SS8G1 SUMMARY: GEORGIA’S GEOGRAPHY

SS8G1a Locate Georgia in relation to region, nation, continent, SS8G1b Describe the five geographic regions of Georgia; include and hemispheres. the Blue Ridge Mountains, Valley and Ridge, Appalachian Plateau, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain.

APPALACHIAN PLATEAU BLUE RIDGE MOUNTAINS •Smallest region in northwest •Northeast corner of the state corner of the state •Origin of Georgia’s rivers due to mountains •Source of coal deposits that cools the warm, moist air from the Gulf •Location of Lookout Mountain •Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level Ruby Falls, and Cloudland •Known for marble production, recreational Canyon with high elevations tourism, hardwood forests, and farming of as part of the Appalachian vegetables and apples Mountain range. •Site of beautiful waterfalls such as Amicalola •Poor soil for farming Falls, Toccoa Falls, and Tallulah Gorge b/c the region receives the most precipitation

VALLEY and RIDGE PIEDMONT •Located between the •Piedmont Appalachian Plateau and means ‘foot of Blue Ridge Mountain mountain’ and Regions and the site of contains rolling Several Civil War hills battlefields •Soil is fertile for •Forests and fertile farming; crops valleys provide land for such as wheat cattle and crops and soybeans. •Known for textile and Also famous for carpet manufacturing Georgia red such as the Carpet clay and granite capital of the world in rock such as Dalton, Georgia. Stone Mountain •Contains ½ of the state’s population primarily in the

COASTAL PLAINS capital city Bordered by the Fall Line to the north this region of Georgia Atlanta as well as Columbus, makes up 3/5ths of the state and was once covered by the Atlantic Ocean. As the major agricultural region this area Macon, and produces crops such as world famous Vidalia onions, Augusta; plenty tobacco, peanuts, pecans, and sweet potatoes. This region of industries and jobs is home to the Okefenokee Swamp the largest freshwater wetland in Georgia. In addition, there are about 100 miles •Once known of flat land bordering the Atlantic Ocean with the barrier as the cotton belt during the islands within site from the coast. Rivers in this region are navigable (good for boats) and help transport goods to pre-civil war cities inland or to the sea port for trade. The land is history of sparsely populated with small cities and towns. Georgia

SS8G1c Locate and evaluate the importance of key physical SS8G1d Evaluate the impact of climate on Georgia’s development. features on the development of Georgia; include the Fall Line, Okefenokee Swamp, Appalachian Mountains, Chattahoochee and Savannah Rivers, and barrier islands.

APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS SAVANNAH RIVER Oldest mountains in North Forms the boundary between Georgia and America and once the home of South Carolina. The river begins at Lake Cherokee Indians. Site of the Hartwell and flows southeast to Savannah 1st gold rush in Dahlonega. before depositing into the Atlantic Ocean. The high elevation provides Since colonial times the river is used for travel much of Georgia’s rain and and trade in the Coastal Plains region. From source of drinking water. Its the Fall Line and further north the river is used beauty attracts tourists during for hydroelectric purposes and serves as a all seasons and the deposits of source of water for many people. coal and marble mineral are in abundance. Georgia has a mild humid subtropical climate. Summers are hot and humid, BARRIER while winters are cool. Moist air from ISLANDS the Gulf of Mexico provides much of Islands the state’s rainfall. The Atlantic CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER protect the Ocean provides rainfall for the coastal Begins in the Blue Ridge mainland areas and barrier islands. Mtns and flows southwest from storms through the city of Atlanta and waves; The northern part of the state is and eventually becomes attract a lot of cooler and receives the most part of the boundary tourists due precipitation, which explains why the between Georgia and to excellent Blue Ridge region gets snow in the Alabama. South of the Fall climate, winter season due to higher elevation Line the river is used for beautiful and latitude. trade and boat travel. resorts, nice North of the Fall Line the beaches, and river is used to generate recreational hydroelectric power and is activities; a source of drinking water provide jobs AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT TOURISM DEVELOPMENT for many Georgians. In for the fishing Georgia’s mild climate and rainfall Georgia’s climate varies from the cool addition, the rive offers industry and allow farmers to work the land to mountains in the north to the sunny many recreational activities paper grow a variety of crops during a beaches in the southeast. Tourists from Georgia and abroad flock to for tourists. production. longer growing season than farmers in the north. A variety of crops different areas of the state for vacation. include apples and vegetables in the Some families spend days in the Blue Ridge region; wheat soybeans, Appalachian Mtns camping , whitewater rafting, or even enjoying the snow falls FALL LINE and corn in the Piedmont; to peanuts, in Blue Ridge region. Georgia’s Natural boundary separating the pecans, peaches, and onions in the climate allows people to visit plenty of Piedmont and Coastal Plains regions. OKEFENOKEE SWAMP Coastal Plains region. Agriculture local, state, and national parks, even Columbus, Macon, and Augusta were Located in the southeast corner of also includes raising animals such as amusement parks like Six Flags and built along this line due to the ending of the state in the Coastal Plains cattle in the Valley and Ridge region Whitewater. Families can vacation on navigable rivers from the south going region. It is the largest freshwater for dairy farms like Mayfield and the one of the many barrier islands off the northbound because of the elevation wetland (swamp) in North America. raising of poultry (chickens) in the coast of Georgia as there are golf drop. Because of this there hydroelectric Became a national wildlife refuge in Piedmont. The impact of climate on courses, beaches, park s, and resorts. power has been harnessed for industries. 1937 by President Franklin agriculture is huge b/c it provides a Tourism brings a lot of money to the The soil is perfect for the growing of Roosevelt because loggers were lot of jobs for Georgia citizens, not state, mainly because Georgia has a peaches and the mineral kaolin is destroying the natural habitat. just farmers, but transportation, food warm climate. Georgia’s largest natural resource. Today, the swamp is home to over processors, and stores.

400 species of animals.

SS8H1 SUMMARY: NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES and EUROPEAN EXPLORATION

SS8H1a Describe the evolution of Native American cultures (Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian) prior to European contact.

PALEO before 10,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE ARCHAIC 8,000 BCE to 1,000 BCE Before Europeans came to Georgia, prehistoric Native Americans experienced four stages of cultural development, or The second tradition of North America's prehistoric traditions. The Paleo Indian period was the first group of people people was the Archaic Indian period. This was the longest to inhabit North America by crossing the Beringia land bridge period and was divided into three eras early, middle, and late. during the Ice Age from Asia (where the Bering Strait is today) as Around 8,000 BCE, the earth began to get warmer. The long ago as 10,000 BCE. Paleo means "ancient or very old”, and animals Paleo Indians hunted disappeared due to climate the Paleo Indians were so ancient that we know little about them. change or overhunting. Archaic Native Americans hunted We do know that they got what they needed to survive from smaller animals, such as deer and rabbits with a weapon nature. Paleo Indians hunted animals that are extinct today, such called the atlatl, a sling like device used to throw spears. They as giant bison and elephant-like mastodons. Hunting provided ate a wider range of foods, including nuts and shellfish. meat food, bones for tools, and skins for clothing and blankets. Perhaps their biggest innovation was making pottery from They also ate wild fruits, and vegetables. Stones were used as clay. This suggests that they moved around less than their tools and shaped into spearheads. Paleo Indians did not build ancestors, since it would be hard to travel with many clay pots, permanent homes because they were nomadic. They moved CLAY around in bands, or groups of about twenty, in search of food. however, they were still nomadic as they did not live in POTTERY Very little of Paleo-Indian civilization has survived. The only permanent villages, but instead moved during each season. artifacts that archeologists have found are stone spearheads like Another common artifact from the period is the stone axe the Clovis point and a few other stone tools. There is very little used to clear forests and plant seeds for crops. This was the evidence that they existed in GA. Though some archeologist argue early stages of agriculture that became more advanced in later that were in Georgia first. periods (Woodland / Miss). Native American Cultures

WOODLAND 1,000 BCE to 700 Georgia MISSISSIPPIAN 700 to 1500s The Woodland Indian period of Georgia's prehistoric Mississippian period was the most civilized people lasted some two thousand years and began around prehistoric culture in Georgia. Mississippians population 1000 B.C. Arguably these were the first people in Georgia as increased due to better agriculture and raising of livestock. they have left the most definitive proof of their culture for Permanent villages and cities with public squares and protective archeologists to study. Unlike their ancestors, Woodland outer walls called palisades were built. Houses were made of wood and clay, a method called wattle and daub. Creek, Native Americans were not as nomadic since they built villages. They developed agriculture. Woodland people Seminole, and later the Cherokee were tribes with more cleared fields and planted seeds, growing corn and beans. hierarchy and specialized roles for individuals. Within tribes, Woodland hunters began using bows and arrows. Because of groups of relatives formed clans. Both Creek and Cherokee tribes were matrilineal (mother’s side of family). Tribes from as far these changes, they had a bigger food supply than earlier away as the Great Plains, Mexico, and Guatemala traded with the Native Americans, so the population grew and tribes formed Mississippians. Artifacts such as pipes, instruments, and jewelry (large groups of people with similar languages and religions show that the culture was religious and artistic. Mississippians led by chiefs). They also began to build mounds of earth and left behind many flat top mounds for buildings, houses, and stone in different sizes and shapes. Some mounds were parts temples. The mounds were also burial sites, holding shell and of villages; others were religious or burial sites. Examples of copper artifacts. Etowah Indian mounds in nearby Woodland period mounds are Rock Eagle and the Cartersville are examples. This period was the high Kolomoki mounds. These mounds suggests that the point of prehistoric civilization in Georgia. When Woodland Indians used religious ceremonies to honor their dead and believed in an after-life because of the items buried Europeans arrived in the 1500s, the germs they brought

in the mounds. killed many Native Americans.

SS8H1c Explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North SS8H1b Evaluate the impact of European contact on Native American America, with emphasis on the interests of the French, Spanish, and cultures; include Spanish missions along the barrier islands, and British in the southeastern area. the explorations of Hernando DeSoto.

HERNANDO de SOTO - A Spanish born explorer and first European to set foot in Georgia, in 1540. De Soto led 600 conquistadors through the southeast region of North America in search of gold. His expedition failed as he did not find the gold he was looking for and died of illness near the Mississippi River. Two social studies concepts: Conflict & Change, and Individual – Groups, help explain the impact Hernando de Soto had on Native Americans. Despite being outnumbered by the native people the Spanish conquistadors were militarily superior with horses, war dogs, and metal armor. Hernando de Soto GREAT BRITAIN – England and Spain were bitter religious rivals. often tortured, enslaved, and killed Native Americans along his path in his quest for gold and glory. The violence and diseases left behind by Europeans crippled While both were Christian kingdoms, Spain was Catholic and England was Protestant. This led to many disagreements and conflicts. England feared the rich cultures of the Mississippian tribes and the population decreased Spain could become too rich and powerful from controlling the New World and dramatically. A positive note is that several of de Soto’s conquistadors kept SPANISH MISSIONS decided to attack Spanish trade ships. The Spanish Armada, the world’s greatest journals which described, located, and named many of the tribes in Georgia, The main Spanish missions navy, attacked England in retaliation, only to get beat by the quicker British navy. which helps archeologists today learn more about their history. were built on the barrier

This shift in European power allowed Great Britain to colonize the eastern coast of islands off the coast of North America. Also, the economic practice of mercantilism made it profitable for Georgia were to convert the England to settle the land and use its resources to gain wealth. Native Americans to the SPANISH MISSIONS Catholic faith, a branch of The Spanish missions Christianity. This would built on the barrier allow the Spanish to settle FRANCE – France was not as strong as England or Spain, so they explored islands off the coast of and colonize the region and and settled the North American interior that was less valuable such as the Georgia were intended to help future trade and Florida coast, Mississippi valley region, and areas in modern day Canada. The convert the Native exploration efforts. Over French gained wealth from fur trading with Native Americans and exploring a Americans to the Catholic time, the Indians died of route to the Pacific Ocean. faith, a branch of Christianity. disease and eventually the This would allow the Spanish British pushed the Spanish to settle and colonize the out of Georgia. region and help future trade SPAIN – Spanish conquistadors used Gold-God-Glory as reasons to explore and and exploration efforts, as well settle the New World. Having taken gold from the Aztecs and Incas the Spanish as protect the region from turned their attention to the southeast region. Increasing their personal wealth French and British settlement. while also making their mother country of Spain rich and powerful was their glory. Over time, the enslaved Spain also spread Christianity in order to civilize the Indians and for trade by Indians died of disease or fled building missions on the barrier islands along Georgia’s coast. the area and the Spanish missions failed. SS8H2abc SUMMARY: COLONIAL HISTORY OF GEORGIA SS8H2a Explain the importance of James Oglethorpe, the Charter of 1732, reasons for settlement (charity, economics, and defense), TOMOCHICHI MARY MUSGROVE JAMES OGLETHORPE Tomochichi, Mary Musgrove, and the city of Savannah.

King George II of England granted The Charter of 1732 to James Oglethorpe and 20 other Trustees to settle Georgia as the 13th colony. The charter outlined who will govern the colony (the trustees); for how long (21 years); where the colony is to be located (lands between Savannah and Altamaha Rivers); and what rules colonists could and could not do, which are listed below. The colony of Georgia would be designed differently than the previous 12 royal Tomochichi was a Yamacraw Mary Musgrove’s James Oglethorpe played a colonies. mother was Creek Indian Chief who signed the significant role in persuading Treaty of Savannah which Indian. Her father the monarch of England provided land to the colonists was an English King George II CHARITY ECONOMICS DEFENSE trader. She played (Yamacraw Bluff) that would to create a colony in Georgia. This reason for colonizing The economic policy of A major reason for an important role Georgia involved giving some mercantilism was another colonizing Georgia was to later turn into the colonial He was the Resident Trustee of in Georgia of England’s worthy poor reason for colonizing protect the other 12 English capital of Georgia – the city of becoming a colony the Georgia colony and sailed citizens a second chance in Georgia. Because England colonies from Spanish Savannah. The treaty also because she served on the ship Ann with the life in order to populate the imported silk, wine, and invasion. Spain has always promised the Indians would as a translator in original colonists in 1732-33. colony. Previous attempts to blue dyes from rival been a big rival and threat to receive fair prices on future helping the Indians He also signed the Treaty of create a colony in Georgia countries in Europe it made Britain’s dominance in trades, which developed a and colonists co- Savannah to create the 1st failed which is why King more sense to produce these Europe and the New World. peaceful relationship between exists. She was the settlement town in Georgia. George II delegated power to goods themselves. The Oglethorpe would build Creek Indians and colonists in bridge between Oglethorpe helped design the Oglethorpe and the Trustees. climate in England did not towns and forts in order to order to gain wealth from Tomochichi and city of Savannah using a Originally, James Oglethorpe support agriculture very claim the “debatable lands” James Oglethorpe. trade and protect the colony modern grid system with town tried to create a debtors well, but the colony of between the Altamaha River from Spanish invasion. She also was a squares. He enforced strict colony for those citizens in Georgia could. This led to and Florida. Eventually, Tomochichi and his family trader and made rules in the colony such as England who were in prison colonists growing grapes, Spain and England would would eventually travel to her living operating banning slavery and rum. He for owing the government mulberry trees, and indigo fight in the War of Jenkin’s a trading post. This money, however, the trustees plants in order to provide Ear over control of the east England to meet the Trustees, also put a limit on land at 500 building a trustworthy helped the acres to keep social classes decided on worthy poor raw materials to the mother coast of North America. relationship relationship for future land from developing. Some of his citizens instead. These country of England, then Colonists would defeat the between English treaties. Tomochichi and rules would later be challenged worthy poor were given 50 manufacture goods from Spanish in the Battle of colonists and Creek acres of land and supplies for these materials and export Bloody Marsh to secure the James Oglethorpe are a great by the Malcontents and Indians remain one year. to other countries, even back colony from any Spanish example of two cultures peaceful. eventually force him out of the to the colonies. threat. working together for the colony. After Oglethorpe, the common good. King appointed Royal

Governor to rule the colony.

CITY OF SAVANNAH The first permanent settlement in the colony of Georgia was located on Yamacraw Bluff along the Savannah River. Savannah would become the

MERCANTILISM colonial capital of Georgia. The town is unique

because of its many town squares that offered political, social, and religious community centers. Roads were built using a grid system that were parallel and perpendicular to one another. A palisade was built to protect the city from invasion. SS8H2c Explain the development of Georgia as a royal colony with SS8H2b Evaluate the Trustee Period of Georgia’s colonial history, regard to land ownership, slavery, government, and the impact of the emphasizing the role of the Salzburgers, Highland Scots, malcontents, royal governors. and the Spanish threat from Florida. LAND OWNERSHIP SALZBURGERS HIGHLAND SCOTS MALCONTENTS Colonists allowed to own more than 500 acres of land. Land can now be sold and women can inherit land. Large plantations (farms) develop with slave labor producing more profitable crops such as rice, cotton,

and tobacco. Social classes develop with planters gaining wealth and power.

•

SLAVERY Slavery is legalized in Georgia in 1751 Protestant colonists led Well trained soldiers Upset colonists who after the Malcontents pressured the trustees to change their policy banning by Johann Martin from Scotland who opposed the laws slavery. Only wealthy white Boltzius who migrated to were recruited by created by the Trustees landowners could own slaves who Georgia seeking James Oglethorpe to and wanted Georgia to worked on rice plantations along religious freedom help defend the colony be more like South Georgia’s coast. Slavery changed the because they were from the Spanish Carolina so that they economy of Georgia allowing land persecuted in Germany threat in Florida. They could succeed owners to grow rich. Slaves were / Austria for not being built the fort / town of economically. They property and had no rights, despite the Catholic. They also built Darien on the southern wanted rum and slavery belief by the Salzburgers, Highland the town of Ebenezer border of the colony on to be legalized, and Scots, and many others that slavery the Altamaha River. they wanted to own was cruel John and Reynolds immoral. Henry Ellis James Wright along the Savannah River. Some moved to Helped defeat Spanish more land and for 1754-57 1757-60 1760-76

Fort Frederica. They troops in the Battle of women to be able to nd also helped defend the Bloody Marsh. This inherit that land. The 1st is 2 is nd rd colony from the Spanish group also opposed Trustees gave in to worst 2 Best 3 brought the invasion, and also slavery in Georgia. their demands and the treasure opposed slavery due to colony of Georgia religious beliefs. changed. Allowed colonists to vote He helped restore the

and make laws thru a bi- colony by allowing He was very popular

cameral legislature. Set colonists to have a because the economy of SPANISH THREAT FROM FLORIDA up a court system in the voice in government. Georgia became very The Battle of Bloody Marsh was an important colony. However, he He reformed developed and rich. The battle on St. Simons Island in which James became very unpopular government and helped size of Georgia increased Oglethorpe, English colonists, Salzburgers, and refused to listen to improve the economy. to include modern day Highland Scots, and Creek Indians defeated colonists; did not relate to He improved the Mississippi and Alabama and the southern border the Spanish who tried to invade Georgia. the Indians very well; colony’s relationship extended from the The Spanish retreated back to Florida, and tried to move the capital with the Creek Indians Georgia claimed the “debatable land” Altamaha River to St. out of Savannah. and he also divided the Mary’s River. He would between the Altamaha and St. Mary’s River. Colonists convinced the colony into parishes remain Royal Governor The event helped make the colony of Georgia King of England to (counties) to help until the American safe and secure allowing the colony to grow remove him from office government become Revolution. geographically and economically. (power). more efficient.

STAMP ACT 1765 INTOLERABLE DECLARATION of SS8H3a Explain the immediate and long-term causes of the American ACTS of 1774 Another tax colonists INDEPENDENCE Revolution and their impact on Georgia; include the French and Indian War were forced to pay to July 4th, 1776 (Seven Years War), Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts, and the To bring the colonies help pay for the French Declaration of Independence. under control because the and Indian War. The events of the Boston Tea The Declaration of colonists had to buy a party, Britain’s Independence was a FRENCH and INDIAN WAR 1754 -1763 stamp (British seal) on Parliament passed several formal document that Great Britain and its Indian allies fought against the French and their Indian allies all legal and commercial Coercive Acts: was written to over control of the land in North America located between the Mississippi River and documents. This 1. closing of Boston Harbor officially announce Appalachian Mountains. Great Britain defeated the French and gained control included books, until damages from Boston the colonies' break newspapers, court from Great Britain. over this territory. The British colonists expanded their boundaries westward Tea Party were paid for knowing that the French were no longer a threat, however, the Indians already documents, land deeds, 2. outlawing patriot groups Thomas Jefferson and even playing cards. explained to King living in these lands did not want colonists to settleGreat there. Britain The claims war French created lands a huge such as the Sons of debt that the British government and citizens thoughteast of the the colonistsMississippi should River. helpThe pay Colonists were upset Liberty; and allowing George III of Great

for. King George III and Parliament agreed to startProclamation taxing the Line colonists, is drawn overhowever, the because they never had colonists to assemble for Britain why the this made colonists very upset since they were notAppalachian allowed Mountainsto vote for in 1763. to pay this tax in the only one town meeting a colonists were upset representatives in Parliament. The slogan “No Taxation Without Representation” past. Since the colonists year. and the reasons for became the battle cry for colonists protesting unfair laws and taxes. did not have a voice in 3. British troops in wanting liberty. Parliament they felt colonies who committed a Each colony sent their rights were being delegates to approve crime were tried back in ignored. The colonists British courts, not colonial and sign the protested and boycotted courts document before it and eventually Great 4. Quartering Act – house was sent to England. Britain repealed the act. and feed British soldiers

At the conclusion of the French and Indian War the boundary of Georgia expanded westward to the Mississippi River. Sir PROCLAMATION of 1763 James Wright was the At the end of the French and Indian War many American colonists wanted to settle royal governor of Georgia the territory gained by Great Britain that was located between the Mississippi River during this time. He and the Appalachian Mountains. However, already in debt from the French and Indian War, King George III could not afford to protect the colonists from Indian created treaties with attacks that would occur when colonists moved onto tribal lands. So, he created a Creek Indians in Georgia boundary line (red line on map above) and told the colonists they could not settle that allowed colonists to west of that Appalachian Mountains. In addition, allowing colonists to settle further settle new lands. west would weaken the control the British would have on the colonists. Again, the colonists were upset that they had to pay for the War without any representation in Parliament, yet could not even settle on land they helped gain for Britain. SS8H3b Analyze the significance of people and events in Georgia on the Revolutionary War; include Loyalists, patriots, Elijah Clarke, Austin Dabney, Nancy Hart, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton, Battle of Kettle Creek, and siege of Savannah.

LOYALISTS PATRIOTS Though Georgians opposed Colonists who opposed British rule NANCY HART ELIJAH CLARKE AUSTIN DABNEY British trade regulations, many and wanted to break away and hesitated to join the form their own country. These Georgia's most acclaimed female Elijah Clarke was a Austin Dabney was a slave revolutionary movement that colonists were angered over the many ACTS (rules and taxes) that participant during the patriot and a hero of who became a private in emerged in the American colonies Revolutionary War (1775-83) was the Revolutionary the Georgia militia and they were forced to pay and follow, in the early 1770s and resulted in Nancy Hart. A devout patriot, Hart War from Georgia. fought against the British especially since they had no voice gained notoriety during the during the Revolutionary the Revolutionary War (1775-83). Clarke County is in government (Parliament). The revolution for her determined War (1775-83) in the Battle The colony had prospered under named for him. On slogan “no taxation without efforts to rid the area of Tories, of Kettle Creek. He was royal rule, and many Georgians English soldiers, and British February 14, 1779, the only African American representation” was what they Clarke led a charge thought that they needed the sympathizers. Her single-handed to be granted land by the rallied behind. The Patriots would efforts against Tories and Indians in the rebel victory at state of Georgia in protection of British troops eventually fight the British in the in the Broad River frontier, as well the Battle of Kettle recognition of his bravery against a possible Indian attack. American Revolutionary War. as her covert activities as a patriot Creek, Georgia. and service during the spy in the Battle of Kettle Creek, Revolution and one of the - New Georgia Encyclopedia have become the stuff of myth, - New Georgia few to receive a federal legend, and local folklore. military pension. Encyclopedia - New Georgia Encyclopedia BUTTON GWINNETT LYMAN HALL GEORGE WALTON

BATTLE OF KETTLE CREEK 1779

The most important event to occur at Kettle Creek took place on Sunday, February 14, 1779. On that morning 600 American supporters of the British cause, popularly known as Loyalists or Tories, encamped atop a hill in a bend of the creek. Elijah Clarke and other Georgia was the youngest and most loyal patriot soldiers were able to defeat the loyalists and colony. In fact, Georgia was the only prevented the British from invading northern Georgia. colony that did not send representatives to - New Georgia Encyclopedia

the First Continental Congress in 1774 that united the colonies together to protest the

Intolerable Acts. While Georgians were loyal to the crown at the beginning of the SIEGE OF SAVANNAH 1779 Revolution they began to protest and fight for independence. In 1775, the 2nd In 1779, Patriot forces with the help of the Continental Congress was formed after French navy tried to regain control of fighting began between the patriots and Savannah, but were badly defeated by the British army. Each colony sent delegates to British army. 752 patriots died while only Philadelphia to sign the Declaration of 18 British troops died. The British Independence. The three men who controlled the colony of Georgia until 1783 represented the colony of Georgia were when the Treaty of Paris was signed – when Britain officially gave up the fight to keep Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton. control of the colonies – ending the Revolutionary War.

ARTICLES OF SS8H4a Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of both the Georgia CONFEDERATION Constitution of 1777 and the Articles of Confederation and explain how weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation led to a need to revise the Articles.

GEORGIA CONSTITUTION

OF 1777 STRENGTHS Because the 13 WEAKNESSES independent states The flag above shows the 13 colonial stripes along with the 13 needed to unite states united together in a circle. However, once the Revolutionary War ended the states basically acted like 13 together and defend themselves from Great independent countries and really didn’t unite together at all. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Britain they had to Georgia could rule itself and Before Georgians declared independence they were governed create a national There were able to do this because the Articles of Confederation not have to be governed by by James Oglethorpe, the Trustees, and eventually royal (central or federal) gave the states most of the power by intentionally creating a the British King and governors appointed by the King of England. These people weak national government. The last thing Americans wanted government. This is Parliament. represented the executive branch of government. When known as Federalism. was a national government telling them what to do, taxing them Georgia declared independence and created their own unfairly, and taking away their rights. Separation of powers in constitution they intentionally created a government that had a The Articles of government. Legislative weak executive branch and a strong legislative branch so that Confederation served States had too much power and began to get into conflicts with branch made the laws while one person would not have too much power. st other states and the national government didn’t have any power as the 1 constitution the executive branch for the states after they to keep the states united together. For example, the federal enforced them, and the They legislative branch was so strong that it not only made the declared independence government could not levy taxes, therefore, the US government judicial branch settled laws in Georgia, but also appointed (selected) the Governor as from Great Britain. did not have any money to create an army to protect the young disputes. well as the judges. This is considered a weakness because The Articles gave nation from Indian or foreign attacks or rebellions in the states, too much power was in the hands of only one branch of nor could they provide economic help to struggling states. The power to a national Georgians were guaranteed government. In addition, Georgia was a uni-cameral Congress to declare US government also could not regulate trade and each state freedom of speech, legislature called the House of Assembly which made it easier war, sign treaties, issued its own currency which also made trade difficult. assembly, religion, and trial to create and pass laws. That is a negative because there is deliver mail, and to by jury. little opposition. create money. During The national government could not enforce any laws because the Revolutionary War under the Articles of Confederation there was no executive Parishes were turned into Another weakness is that not everyone could vote or represent states did a good job of branch, nor was there a President. Also, there was not a judicial counties and each county the people in government. Only white males, age 21 and older providing Congress branch and not a Supreme court to help settle disputes between had its own local with property could participate in government. with what it needed to the states. States argued over boundary lines and taxed each government and fight the British. other over trade (tariff). Congress had a uni-cameral legislature representatives; and militia, Finally, the Georgia Constitution was very hard to amend and each state received 1 vote regardless of their population However, there were school, and courts. (change) many weaknesses to size. Lastly, it was difficult to amend or change the Articles of the Articles of Confederation since all 13 states had to unanimously agree.

Confederation.

REASONS FOR RATIFYING THE US CONSTITUTION

Like most states, Georgia wanted to ratify (approve) the new US Why did the articles of Constitution because they realized the individual states could not survive unless they were united together with a stronger national confederation fail? nd th government. On January 2 , 1788 Georgia was the 4 state to 13 states with more power ratify the constitution.

than the central

Government… the US Another reason why Georgia ratified the Constitution was the need

couldn’t tax or raise an for the United States government to help the state of Georgia expand westward into Indian territories. The US government army… could create laws, sign treaties, or help Georgia by providing military enforcements to fight the Native Americans.

SS8H4b Describe the role of Georgia at the Constitutional Convention of 1787; include the role of Abraham Baldwin and William Few, and reasons why MAKES INTERPRETS Georgia ratified the new constitution. LAWS LAWS

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1787 US citizens realized that having too much power in state government was hurting the national government and country as a whole. To solve this problem each state sent delegates (representatives) to Philadelphia in 1787 to revise (improve) the Articles of Confederation. Abraham Baldwin and William Few were delegates who represented Georgia. After weeks of debates the Founding Fathers agreed that a new constitution was needed to be written that gave more power to the federal government. In order to be effective the national government needed the power to levy and collect taxes in order to have money to operate a working government and a military.

The US government also needed an Executive branch that had the power to enforce laws. The national government also needed a judicial branch with judges and a court that could settle disputes between the states. The new constitution created three branches of ENFORCES government that were equal in power. Each branch had certain powers that kept the other LAWS two powers in check. This was called Checks and Balances.

The problem at the Constitutional Convention was getting states to agree on certain issues. For example, states with large populations like Virginia wanted more representation in government, not just one vote which all states under the Articles of Confederation received, even states with small populations. Eventually, the Great Compromise created a bi-cameral legislature that allowed states to be represented based on their population in the House of Rep resentatives which satisfied the big states, while small states were happy with each state being able to send two representatives to the Senate House.

Another problem was the issue of slavery. Northern states wanted to ban slavery, but the southern states threatened to not sign the constitution because their economy and way of life depended on slave labor, even though it was immoral and wrong. To avoid this conflict the states agreed to the 3/5th Compromise which allowed the southern states to count 3 out of 5 slaves as population which helped increase their representation in the bi-cameral legislature. However, the southern states had to pay taxes on those slaves they counted toward their population. States also wanted to guarantee the rights of citizens and their individual liberties, so it was promised that a Bill of Rights would be amended to the constitution, which they were in 1791.

ABRAHAM WILLIAM BALDWIN FEW

As delegates from Georgia, both Abraham Baldwin and William Few participated in the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and signed the Constitution. William Few helped write the Constitution and Abraham Baldwin’s key vote help create the Great Compromise which created a bi-cameral legislature. HEADRIGHT SYSTEM To attract settlers for economic development and SS8H5a Explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, political representation in US government, the and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches. Georgia government provided land to Americans east of the Oconee River. Each white male counted as a “head” of a family and had the “right” to UNIVERSITY of GEORGIA receive anywhere from 200 – 1,000 acres of land. 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land Farmers and ranchers were able to start up their for a public university (land grant charter) - Thus becoming the business. In oldest public university in the United States of America. The 1782, most of the land was given to Revolutionary university was created to improve the knowledge and skills of War veterans for their service. If you recall, this is Georgia citizens in an effort help the economy and improve the how Elijah Clarke and Austin Dabney received standard of living of Georgian. land. 1801: Students (only all-white / all-male) attend classes in the Franklin College building On the map to the left shows the land distributed 1918: Women were allowed to attend the university. during the headright system from 1733-1802. 1961: Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes became the first available for settlement.

black students to attend the University of Georgia after YAZOO LAND FRAUD

desegregation of schools. Four land companies bribed the governor of LAND LOTTERY Georgia and the General Assembly (legislature) to White males, orphans, and pass a bill to buy large tracts of land near the Yazoo widows were eligible to receive River in Mississippi. The companies bought up to CAPITAL CITY of LOUISVILLE lands west of the Oconee River 50 million acres of land for only 1 ½ cents per acre. that became available after the Savannah was the first capital because it was the 1st permanent Creek Treaty of Indian Springs The companies would then sell the land at much settlement in Georgia. Augusta became the 2nd capital but it was located and the Cherokee Treaty of New higher prices and share the profits with the too far east. So, in 1786, the Georgia legislature decided to build a new Echota. The map above shows the legislators. The US government solved the scandal city that would serve as the 3rd capital of Georgia and would be centrally land lotteries from 1804 -1835 by forcing Georgia to cede (give up) the lands west located for citizens to travel there. The city was named after King Louis that encouraged white settlement of the Chattahoochee River in exchange for $1.25 XVI of France for his help in America’s Revolutionary War. Louisville in western and northern Georgia million dollars and a promise to help remove Creek was not a capital city for very long because of the state’s westward due to the ability to make money and Cherokee Indians from the Georgia territories. expansion due to Indian lands becoming opened for settlers. from cotton plantations and the Milledgeville became the 4th capital in 1807, followed by Atlanta in 1877, discovery of gold. Georgia’s western border is became the Chattahoochee River. the current capital. One of the most memorable events to occur in the capital city of Louisville was the burning of all of the Yazoo Land Fraud records in front of the capitol building in 1796.

SPREAD of BAPTIST and METHODIST CHURCHES The Great Revivals are periods of time in American history where there is a renewed focus on religion - personally, socially, and politically. The Methodist and Baptist denominations (branching off of the Protestant branch) were small at the time, however, the 2nd SS8H5bGreat Awakening Evaluate helped the these impact churches of langrowd inpolicies number and pursuedspread across by Georgia; the southeast include United States. the Interest headright in religion increased during this time period by allowing people to attend MAKES system,large camp land meetings lotteries, called and “revivals”, the Yazoo and the land southeast fraud. region LAWS came to be known as The Bible Belt. Today, religion has a large influence on the culture of the South. Examples include the many churches in each county, blue laws (illegal to sell liquor on Sundays), and fast food chain Chic-fil-A not being open for business on Sunday, to name a few.

SEQUOYAH JOHN ROSS Created a syllabary-written Principal chief (president) of the SS8H5c Explain how technological developments, including the cotton gin Cherokee language for Cherokees Cherokee Nation 1827-1866. and railroads, had an impact on Georgia’s growth. to be accepted by the white culture. Refused to leave Georgia after the The Cherokee Phoenix newspaper illegal Treaty of New Echota and developed as a result. survived the Trail of Tears. IMPACT OF THE COTTON GIN ON GEORGIA In 1793, Eli Whitney invented a machine that would Oklahoma. make producing cotton much easier and profitable. The production of cotton increased tremendously in the 1800s. The unintended consequence was that DAHLONEGA GOLD WORCESTER v. white settlers needed more land to produce cotton RUSH GEORGIA which led to the removal of Creek Indians in Georgia. In 1828, white settlers discovered Sam Worcester was a white In addition, the South became more dependent on gold in Cherokee territory in missionary the Georgia gov’t slave labor and the plantation system of agriculture north Georgia (present day arrested by the for not having a dominated the southern states, whereas the northern Dahlonega). Georgia legislators license to live on Cherokee land. states were more industrial. This would lead to one of created the Indian Removal Act in He appealed his case to the the causes of the American Civil War. 1830 that paved the way for white Supreme Court which ruled that

settlers to remove the Cherokees Georgia acted unconstitutionally from Georgia. In 1835, Georgia and that Georgia laws did not apply in Cherokee lands. Sadly, IMPACT OF THE RAILROAD ON GEORGIA held another land lottery and the President Jackson refused to In 1837, during the removal of Cherokee Indians from north Georgia the Cherokees were eventually forced enforce this decision & Western & Atlantic railroad company helped build the city of Terminus (later out in an event known as the Trail Cherokees were forced to leave named Atlanta) where Underground Atlanta is located next to the Coca Cola of Tears.by the US government. Georgia. museum. Atlanta becomes a major transportation hub in the southeast as the railroad transports Georgia agricultural products to the Midwest and Atlantic coast. This helps connect Atlanta to other cities in the state. ANDREW JACKSON JOHN MARSHALL Signed the Indian Removal Act and Chief Justice of the US Supreme the Treaty of New Echota that led to Court that ruled in favor of the SS8H5c Analyze the events that led to the removal of Creeks and Cherokees; the Trail of Tears. Did not enforce Cherokee Indians in the court case include the roles of Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh, Sequoyah, (support) the Supreme Court Worcester v. Georgia. The ruling John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew decision Worcester v. Georgia. was not enforced by the President. Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears.

TRAIL OF TEARS In 1835, a Cherokee chief named Major Ridge signed the Treaty of New Echota with US CREEK NATION President Andrew Jackson but without the permission of Cherokee principal chief John Ross. This treaty gave up all Cherokee lands in Georgia in exchange for lands in Oklahoma and 5 million dollars. John Ross and other Cherokees thought the US government would protect Cherokee lands from white settlement because of the Worcester v. Georgia Supreme Court case. Instead, the US Army enforced the 1830 Indian Removal Act and in 1838 Cherokee homes and farms were burned the Cherokee were rounded up in concentration camps and WILLIAM McINTOSH them forced to migrate to Oklahoma. Many of the Cherokee suffered from cold exposure, ALEXANDER Bi-racial Creek Indian chief in disease, and starvation. As a result, approximately 4,000 or 25% of the Cherokee people died McGILLIVRAY the early 1800s that ceded on the Trail of Tears. Major Ridge and others Cherokees who signed the Treaty of New Echota Bi -racial Creek Indian chief (gave up) Creek lands west of were soon executed in Oklahoma by supporters of Cherokee chief John Ross. during the 1780-90s that the Oconee River in exchange fought against white for private property and settlement on Creek lands $200,000 by signing the during the Oconee War. Treaty of Indian Springs in He signed the Treaty of 1825. Because he did not get New York with President the permission of other Creek George Washington that tribal chiefs he violated a allowed headright system Creek law whose punishment lan d to be given to whites was death. William McIntosh east of the Oconee River in was dragged from his burning exchange for US protection house, shot, and stabbed in of Creek lands west of the the chest for his betrayal to the Oconee River. Creek Nation.

SS8H6a Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War; include slavery, Debate over Secession and the role of Alexander Stephens South Carolina became the 1st state to secede from the Union. Georgia held states’ rights, nullification, Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 and the Georgia Platform, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott case, election of 1860, the debate over secession in Georgia, and the a convention to debate whether they should secede as well. Georgia US role of Alexander Stephens. Representative Alexander Stephens was pro-slavery like other politicians in the state, but he was against secession. He tried to warn that seceding against the Union States was disloyal to the US Constitution and that the STATES’ RIGHTS and SLAVERY: The economy of southern states depended on agriculture and South risked losing states’ rights and slavery if they were to lose in war. the growing of cotton and tobacco. Slave labor was used to earn large profits for plantation owners. Whites with land and slaves often controlled the rules and laws of a state and had an interest in keeping slavery legal in the south, despite others knowing slavery was immoral. Slave states argued that individual states should have the power to determine what laws to obey and many wealthy southerners feared that federal (national) laws would abolish slavery.

In 1820, there were 11 free states In 1832, South Carolina nullified in the north and 11 slave states in 1820 (or refused to accept) a federal the south. Territories applying for Missouri tariff or tax on British imported statehood had to decide if they goods because it was unfair to were to be a free or slave state. Compromise southern consumers while it Missouri wanted to become a benefitted northern factories. slave state, but that would make The US began to enforce the representation in US government tariff causing South Carolina to unbalanced, so the US admit ted threaten to secede from the Maine as a free state. Territories 1832 Union. To avoid this conflict, above the 36 line of latitude Nullification the US government backed off would become free states. Crisis and lowered the tariff.

In 1850, California was admitted In 1854, Kansas and Nebraska as a free state, and Texas as a Compromise were territories applying for slave state. Slavery became illegal of statehood. Ignoring the in Washington DC, and the 1850 Missouri Compromise 36 degree southern states demanded that latitude policy the US runaway slaves be captured and government allowed citizens in SS8H6b State the importance of key events of the Civil War; include Antietam, the Emancipation returned back to their owners in these territories the opportunity Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s Atlanta the south. This was known as the to vote on whether slavery would MAKES INTERPRETS Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Andersonville. Fugitive Slave Act. Northerners be legal or illegal. This was LAWS LAWS 1854 who wanted to abolish slavery known as popular sovereignty. were upset that they could go to Kansas- After bloody conflicts between Union Blockade jail or fined for helping slaves pro-slavery and abolitionists, Nebraska Act After South Carolina escape. Kansas became a free state. fired the 1st shot of the Civil War at Fort Sumter, President Lincoln ordered a In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was Union Naval In 1857, the United States elected President from the Supreme Court made its decision 1857 blockade of southern Republican Party. Lincoln was ports. This cut off on the Dred Scott case. Dred Dred Scott an abolitionist and southern Scott was a slave who sued for his trade in the South Case slave states feared that his power and hurt the freedom b/c his master took him as president could eventually to a free state. The court ruled economy while also outlaw the institution of slavery, weakening the that since Dred Scott was a slave a threat to their economic he was not a citizen, therefore, he Confederate Army by success. Shortly after his reducing the amount had no rights and could not sue. Election election, southern states held Also, since slaves were considered of supplies they of conventions to discuss whether received. property, his master could take or not they should leave or him anywhere. This was a defeat 1860 Southerners became secede from the Union. poor as a result. for abolitionists.

BATTLE OF ANTIETAM EMANCIPATION BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG In 1862, Confederate PROCLAMATION In 1863, Robert E Lee once Gen. Robert E. Lee tried After the battle of Antietam again tried to bring war onto President Lincoln tried to northern soil in Pennsylvania to invade the north to FREEDMEN’S get the South to surrender in an attempt to capture the SHARECROPPING and TENANT FARMING: After the Civil War capture the capital- BUREAU plantation owners needed labor and freed blacks needed jobs. Since and rejoin the Union. The capital. The battle lasted three Washington D.C. days and was the bloodiest Government it was illegal for slaves to be educated or receive money many freed Union Army forced the South did not surrender so battle of the war (51,112 organization created blacks were forced into borrowing money (credit) from white plantation Confederates back into he freed all slaves in the casualties). The Confederacy to provide food, owners to pay for a place to live, food, medicine, tools, seed, and Virginia, which is why this Confederacy. The Civil lost again and this became the clothing, education, fertilizer. Freed blacks would receive a “share” of the profits or crops battle is a Union victory. War was officially about turning point in the war as the and job contracts for that they worked from the planters land. The money earned could not This one day battle was secession and slavery. Union gained momentum and freed blacks and poor pay down the debt they owed to the planter, thus a cycle of poverty The South lost the support began to weaken the southern whites after slavery continued. Laws were passed to keep blacks working on the planter’s the single bloodiest day in was abolished. of other countries b/c they army. property until all debts were paid. American history with refused to stop slavery. 26,134 casualties.

13TH AMENDMENT 14TH AMENDMENT 15TH AMENDMENT In 1865, slavery Ratified in 1868, citizenship is Ratified in 1870, the United is officially granted to people born in the States cannot deny a citizen the abolished and United States, guaranteeing right to vote based on “race, illegal. freedoms and rights found in the color, or previous condition of United States Constitution. servitude”.

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION: CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION After the South surrendered during the Civil Radical Republicans who controlled the US War Abraham Lincoln and later Andrew Congress wanted to make sure the South Johnson wanted to quickly readmit the provided freedoms to all of its citizens, not Confederate states back into the Union. First, just the wealthy whites. To do this, the South states had to abolish slavery by ratifying the had to ratify the 13th, 14h, and 15th 13th Amendment. Secondly, 10% of the amendments in order to rejoin the United population had to take an oath of allegiance to States. The US military temporarily governed the United States. This plan was not very the southern states, while former Confederate strict and did not punish the rebellious officers were denied political power. The US governments, which caused Congress to provided financial aid to rebuild cities, come up with their own Reconstruction plan. schools, and railroad to improve the South.

ANDERSONVILLE PRISON ATLANTA CAMPAIGN: In 1864, Union Gen. William T. 45,000 captured Union soldiers Sherman invaded Georgia from Chattanooga and were imprisoned in successfully pushed toward Atlanta by flanking the Andersonville during the war. enemy from one battle after another in Northwest 13,000 died of starvation, Georgia. In Paulding County the battles of Dallas, New exposure to cold, and disease. Hope, and Pickett’s Mill are all part of the Atlanta Campaign. Gen. Sherman wanted to capture Atlanta b/c it was a very important railroad hub for the Confederacy supplying much of their needed supplies. In 1864, BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA Atlanta was burned and destroyed, which helped end the HENRY McNEAL TURNER KU KLUX KLAN In 1863, Confederate forces Civil War sooner. African-American who was very A terror group created by former Confederate were able to defeat and push influential as a religious leader soldiers that used violence and intimidation tactics to the Union Army back into SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA: After capturing and Georgia politician. Turner disenfranchise blacks (denying the right to vote and Tennessee. This was the Atlanta, Gen. Sherman waged ‘total war’ against the and 26 other black legislators other freedoms). The Klan was successful in getting South by destroying crops, and burning some homes and were denied acceptance by the bloodiest battle on GA soil southern white Democrats elected, albeit illegally and and the 2nd bloodiest of the businesses that supported the Confederacy. His troops majority white General marched from Atlanta to Savannah and up to North Assembly. After protest and US through corruption and violence. The KKK harassed, War. Union forces regrouped Carolina living off the land and freeing slaves along the support the legislators were able harmed, and killed many blacks, Jews, Catholics, and took over Georgia the way. Confederate soldiers quit and returned to home. to participate in the second carpetbaggers (northern whites rebuilding the South), next spring during the Atlanta legislative session. and scalawags (southern whites who supported the Campaign. Radical Republicans). SS8H7a Evaluate the impact the Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady, International Cotton Exposition, Tom Watson and the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the TOM WATSON and the POPULIST POLITICAL PARTY Leo Frank Case, and the county unit system had on Georgia during this period. As a US Congressman and Senator from Georgia and leader of the Populists Political Party, Tom Watson helped support Georgia’s poor and struggling farmers. He created the RFD (Rural Free Delivery) which helped deliver US mail to people living in rural areas that helped build roads and bridges. Tom Watson opposed (was against) the New South movement and many of the conservative Democrat politicians. He believed that new industry in the South only helped people living in urban areas and did not benefit rural farmers. Early in his career Tom Watson tried to help both white AND black sharecroppers, but later in politics he became openly racist.

COUNTY UNIT SYSTEM Elections were decided by a unit vote and not by a popular vote of the people. The population in each county determined how many unit votes a candidate would receive. There were 8 Urban counties that had the most population, but they only received six unit votes each. There were 30 Town counties that received four unit votes each. Finally, there were 121 Rural counties that received 2 unit votes each. This allowed small rural counties to have a lot of power in politics, however, the majority of the population of Georgia resided in Urban and Town counties. This BOURBON TRIUMVIRATE - All three men had something in common: conservative system would later be declared unconstitutional. Democrat Governors who embraced the New South movement by wanting to transform Georgia from an economy based on King Cotton agriculture to a more modern industrialized economy that traded with the northern states. At the same time these three conservative Democrats wanted to keep the old traditions of white supremacy in the South during the REBECCA LATIMER FELTON LEO FRANK CASE “Redemption Period”, a period of regaining political power from the Radical Republicans and She is best known as a supporter restoring the type of government that once ruled before the Civil War. In 1915, a Jewish man named Leo Frank of women’s suffrage (the right to was lynched by an angry mob of racist vote) and she also was in favor of whites for a crime he did not commit. prohibition -the banning of alcohol. Rebecca Leo Frank had been falsely accused of While her husband was a politician, Rebecca killing a young 14 yr old girl named Mary Felton used his political power to oppose the Phagan at the Atlanta Pencil Factory. Bourbon Triumvirate’s New South movement. He was sentenced to death in prison but She supported small farmers from rural areas. As Georgia Gov. John Slaton changed his a writer for a newspaper, she openly expressed sentence to life in prison even though the her views of white supremacy. She became the evidence showed Leo Frank did not kill first female US Senator, but it was only for a day the girl. Tom Watson called for people to and under suspect circumstances. take action and Leo Frank was HENRY GRADY INTERNATIONAL COTTON kidnapped from prison and the mob Spokesman for the New South movement. Henry EXPOSITION hanged him from a tree near Marietta Grady used persuasive articles in the Atlanta The city of Atlanta became a place for Square. An Atlanta preacher started the Georgia farmers and factory owners to 1906 ATLANTA RACE RIOT rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan by burning a Constitution newspaper to convince citizens that Atlanta had gained a reputation as a southern city Georgia needed to become more industrialized showcase what Georgia had to offer cross on top of Stone Mountain because (especially cotton). Over 800,000 visitors that prospered under white and black of the Leo Frank case. and modern. As an orator (public speaker) he entrepreneurship as evident by the success of traveled to New York and gave speeches to came to Atlanta and viewed over 6,000 exhibits that demonstrated how cotton Alonzo Herndon and Booker T. Washington. wealthy northern businessmen. Grady However, political candidates like Tom Watson persuaded northerners to invest money in and new machinery could be used to make new products. This attracted northern and Hoke Smith used the newspaper to spread southern businesses who wanted to become more racial fears and rumors of black men attacking industrialized. This changed and improved the investment dollars which helped industrialize the South and transform the white women. An angry mob of racist whites Georgia economy that relied mostly on killed 26 innocent black men and wounded 100s agriculture to one that started to have more state of Georgia and its cities into industrial centers. At another Cotton of others. Military troops had to restore order to manufacturing. As a result, the city of Atlanta the city. Atlanta was no longer the same. became one of the largest cities in the South. Exposition, Booker T. Washington gave his famous Atlanta Compromise speech.

SS8H7b Analyze how rights were denied to African-Americans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and racial violence.

JIM CROW LAWS PLESSY v. FERGUSON After Reconstruction in 1877, conservative white Supreme Court case in 1896 that made it Democrats regained control of government constitutionally legal for racial through the KKK and black codes that restricted segregation, as long as facilities were

freedmen’s rights. In order to preserve white “separate but equal”. Homer Plessy, a supremacy, state and local governments began to man with only 1/8th black ancestry and create Jim Crow laws that segregated (or 7/8 white ancestry was arrested for riding separated) blacks from whites in most public in a “whites only” railroad car. He tried to settings. Schools, military, housing, sue claiming that his 14th amendment transportation, restaurants, restrooms, water rights had been violated, however, 7 fountains, and even cemeteries among other Supreme Court justices ruled that is was public settings were segregated. Blacks received not against the law to keep the races inferior facilities and were punished for entering segregated. This ruling allowed racism to places designated for whites only. go unpunished in the South.

DISENFRANCHISEMENT The 15th amendment of the US Constitution provided voting rights

for African Americans. Angry southern racist whites did not REASON FOR WWI GEORGIA WWI want to let go of their power in Densely populated CONTRIBUTIONS state and local government. In order to European countries were Georgia helped win WWI by preserve white supremacy, Georgia politicians economic and political providing over 100,000 began passing laws to restrict or deny rivals with one another. (disenfranchise) the right of blacks to vote in Ethnic conflicts, militarism, soldiers and many women elections. Literacy tests and poll taxes were RACIAL VIOLENCE and the assassination of volunteers. Military camps around the state trained targeted to keep blacks from voting that had Riots, lynchings, mob attacks, threats Austrian-Hungary been denied the right to an education and and intimidation were ways whites were Archduke Franz Ferdinand soldiers, pilots, and doctors denied money for their work because of slavery able to enforce black codes and Jim were causes of World War I. and later became Forts that However, this kept poor & uneducated whites Crow laws. The legal system did very The US became involved are still used today for from voting too. The Grandfather clause gave little to protect the rights of blacks in after German U-boats sank training. There was also a back the right to vote to poor whites if they the Lusitania ship carrying the South. Hate groups like the KKK prison camp that housed were related to someone who could vote before 128 Americans. US also used violence to keep blacks from voting captured German soldiers. 1867, however, since blacks could not vote prior or exercising other rights that were feared Germany was trying to 1867 this excluded them from being able to supposed to be protected in the US to help Mexico invade the Cotton grown in Georgia vote. Other unfair ways to disenfranchise Constitution. Racial violence also southern part of the United made uniforms and food blacks were white primaries, gerrymandering, States known as the played a role in the Great Migration of was sent overseas to the and racial violence by KKK. blacks moving to northern cities. Zimmerman telegram. troops. Citizens bought

Liberty Bonds and grew Victory Gardens to help.

SS8H8b Explain economic factors that resulted in the Great Depression SS8H8c Discuss the impact of the political career of Eugene Talmadge.

EUGENE TALMADGE

Eugene Talmadge was elected governor of Georgia four times (1933- 1937) and (1941-1943) due to the County Unit System’s power in

rural areas. This allowed Eugene Talmadge to win his elections despite not having the popular vote in the state. Many of his

supporters were rural residents who favored a white supremacy

culture of Jim Crow laws and disenfranchisement of African-

Americans. While Talmadge was governor he opposed many of

President Roosevelt’s New Deal programs b/c he did not want the

Federal government interfering with Georgia politics. 1920s:

Sadly, many of FDR’s New Deal programs were designed THE ROARING DESCRIBE THE GREAT DEPRESSION TWENTIES to help people living in rural areas (AAA and REA). The country experienced deflation, which is a Talmadge also was criticized for abusing his power as After World War I ended decline in the average price level. The prices of in 1918 the United governor. He once fired university faculty members for goods and services decreased by nearly 30 percent. States experience a trying to integrate (allow blacks to attend all-white decade of economic With lower prices, businesses such as textile mills, Georgia colleges). As a result, the Southern Association of railroads, farmers, car manufacturers and others growth. The assembly Colleges and Schools (SACS) withdrew Georgia’s line process allowed for earned less revenue (money). With less revenue, accreditation in all of the all-white colleges. Talmadge’s the mass production of businesses could not afford to pay people as much actions angered many white voters. Talmadge lost the consumer goods such as and/or employ as many people. The economy refrigerators, radios, and next election to Ellis Arnall. suffered unemployment as high as 25 percent, and telephones. Businesses wages fell. As prices decreased, business revenues SS8H8a Describe the impact of the boll weevil and drought on Georgia. grew when consumers decreased, wages decreased and unemployment started using CREDIT to increased. When people were earning less or were BOLL WEEVIL pay for the new goods The boll weevil is a beetle insect that lays its eggs in the boll (seed pod) and services. In 1920, unemployed and were not earning any income, they of a cotton plant. The maturing boll weevil survives by feeding off the women finally had the bought fewer goods and services. As a result, cotton fibers inside the boll. The impact of the boll weevil on Georgia is right to vote and businesses earned even less revenue. With wages that it destroyed part of the cotton farmer’s crop. This led to farmers Americans were enjoying decreasing and unemployment increasing, (especially sharecroppers) not being able to make a profit, which also a period of freedoms, borrowers were not able to repay loans. Loan meant that they could not pay off their loans from banks, or their debt to however, in the South, defaults and bankruptcies followed, which produced landlords. In addition, the decrease in cotton production also affected Jim Crow laws still more bank failures and further declines in output, textile mills and other cotton industries. The boll weevil killed King denied African- Cotton, but also helped to diversify the economy by focusing on other Americans equal prices and employment. These events would lead to crops like peanuts and onions. opportunities the stock market crash in 1929, further weakening economically, politically, the economy and increasing the unemployment rate. and socially.

1924-1927 DROUGHT IN GEORGIA A drought is a period of time when a region receives less than normal rainfall over an extended period of time. In the 1920s, Georgia experienced a severe drought that devastated the economy. Unlike the boll weevil which destroyed cotton, the drought affected all agricultural crops. Many farmers lost money because their production decreased, which resulted in either less profits or losing money. Sharecroppers were unable to pay off their debts to landowners and those who were not in debt decided to quit farming and move to the urban areas of the state and work in factories. Georgians were suffering even before the Great Depression. SS8H8d Discuss the effect of the New Deal in terms of the impact of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Agricultural Adjustment Act, rural electrification, and Social Security. Agricultural Adjustment Act The government PRESIDENT FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT AND THE NEW DEAL PROGRAMS subsidizes (pays)

President Roosevelt helped the U.S. economy recover from the Great Depression by farmers NOT to grow creating many federal government “New Deal” programs. The purpose of the New crops or raise livestock Deal programs were to provide economic ”relief, recovery, and reform”. Each on portions of a farmer’s program was designed to fix or help different parts of the economy and certain groups of America’s population, especially the unemployed. When people have jobs, land. This lowers the they spend money on goods and services, which allow businesses to grow and hire quantity of products, more workers, and the cycle continues. The government also benefits by collecting which increases the (revenue) money from income, property, and sales taxes. price of the goods at the market, allowing farmers to earn a greater profit and pay off their debt. Sharecroppers, however, suffered due to losing their jobs on the farm.

Gadoe.org - The last program that had a lasting effect on Georgia Civilian Conservation was the Social Security Act (SSA). Until 1935, those who were Corps (CCC) too old or unable to work were dependent on the charity of others. 3 million unemployed men The Social Security Administration offers benefits for those over work to create parks, roads, 65, those who are disabled, or those who are the survivors of a and other public facilities. beneficiary who has died. This program is one of the longest Unemployment rates running of the New Deal, and today most Georgians are connected dropped and more income to the SSA either through paying social security taxes or receiving meant more spending to social security benefits. This income is taxed through FICE incr ease economic growth. (Federal Income Contributions Act).

SS8H9a Describe the impact of events leading up to American involvement in World War II; include Lend-Lease and the bombing of Pearl Harbor MARIETTA - BELL BOMBER AIRCRAFT With the help of President Roosevelt, the federal government created Bell Aircraft which produced 663 B- 29 bombers that helped the United States win World War II. The manufacturing plant turned rural Cobb LEND-LEASE ACT County into a thriving industrial region in Georgia. Marietta, Georgia began to experience a lot of In 1939, Germany’s Adolf Hitler invaded Poland. Great Britain and France then economic and population growth because of Bell Aircraft as thousands of jobs were created. It also proved that the South could be an industrial region of America. After WWII, the plant shut down, but in declared war on Germany beginning World War II. The United States did not want to 1951 Lockheed-Georgia (now called Lockheed-Martin) bought the company and still produces airplanes become involved in WWII as the economy was still recovering from the Great for the US military today. Depression. However, there was a growing fear that Germany would conquer Europe, which was a threat to U.S. security. To help out the Allied Powers without sending US troops into battle Franklin D. Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass the Lend-Lease Act. The purpose of this act was to provide economic and military aid to the Allied Powers (countries fighting against the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan) and they would repay America after the war. The United States provided $50 Billion

dollars worth of military supplies such as tanks, airplanes, guns, and ammunition, along with foods and other needed materials. The Lend-Lease Act also helped jumpstart the US economy, which ended the Great Depression era. Once Japan bombed Pearl Harbor the United States officially declared war on the Axis Powers and

entered WWII. CARL VINSON RICHARD RUSSELL US House of Former Georgia Governor, Representative from served as Georgia US Senator Georgia for 50 years. for 38 years. He helped pass Member of the Naval FDR’s New Deal programs Affairs Committee and is through Congress and he was a big supporter of the US known as “the father of military. Richard Russell the two-ocean navy” helped Georgia increase its because he convinced the military bases that would US government to build help train soldiers for World up its naval forces and War II. He also helped shipyards in both the create the National School Pacific and Atlantic

Lunch Program as well as the oceans. Like Richard CDC (Center for Disease Russell, Carl Vinson was a Control) which is one of the respected and experienced best high-tech laboratories in Congressman who helped the nation, located in the United States during Atlanta. Richard Russell WWII while also used his political experience providing thousands of to help Georgia. jobs for Georgians.

PEARL HARBOR At the same time Germany was invading European countries, Japan was trying to conquer Asia and the Pacific Ocean territories. When Japan invaded China the United States stopped trading steel and oil. This is called an embargo, when one country MILITARY BASES IN GEORGIA SAVANNAH & BRUNSWICK refuses to trade goods with another country as a form of punishment. Japan saw the Just as in World War I, Georgia helped train SHIPYARDS United States as a threat to their desire to conquer Asia and the Pacific. In the early many soldiers, sailors, and aviators during As Marietta’s Bell Aircraft produced B-29 morning on December 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the US naval base World War II. Fort Benning (Columbus), Fort bombers the port cities of Savannah and located at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. There were 353 Japanese fighter, bomber, and torpedo Gordon (Augusta), Fort Stewart (Savannah), Brunswick manufactured 180 “Liberty Ships”. planes that attacked US battleships, cruisers, destroyers, and air fields. There were and Robins Air Force Base were just some of These US naval ships helped the US win 3,684 US casualties (2,402 killed, and 1,282 wounded), while only a combined 65 the many training facilities that brought jobs World War II, and they also provided thousands of jobs for Georgia citizens along Japanese soldiers were killed or wounded. President Franklin D. Roosevelt urged and businesses for local area civilians. Today, these bases are still important for the US the coast. US Representative Carl Vinson of Congress to declare war on Japan and the United States began fighting in World War II. military and local economies. Georgia is credited for bringing the military By 1945, both Germany and Japan surrendered and would eventually become allies with industry to Savannah and Brunswick. the United States as both countries became democratic.

SS8H9d Discuss President Roosevelt’s ties to Georgia including his visits to Warm Springs and his impact on the state.

THE HOLOCAUST: LESSONS TO BE LEARNED th th In 6 and 7 grade you learned about World War II and the Holocaust. It is estimated that over 6 million Jews died while imprisoned in concentration GEORGIA HELPS FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT th camps. The main reason for learning about the Holocaust in 8 grade FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT HELPS GEORGIA Georgia Studies class is to remind students about the dangers of intolerance (not accepting others because of ethnic or cultural differences). We have already learned that even prior to the Holocaust Jews have been discriminated against in Georgia, such as the 1913 Leo Frank case. We study history to learn about the past – to continue progressing forward and eliminating some of the mistakes people have made against others. In 1986, the Georgia government created the Georgia Commission on the Holocaust to Warm Springs has attracted promote tolerance. This is from their website, “The Georgia Commission on visitors since 1832 and developed the Holocaust was established to teach the lessons of the Holocaust to into a small rural community in present and future generations of Georgians in order to create an awareness West Georgia. of the enormity of the crimes of prejudice and inhumanity and a vigilance to From www.gastateparks.org prevent their recurrence.” “Franklin Delano Roosevelt built the Little White House in 1932 while governor of New York, prior Historians credit Warm Springs, Georgia and the Little White House as the location to being inaugurated as president where President Roosevelt came up with in 1933. He first came to Warm his New Deal policies that helped the Springs in 1924 hoping to find a United States recover from the Great cure for polio that had struck him Depression. Warm Springs was a small in 1921. Swimming in the 88- rural community that consisted of hard degree, buoyant spring waters working people that did not have the brought him no miracle cure, but luxuries of the standard of living of those it did bring improvement.” who lived in urban areas. New Deal Programs such as the REA (rural Franklin D. Roosevelt would fall electrification administration) made it in love with the small town affordable for rural residents to have atmosphere and the people of electricity. The AAA (agricultural Warm Springs, Georgia. adjustment act) increased profits for poor He made a total of 41 trips to farmers, and the CCC (civilian Warm Springs and created the conservation corps) provided thousands of Roosevelt Institute, a facility that jobs for Georgia’s unemployed workers. was constructed to provide One of their projects was creating Franklin D Roosevelt state park, the largest state rehabilitation and treatment for park in Georgia. Georgia helped Roosevelt, those who suffered from polio. and Roosevelt helped Georgia recover from Sadly, Roosevelt died in 1945 at the Great Depression. his Warm Springs, Little White House from a stroke while his portrait was being painted.

SS8H10c Discuss the impact of Ellis Arnall. SS8H10a Analyze the impact of the transformation of agriculture on Georgia’s growth.

ELLIS ARNALL AGRICULTURAL CHANGE Ellis Arnall defeated Eugene Talmadge in the gubernatorial (governor) Georgia farmers benefitted from

election in 1942. Eugene Talmadge had been the incumbent (already in F.D.R.’s New Deal programs such as the AAA, as well as the demand for office) governor and received a lot of criticism from Georgia voters crops to be grown to feed the soldiers because of his role in Georgia losing their accreditation from the in World War II. After the war

Southern Association of Colleges and Schools because Talmadge forced technological innovations of combines,

the firing of faculty members who tried to integrate blacks into white tractors, and processing plants allowed Georgia farmers to diversify the variety colleges. Ellis Arnall promised to fix this problem if elected and he did. of crops they would grow. King Cotton He also helped Georgia make progress in Civil Rights for African- would no longer rule Georgia

Americans by outlawing the poll tax and the white primaries, two agriculture as farmers began growing

methods that were used to disenfranchise blacks. Arnall was also other crops that thrived in Georgia’s different soil types and climate governor of Georgia during World War II and since 18 year old young conditions. Today, Georgia is a leading men were being drafted into the military he believed that 18 year old producer of the crops shown in the men and women should also be mature enough to vote. Because of map below. In addition to crops, Governor Arnall, Georgia was the first state in the United States to Georgia is also a leading producer of livestock (cattle, pigs, chickens, etc…) lower the voting age from 21 to 18. Governor Arnall most likely would One in seven Georgians are employed have been re-elected governor, but Georgia’s Constitution was recently in some type of agricultural related changed to increase the term limits from 2 years to 4 years, but no business. These are known as Agri- longer allowing consecutive terms served. This would lead to a big business and they include processing plants that take the raw crop or controversy in the next unit. livestock and produce a finished product, such as a packaging plant.

URBANIZATION Another change related to agriculture is the urbanization of Georgia as more and more farm workers have moved to larger towns and cities. Part of this is because of new technologies requiring fewer workers to plant or harvest a crop. For example, with new and improved tractors and combines a farmer who owned his land no longer needed sharecroppers to help plant and harvest the crop. As a result, many sharecroppers moved to

cities to work in factories or other agri-business jobs. Georgia’s five geographic regions have all played a role in the transformation of Georgia’s agriculture and economic growth.

SS8H10b Explain how the development of Atlanta, including the roles of mayors William B. Hartsfield, Ivan Allen, Jr., & major league sports, contributed to growth of Georgia. MAJOR LEAGUE SPORTS and the ECONOMY Ivan Allen, Jr. helped bring professional sports to Atlanta (Braves, Falcons, and Hawks). The impact these professional sports teams have had on the economy of Atlanta and the state of Georgia is enormous. The biggest contribution is in the form of jobs. Think of the Falcons for example. Owner Arthur Blank has a payroll of hundreds of people including the players, coaches, trainers, and the behind the scenes employees who work in offices. Then you have stadium crews ranging from parking lot attendants, ticket agents, concession stand workers, custodial staff, lighting and camera crews,

and so on. But it doesn’t end there, because there are hundreds of businesses William B. Hartsfield was Atlanta’s who profit off of the games being played in Atlanta such as hotels, restaurants, longest serving mayor from 1937-1961. He Ivan Allen, Jr. succeeded William B. is most famous for his role in making the Hartsfield as mayor of Atlanta in 1962. He transportation services, shopping plazas, museums, etc… Sports teams require city of Atlanta an aviation hub. Today, is most famous for bringing professional stadiums or arenas to play their games and the construction of these provides Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport is sports to Atlanta which allowed the city to jobs as well from construction workers to architects and engineers. The the busiest airport in the world. It also expand and grow economically. Mayor reason why Mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. wanted Atlanta to become the Sports Capital provides thousands of jobs for people Allen helped build Fulton County Stadium of the South was because of the revenue the city and state government would living in Metro Atlanta. William B. which is where the Atlanta Braves and earn through the form of taxes. There are three major types of taxes that help Hartsfield wanted Atlanta to be a model Atlanta Falcons originally played their southern city and once said, “Atlanta is the games starting in 1966, and two years later the economy (property, income, and sales). Businesses and residents pay a city too busy to hate”. Race relations in the Atlanta Hawks came to town. Ivan property tax once a year. Employers and workers pay income tax every time Atlanta were more progressive than in Allen, Jr. is also remembered for his role they receive a paycheck. Businesses are required to charge sales tax for every FOR EACH SPORT BELOW COME UP WITH ONE EXAMPLE OF REVENUE THAT other southern cities. Hartsfield also in the Civil Rights movement during the CONTRIBUTESgood they sell TO orTHE service ECONOMIC they provide. GROWTH All OF of GEORGIA.this adds up and helps the helped to desegregate Atlanta’s schools. 1960s. He was good friends with Martin government provide infrastructure, schools, police / fire stations, public The city was viewed as a modern city and Luther King, Jr. and mayor Allen helped transportation, courts, jails, parks and many other facilities and programs for attracted other businesses to relocate to desegregate Atlanta. For the first time the citizens of Georgia. Without professional sports the city of Atlanta would the state of Georgia black police officers were allowed to arrest not have the thriving economy that has attracted many people and dollars to white criminals. the state.

WILLIAM B. HARTSFIELD IVAN ALLEN, Jr.

SS8H11c Discuss the impact of Andrew Young on Georgia. SS8H11a Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s r ole during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1964 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT On June 11, 1963, President John F. Kennedy 1956 state flag. gave a televised speech talking about the importance of civil rights for ALL Americans. He then asked Congress to create an Act (law) CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE 1940s that protected the freedoms of African Americans by outlawing discrimination and 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 segregation. The bill was passed in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, and signed into law by President Lyndon B.

Johnson (who succeeded President Kennedy 1946: END OF WHITE PRIMARIES after he was assassinated). It should be noted As governor of Georgia, Ellis Arnall enforced the court decision that many Southern US Congressmen did not to stop the unfair practice of White Primaries, which had support the Civil Rights Act. Only 8 out of 127 disenfranchised black voters. African-Americans could now vote Southern politicians voted to pass the Civil during the primary election in July for either black candidates or Rights Act, compared to 355 out of 394 of non- non -racist white candidates. Racist white candidates no longer Southern politicians, and Southern attempts to automatic ally advanced to the General Election because there preserve white supremacy failed. was no opposition in white primaries. However, the county unit

system still gave rural counties a huge advantage, which is where a majority of the racist voters lived in Georgia.

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE 1970s HERMAN TALMADGE Just like his dad, Ellis Arnall? Herman Talmadge was 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Wanted to remain governor a racist governor who until controversy was settled supported segregation. He became governor during the “3 governor’s controversy” when 1946 Eugene Talmadge won GOVERNOR’S the 1946 Governor’s Herman Talmadge? RACE Race in November, but “the 3 Received enough “write- died before taking governors in” votes on the ballot office. Herman controversy” received write-in votes Who will replace because voters knew 1967 1974 1977 Eugene Talmadge? his dad was ill. The LESTER MADDOX MAYNARD JACKSON ANDREW YOUNG . Georgia Supreme Court ruled that a special A strict segregationist who In 1974, Maynard Jackson Former Civil Rights activist became governor of Georgia became the 1st African- during the Civil Rights election must be held between Herman in 1967. He once shutdown American mayor of a major movement who was friends Melvin Thompson? his own restaurant business southern city (Atlanta). with Dr. King. Andrew Talmadge and Melvin Was elected Lieutenant Thompson. Talmadge “Pickrick Cafeteria” instead Jackson played a important Young also became the Governor of Georgia of desegregating. However, role in expanding and first African-American US won because of the county unit system. once he became governor of modernizing Atlanta’s Representative from Georgia he promoted and airport, which has become Georgia since the . hired more African- the busiest airport in the Reconstruction Era. BENJAMIN MAYS Americans in government world and employs President Jimmy Carter As president of Morehouse College in Atlanta, Dr. Mays was a civil jobs than previous thousands of workers in the appointed Young as the rights activist and mentor to Martin Luther King, Jr. In 1936, Dr. Mays governors. He also Atlanta area, now named first African-American UN traveled to India and visited with Mohandas Gandhi and learned integrated the Georgia State Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson Ambassador. Like Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violent protests and boycotts. Martin Highway Patrol and GBI. He International Airport to honor Maynard Jackson he also Luther King, Jr. would learn this from his mentor Benjamin Mays and it also appointed the first his contributions. Played a became mayor of Atlanta would be the strategy during the Civil Rights movement to end African American to head a role in bringing the 1996 and later helped bring the segregation and gain racial equality. Dr. Mays gave the Benediction at state department. Olympics to Atlanta. Olympics to Georgia. the March on Washington, as well as Dr. King’s eulogy.

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE 1950s SS8H11b Analyze the role Georgia and prominent Georgians played in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s; include such events as the founding of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Sibley Commission, admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Hunter to the University of Georgia, Albany Movement, March on Washington, Civil Rights Act, the election of Maynard Jackson as mayor of Atlanta, and the role of Lester Maddox.

1954 BROWN vs BOARD OF EDUCATION CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE 1960s This landmark US Supreme Court case overturned the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case which had made the segregation of races legal 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 as long as facilities were equal. In 1954, all 9 of the Supreme Court justices ruled that 1960 SNCC (Student Non-Violent 1960 SIBLEY COMMISSION segregation did not provide equal facilities or Coordinating Committee) Desegregate means to end the practice of opportunities for African-Americans. This Throughout the South, groups of black and segregation. Many school districts in federal ruling meant that states would white students were inspired by Dr. King’s Georgia threatened to close their schools if eventually have to outlaw segregation in public methods of non-violence and civil they were forced to desegregate. The schools and begin integrating their school END OF PUBLIC SCHOOL disobedience in order to challenge unfair Sibley Commission was a plan by the systems. Former Confederate States used a SEGREGATION segregation laws. Young students began to Georgia government to decide how “massive resistance” policy as a way to avoid boycott segregated businesses, using sit-ins Georgia’s counties should integrate their desegregating their schools. This only to cause businesses to lose money and schools. Eventually, the federal promoted racism in the Deep South. eventually desegregate. SNCC also used government threatened to cut off funding to

Freedom Rides as a way to protest unfair Georgia schools because the state was

segregation on buses. very slow in outlawing segregation. 1956 GEORGIA STATE FLAG Many white Georgians were angered by the federal

Supreme Court decision to outlaw segregation of public 1961 UGA DESEGREGATION 1961 ALBANY MOVEMENT schools. As a symbol of protest, the Georgia General It wasn’t until 1961 that African-Americans SNCC, NAACP, and Dr. King helped to Assembly approved a new state flag that contained the old were allowed to attend the University of organize a large movement to end Confederate battle flag. This flag was a symbol of states’ Georgia. Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne segregation in the south Georgia city of rights that was once used to preserve the practice of Hunter were the first black students Albany. In addition to marches and slavery, and now was used to preserve segregation. integrated in the all-white college. Both boycotts, the protestors also helped

students were harassed, taunted, and African-Americans register to vote. Their threatened as they first began attending efforts to desegregate the city stalled

Dr. MARTIN LUTHER KING, Jr. classes. By 1963, both had earned their when the Albany police arrested many of Recognized as the most influential leader degrees and went on to have successful the protestors, including Dr. King. careers. Today, the Holmes-Hunter Overcrowding jails caused the police to during the Civil Rights movement. Martin Luther King, Jr. was educated at Morehouse Academic Building is named in their honor. put activists in neighboring county jails.

College and Boston University. While at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Martin Luther King, Jr. learned about non-violent protest 1963 MARCH ON WASHINGTON and civil disobedience from his mentor One hundred years after Abraham Lincoln signed Dr. Benjamin Mays. As pastor of a Baptist the Emancipation Proclamation, over 250,000 church in Montgomery, Alabama, Dr. King began organizing the Montgomery Bus citizens marched to the Lincoln Memorial in Boycott after Rosa Parks was arrested for Washington D.C. in order to gain jobs and freedom for African Americans. Many activists spoke to violating an unfair segregation law on a public city bus. Dr. King also founded the the large crowd, including Dr. Martin Luther King, SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Jr. The highlight of the March on Washington Committee) to help build the Civil Rights wasDr. King’s “I Have a Dream” speech, which movement. In 1961, Dr. King along with the reminded America of the struggles of African- Americans in society (especially in the South), and NAACP and SNCC organized the Albany Movement to help desegregate the south the hope that racism and discrimination would no Georgia city, only to be arrested by police. longer be part of the culture of America. The On August 28th, 1963, Dr. King gave his most march was so effective that Congress signed the empowering “I have a Dream” speech during Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act. Dr. King would earn the Nobel Peace Prize and the the March on Washington. In 1968, Dr. King was assassinated, but his legacy will be March on Washington was a major turning point of remembered forever by many. the Civil Rights movement. . SS8E3b Explain how entrepreneurs take risks to develop new goods and services to start a SS8G2a Explain how the four transportation systems interact to provide domestic and business. international goods to the people of Georgia. SS8E3c Evaluate the importance of entrepreneurs in Georgia who developed such enterprises SS8G2b Explain how the four transportation systems interact to provide producers and service as Coca-Cola, Delta Airlines, Georgia-Pacific, and Home Depot. providers in Georgia with national and international markets. SS8G2c Explain how the four transportation systems provide jobs for Georgians.

WHAT IS PROFIT? INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM HARTSFIELD-JACKSON Profit is the amount of money earned after subtracting all of your expenses. Interstates I-75, I-85, and I-20 intersect in INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT The economic system of capitalism involves the production and consumption of the city of Atlanta and connect the state of Atlanta mayors William B. Hartsfield and goods and services. Making a profit is the ultimate incentive (or reason) for Georgia to Alabama, Tennessee, South Maynard Jackson built and expanded entrepreneurs and businesses. It is how they stay in ‘business’ and earn a living. Carolina, and Florida. In addition, I-95 runs Atlanta’s airport to become the busiest in along Georgia’s coast from Florida to Maine. the world. Passenger travel and cargo WHAT IS AN ENTREPRENEUR? This highway system allows the citizens of shipments fly into and out of Atlanta every Georgia to receive imported goods from hour of every day. The airport interacts An entrepreneur is someone who opens their own company or business to provide a good and/or a service. The main risk is losing a lot of money if the other states and countries. At the same with the highway system to deliver imports business fails. Usually, an entrepreneur must get credit (borrow from a bank) time, this system allows Georgia’s farmers and exports to different markets in Georgia, just to start a business, but if you don’t earn a profit then your business goes and factories to transport goods to other the United States, and throughout the states and countries. This helps the world. Without the airport, many industries bankrupt. This forces entrepreneurs to be creative and make smart decisions. economy of Georgia by providing Georgians in the state would suffer and thousands of with products from abroad, and creates jobs would be lost, which would hurt the thousands of jobs in the transportation economy and government of Georgia. industry and related businesses.

DEEP WATER PORTS RAILROAD 1979, Arthur Blank As Georgia’s first city, Savannah has 1886, Dr. John 1924, C.E. Woolman Prior to the Civil War the city of Atlanta 1927, Owen and Bernie Marcus always been a port city helping the citizens Pemberton invented started a crop dusting became a railroad hub in order to export Cheatham turned a created the first of Georgia to receive needed goods and the drink in Georgia business in Macon, Georgia cotton to outside markets and to small lumber mill in home improvement ship products to other markets. During and sold the rights to GA. Eventually, he import agricultural products and Augusta, Georgia, center in Atlanta that WWII, US Representative from Georgia Asa Candler who began delivering mail manufactured goods from the Midwest and into North America’s combines a variety of Carl Vinson helped the coastal cities of marketed Coca-Cola via airfreight for the northern states. Today, the railroad largest plywood and products and building Savannah and Brunswick receive to the world. Both US government. continues to transport large quantities of lumber company experts for both government contracts to build navy ships, men took a risk, but Relocated to Atlanta goods in and out of the state with Atlanta supplying paper business contractors known as Liberty Ships. This greatly their efforts paid off after the airport being the hub of activity. The interstate and products such as and the “Do-It-Your- helped the local and state economies. and today Coca-Cola became popular and deep water ports are also connected to the tissue paper, paper, Selfer”. Like the Today, these two deep water ports are the is the largest expanded Delta railroad allowing raw materials and finished packaging, and others, headquarters busiest on the east coast and provide many beverage company in airlines to focus on products to be transported to just about any building materials. located in Atlanta. jobs for Georgia workers and help Georgia the world. passenger travel. location in Georgia, or the United States, or play a major role in international trade. to another country overseas.

SS8E5 The student will explain personal money management choices. INCOME- money earned from a job or from selling something of SS8E2a Describe how Georgians have engaged in trade in different historical time periods. value (personal items, property, stocks, etc) SS8E2b Explain how the four transportation systems contribute to Georgia’s role in trade.

SPENDING- using money to buy goods and services. These TRANSPORTATION and TRADE THROUGHOUT GEORGIA’S HISTORY Prehistoric Indian Period: Native cultures bartered from tribe to tribe (crops, tools, jewelry) are things we both need and want. Also called expenses. Colonial Period: System of mercantilism – colonies produced raw materials and shipped them to Europe in exchange for finished products that were manufactured in Europe. SAVING - not spending money in order to purchase goods or Antebellum & Civil War Period: Georgia shipped cotton by boat and railroad to northern states services later, or to have extra money in the future. and Europe in exchange for manufactured goods. The impact of the Naval Blockade on the

South during the Civil War’s and the Atlanta Campaign / Sherman’s March was devastating. CREDIT - borrowing money (loan) and paying a fee (interest) to Late 1800s and Early 20th century (1900s) Period: Georgia attracted industry and trade by buy something you need / want now, and will pay for later. hosting several International Cotton Expositions. Railroad and port cities continued to thrive.

World War II Period: Savannah and Brunswick deep water ports provided economic growth. INVESTING- letting the value of your money grow or earn Post WWII Period: Atlanta becomes an aviation hub, and three major interstates intersect at interest through banks, stocks, bonds, mutual funds, certificates of the city of Atlanta which helped attract new industries, factories, and businesses to Georgia. deposit, and collectible items. Modern Georgia Period: The four transportation systems interact together to help Georgia export its goods to outside markets while also importing goods from foreign markets.

SS8H12a Evaluate the consequences of the end of the county unit system and reapportionment. 1996 OLYMPIC GAMES END OF COUNTY UNIT The city of Atlanta and the entire state of Georgia benefitted economically from hosting the SYSTEM Olympics. Many jobs and facilities were created before the Olympics Games began in 1996. County Unit System became Sporting arenas / stadiums, hotels, and other businesses were created to accommodate the unconstitutional and was many people who visited Georgia. The local and state government also increased their replaced by the “one person, revenue through income, property, and sales taxes, which then was spent on providing one vote” popular vote concept. programs and services for the citizens of Georgia. Since the Olympics, new businesses have This decreased the voting relocated to Georgia to take advantage of Atlanta being an international city. power of rural areas that were often dominated by white supremacy views. Black and white candidates had a fair chance of winning elections.

REAPPORTIONMENT District lines would be drawn based on more fair equal representation of the population.

SS8H12c Analyze the impact of the rise of the two-party system in Georgia.

ONE PARTY SYSTEM 1877 – 1970 • Conservative Democrats controlled Georgia politics • White supremacy, County Unit System, disenfranchisement of blacks (white primaries, poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clause, KKK intimidation), and Jim Crow laws once preserved conservative Democrat rural power in state politics

TWO PARTY SYSTEM 1970 – PRESENT • Conservative Republicans and Liberal Democrats share power • White supremacy decreased, equal opportunity increased SS8H12e Evaluate the importance of new immigrant communities to the growth and • Standard of living has increased for all Georgians economy of Georgia

NEW IMMIGRANT SS8H12b Describe the role of Jimmy Carter in Georgia as state senator, governor, president, COMMUNITIES Some legal immigrant and past president. communities can provide SS8H12d Evaluate the effect of the 1996 Olympic Games on Georgia. low cost labor for many industries, which helps businesses grow while providing cheaper products and services for the general population. New populations also equal new markets for other Georgia businesses. Income and sales taxes provide the government more revenue, and new communities also increase the cultural diversity of an area. Georgia’s economy has grown since the mid-1990s partly due to new immigrant communities in the state.