JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCES RESEARCH
ISSN: 1819-544X Published BY AENSI Publication EISSN: 1816-157X http://www.aensiweb.com/JASR 2016 December; 12(12): pages 70-76 Open Access Journal
Research Article
Tolerance of new offsets from axillaries beneath leaves of Cyperus alternfollius to treat by two types of alternative water in aquaculture system.
Georgena, W. R. Gabra
Agriculture Research center, Horticultural Research Institute, Antoniades Garden, Alexandria, Egypt.
Received 12 September 2015; accepted 26 September 2015; published 18 October 2015
Address For Correspondence: Georgena, W. R. Gabra, Agriculture Research center, Horticultural Research Institute, Antoniades Garden, Alexandria, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected]
Copyright © 2016 by authors and American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Information (AENSI Publication). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
ABSTRACT Nowadays, population explosion and climate change caused increased of water consumption, so application of using alternative resource water is reduce economic coast and energy, thus it is decreased environmental pollution. This experiment conducted during the summer of two successive growth seasons in 2013 and 2014 in Vadinas nursery, 24 km, Abo-talat, Alexandria- Matrowh high way, the North beach, Egypt, aimed to determinate the increase biomass from Cyperus alternfollius (Umbrella palm) cuttings and tolerance of new offsets from axillaries beneath leaves of floating plant when cultivated upside down vertical laid in transparent plastic jars which full with 1000 ml from Tap water [T.W], ground well water [W.W] from the same nursery and primary treated domestic wastewater [PTW] from " Domestic Wastewater Treatment Station, Smoha-Alex., Egypt " with these concentrations 1- control " Tap water" 2- 15% PTW 3- 25% PTW 4- 15% WW 5- 25% WW 6- 15% mix [PTW + WW+ TW] 7- 25% mix [PTW + WW+ TW] by volume respectively, [one plant /jar ] until 60 days to produce many mature offsets with new rhizomes. Jars were put in semi-shadow place. When occurred plant transpiration or water evaporation, it was increased by the same concentrations as its treatment. Statistical result showed that there were highly significant differences in a- growth parameters [number of offsets/ plant – length of the large offset - stem length – leaf length - number of leaves / offset – leaf width – mean length of small offsets – root length of the large offset – roots number/ offset – fresh and dry weight of total plant - fresh and dry weight of large offset], b- flowering characters [number and dry weight of inflorescences / large offset] and c- chemical concentration [total chlorophyll content in fresh plant leaves – N, P and K in dry total plant powder] compared with control. The highly significant value resulted from the treatment of 25% PTW followed by 25% mix in most cases. So, it is recommended to use 250 ml/L primary treated domestic wastewater or 250 ml/L mixture of primary treated domestic wastewater and ground well water addition with tap water to reduce consumption of fresh water and cause the highly growth values of new offsets of Umbrella palm.
KEYWORDS: Umbrella palm - fertigation - eutrophication - biomass increment - Domestic Wastewater - alternative water - aquaculture systems
To Cite This Article: Georgena, W. R. Gabra.,2016. Tolerance of new offsets from axillaries beneath leaves of Cyperus alternfollius to treat by two types of alternative water in aquaculture system. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 12(12) ;Pages: 70-76
Georgena, W. R. Gabra 2016/ Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 12(12) December 2016, Pages: 70-76
INTRODUCTION Nowadays, population explosion and climate change caused increased in water consumption, so application of using alternative resource water not only reduce economic coast and energy but also decreased the environmental pollution. The increase of water demand if not offset by the availability of adequate sources of raw water, will cause water scarcity [1]. Also in many countries, high especially in industry systems with great prices are utilized for wastewater therapy the application of which need for a particular a great quantity of money and investment [2]. At itself time, it is not therapy wastewater is being usually utilized for agriculture, maybe due to responsibility for a typical group of environments hazards and threatens human health problems [3]. Utilizing wastewater therapy in irrigation of crops due to can supply a great addition provide high-quality water for human the using up of a good resource in developing countries? There is a possibility for mineral nutrients sitting in recycled water could be utilized as a fertilizer can be obtained. To keep away from health dangers and harm to the natural environment could have therapy the wastewater before utilized for irrigation crops, also to decrease pathogenic micro-organisms and safe the human health [4; 5]. Also, Hespanhol (1999) [6] confirmed that the using of new or alternate water can be obtained is crucial may be due to elevating of possible crops production may not be earned easily by the amplification of cultivated regions. Thus, it is important to establish sustainable aquaculture systems that maximize benefits and minimize the accumulation of detrimental compounds and other types of negative impacts on both natural and social environments [7; 8].
Furthermore, surface and groundwater reaching throughout the world, are more and more influenced by pollutions from characterized by industrial, investigate essential experiments, military, and agricultural activities may be due to unawareness, shortage of seeing, indifference, or great price of waste elimination and therapy. The fast build-up of poisonous pollutants has direct effect on natural resources. Also, it causes an excellent strain on ecosystems. However, the receive an advantage of utilizing phytoremediation to return equilibrium to a stressed environment appeared to away exceed the price and the greatest barrier to the progression of phytoremediation may be due to the general objection. The high-period inclusion of green plant technology in take-off or isolating environmental pollutions could have addressed thoroughly, so it is important to proceed with caution as with all new technology Paz-Alberto and Sigua (2012) [9]. Also, Lubello et al., (2004) [10] investigated that the groundwater is the major water provenance for plantation irrigation and utilizes in the competition with water drinkable. Agronomic results showed that no main restrictions to utilize of wall water as an irrigation provenance in a tree grown for its attractive appearance plant plantation. The nutrient content of it was able to preserve perfect plant growth in addition "fertigated water" (nutrient-enriched groundwater) for could have of the examined species or uneating plants.
Kiziloglu et al., (2008) [11] studied that the influences of irrigation with do not treat, and primary treatment wastewater on macro- and micronutrient apportionment within the crop and mineral content of cauliflower and red cabbage plants. Moreover, troubles with wastewater behavior in dried regions can be reduced by utilizing treated wastewater for irrigation. In the situation of soils with poor fertility, it is a significant provenance of nutrients for yield production [12]. However, the influences of irrigation with reclaimed wastewater and nitrogen fertilizer implementations on sunflower plant growth, water, and nitrogen balance components and nitrogen leaching to groundwater. The conclusion recommended that, wastewater can be used as valuable source of irrigation without contaminating groundwater. However, this quality of wastewater can replace only a small portion of plant N requirements. The objective of this research was to study the influences of treated wastewater and artesian well water on plant growth properties in addition collection of macronutrient in plant tissues [13].
Umbrella plants have unique organs equipped with remarkable metabolic and absorption capabilities, as well as transport systems that can take up nutrients or contaminants selectively from the growth matrix, soil or water [9].
The selection of plants is an important matter it must be tolerant to toxicity and the changes in the entering wastewater characters [14]. Family Cyperaceae are the third largest family in the Monocotyledons and comprise c. 104 genera and c. 5000 species. They have a cosmopolitan distribution, with a concentration of genera in the tropics. The second-largest genus is Cyperus with c. 600 species; Cyperaceae have an economic significance worldwide [15]. Liao et al., (2005 a) [16] said Umbrella sedge or umbrella palm whose scientific name is Cyperus alternifolius is an herb which grows in moist regions. Their blooming stage is summer and the maturing stage in autumn. It can be easily multiplied utilizing seeds and plant division or cuttings. Normally, 3-5 divisions can be utilized for planting as a group in spring. The achene of the umbrella in every autumn can improve into a seedling in moist regions. Umbrella is elevated and can shape a good landscape. So, it is utilized for landscaping, aquaria, jardinières, fencing, paper, hat, basket making, and it could be utilized as a cover plant for keeping decline from soil erosion [17]. So, Shahi et al., (2013) [18] showed that Cyperus alternifolius plant had higher tolerance of chemical pollutants when grown in municipal wastewater treatment by subsurface constructed wetland method. Also, Cyperus alternifolius could grow well in the floating phyto-remediation system with domestic wastewater, the dry weight being increment 285.8 times from the initial weight of planting [19]. However, the pilot-scale structure wetlands were nutrition with low-power local sewage to plant productivity. They showed that papyrus biomass was increased about 2200–3100 g dry weight / m² from the two-month period of the experiments [20]. At the same time, a linear correlation existed between the aboveground biomass and around from 2200 to 3100 g on dry weight / m² from the two-month time of the experiments its total nitrogen (TN) content. An increase in total biomass by 100g resulted in an increase in TN accumulation in the aboveground biomass by 2.4g. Results suggest that C. alternifolius played a discernible role in removal of TN from wastewaters in the simulated vertical-flow constructed wetland [21].
Li et al., (2008) [22] the water macrophyte plant is cultivated in the Constructed wetland (CW) system it is one of the major components utilized water plants for sewage treatment. The same plant, in addition, supplies the surface regions for bacterial growth, uptakes the nutrients and adds oxygen to the water. As well as to the plant, productivity is one of the CW added values for the reason that the biomass get can be further used as a food, medicine, paper, bio-fuel, etc. [23].
Rusli, Nurfarhain B. M. (2009) [24], studied the use of biological treated domestic wastewater in watering Cyperus dubius Rottb and other plants. He founded that, treated sewage effluent applied to landscape plants produce better growth when compared to untreated wastewater. The results obtained showed positive growth increment for biologically treated wastewater in terms of height and width for most plants. In another research observed that on nine widely cultivated ornamentals, it has been shown that plant mature after 3 months of sewage irrigation was powerfully controlled by the varieties. The tolerance rate various among Lace fern (Athyrium filixfemina) and Nandina (Nandina Domestica) which reported that the value of the decrease (0.08% and 25%, respectively) and Jasmine (Jasminum sambac) and Raphiolepis Raphiolepis India) which had contained the greatest ratio (115% and 119%), respectively [25]. The same outcome was found by Gori R. et al., (2000) [26], who worked on three various varieties (Abutilon ‘Kentish Belle’, Viburnum tinus ‘French White’, Weigelia Florida ‘Bouquet Rose’) which observed that various attitude in response to irrigation with reclaimed sewage. Weigelia was the maximum reacting quickly and Abutilon the lowest. versus, a study on the influence of reclaimed sewage irrigation on the cultivation of 20 ornamental plant varieties was completed by Fitzpatrick et al., (1986) [27], observed that 4 out of the 20 varieties examined had considerably elevated cultivate when irrigated with examined sewage streaming, whilst the residual 16 varieties illustrated no effect by the irrigation source. While Khan et al., (2009) [28] examined the effect of treated wastewater on growth parameters, chlorophyll and nutrient contents of sunflower.
71 Georgena, W. R. Gabra 2016/ Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 12(12) December 2016, Pages: 70-76
They suggested that irrigation with examined sewage had considerably elevated plant height, leaf area than controls (freshwater) at vegetative present a performance. The humidity content of leaves and the major components had stayed unvaried by the treatments. The capitulum's diameter, the number of seeds/plant and total seed weight/plant, in addition, 100 seed weight, were significantly elevated by the treated sewage And Haya Friedman et al., (2007) [29] studied the effects of irrigation with municipal secondary-treated effluents on growth of sunflower and celosia plants. They demonstrated that celosia accumulated higher levels of N and sunflower higher levels of P. So, the secondary-treated municipal effluents can be used for production of sunflower and celosia plants, but dilution of this water should be considered for commercial growth.
Fig (1): Initiation of new offsets with small rhizome and roots from axillaries beneath leaves of Cyperus alternfollius plant
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study conducted during the summer of two successive growth seasons in 2013 and 2014 in Vadinas nursery, 24 km, Abo-talat, Alexandria- Matrowh high way, the North beach, Egypt. The experiment aimed to determinate the increment of biomass from Cyperus alternfollius (Umbrella palm) cuttings and tolerance of new offsets from axillaries beneath leaves of the plant using two types of alternative resource water.
Umbrella cuttings were planted on 5 and 7 June in the first and second growth seasons respectively, about 15 cm. from apical meristem. On the other hand, the leaves were cutting about 2cm from the spike. The floating cuttings were cultivated upside-down vertical laid in transparent plastic jars which full with 1000 ml from Tap water [T.W], ground well water [W.W] from the same nursery and primary treated domestic wastewater [PTW] from " Domestic Wastewater Treatment Station, Smoha-Alex., Egypt " with these concentrations 1- control " Tap water" 2- 15% PTW 3- 25% PTW 4- 15% WW 5- 25% WW 6- 15% mix [the mixture between PTW + WW+ TW] 7- 25% mix [PTW + WW+ TW] by volume respectively, [one plant /jar ] until 60 days to produce many mature offsets with new small rhizomes as showing in Fig (1, 2). Jars were put in semi-shadow place. When occurred plant transpiration or water evaporation, it was increased by the same concentrations as its treatment. After this term, the cuttings were lifted from water treatments to take these following data:
A- Vegetative growth parameters: number of offsets/ plant – length of the large offset - stem length – leaf length - leaf width - number of leaves / large offset - mead length of small offsets – tallest root length – roots number/ offset – the fresh and dry weight of large offset.
B- Flowering data: [number and dry weight of inflorescences / large offset].
C- Chemical analysis: total chlorophyll content as mg/g fresh weight in the leaves was determined by direct spectrophotometer method according to (Moran, 1982) [30]. N % was determined according to (Evenhuis and Deward, 1980) [31], P % was determined according to (Trough and Meyer, 1939) [32] and K % was determined according to (Brown and Lilliland, 1946) [33] in the dried total plant powder.
The experimental design was CRD [complete randomized design] as 7 treatments were replicated three times each replicate contains 3 Jars. The experiment consists of 63 plants, in both seasons. Also, Means of data of the different treatments were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range test according to (Snedecor and Cochran, 1974) [34]. The chemical analysis of three kinds of water treatments before experiment shown in table (1) as follows:
Table (1): The chemical analysis of three kinds of water treatments before the experiment
72 Georgena, W. R. Gabra 2016/ Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 12(12) December 2016, Pages: 70-76
Chemical analysis of three types Primary treated wastewater Ground well water Tap water of water [PTW] [WW] [TW] pH 7.9 8.2 7.5 Ec ds/m 3.18 2.3 0.36 TDS mg/L 4670.0 2935.2 305.7 COD 300 - - BOD 210 - 0 DO 0 0 0 CO2 4.5 1.8 2 NO3 1.3 - 0 NH4 15.4 0 0 HCO3 400 1.08 1.6 Cl mg/L 770 64.3 258.46 Na 570 469 180 K 39 24 11 Ca 72.5 48 44 Mg 58 16.4 10.6 Mn 1.10 0.07 0.1 Zn 0.087 0.01 0.01 Cd 0.01 - 0.005 Pb 0.05 - 0.0025
Fig (2): Effect of using two types of alternative water treatments on length of new large offsets from axillaries beneath leaves of Cyperus alternfollius plant in aquaculture system after three weeks from planting.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of using two types of alternative water on new offsets from axillaries beneath leaves of Cyperus alternfollius in aquaculture system such as:
A - Vegetative growth and rooting characteristics:
Undoubtedly that the increased of Umbrella plants eutrophication or its biological biomass which evident in Table (2, 3 and 4) during two successive growth seasons in 2013 and 2014 due to using two type of alternative resource water. The results have appeared that all cuttings of Cyperus alternfollius (Umbrella palm) affected significantly by two kinds of water treatments. So, parameters of vegetative growth such as number of biggest new offsets/ cutting plant, mean length of offsets/ cuttings, length of large offset, stem length of large offset, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves/ large offset, fresh and dry weight of new large offset, length of longest root and number of tallest root/ new small rhizome of large offset and dry weight of cuttings with total small growths. The highly significant resulted values were swinging between the treatments of [25% PTW (primary treated domestic wastewater)] or /and 25% mix [PTW + WW+ TW]. The other treatments gave significantly intermediate values among themselves in both seasons compared with control [Tap water] the lowest values. While, there were not significant variables recorded on the treatments of 15%PTW, 25%PTW and 25% mix at the parameters of mean length of offsets/ cuttings and fresh weight of new large offset in both seasons. Whereas, insignificant values were obtained on the treatments of 25%PTW, 15% mix and 25% mix at first season of leaf length and the second season of number of leaves/ large offset and in both seasons of dry weight of cuttings with total small growths. Thus, these results are evident that Umbrella plant has a notable ability to withstand high concentration of pollutants. Besides these qualities of water are very rich in many nutrients, metals, enzymes and rich in biological oxygen at root zone created by microbial activates that lead to increased plant biomass. Also, nitrogen which is involved in many biological and metabolic processes responsible for cell developing and division according to Shahi et al., (2013) [18], Thaneeya and Polprasert (2010) [20], Li-Hua Cui et al., (2009) [21], Li et al., (2008) [22], Polprasert (2007) [23] and Liu et al., (2004) [19].
73 Georgena, W. R. Gabra 2016/ Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 12(12) December 2016, Pages: 70-76
Table (2): Effect of using two types of alternative water on the number of biggest new offsets/ cutting plant, mean length of offsets/ cuttings, length of large offset and stem length of large offset initiation from axillaries beneath leaves of Cyperus alternfollius in aquaculture system.
Water treatments Number of biggest new Mean length of offsets/ Length of large offset Stem length of large offset offsets / cutting plant cuttings (cm) (cm) (cm)
G.S [2013] G.S [2014] G.S [2013] G.S [2014] G.S [2013] G.S [2014] G.S [2013] G.S [2014] Control "TW" 5.15 d 4.67 d 13.73 d 15.50 c 22.75 e 29.36 e 13.11 d 18.77 e 15% PTW 6.00 c 6.00 c 20.60 ab 21.30 a 39.25 b 38.75 cd 27.50 b 25.82 c 25% PTW 6.72 ab 6.67 a 21.33 a 21.83 a 43.16 a 44.41 b 31.02 a 30.56 ab 15% WW 6.33 bc 6.00 c 18.27 bc 18.83 b 27.41 c 34.03 d 16.43 c 23.03 d 25% WW 6.00 c 6.50 b 19.07 bc 18.50 b 26.75 d 37.16 cd 15.50 cd 24.65 cd 15% Mix 6.50 b 6.00 c 17.60 c 18.00 b 27.00 cd 39.81 c 17.24 c 27.23 bc 25% Mix 7.00 a 7.10 a 20.17 ab 20.17 ab 41.58 ab 48.08 a 29.32 ab 33.69 a *Control "TW": "Tap water", PTW: "primary treated domestic wastewater", WW:" ground well water", Mix: "mixture between PTW+ WW+ TW". *G.S: Growth Season.
Table (3): Effect of using two types of alternative water on [leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves and fresh weight of new large offset] initiation from axillaries beneath leaves of Cyperus alternfollius in aquaculture system.
Water treatments Leaf length (cm) Leaf width (cm) Number of leaves/ large offset Fresh weight of new large offset(gm) G.S [2013] G.S [2014] G.S [2013] G.S [2014] G.S [2013] G.S [2014] G.S [2013] G.S [2014] Control "TW" 9.30 c 10.08 c 0.59 e 0.64 f 8.5 d 9.5 d 6.49 d 7.56 d 15% PTW 11.93 ab 12.24 b 0.86 bc 0.88 cd 9.0 cd 10.0 cd 9.54 ab 10.97 ab 25% PTW 12.80 a 13.77 a 1.14 a 1.05 ab 11.5 a 12.0 ab 10.43 a 12.52 a 15% WW 11.17 b 10.96 c 0.76 cd 0.81 de 9.5 bc 9.5 d 7.06 d 9.70 c 25% WW 10.03 c 12.33 b 0.68 d 0.73 ef 10.0 b 10.9 bc 7.44 cd 10.05 bc 15% Mix 12.07 ab 12.10 b 0.71 d 0.95 bc 10.0 b 11.5 ab 8.72 bc 10.54 bc 25% Mix 12.23 ab 13.93 a 0.95 b 1.10 a 11.0 a 12.5 a 9.15 ab 11.81 a *Control "TW": "Tap water", PTW: "primary treated domestic wastewater", WW:" ground well water", Mix: "mixture between PTW+ WW+ TW". *G.S: Growth Season.
Table (4): Effect of using two types of alternative water on [dry weight of new large offset, length of longest root, number of tallest root/ new small rhizome of large offset and dry weight of cuttings with total small growths] of Cyperus alternfollius in aquaculture system.
Water treatments Dry weight of new large Length of longest root/ new Number of tallest root / new Dry weight of cuttings with offset small rhizome of large offset small rhizome of large offset total small growths (gm) (cm) (gm)
G.S [2013] G.S [2014] G.S [2013] G.S [2014] G.S [2013] G.S [2014] G.S [2013] G.S [2014] Control "TW" 0.89 d 0.92 e 13.08 e 16.12 e 5.63 d 6.07 d 2.2 c 2.69 c 15% PTW 1.56 b 1.83 bc 17.17 c 18.86 d 8.53 bc 8.13 c 3.4 b 4.05 b 25% PTW 1.66 ab 2.24 a 24.23 a 25.93 a 9.75 a 10.25 ab 4.6 a 5.33 a 15% WW 1.24 c 1.20 d 19.04 bc 17.66 de 7.66 c 8.5 c 3.1 b 3.8 b 25% WW 0.93 d 1.76 c 15.29 de 19.75 cd 8.36 bc 9.0 bc 2.9 b 4.08 b 15% Mix 1.32 c 1.59 c 18.68 bc 22.15 bc 7.33 c 9.5 bc 4.3 a 4.96 a 25% Mix 1.87 a 2.08 ab 21.06 b 23.73 ab 9.33 ab 11.0 a 4.7 a 5.43 a *Control "TW": "Tap water", PTW: "primary treated domestic wastewater", WW:" ground well water", Mix: "mixture between PTW+ WW+ TW". *G.S: Growth Season.
B- Flowering Characteristics:
It was evident from the obtained data in Table (4) indicated the increment on number and dry weight of inflorescence due to using two qualities of water in planting cuttings of umbrella palm in both seasons. At the parameter of inflorescence number, the significant values of results were equal between the treatments of [25% PTW] and [25% mix PTW + WW+ TW] and there were no significant differences between them and outperformed other values during first season. But at the second one, the treatments of [25% PTW], [25% mix] and [15% mix] were equal values, in addition, the treatment of [15% PTW] were outperformed with them. Also, there were no significant differences between them. Then the "control" treatment had lowest significant values in both seasons respectively. While, the procedures of [25% PTW] achieved the highly significant value in first season but the second one, the methods of [25% PTW] and [25% mix] came bake to outperformed with other values and had no significant differences between them at the parameter of inflorescence dry weight. This result was indicated that all treatments which including of primary treated domestic wastewater as an alternative source of water which has properties that make it useful as a [fertigation] or fertilization and irrigation at the same time. Among these properties, the
74 Georgena, W. R. Gabra 2016/ Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 12(12) December 2016, Pages: 70-76
abundance of organic and inorganic nutrients, macro and microelements, amino acids, many enzymes and metals like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium that have an essential role of photosynthetic and metabolic processes such as flower bud initiation and development led to more sugar and carbohydrates. Also, umbrella plants have unique organs with absorption capabilities to take up nutrients or contaminants selectively from water. Similar findings were obtained by Paz-Alberto and Sigua (2012) [9], Rusli, Nurfarhain (2009) [24], Li-Hua Cui et al., (2009) [21], Kiziloglu et al., (2008) [11], Rahil and Antonopoulos (2007) [13] and Liao et al., (2005 a) [16].
Table (5): Effect of using two types of alternative water on the number of biggest new offsets/ cutting plant, mean length of offsets/ cuttings, length of large offset and stem length of large offset initiation from axillaries beneath leaves of Cyperus alternfollius in aquaculture system.
Water treatments Inflorescence number Inflorescence dry weight (gm) G.S [2013] G.S [2014] G.S [2013] G.S [2014] Control "TW" 7 d 8 d 0.012 e 0.019 d 15% PTW 10.7 b 11 ab 0.103 c 0.12 b 25% PTW 12 a 12 a 0.151 a 0.16 a 15% WW 9 c 9 cd 0.035 d 0.055 c 25% WW 9 c 10 bc 0.087 c 0.102 b 15% Mix 11 b 12 a 0.101 c 0.111 b 25% Mix 12 a 12 a 0.127 b 0.142 a *Control "TW": "Tap water", PTW: "primary treated domestic wastewater", WW:" ground well water", Mix: "mixture between PTW+ WW+ TW". *G.S: Growth Season.
C- Chemical analysis:
Evidently data in table (6) the highly significant values in total chlorophyll resulted from the treatments of 25% PTW, 25% mix and 15%PTW and the same results at nitrogen percentage in the first season with insignificant difference between them. But the treatments of 25% PTW, 25% mix recorded the highly significant values in other chemical parameters. This result indicate that, the quality of water which has a highly concentration of macro elements like N, P, K and Mg effected on absorption increment, chlorophyll and NPK percentage in plant tissues. This indicate not only the highly tolerance of plant offsets but also the ability of plant organs to selective beneficial but not harmful elements among high concentrations of solids. These results are in harmony with Khan et al., (2009) [28], Rusli, Nurfarhain B. M. (2009) [24], Kiziloglu et al., (2008) [11], Haya et al., (2007) [29], Liu et al., (2004) [19], Gori R. et al., (2000) [26] and Wu L. et al., (1995) [25].
Table (6): Effect of using two types of alternative water on total chlorophyll mg/g leaves fresh weight, N%, P% and K% analyses of large offset initiation from axillaries beneath leaves of Cyperus alternfollius in aquaculture system.
Water treatments Total chlorophyll mg/g leaves N % P % K% fresh weight G.S [2013] G.S [2014] G.S [2013] G.S [2014] G.S [2013] G.S [2014] G.S [2013] G.S [2014] Control "TW" 1.12 e 1.16 d 1.412 1.306 0.132 0.128 1.211 1.247 15% PTW 1.39 abc 1.25 c 2.069 2.075 0.158 0.169 1.699 1.792 25% PTW 1.56 a 1.63 a 3.043 2.968 0.201 0.175 2.071 1.984 15% WW 1.16 de 1.22 c 1.950 1.642 0.138 0.146 1.428 1.457 25% WW 1.24 cde 1.30 bc 1.886 1.817 0.136 0.155 1.517 1.624 15% Mix 1.32 bcd 1.41 b 2.019 2.388 0.174 0.166 1.833 1.725 25% Mix 1.48 ab 1.58 a 2.033 2.897 0.181 0.199 1.879 1.978 *Control "TW": "Tap water", PTW: "primary treated domestic wastewater", WW:" ground well water", Mix: "mixture between PTW+ WW+ TW". *G.S: Growth Season.
REFERENCES
1. Cantrell, K.B., T. Ducey, K.S. Ro and P.G. Hunt (2008). “Livestock Waste to Bioenergy Generation Opportunities”. Bioresource Technology 99, pp. 7941–7953. 2. El-Khateeb, M.A., A.Z. Al-Herrawy, M.M. Kamel and F.A. El-Gohary (2009). Use of wetlands as post-treatment of an aerobically treated effluent. Desalination, 245: 50-59. 3. Khan, M.A., S.S. Shaukat, I. Hashmi and M.A. Khan (2001). Pollution profile of farm vegetables and tube well water in Karachi and its adjoining area. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 4: 196-191. 4. Pereira, L. S., Oweis, T. and A. Zairi (2002). Irrigation management under water scarcity. Agric. Water Manage. 57, 175–206. 5. Ahmed, T. A. and H. H. Al-Hajri (2009). Effects of treated municipal wastewater and sea water irrigation on soil and plant characteristics. Int. J. Environ. Res., 3(4):503-510, Autumn 2009 6. Hespanhol, I. (1999). A´ gua e saneamento ba´ sico— uma visa˜o realista. In: Da Cunha Rebouc¸as, A., Braga, B., Tundisi, J.G. (Eds.), A´ guas doces no Brasil. Sociedade Brasileira de Cieˆncia do Solo, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil, 249–302. 7. Turcios, A.E.; J. Papenbrock (2014). Sustainable Treatment of Aquaculture Effluents—What Can We Learn from the Past for the Future? Sustainability 2014, 6, 836–856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 8. Frankic, A. and C. Hershner (2003). Sustainable aquaculture: Developing the promise of aquaculture. Aquac. Int. 2003, 11, 517–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 9. Paz-Alberto A. M. and G. C. Sigua (2012). Phytoremediation: A Green Technology to Remove Environmental Pollutants. American Journal of Climate Change, 2: 71-86.
75 Georgena, W. R. Gabra 2016/ Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 12(12) December 2016, Pages: 70-76
10. Lubello, C., R. Goria, F. Paolo Niceseb and F. Ferrini (2004). "Municipal-treated wastewater reuse for plant nurseries irrigation". Water Research, (38) 2939–2947. 11. Kiziloglu, F. M., M. Turanb, U. Sahina, Y. Kuslua and A. Dursunc (2008). Effects of untreated and treated wastewater irrigation on some chemical properties of cauliflower (Brassica olerecea L. var. botrytis) and red cabbage (Brassica olerecea L. var. rubra) grown on calcareous soil in Turkey. Agric. Water Manage. 95 (6), 716-724. 12. Kiziloglu, F. M., M. Turan, U. Sahin, I. Angin, O. Anapali and M. Okuroglu (2007). Effects of wastewater irrigation on soil and cabbage-plant (Brassica olerecea var. capitate cv. yalova) chemical properties, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 2007:170, 166–172. 13. Rahil, M. H., V. Z. Antonopoulos (2007). "Simulating soil water flow and nitrogen dynamics in a sunflower field irrigated with reclaimed wastewater". Agricultural Water Management. 92, 142-150. 14. Asghar Ebrahimi, Ensiyeh Taheri, Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush, Sara Nasiri, Fatemeh Jalali, Rahele Soltani and Ali Fatehizadeh (2013). Efficiency of Constructed Wetland Vegetated with Applied for Municipal Wastewater Treatment. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2013: Articl ID 815962, 5 pages. 15. Goetghebeur, P. (1998). Cyperaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, H. Huber, P. J. Rudall, P. S. Stevens & T. Stiitzel (eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants 4: 141 - 190. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 16. Liao X., S. Luo, Y. Wu, and Z. Wang (2005 a). “Comparison of nutrient removal ability between Cyprus alternifolius and Vetiveria zizanioides in constructed wetlands,” Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 156–160. 17. Liao X., S. Luo, Y. Wu, and Z. Wang (2005 b). Studies on the abilities of Vetiveria zizanioides and Cyprus alternifolius for pig farm wastewater treatment.
76