Food 2 11 93 19 5 130 Manufacturer, Sansha FisheriesCo. Xiapu Algae Processing 9 57 13 79 Co., Ltd. Putian Haihua Industry 4 5 266 11 1.0 296 Co., Ltd. PutianAguaculture Co. 3 12 145 14 6 180 Shishi Xiangzhi Seafood 4 10 600 4 10 628 DevelopmentCo. Ltd. Xiamen Seafood 2 10 104 8 6 130 processing plant Xiamen Marine 3 6 190 7 4 210 Industry(Group)Co..Ltd _. Longhai Haixing Seafood 3 20 240 32 5 300 ProcessingCo., Ltd __l_I__ Dngshan Seafood 2 10 56 4 4 76 ComprehensiveProcessing Plant . l DongshanHaikui Seafood 3 15 90 12 10 130 Co. Ltd Zhangpu Liuao Seafood 2 5 90 13 10 120 ComprehensiveProcessing Plant Yingkou Pelagic Fisheries 3 12 285 10 10 320 GroupCo..Ltd Rongcheng Aquaculture 3 5 300 16 6 3.30 Co. Nantong Shenyi Health 3 8 24 35 ProductsCo., Ltd _ Total 46 129 2540 163 86 2964 3.2 Engineering Analysis 3.2.1 Raw materials and their origin, storage, transportation, and water consumption Table 3.4 lists raw materials used and their origin, storage, transportation and water consumption in each plant. 68 Table 3.4 Information for Raw Material, Their Origin, Storage , Transportation and Water Consumption in Each Plant Water Name of Plant Raw Material Origin Storage Transportatio Consumptio n n MT/Day Canned FoodMushrooms, Sheilfishes Locality, Local Cold Seaand Highway 2000 Manufacturer, Sansha aquaculture FisheriesCo. Xiapu AlgaeProcessing Kelps Local Ambient Highway 500 Co.,Ltd. aquaculture area Putian Haihua IndustryShelifishes and Algae Local Ambient Highway 150 Co.,Ltd. aquaculture area PutianAquaculture Co. Kelps,Oysters, Fish Locality and Ambient Highway 1000 vicunasea area Shishi XiangzhiShimps, Fish, Oysters Vicinal sea Cold Seaand Highwvay 5000/batch Seafood Development coast Co.Ltd. Xiamen SeafoodFish. Shrimps,Vicinal sea Cold Seaand Highw.ay 300 processingplant Shellfishes coast Xiarnen MarineOysters, Fishes, Xiamen, Cold Seaand Highway 200 Industry(Group)Co..Ltd Pintan _ Longhai Ha\xingOysters. Crabs, Shrimps Coastal Cold sea and Highway 50 SeafoodProcessing Co., aquaculture, Ltd sea catches Dongshan HaikuiFish, Shrimps, Crabs,purchase from Cold Highway 200 SeafoodCo. Ltd Shellfishes portmarkets Dongshan SeafoodFish, Shelifishes Localsea coast Cold Highwvay 60 Comprehensive ProcessingPlant ZhangpuLiuao SeafoodCrabs.Shrimps, Vicinalport Cold Highway 153 Comprehensive Shellfishes ProcessingPlant Yingkou PelagicShellfishes, Trilapia,Local Cold,AmbSea andHighNvay 378 FisheriesGroup Co.,Ltd PranTL Clams,Cod, etc. aquaculture ient, area, less Frozen quantity imported RongchengAquaculture Kelps. Oysters,Local -coastalCold, Seaand Highway 50 Co. Shrimps. Fish, area Ambient Shellfishes Nantong Shenyi HealthShellfishes Local Ambient Seaand Highway 4 ProductsCo., Ltd. aquaculture ______~~~~~~~~~~~areaIII 3.2.2 Technological Process The processing technological process of different products is shown in the following diagrams: 69 * Shellfishes Processing Enzymatic -fl_amixing degradiation lwl l_ | rvith t eaIne d int I raw washelliremoval o material sand Ito leave -oodssgragthe plantc e L 3a3LinI a placinginto ~~~~~pchkaing ~Shrimp processing |~~~~~~~~~~~~~otn treoal of rms I materialIl head l . I / | ~~tray's r)an individualfrozen checkingweight pakgn |to leave the plant codstrg 70 * Salted Shrimp Processing ~tol1eaet planj pJack-aging j+ 2 -ing hecking~weight * Tilapia Processing rwmatera sliin slcngarging to leav~ethe .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~w Iieng... plant |^wzgin * Frozen Boiled Clam rocessing *~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 to leave the plant * Salted Clam Processing |rawmasgse choppingmeat packing sa g __,ning weighing cold storage * waste residues There are two kinds of residues mainly left over from the processing plant in which the edibles can be processed to animal feeds or additives in the formulated feedstuff for fish, shrimp, etc.. The nonedibles may deeply buried in the earth or directly used as agricultureal fertilizer. Another kind of residues is coal dregs from boiler which are generally used as road pavement material or making coal-dreg bricks. Aeration Coa ulant WasteWater- Grid Regulation tank- Inclin sedimentattiorxF Conta oxidationtank for screening Dying treatment4- Sludge tank -Air oating tank Mixedcoagulant Discharge screening tank 4 Fig 3.2 Flow Diagram for Sewage Treatment in Seafood Processing Plant(l) Industrialsewerage Primary sedimentation Tank for Rinsingsewerage for residues regulation Dry- Livingsewerage # 1 Purifyingagent ing For WilH - RL - C # 2 Purifying agent Tae C Treatment Faciliti es resi- dues # 3 Purifying agent Filtering facilities eaned water well remaining water Fig. 3.3 Flow Diagram for Sewage Treatment in Seafood Processing Plant(2) * waste water Two kinds of industrial waste water come from the processing plant. One is waste water from raw material washing which consists of coarse particulates, no harmful and toxicant soil and sands, and soluble organ.ics in less amount. In general, it can be directly released through sedimentation * Cold Fillet Processing l_ I ~~~~~andviscera and thom | |selecting checking packaging freezing placing into trays weight t1 1 . and arranging |cold storage seletin checking finished checking finished ic3 L product L product * Knotted Kelp Processing raw asgremoval of yellow material | Ledge and soiled kelp removal bothedInds seodrysl 35 salt rnixing(30°/O)|~~~~~~~ackgin * Frozen Squid Roll raw | J g..JI~~teTj4 skinnedand stripped I rnaterial* I | ~~~~~~~~viscerated|L ~~~~m J~~~~~~~~~J1 ~~~~~ weighing ~~quick ieNae [ispection [| roe | { ~~pack;agm frozen i vashing | cold storage 72 O Crabs Processing %vater"I'asliing packvaging _glazed quckfoe 3.2.3 Quantity of pollutants discharged, released manner and pollutant features Both industrial waste water and living sewage form main pollutants discharged from the processing plant. The daily quantity of sewage discharged from 14 plants is about 3,500 MT, in which the concentration of COD in washing water is about 30-60mg/L which is equivalent to 0. 21 MT maximum daily discharged. The industrial waste water is constituted of nutritional washing water after fish, shrimp and shellfish washing which essentially contains pollutants of COD, BOD, volatile acids, suspensions, etc., but no heavy metals or other toxicants are present. These pollutants are readily decomposed by oxidation and microbiological degradation. By simple treatment in a processing station the industrial sewage may reach the following standard.COD<150mo/L, BOD<600mg/L, SS 3.2.4 Programme for wastes treatment * waste gas The combustion of coal fuel is applied to supply heat energy in some of the processing plants. Smoke-dust in waste gas can be removed by two stage sedimentation system through Model XZZ Cyclone Duster for the first stage and then through the second duster to make the concentration of smoke-dust 200mg/in' reaching GB 13721-91 standard. * waste residues There are two kinds of residues mainly left over from the processing plant in which the edibles can be processed to animal feeds or additives in the formulated feedstuff for fish, shrimp, etc.. The nonedibles may deeply buried in the earth or directly used as agricultureal fertilizer. Another kind of residues is- coal dregs from boiler which are generally used as road pavement material or making coal-dreg bricks. Aeration Coa ulant 1 WasteWateri Grid Regulationtank-- Inclin sedimentattiorf Conu oxidationtank for screening M Dying treatment+- Sludge tank 4 Air oating tank Mixed coagulant Discharge screening tank 4 Fig 3.2 Flow Diagram for Sewage Treatment in Seafood Processing Plant(l) Industrialsewerage Primary sedimentation Tank for Rinsingsewerage for residues regulation Dry- Living sewerage # I Purifing agenting For W!ll -RL - C # 2 Purifying agent Treatment Facilities resi- dues #3 Purifying agent Filtering facilities remaining water Cleaned water well Fig. 3.3 Flow Diagram for Sewage Treatment in Seafood Processing Plant(2) * waste water Two kinds of industrial waste water come from the processing plant. One is waste water from raw material washing which consists of coarse particulates, no harmful-and toxicant soil and sands, and soluble organics in less amount. In general, it can be directly released through sedimentation of coarse particulates, such as waste water from kelp, fish and shellfish washing. Another one is rinsing water in the process which contains much organics and suspensions of small particulates with high fluctuation in pH. Waste water of this kind should be sufficiently sedimented, degraded, pH adjusted nearly to neutrality, sufficiently aerated to make the concentration of COD and BOD meet the stipulated standard and then be released. Fig 3.2 and 3.3 show the flow diagram of industrial sewage processed in most of the plants. Table 3.5 Status of traffic, transportation and utilization and exploitation of land resources in processing plant Land utilization 2 Name Triffic N. of (in ) vehicles Land Land used occupied Ganned food manufacturer linked with provincial highway 13 29798 20659 and # 104 state highway throughconuties Sansha fisheries Co., Fujian trafricfavorable 1 6184 3707 Xiapu algae processing Co., Ltd close to provincial 4 12000 4050 highway.municipal hub o communications _ Pudian Haihua industrial Co., Ltd 100 meters awayfrom highway, 7299 3256 I ______|traffic favorable Pudian aquaculture Co. 13 km away from city.traffic2(boats) 5750 favorable either by sea or _ ~~~~highwvay___ _ Shishi Xiangzhi seafoodNearbv pier and highway 9000 1000(to be developmentCo. I increased) Xiamen marine ind. Group Co., traffic favorable by air, sea or 2 13657 3200(to be Ltd . highway,a pierin the plant increased) Longhai Haixing seafoodnearby highway, favorable traffic 2 990 processing Co. Ltd by sea Dongshan seafood comprehensive50 metersaway from pier, traffic 1 1250 1132 processing plant favorable either by sea or highwvay Dongshan Haikui seafood Co., Ltd I km away from pier, traffic 2 5328 3451 favorable either by sea or highway Zhangpu Liuao seafoodstate highway # 324 crossing 2 2333 1400 comprehensiveprocessing plant the project area, traffic favorable by sea or highway Yinkou pelagic fisheries group traffice favorableby air, a pier in 3 3320 Co.,Ltd, Liaoning the plant Rongcheng aquaculture Co., traffic favorable 6 11650 5000 Shangdong Nantong Shenyi health products Town hub of communicationsat 1 6315 3800 Co. JuegangTown Remarks:Vehicles for transportation including refrigerated truck, heavy load truck and other vehicles 3.2.5 Traffic, transportation and land utilization of plants All of processing plants are located nearby highways or ports which are favorable to transportation. Moreover, all factories are provided with such vehicles as refrigerated truck, heavy-load truck and carriages for transportation of raw material to the plant and in turn fished products to the market. The favorable transportation assures to preserve raw material fresh. The land resources are exploited and sufficiently utilized, the details of which are shown in Table 3.5. 3.3 Environmental Status around Processing Plant Area 3.3.1 Geographical Location The detailed geographical locations of the processing plants are shown in Table 3.6 and Fig. 3.3-1, Fig.2.1.2, Fig.2.1.3 and Fig.2.1.4. Table 3.6 Geographical Location and Coordinate of Each Processing Plant Geograph Provine/ Name Geographical coodition City Location ° E 0 N Fujian Canned manufacturerlocated at Funing GuH 1200 12 ' 67" 26 0 56' 36" Sanshafisheries Co., entrance,2lKm away from Xiapu City _ . Xiapu Algae ProcessingCo., located at Funing Gulf 120 00' 20 - 25 0 52 ' 00 Ltd entrance (east),neary the city(north) Pudian Haihua industrialnorth to Putian City, south to 119 ° 06 ' 45 " 25 0 22' 34" Co., Ltd Pinghai Gulf, east to Xinghai Gulf,andwest to MeizhouGulf PudianAquaculture Co. Nearby Mulan Creek, east to 119" 01 ' 00 " 25 " 29' 02" Xinghua Gulf Shishi Xiangzhi SeafoodNearby Quanzhou Gulf,west to 1180 45 ' 16" 24 ° 43 ' 21" DevelopmentCo. ShishiCity Xiamen Marine ind. Grouplocated ai Xiamen 118" 05' 06 " 24 a 29 ' 10" Co., Ltd Island(southwest),nearby XiamenPort(south) Longhai Haixing Seafoodlocated at LonghaiCity,nearby 118" 05 ' 06 " 24" 28' 52 - ProcessingCo. Ltd sea entrance of JiulongRiver Dongshan Seafoodlocated at west entrance of 117" 48' 54" 24 " 29' 42 " Comprehensive ProcessingDongshan Gulf ,west to Plant DongshanCity Dongshan Haikui Seafoodlocated at west entrace of 117" 31 ' 48" 23" 44' 11 Co., Ltd Dongshan Gulf, wvest to DongshanCity Zhangpu Liuao Seafoodlocated at east entrance of 117" 31 ' 48 - 23 ° 44' 11 - Comprehensive ProcessingFutou Gulf _Plant Liaoning Yinkou Pelagic Fisherieslocated Yingkou 117" 45' 18" 23" 55' 35" GroupCo.,Ltd, City(vest).seaentrace of Liao River Shangdong Rongcheng AquacultureLomated nearby Li Island Gulf 121" 40' 370 20' Co.. _ I Nantong Nantong Shenvi HealthLocated at Juegang Town, 122 40' 37 0 20' ProductsCo. RudongCounty 3.3.2 Status of land and hydrography The geographical location of this project area is basically similar to that of projects of net cage mariculture, shrimp pond reconstruction and seedling raising. The details of this section are given in 1.3.2 and 2.3.2 sections. 3.3.3 Status of water quality * Fujian Province Table 3.7 shows water quality of waters in the processing project area in Fujian province. The data listed in table 3.7 are of values annually averaged. Table 3.7 Water quality of processing project area in Fujian province Project Arca PH DO COD N P Oil Cu Pb Cd mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L l.g/L fLg/L Fig/L Sansha, Xiapu 8.02 6.63 2.12 0.20 0.031 0.02 0.95 0.1 0.012 Taxia, Xiapu 8.02 6.35 0.96 0.186 0.031 0.02 0.23 0.1 0.012 Xinghua Bau 8.18 6.32 0.90 0.10 0.018 0.0077 0.55 0.4 0.053 Meizhou Bay 8.23 7.45 1.58 0.106 0.021 0.030 1.7 2.2 0.14 Xiangzhi sea area 8.16 8.05 1.25 0.013 0.031 not detcted not detcted l Xiamen Port(outer) 8.07 7.24 1.53 0.413 0.042 Longha stone pier 7.81 7.02 1.30 0.455 0.010 0.037 0.9 0.36 0.034 Dongshan Bay 8.23 5.13 1.07 0.105 0.012 0.020 1.7 2.7 0.3 The water quality in the waters of the project area in Fujian province is good. The indexes of pH, BOD, COD, oil, Cu, Pb and Cd are meeting the first class standard of sea water quality. The contents of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in seawater are the main indexes in excess of the standard. The content of inorganic nitrogen in sea area of the processing project located basically excceeds the standard stipulated. The content of inorganic phosphorus in sea area of Funing Bay of Xiapu, Xinhua Bay, Meizhou Bay and Xiamen Outer Port also exceeds the first class standard of seawater quality. Moreover, the content of inorganic phosphorus in the sea area of Fujian bay and Xiamen Outer Port even exceeds the second class standard of seawter quality. In summer, the water quality of sea area where the processing project of Fujian province is located is fairly good and reaches the standard of second class of seawater quality. * Yinkou City of Liaoning Province Water quality status in Liaodong Bay The water quality status in Liaodong Bay and the fluctuations over the past seven years are given in Tab3.8 and Tab 3.9. It can be seen from Tab.3.8 that the pollutants in Liaodong Bay in excess of 77 the standards are inorganic nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus, oils and COD. Heavy metals , however, don't exceed the standards. The reason for the case is most likely that after being discharged from land pollution sources, the pollutants of Cu, Pb and so on could be deposited with suspended particulates in the form of solid on the seabed nearby the river mouth. However, this situation could lead to sedimentary pollution in some river mouth or in the vicinity of polllutant releasing mouth. As shown in Tab3.9, the major pollution factors in Liaodong Bay were inorganic nitrogen and oils before 1991, and are inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus after 1991. Table 3.8 Water quality status in Liaodong Bay Pollutants mean(mg/L) range(mg/L) excess rate over the factors in excess of standards ______l__I standards N 0.177 0.053-0.430 68 N P 0.020 0.001-0.036 50 p oil 0.04 0.03-0.06 8 oil COD | 0.50 0.19-1.40 0 Hg ! 0.02 0.01-0.02 0 Cu 2.06 0.77-4.17 0 Table 3.9 Fluctuations of water quality in Liaodong Bay Year oil COD N P Mean Excess rate Mean Excess rate over Mean Excess rate over Mean Excess rate over standads standads standads over standads =_mg-/L % mg/L % mg/L % matL % 1989 .0.023 22 1.164 0 0.084 44 0.174 56 1990 40 1.11 0 40 0 1991 20 1.64 0 0.238 100 0.014 20 1992 ______1993 0.03 0 1.14 3 0.154 39 0.016 40 1994 0.04 8 0.50 0 0.177 68 0.020 50 1995 0.04 17 0.62 0 0.272 75 0.014 40 * Weihai City of Shangdong Province The Processing plant in Weihai City is located nearby the project of shrimp pond reconstruction. * Nantong City The processing plant in Nantong City is located at 30 km away from seedling raising field of Rutong. The details of water quality around the plant are shown in 2.3.3 section. 78 3.3.4 Socio- economic By the statistical data of 1990, the land area along the coast in Fujian province covers 29,361 km2 , accounding for 23.75% of the land area with a population of 1,660.99 x 104 that accounts for 55.5% of the whole provincial population. The average density of population is 653.4/ kM2, higher than that of provincial population of 247/km2 . The majority of people along the coast is the Han nationality, adopting the Han culture with traditional customs and habits as well as humanities and landscapes. The popular dialect consists of a family of Minnan, Fuzhou and Pudian languages. Since the reformation and open door policy were carried into effect, the coastal area in Fujian have attained tremendous achievements in economy and social development based on the superiorities of location, marine resources, oversea Taiwanese, and high development in various industries and enterprises. Now the province has become an area with the most vigorous vitality in economic development and most broad propects. In 1990, the total industrial and agricultural outputs in the coastal area amouted to CNY45.193 billion in which the industrial output was CNY33.216 billion and the agricultural output CNY11.975 billion. The total industrial output in the coastal cities was much over the agricultural output and became an important pillar in economy. The structural proportion of three industrial categories has been changed from 34:40:26 in 1978 to 20:47:33. The industrial structure has been becoming intact and perfect. An industrial system of emphasis on light processing industry and coordinative development of energy and material industries is preliminarily formed. At present, the coastal area in the province has owned more than 30 categories of industry, commerce, and services, including agriculture, industry, ore and mineral exploitation, architecture, transportation, communication, merchandise circulation, tourism service, etc. The regions where the processing projects in Fujian province are located are in excellent economic status and speedily developed with no impoverished city, county and district. * Yingkou City of Lianning province I. Administrative division and population Yingkou has four districts and two cities (at county level). The city area covers 5,402 km2 with a population of 2.18 million, in which 40 X 103 people are fishermen. The density of population is 403.55/km2. II. Economy in 1996 In 1996, the total value of social output in Yingkou was CNY20,400 million; the value of agricultural output was CNY2,040 million, 28.7% 79 of them being fishery output (CNY580 million). At the provincial level, fishery output accounts for less than 10% of agricultural output. It can be drawn from the case that people in seaYood production, i.e. in marine culture, marine catches or processing, earn more than those in agriculture and even in industry. III. Communications Along with the economic development in Yingkou, communications have been developed speedily. Telecommunication has been widely used. Domestic and international direct-dials are commonly used. In some government departments and business enterprises, fax machine and E-mail are becoming necessary facilities for communication. At present, the direct communication by telephone with 2055 cities or counties at home and 188 countries abroad has been realized in Yingkou City. Besides, Yingkou has also set up the business of movable phone, wireless communication, and domestic/international special express mail. The plant is about 50 km apart from Bayuquan port, 160 km away from Shenyang city, and 200 km away from Dalian City by highway. There are international airports setup in both two cities. In addition to the favorable traffice situation by sea and highway, the geographical location of the plant is also favorable. The plant is nearby the areas of raw material production. Raw materials, finished productions, ice and packaging materials are handled manually or by means of small hand-pushed or -pulled carts. IV. Family size and net income per capita Based on the data collectd from two urban districts (Laotian and Bayuquan) and two cities ( Gaizhou and Dashiqiao), family size is 3.5 persons, lower than at national level(3.7 persons). In terms of net income per capita, it varies greatly with six administrative divisions under the jurisdiction of Yingkou, among which Liaobian leads ahead(CNY2700), and Gaizhou fell on the last (CNY1789). * Weihai City of Shandong province Table 3.3.1 lists socia-economic status in Weihai City of Shangdong province. * Nantong City I. The city covers a land area of 8001 km2 with coast line of 206 km and owns an area of tidal sand beach of 20 x 104 ha. The population of city is 7.8525 million, in which a population of 5.7263 million is in 80 country side. The cultivated area in the city is 4.7 x I15ha, 0.06 ha. cultivated area per capita. The income in country side is CNY 3,168.00 per capita, but the fishermen in the&coastal area earn CNY 5,000.00 per capita. The details are shown in the table of General Status of Project Area in Nantong City. II. Fisheries status In Nantong City a population of 18.6 x 104 is engaged in fisheries, in which 7.821 x 104 people work on. fishery production. The seafood output in 1996 was 53.62 x ]04 MT. The value of fishery output was CNY 2879 million, of which the value of mariculture amounted to CNY 250 million. About 10,000 people are engaged in mariculture and cultivation mainly in the field of laver cultivation, shellfish culture and protection, sand worms digging and picking, and aquaculture of fish, shrimp and crab. They possess traditional experience in exploitation and protection of tidal sand beach. Table 3.3.1 Statistical data for social economic status of Weihai City in 1996 Social economic index Weihai Rongchen Rushan Landarea (km2 ) 5436 1392 1668 Population(103) 2430 688 632 cultivatedarea (ha) 173 53 47 Totalvalue of nationalproduction (CNY x 10') 407 108 52 Accumulatedcontract foreign investment (USD x 1000) 236333 470978 136233 Coastline (km) 980 487 185 Totalpower of fishingboat (kw) 409 255 28 Populationof fishermen(103) 212 85 38 Totalvalue of seafootoutput(CNY x 10) 170.2 90.3 20.1 Seafoodoutput (MT x IO) 1911 882 258 Totalvalue of seafoodoutput (CNY x 10) 82 35 12.1 Total value of fisheries export (USD x 103) 189120 147260 1080 Total value of marine aquaculture (CNY x 108) 35.6 14.9 5.9 3.3.5 Other pollution sources Noise is also a source of polltuion from the processing plant. It originates from strikes and frictions in compressors and processing machines. In order to reduce the mechanical noise as less as possible, it is quite necessary to inspect machines regularly and keep them in normal working conditions. The standard GB3096-82 stipulates that noise < 60 dB day time and < 50 dB at night. 81 3.4 Impact Assessment 3.4.1 Impact assessment on water quality Fish, shellfish, shrimp, etc are essential material in the processing plant. The processing technology mainly includes freezing, salting, shelling, packing and packaging. Washing and rinsing water constitutes waste water discharged in process which contains some nutritious components from raw material. Much crude matters, mud and sands are involved in washing waste water with less organics, chemical agents, etc. In rinsing waste water much more organics, acidic/ basic subtances and chemical agents are dissolved, but less amout of heavy metallic ions and toxicants involved, so it is less harmful to micro- organisms. Industrial waste water from the plant similar to living sewage can be simply processed to reach the standard of COD, BOD, SS, NH3 -N and pH and then be released, that would not significantly affect the environmental water quality. 3.4.2 Impact assessment on land The contents of project include the reconstruction and expansion programmes of the processing plant, so no factory area is expanded and no land is needed. Hence, the reconstruction project does not compete with agricultural crop cultivation for cultivated land and will not make any influence on the present coast line or biological community. A certain quantity of shells, fish skins, viscera and other wastes will be left over for disposal. If they are disposed arbitrarily, it is sure to influence sanitation in the vicinity of plant and also view appearance. However, at present the best way to dispose them is to freeze the wastes and supply them to feedstuff plant as raw .material for feed making. It not only solves the problem of environmental pollution, but also makes the wastes sufficiently utilized. The sewage discharged should be released to the sea through drainage pipe or canals and ditches. Do not let it flow to farming land and around the habitant area. 3.5 Management and Monitoring 3.5.1 Proposals and strategem for disposing plans of waste water, sewage and solid wastes * Waste water and sewage Waste water and sewage should be disposed by the purification process and reach the stipulated indexes in GB8978-88 "Sewage Comprehensive Release Standard", then be reasonably discharged after inspection by environmental protection authorities. Today, sewage and waste water from most of the processing plants in China are directly discharged into the sea, rivers or vicinal places without treatment. In the past it was reluctantly acceptable to dispose sewage in 82 this way, because the amount of sewage and waste water from the processing plant was not large enough and the concentration of COD was not high too. However, in accordance with the data reported by the relevant authorities, the relatively high concentration of organics are involved in some river entrances, coastal, and even inner gulfs. Although these organics originate from industrial waste water and living sewage, the sewage or waste water containing organics from other sources should also be processed accordingly, particularly in waters where organic pollution is very serious. Methods and procesing technology of organics polluted water are under study and exploitation today, but some of them are hard to be realized due to economic limitation. However, using the sedimentation tank properly designed is still an economic and efficient way. Generally, the process of sedimentation may efficiently remove most of suspended organics. If the coagulant is added to tank, organic particulates will be coagulated to form larger lumps which are easily collected and used as additives to feedstuff. When pumice stone is used, NH3-N will be partially absorbed. The dissolved organics in water can be reduced by means of aeration. * Solid wastes Solid wastes include residues left over from processing raw materials during the process and coal dregs from boiler. The edible portion of residues can be supplied aftter dehydration to feedstuff plant for feeds making or sent directly to pasture as feeds. As to the unedible portion of residues, it can be deeply buried in the earth or used as agricultural material for making bricks, fillings for road pavement or fireproof material. Smoke and dust in waste gas are removed by the specific duster, then be released until GB714-32 standard is met. Oil boiler is suggested to reduce the pollution source. 3.5.2 Management The environmental protection in the construction project relates to such administrative departments as provincial or municipal bureau of aquatic product, project office and bureau of environmental protection. * Organization for environmental management and responsibility in construction project The provincial or municipal bureau of aquatic product assumes the responsibilites of drawing up the overall plan for the project, coordinating the relationship between other departments, and directing the project unit 83 to implement all measures concerning environmental management. The project office is under the direction of higher Pevel organization and offers overall services to the project construction. Meantime, the office takes responsibility to supervise and inspect all measures regarding the environmental management. The municipal bureau of environmental protection is responsible to supervise how the environmental protection plan is implemented in the construction unit and to make measures of environmental protection practicable. * Environmental protection measures during implementation of project I. In the period of project registration, planning and designing prior to the project construction, there are environmental activities involved in the project plan, i.e. the feasible report in which a section concerning environmental protection is stated, an environmental impact assessment and drawing up an assessment report on environmental impact. II. During the project under construction , it is necessary to strengthen environmental management and supervision in order to assure the realization of measures for environmental protection. III. Strictly implement the plan for environmental monitoring and inspection and measures for environmental protection during the processing production. At the same time, strictly manage the sanitary conditions in the processing area. The processing workshops should be enclosed and air-conditioned in summer to protect from contamiates. To use municipal tap water for washing and rinsing in the processing production. All indexes for water quality should meet the water quality indexes stipulated in national standard. In addition, there is a pasteurization room in the workshop and strict regulations about sanitaion should be set up. Workers and utensils used should be properly pasteurized. IV. All waste water and materials should be disposed according to the disposal plan. 3.5.3 Monitoring and Testing * Objectives The objective of monitoring and testing is to obtain data for environmental management and supervision. O Contents of monitoring and testing I. The discharged amount of COD in waste water from the processing production; II. Toxicant residues in raw material (body of fish, shrimp and shellfish); III. Sanitary quality of processed aquatic products. 84 3.5.4 Organization, staff and instruments A department of quality control composed of relevant is technicians organized in the processing plant. To assure implementation of inspecting and testing, a laboratory for chemical test and inspection should be set where necessary instruments for analysis and inspection shall be augmented. Technicians are required to have a professional training for a certain period of time. 85 -Jiangxi -Province( c (~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Canned Food factory o Shansha fishery Company Provnce \ Fautoy F resoure Fujiangof province tc pr ple p Putian Aquacu / / ~~~~Company , X Q _5 ~~~~~~~~PtianPtanHiuFosuf IQuanzhou Fishery Prouct ia Hahu Fodtf |Wholesale Centre LQuanho v\ Company \\\ XJ ~~~Tongan Xiagzhi Fishery Foodstuffs Ixiamen Marine Industrialhn OPV |Company :> v ) Longhai HaixingFihr r Products Processin Fatr_ amen Fishery Products :] ^1|;' IProc~essing Factoryu tV Yunxiao 2 hnp iuao Marine Products )\9>)yw-Processing Factory Zhao a l; DoghnHi qai =u C l ~~~ProductsCo. Ltd. |...... 10 Guand Dogshan Fishery Comprehensive . .* Proic \ Factory Fig 3.3-1 Sketchmap of the continuously exploiting item area of the coastal resourcesofFujian province -Aquatic product processing plants 86 4. Assessment conclusions From the point of view of natural conditions, the four sub-project sites of this sustainable development project of Chinese coastal resources are located in the subtropical or temperate zone with suitable climate,long coastal line, numberous harbours and branching streams, and flat and wide tidal seabeaches. Moreover, the marine environment in these areas is not suffered from agricultural and industrial pollutionsyet, and they are naturally favorable to develop coastal fisheries. As these areas are in the location of coastal zones where economy and trade are well developed, people are highly educated in science and labour employment is sufficientwith good quality, these social and economic conditions provide opportunities for the development of coastal fisheries. Traced back to early times, these areas have already been important based for traditional fishery production. The strong bases for processing fish, shrimp, shellfish, algae, etc. have been completely set up in these areas. Therefore, the situation of social environment in the areas will be favourableto the fulfillmentand development of this project. The aims of this project are to realize sustainable developmentof fishery resources and to achieve coordination between production four items of this project i.e. management of coastal zone, multispecies mariculture, reconstruction of prawn pond, and quality and safety of aquatic products, it is quite necessary to consider how to reduce disadvantageous effects on ecologicalenvironment in the surrounding area. The measure suggested above may greatly reduce the degree of pollution caused by aquaculture itself through raising technical level various effective multispecies comprehensivelycultured, etc. So long as the construction and production of processing plants and wholesale markets of aquatic products strictly follows the relevant standards of national environmental protection, it is convinced that disadvantageous effects on surrounding environmentwill be greatly reduced. Generally speaking, most of effects produced by the project will be positive. The project may not only fully utilize coastal natural resources and increase fishery production, but also lighten fishing pressure, bring along the development of related enterprises and create a lot of opportunities for obtaining employment. Based on our estimation, when the project is completed, it may annually increase 331,900 metric ton of fishery product, 2.72 billion Chinese yuan of output value, and realize 22,100 Chinese yuan of tax revenue and 0.508 billion Chinese yuan of profit. Meanwhile, the project may provide 25,000 people in obtaining employment,among them 80% more people being women. It may also promote the development of countryside economy and progress of society. Briefly, the project of sustainable development of Chinese coastal resources will produce great social, economic and ecologicalbenefits. 87