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Lost in the Long Books: Revealing the Organisation, Operations and Uses Of Lost in the Long Books: Revealing the organisation, operations and uses of the collegiate gardens in the University of Oxford between 1733 and 1837 Volume 1 (of 2) Text, Chapters 1-8 Andrew Toby Mabson Parker A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Sustainable Environments and Design (Writtle University College) University of Essex August 2020 Abstract This is the first scholarly assessment of the collegiate landscapes of the University of Oxford based in their organisation, operation and use between 1733 and 1837. The thesis was a localised case study using primary data from archival sources and contemporary literature. The identified material was then assessed and interpreted using thick description and Reception theory. Adopting approaches used in material culture studies made it possible to identify the technologies and skills that had been used in the gardens. The core period of the study (1733-1837) was selected to cover an era during which the University retained its position as the paramount civic authority in the city of Oxford and became a cultural centre in England. The thesis establishes that the gardens were maintained by contractors rather than the colleges employing their own labour. These businessmen in turn sub-contracted skilled gardeners by the day to service the needs of the gardens. The analysis of financial data from contractors’ bills demonstrated that figures previously considered wages for work in the garden were instead day rates to be paid by the colleges. This discovery has implications for our understanding of the wages for skilled and unskilled labour in the gardens. The findings in this thesis demonstrate that the contractors managed sophisticated horticultural businesses to service the college’s needs. This study informs landscape history through the exploration of collegiate landscapes, garden contracting, wages and the wider employment of Oxford’s horticultural trade in the gardens. Furthermore the roles of other trades, such as carpenters and the largely absent material culture in the gardens are assessed. i Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors, Jill Raggett and Sally Jeffery, for all of their wonderful support, insights and encouragement over the last six years. Further thanks are due to my family for their patience and understanding during this time. Without the generous support of Robin Darwall-Smith of University College and Jesus College (formerly of Magdalen College) and Mike Rhiordan of St John’s College and The Queen’s College my thesis would have been much the poorer and for their kindness I thank them. I am also indebted to the late Cliff Davies, Keeper of the Archives at Wadham College, who generously gave me the freedom of the archive and acted a sounding board in the early days of the project. The award of a month long Predoctoral Residency at Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C. gave me time to write and revise chapters of my thesis and use their Rare Books Library. My thanks to John Beardsley and Jane Padelford for making my time there so congenial. Particular thanks are due to Anatole Tchikine, Curator of Rare Books, Garden and Landscape Studies for all of his help and generosity. My thanks to Tim Kirtley the Librarian of Wadham College for kindly providing me access to the Griffith Collection. I am hugely grateful to Jennifer Thorp of New College, Emma Goodrum of Worcester College, Julian Reid of Corpus Christi College and Merton College, Lindsay McCormack of Lincoln College, Penny Baker of Exeter College, Judith Curthoys of Christ Church, Clare Hopkins of Trinity College, Amanda Ingram of Pembroke College, Helen Sumping (Deputy Archivist) of Brasenose and Jeffrey Hackney of Wadham College for all of their help. Thanks must also go to the wonderful staff of the London Library and the many other ii librarians and archivists who supported me in my research. Further thanks are due to Philippa Glanville, Mark Laird and Brent Elliott. I am thankful for the generous, stimulating and much appreciated hospitality of Maureen Mellor, Brian Durham and Deborah Glass Woodin who made my stays in Oxford such a delight. The two grants from Haileybury and Imperial Service College were extremely helpful over the six years. My thanks to Martin Collier, Master of Haileybury for all of his support and granting me the sabbatical that allowed me to take up the residency at Dumbarton Oaks. Thanks are also due to Joe Davies, former Master of Haileybury, for making the initial professional development award for my studies. Finally, I owe a huge personal debt to Kate Harwood and Ian Gow, without them I would not have been inspired to undertake this project. iii Table of Contents Abstract i Acknowledgements ii List of illustrations ix List of tables xv Abbreviations and explanations xvi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Aims 1 1.1.1. Research Question 1 1.2. Significance of the study 1 1.3. Identification of the subjects and period of study 3 1.4. The structure of the study 4 1.5. Methodology 7 1.5.1. Use of Archival Material and Libraries 7 1.5.2. The use of archival sources in the study of 8 Oxford college gardens 1.5.3. Systematic data collection 11 1.5.4. Economic history and material culture 13 1.5.5. The reception of the garden 14 1.5.6. Analysis of data: Thick Description 15 1.6. Literature review 16 1.6.1. Early writers on Oxford Colleges and their 16 gardens 1.6.2. Analysis of modern and contemporary garden 18 history scholarship on college gardens 1.6.3. Analysis of wider publications on academic 23 landscapes and garden history iv 1.6.4. Analysis of material culture, patterns of 28 consumption and absent objects 1.6.5. Analysis of publications on economic history and 30 the garden Chapter 2 The topographies of the University and the college 31 gardens 2.1. The city of Oxford in the eighteenth and nineteenth 31 centuries 2.2. The topographical concepts of the University and its 35 colleges 2.3. The idea of the University conveyed through the 45 prospects of Oxford 2.4. Representing landmarks and sites of interest 51 2.5. Topographical representations of the college gardens 54 2.6. A typology of college gardens 60 2.7. Summary 64 Chapter 3 Governance, administration and financing of collegiate 65 gardens 3.1. The college officers 65 3.2. The foundation statutes and the garden 68 3.3. The college convention book 70 3.4. The administration of the college, the gardener and the 72 gardens 3.5. The costs of the gardener and the garden in the annual 76 accounts 3.6. Funding college gardens from additional income 82 sources v 3.7. The use fees and fines to subsidise the garden 84 3.8. Redirection of funds and loans for the gardens 89 3.9. Donations and bequests 91 3.10. Summary 92 Chapter 4 Material culture: buildings, ornaments and furniture 94 4.1. Picturing the garden 94 4.2. The consumption of materials 97 4.3. The use of the college gardens and material culture 99 4.4. Material improvements in the garden 102 4.5. Summer houses and other buildings 105 4.6. Seats, chairs and stools 113 4.7. Ironwork screens, gates and palisades 123 4.8. Summary 127 Chapter 5 Material culture: structures and implements in the 128 garden 5.1. Flower stages, frames and hotbeds 128 5.2. Treillage work in the garden 132 5.3. Implements of labour 140 5.4. Instruments of operation 142 5.5. Instruments of direction 149 5.6. Utensils, machines and articles 150 5.6.1. Utensils 151 5.6.2. Machines 155 5.6.3. Articles 164 vi 5.6.4. Shreds and listing: by-products of tailors and the 169 cloth industry 5.7. Summary 173 Chapter 6 Gardeners in the collegiate gardens 175 6.1. The typology of gardeners 176 6.2. Gardeners, civic status and protectionism 177 6.3. The status of the contractor within the horticultural 180 trade 6.4. Sub-contracting 182 6.5. Apprenticeships and horticultural skills required by 185 contractors 6.6. Skills for maintaining a productive landscape 192 6.7. Robert Penson as college garden contractor 198 6.8. Maintenance contracts 200 6.9. Daily rates and real wages 205 6.10. The profitability of the businesses of tradesmen- 215 gardeners 6.11. The contractor as a diverse consumer of goods 217 6.12. Nurserymen 218 6.13. New work contracts 235 6.14. The contractors’ calendar 240 6.15. Summary 248 Chapter 7 Uses and users of the gardens 250 7.1. The garden as social space used by the members of 250 the college and their guests 7.2. Elite cultural activities in college gardens 254 vii 7.3. The college gardens as public spaces 258 7.4. The gardens and tourists 273 7.5. Framing college gardens as places of moral jeopardy 286 and illicit pleasure 7.6. The college garden and Oxford’s social season 297 7.7. Summary 303 Chapter 8 Conclusion 305 8.1. Summary of findings 313 8.2. Recommendations for the future 313 References 315 Appendix 1 Data Sheets on the college gardens in the University of 329 Oxford viii List of illustrations Figure 1.1 Wadham College 1777 Michaelmas and Christmas 10 Account Book. Wadham College Archive. Copyright: the author. Figure 2.1 David Loggan, Oxonia Illustrata, 1675, engraving, title 36 page. Copyright: the author. Figure 2.2 Anthony Wood, Historia et antiquitates universitatis 37 Oxoniensis, 1674, engraved by R. White, engraving, title page.
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