Piles and Pile Driving

Cprht Wrnn & trtn

h prht l f th Untd Stt (tl , Untd Stt Cd vrn th n f phtp r thr rprdtn f prhtd trl.

Undr rtn ndtn pfd n th l, lbrr nd rhv r thrzd t frnh phtp r thr rprdtn. On f th pfd ndtn tht th phtp r rprdtn nt t b “d fr n prp thr thn prvt td, hlrhp, r rrh. If , r rt fr, r ltr , phtp r rprdtn fr prp n x f “fr tht r b lbl fr prht nfrnnt,

h ntttn rrv th rht t rf t pt pn rdr f, n t jdnt, flfllnt f th rdr ld nvlv vltn f prht l.

l t: h thr rtn th prht hl th r Inttt f hnl rrv th rht t dtrbt th th r drttn

rntn nt: If d nt h t prnt th p, thn lt “ fr: frt p t: lt p n th prnt dl rn h n tn lbrr h rvd f th prnl nfrtn nd ll ntr fr th pprvl p nd brphl th f th nd drttn n rdr t prtt th dntt f I rdt nd flt. IES A IE IIG

Y OE W. A OUE . S.

ESIS O E EGEE O CII EGIEE EWAK COEGE O EGIEEIG n 2 EACE

h th n th bjt f "l nd l rvn" h bn rttn t flfl n f th rrnt fr th rntn f th dr f Cvl Ennr b th r Cll f En nrn. h trl ntnd n th th h bn lnd fr n b, tl, zn nd fr th thr n xprn. Mh tll nd t b plhd n th fld f rrh bt th n b dn nl thrh th prtn f th pn h r nd n th r nd hv th pnt nr fr n n tt ndr tl fld ndtn.

h thr h t nld h ndbtdn t th flln pn fr th nfrtn hh th hv ppld nd l fr th lltrtn, f hh r rprdd n th th: ll Cpn, Chrl . C Cpn, M Arthr Cnrt l Crprtn, h nd Cnrt l Cpn, nd h Sthrn Wd rrvn Cpn. h thr l ndbtd t rfr Wll S. nd f th r Cll f Ennrn fr rdn th nrpt nd n vlbl tn.

. W. n tn

r Cll f Ennrn nr, 2

COES

EACE CAE I tr f th U f l Orn f pl nd pl drvn ndtn f nnt brd brd

CAE II vlpnt f l rvn nd l rvn Epnt Wdn l rtv fr f drr pl drvr 8 rnt d pldrvr 2 h htn nn St plhr 4

CAE III h hr f l rvn rbl t b lvd 8 t brn p f l 22 l tn ln 2 l pprtd b n frtn 24 Spn f pl 2 trl fr tn n pl l drvn frl 4 t pl v

COES

CAE I br l Wd d 42 rnt fr d tbr pl 4 rprtn f pl fr drvn 4 Ovrdrvn U f th trjt rttn nt ltrnt ttn nd drn Mrn brr 62 rttn nt rn brr 66 Cttn ff nd plln pl 4

CAE Cnrt l Advnt f nrt pl vr tbr pl rldd pl 8 Crrtd prldd pl 84 Cn prldd pl 8 Chnth prldd pl 86 nnb prldd pl 8 Ctnpl pl 88 h nd l 88 Splx l 8 dtl r M Arthr l 0 h G r lr l 0 rtn n drvn tn pl pl 04 COES

CAE I Mtl nd Sht l blr pl 0 Sr nd d pl 0 Sht pln 2

blrph PILES AND PILE DRIVING

CHAPTER I

History of Use of Piles

The origin of piles and pile driving is not known. No definite date can be set as the time when the first pile was driven but it is certain that timber piles were known as long ago as the early lake dwellers of

Europe. Whether this was the origin of piles and pile driving; whether they were first used in the jungles to keep the huts off the ground and away from wild beasts; whether they were forked branches of trees driven into the muddy bottom of a stream to support the stringers of a crude bridge, we cannot say. • All we do know is that piles have been used for many centuries and that in type and method of driving there have been few radical changes over the period from their inception until the present time. More is known, however, of the use of piles in the building of ancient bridges and a brief resume of the construction of bridge foundations will serve to show the part that piles played in their development. It has been determined from the study of the ruins of ancient bridge foundations that the first piers were begun by dumping loose stones in the water until the surface 2

of the river was reached. Then the masonry or wooden bridge was constructed on that. In the arid countries the bed often dried up for many months of the year and the foundation could then be built without having to contend with the stream. Another mthod of constructing bridges and their foundations was to build them on dry land adjacent to the river. After the bridge and foundations were completed, the river was diverted under the bridge and the old river bed filled in. Following these types of bridges came the single arch bridge which was originated by the Romans. With the spread of civilization and the construction of more roads the need for better bridges became apparent. The single arch bridges of the Romans were satisfactory for many narrow streams but method had to be devised for traversing the wider rivers. Several methods for constructing piers in water came into use. Only two of these are of special interest in a study of piles and pile driving. First, was the method of driving piles over the area of the foundation until the heads were below low-water level. They were spaced at distances apart as required by the nature of the bottom. These piles were not driven so that the heads were at the same level but were encased in a form of coarse concrete such as the Romans used. This was leveled up 3

nd n t ld th tn fr th ftn r f th pr h nd thd tht f nnt h ntd n nln th p fr th pr th ht pln ftr hh h l trl pbl rvd fr thn th nnt Stn r thn dpd nd ntl nrl p t l tr ftr hh th pr tlf ntrtd Of ll th nnt h d pl th n b fr r th t prfnt h n Sbl Whh n "pl brd" blt vr th br t r thn x ntr bfr Chrt It ttntvl rd fr b th hh prt nd ndrd fr t lt thr hndrd r l Cr drn th nvn f Grn brdd th hn th pl brd v d drptn f t n h rtn h brd 1 ft ln nd blt n tn d Whn t tn nt ndrtn tht th bldr r hrd b n fr ll drn th ntrtn f th brd t ndt tht th n r vr flr th tht tp f ntrtn A r rnt bt ll f xpl f brd blt n pl drvn n ffrd th nt d l Cnrd brdn th Sn n r blt b n dlph rrnt fr 177 t 1791 Cr rd ftr n Old rnt M t St Grn

h brd tll tnd nd n h ndn rd blt b Sr hn nn n 8 d t b "Il fndd" n l pl

Anthr lltrtn f brd hh blt n pl bt hh ffrd pl prbl th brd

ntrtd r th nb t d th h

ntrtd thrh th ffrt f Cnt Szhn h

nt t Enlnd n 82 br f tt t

nvtt tp f brd A pnn brd fnll ddd pn In rdr t prtt th t tr fr th hv n th nb hh drn th ntr b fr x t tn ft th t nr t bld hv nd xtrrdnr ffrd

r f th r ntrtd nd ttl f 224 pl

r drvn f hh bt xtn prnt hd t b drn nd rdrvn h pl nd tbr r btnd fr th frt f vr nd Uppr Atr h frt pl t n d nbr thr n Aprl 8 842 bt

n t dfflt nntrd t nt fnhd

ntl Aprl 4 84 thr r ltr ttnt

d n th nt f th bldn f th ffrd

t hthr th dfflt nntrd r fnnl r phl Aftr th th r prrd r rpdl bt ftn fv t vn d r rrd t drv pl t dpth f fv r x ft nt th l h vr 6

fr tlv t frtn d t drv n pl Mn br ff nd hd t b drn h v f f th hhlht n th dvlpnt f th f pl fr th rlt nfrtn vlbl p t th ntr I h t th pn th dvlpnt f pl drvn h t nt rtl hnd n th nrl pprn f th pl drvr nr pll n th thd hh lr t tht d ntr 7

CAE II vlpnt f l rvn nd l rvn Epnt

"In n dprtnt f nnrn hv nnt thd bn r rdl dhrd t thn n tht f pl drvn" h ttnt d b lr n h b "Ordnr ndtn" A td f th dvlpnt f pl drvn btntt h rr tht rnbl dbt h fr f th pl-drvr drr h hnd lttl tht prn h bt lhtl flr th pl drvn ld xprn lttl dfflt n rnzn th pl drvr n th lltrtn f Cr brd fr drr nt lr dn l hh Cr lld " thr-hndd btl" d It frd fr bl f hrd d bnd th rn nd hd thr hndl rdtn fr th ntr f th r t b d b t n t drv th pl h thrd hndl hrtr thn th thr t nd d b thrd n t t n lftn th l Wdn l r tll d n th drvn f ht pln nt ft btt nd hv rn l r ld r l d If th btt t ft t bttr tht t b drdd nd r lbrt pnt b d t drv th pl t hrdr trt A pnt 8

hnd tl fr drvn ht pln h bn ntrtd b th Inrll nd Cpn It d b th

Illn r nd ht Cpn n Et St t drv pln 2" x 8" x 60" tn ft nt t l

It fnd tht t drv th pl ftr nd t lr t thn th hnd thd

h t prtv fr f th drr pl-drvr

n hh lr t tht d b rrnt t th

rd f Orln n It ntd f th tpl tp f drr nd ld th th hr bn tthd t rp hl th thr nd f th rp pld

h prttd nbr f n t pll dn t n t

h drp f th hr ltd b th lnth f th

n r A ndl l nldd n th p-

nt fr th prp f rn th pl nt ptn btn th ld

h tp f drr ltr prvd pn b

rrnt h ddd lr bll-hl t th ndl

On th nd rp t b plld b hr A th nl vd t fr th pl-drvr th ld ln

nd n th ndl h lltrtn hh tn fr n ld prnt h th hr n n bn-

nt bd th drr hr n rn t tht th l th th ddtn f

nthr pll th hr ld hv bn n th rrnt l-rvr rrnt ll-Whl l-rvr 0

lvl th btt f th pl-drvr Wth n r t hn th tp f pprt h bn d dn t th prnt t h ndl n ntlld

t rht nl t th n hn n th th nd

t pr h rpld n r hrpr Anthr xpl f th ld tp f pl-drvr

tht d b Crt bt 6 t th rd

f Sr d drvr th bll-hl n th prphr f hh r t pn t fr hndl fr

n t pll pn nd rtt th hl Eht n b

n thr trn f th hl r bl t r th r hn 00 pnd dtn f x ft hn t nhd nd lld t drp

Of th r rnt f th pr-t tp n drbd b ln A ll n th Ennrn f

Mrh 6 8 drbd pl fr f pl- drvr n hh th hr hd t f tn

f hrdd l Addtnl p f th l r bltd n th d f th hr t hld t n th ld h r pld t v pl lrn

nd vd bndn h drr ntrtd f vr lht tbr th vrtl bn fr nh lbr nd th btt p 6" x 6" tbr h rp pd

vr th tp hv nd dn vr tp n th b f th drvr Mn td n th tp t pll th ln

Head Block

Rings for Guy Ropes.:'--

Pile Hammer Line Line-- Ladder-

Back-Stays Leads -

Stearn Hammer

Steam Hose

pl l-rvn 2

and operate the hammer. This was found to be a very inexpensive piece of equipment and to work well.

The foregoing gives a brief account of a few of the types of pile-drivers before the advent of the use

of steam. The illustration on the previous page h typical pile-driver of the present day. It is apparent that the form of the modern derrick differs little from those shown in the preceding illustrations. h main differences are the boiler and engine, the dr at right angles to the old bull-wheel, the steam hammer nd th rollers. The rollers permit the moving of the drvr forward, backward, or sidewise. An experienced

frn can maneuver a driver around with remarkable and rapidityconsidering the bulkiness of the pnt Some of the more efficient and modern drivers r mounted on turntables and are known as swiveling pile-drlvers. These combine the ability td swing to the right

r left together with the motions already listed. Other drivers are mounted on scows while a few are built for rlrd service and are built to travel over rails. The derrick of the pile-driver is now built of d or steel with the trend bn toward steel. Drivers hh are to be used in excavations or on scows t have rigid detachable leads .which extend to the desired dpth A better method is the use of telescopic leads

hh ld nd f th ttnr ld nd r ntrlld b n xtr ln t thrd htn dr n tp f xtnn ld pl b drvn n dp trnh r n th btt f ffrd ntnn lr nt f ntrnl brn A f drvr hv th tr prt f th drr pvtd t t b tht pl b drvn n bttr h tp xpll td fr n rlrd trtl Stll n thr tp h bn blt t n- bn th fntn f pl-drvr nd tdrr fr n th rtn nd ntnn f ll brd nd lvrt h r r hr h ndrn r hn thn prhp n thr prt f th pl-drvn p- nt h hr d n ldn t f bnd th rn r th r t Orln 1 pnd hr d n pl nn t tlv nh n dtr h r drvn thr t fr ft n ntr nd bt x ft nt th bd f th rvr h hr fr th ht pl hd nl bt n hlf h Wth th dvnt f th htn nn th r rdd h rp lft tthd t th hr tht t nnr t rn th tn dn ftr vr drp f th hr h vd ndrbl t nd n ddtn d nn n ld th th hr 1

n th rbnd nd rtl dr th t btn bl nd thrfr th t f drvn r th llr zd hr fr 1 t 15 pnd tn hrpr nn nrll d t bttr t hv rpl pr n f nd A 3 pnd hr ld prbbl tnt hrpr nn bn th bt nd t nl t n frntl tnt fv hrpr n d h t f n tft vr rtl n vrbl ftr ntr nt th t t v n pr fr rtn z f nn On thn t p n nd n prhn n tft tht th dbl dr nn th nd ln b d t ht th pl nt pl tht dthn th frt ln fr th hr Anthr ftr hh h l pdd p th drvn f pl th t pl-hr nvntd b th h prnpl d tht f th t frn-hr hh th ppld t pl-drvn dvlpd th nvntn n 15 nd th hr f th l r n lld th hr blvd tht th drp hr ntrtd r fr dtr- tn thn fr fl fft trd t "th rtllr r nnn-bll prnpl" In th th hr th lt fr f t d n rn th r r

drvn ptn Whn th ptn rh t hht pnt th drvn-bl dnd nd t ntr ht f thr tn dnd n th hd f th pl h pr rptd ht t pr nt nd th pl drvn t rrbl r rpd rt f pd thn t b th drp-hr Whn th d h frt xprnt th h n tp f hr h drv frtn nh pl fftn ft nt hrd rnd t th rt f xt-fv bl pr nt h vn n t tndn A pl ld b drvn n fr nt tht hd prvl tn d hh nt rt f vn n tl drvn t f bt n t htn hndrd Of r th t pnt n htn th pl nd pln t nt rdd tht th ttl prnt f t vd nt t lr It hvr vr h ftr thd thn th ld drp-hr t On f th rnl d ntrdd b th tht f n th pl th pprt fr th ptn n nd trn bl h n hld n th ld bt th ntr ht f bth t nd th bl rtd n th pl hl t bn drvn h thd d th dd ht f th hr ll th lv bl tr b th t ptn St 6

used as a buffer in the upper part of the cylinder and had the effect of a recoil spring. This greatly enhanced the effect of the downward blow. This hammer has been manufactured in many modified forms. One which is used to a great extent today is the Warrington-Nasmyth hammer made by the Vulcan

Iron works. This is manufactured in three sizes, 550 pounds for sheet piling, 3000 pounds for general pile driving and 4800 pounds for heavy work. This hammer is provided with a positive valve-gear, a short steam passage to avoid waste of steam, a wide exhaust opening to prevent back pressure as the piston drops and a piston-head forged on the rod and channel bars on the side to allow the pile to be driven lower than the leads of the derrick. The hammer of this type is made fast to the hoist rope which is left slack when the hammer is resting on the head of the pile. The bottom of the casting is in the shape of a bonnet which encases the top of the pile and prevents brooming or splitting. When driving is to begin, the steam is turned on and the hammer delivers blows at the rate of sixty to seventy per minute. These hammers should have plnt of play in the leads and the steam pipe should extend half way up the derrick in order to save lengths of hose. Some drivers of

th tp hv drvn hh vnt-fv t n hndrd pl pr d On nt v rrd f thr thnd lnl ft f pln pr d Anthr fr f th th hr th r h t pl n ntrtn nd nt f hll drvn-hd h t ntr th hll ptn rd nd th hd r lndr t r n th rd h d n fr z 3 pnd pnd 3 pnd nd 55 pnd All hr hv th nbr f bl pr nt On f th hr d n th vr nd rrd tblhd f 11 pl drvn vntn ft nt bd f nd nd tr hll n n d h prbl nntrd n drvn th dffrnt tp f pl ll b ndrd hn h tp f pl dd 1

CAE III h hr f l rvn

l r d n trl tht r ntbl t br th ht f trtr ftr prdn th b f th trtr b th f nrt r tbr thr nl r bnd r hr th t f prprn th fndtn n h nnr ld b xv h r l d hn th trl hl bn fr nh t br th ht n dnr f bn rd t b tr An pl r n t drvn prl n nt f nvnn xpdn nd n r th frn prrph t b n tht th prbl rlv tlf nt fr nrl tn rfl th r th frt th ht f th trtr hh t b rrd b th fndtn; nd th tp f l t b fnd nd t pprtn pt; thrd th nbr f pl t b rrd nd h th ll b rpd; frth th dtrntn t hn h pl h bn drvn t th prpr dpth t dvlp th rrd pprtn pt It nt thn th p f th th t d th dtrntn f th ld t b pd n th fndtn b th ht f th trtr h

thr thr tn ll b dd hvr

nd n ttpt ll b d t nr th n th lht f prnt d prt

t rn

h tp f l nt hh th pl t b drvn n b dtrnd b n ht r nn

tt brn Of r ntl th brn r made, th tn t hthr pl r t b d r nt nt dtrnd h brn hvr d hv ddd fft pn th lnth f pl nd th nbr rrd n th nt fr pl h bn tblhd It ntl tht ffnt nbr f tt brn b d t dtrn rtl th hrtr f th rnd n tn h thr h n nd n pl-drvn jb hr ffnt tt r nt d nd rt dfflt dvlpd r tr pl hd t b rdrvn n t nd ndrbl t lt h ll rrd hr th rnd ppd t b nd h flr t btn rt nfrtn rlt n th l

f thnd f dllr

hr r vrl thd f n ndn r brn Some r d nd thr r thn l h frt thd t b drbd n n hh n

rn pp r rd bt n t n nd n-hlf nh n dtr drvn nt th rnd h rd drvn b ntnt hrn nd trnn nd b d t pntrt t dpth f vr thrt ft h nfrtn btnd b th tp f tt r nd ntftr h hrtr thn r lr f dffrnt trt pntrtd nnt b dtrnd ldr lr r ll ll tp th drvn f th rd ll l l drft r r Whl th thd tll d t trnl ndnd t ld t rrn n- ln r th ntrtn f n brd n Oh pln r drn nd tt nd ntrt ld n th pptn tht r ld b rhd hrtl bl th rnd rf It ltr dvrd tht n fr trl xtd ndr fr xt t vnt ft bl l tr Expnv hn n th pln r th d nr h tt brn hd bn d b th thd jt drbd A bttr nd r tftr thd f btnn tt brn t n trr tt r rn pp fr thr t ht nh n dtr b th flln prdr h pp frt prd nt th rf fr prtbl hn ln nrr bt th ttn d nd flp vlv lttl dtn bv 21

the cutting edge and opening outwards is dropped into the pipe and alternately raised and dropped. This is repeated and the pipe gradually sinks. Other sections of the pipe are added from time to time. Sometimes it is necessary to pour water into the pipe to aid in cutting, and also to facilitate the flow of material into the bucket. 'Great depths can be reached by this method with fair rapidity and at no great cost. The thickness and nature of the strata and whether they are composed of sand, gravel and clay, is thus determined. The main fault with this method is that no indication is given as to the state in which the material exists. Clay, for instance, will be brought up as mud. For this reason a third and better method has been developed.

The method of making test borings now to be described, makes use of two sizes of pipe, one about one and one-half inch in diameter, and the other about three-quarters of an inch in diameter. The smaller one is equipped with a chisel bottom and is lowered inside of the larger pp Both are forced down, meanwhile being turned. The smaller pipe can be withdrawn at any time, and the material which has been collected may be pushed out. Thus a cylindrical specimen may be obtained which indicates the exact

ndtn f th trl t xt t th dpth t hh th llr pp thdrn h thd Whl rn bttr n l lt r xd l b d t drll thr l nd r An xprnd n n tll hn r nntrd hthr t bldr r ld r h b dtrnd b lttn th hl drp nd brvn th rbnd nd th nd h tft hp b n plbr r hn n t At th t th rlt btnd r vr tftr

p f Sl

Aftr th l h bn nvttd th nxt prbl t dtrn h th pl ll prbbl t nd h h ld h n n t hr nrl pblt xt h l b h tht t fld r ft nd th pl b drvn thr t ntl trt f fr r prtll n- ldn trl rhd In th th pl rv lttl f n ltrl pprt nd thrfr t ln h nd tp f l tht n hh hl n fr trt b rhd th rth ll pt ndr th pl nd ll l prd frtn n th rf f th pl h trnth f th ndtn 3

f pln dpnd pn th brn pt f th l ndr th pnt f th pl nd th dhn f th rnd t th rf f th pl r pn th prv rtn f th trl n th ppr prt f th pl h thrd l ndtn vr lr t th nd It nvlv th n hh n frtn btn th rf f th pl nd th rth dvlpd bt n hh th rth d nt pt ndr th pnt f th pl h pln ndr th ndtn dpnd ll pn th n frtn r th prv rtn f th trl n th pl

l Atn Cln

h ttl ld n n n n r d t th ht f th trtr dpnd f r n th dn f th trtr ndr ndrtn vn dtrnd th ld fr n vn r th tn tht ntrll fll " n pl ll b rrd?" If th ndtn tht f th frt drbd th prbl b n f dtrn- n th brn pt f th fr trt nd th blt f th pl t t ln h brn pt b dtrnd fr nfrtn btnd

fr tt brn nd fr nld f th llbl trnth f th trl fr tht prtlr llt h blt f th pl t t ln b dtrnd b nn th prbbl lnth f th pl t dtr lndrn rt and allowable stresses. If any eccentricity is to be caused by the loading, that also should be taken into consideration, tho such a loading should be avoided if at all possible.

Piles Supported by Skin Friction

In th f n frtn dffrnt prbl nfrntd h thd f dtrnn th llbl tr fr each pile, which is now to be discussed, ppl t t nd thr f th l ndtn prvl ndrd Whn th rth pt ndr th pnt f th pl f th ld b rrd b th ptd rnd h nt t b rrd dpnd pn xprn nd nld f h rtn trl ll pt ndr vr drvn ndtn It prbbl vr btn fftn nd tnt prnt f th ttl tt brn pt ht t prpd t d n h n frtn dvlp nd h t rtn t ttln b dtrnd Whn pl bn drvn ndr ndtn n hh n frtn prd t dvlp tr 25

usually squeezed out of the soil. This forms a slimy mud which lubricates the sides of the pile and thus reduces friction to a small value. The resistance of the pile is therefore largely due to that of the point where the pressure is high. The point causes the soil to displace and push up along the sides of the pile. Measurements have indicated that the amount of soil displacement at the surface is equal to the volume of the pile in the ground. After a pile driven under these conditions has set for a time, the excess later is reabsorbed by the soil, by the pile, or both, causing the soil to grip the pile. When the pile is loaded there is, therefore, full friction along the sides and small comparative point resistance. It is sometimes advocated, therefore, that the allowable load be the resistance determined by a pile- driving formula after the pile has set for some time. The pile-driving formulas are based upon the assumption that the earth is not allowed to set up around the pile during driving. What these formulas are and how they are assumed to operate will be discussed a little later in this chapter.

Frank J. Mullen relates that in driving piles for

the John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company in Boston,

Mhtt t pbl t btn th prpr pntrtn n th lt bl drn th ntl drvn

h pl r lld t t ntl th nxt d nd pn r-drvn th drd rtn t drvn rdl btnd tr ld tt btnttd th dt btnd n r-drvn th pl At th t f r-drvn f th pl h bn lld t t fr t lt vr nht fll frtn ln th rf f th pl ll prbbl dvlp hn hn r-drvn ttptd t ll b fnd tht th l ndr th pnt f th pl nnt rdl dpl prd t hld n pl b th frtn ln th pl h rtn t r- drvn thrfr l t th fll frtnl rtn pl hh pnt rtn l drvn frl f r v rlt hh r n th f d vr t th ndrntl t th thr t b rthr pr nnrn prt Whn t nn tht

n frtn t b dvlpd th pprtn

pt f th frtn hld b ndrd Svrl tt hv bn d pn pl ndr vr ndtn t dtrn th n frtn n pnd pr r ft S f th r d b th Whnp Cnrvn rd n Shnh 7

b rnh nnr n n nd tll thr b Arn n Enlnd h d tt n dl pl All f th tt hd tht n l nd lt th frtnl rtn pr nt f pl rf n ntt prtll th rrdl f th dpth n th l h Shnh tt tll ndtd ht llr vl fr th rtr dpth If t pbl t btn th ltt frtnl rtn pr nt r th brn vl f nl pl b l lltd b ltpln th rtn b th r n ntt nltn th pnt rtn hh ll h th thd hh dptd t Shnh btn th frtn vl t nr t tt th plln rtn nd th brn pt ttl f h nfrtn vlbl bt n th flln p tbl f th frtn vl fr l n vrl llt It b n tht hl thr r vrt f pnn n th bjt f th pprtn pt f pl ndr rtn ndtn t pbl t dtrn th rnbl dr f r jt h n pl r rrd n rtn r ndr trtr A rfl td t b d f th l -ICIOA ESISACE O IES I SIS CAYS EC ntr- Cntt Ultt rtn Sr f tn Sl n Srf d pr ft Infrtn (t (S t (nd (nd

A Cr ld 5-5 117 13333 95 En b 3 d 193 "Yr ft Md 5 19 33 13 rdn Int f 17th Strt En Cnt rth vr St 19 hn ll Sft -35 13 rzh

hn ll Sft 5-35 95 rzh l rtrvll Md 35 1 5 37 En b 3 nd 193 l rtlnd M Sft 1 55 5 7 Spffrd bl hrnd l

ll Enlnd Stff 1 •.••• 1;5 rzh bl l Shnh Slt -5 13 t rzh rp 9 nd n Sft 00 37 Gn Cvl dd 199 l

rtn lltd ftr ddtn 15% fr pnt rtn

2 G 2

nntrd nd th llbl ld fr th llt dtrnd bfr ddn n th nbr f pl rrd

Spn f l

Whn r thn n pl rrd t n n pnt th r rrnd n ht r nn ltr In ll rdnr fndtn pl r ll pd bt thr ft n ntr h b pd r ll bt tht th l prt It l drbl n fr pbl t prd th ld b n f th ftn tht h pl ll rv prtll th ld On th flln p n lltrtn f tpl pl ftn Onll t b nr t prvd pl fndtn ndr rtnn ll r d hr n nl ld dtrbtn xt Mr E Arnn

n th Ennrn -rd fr Otbr 9 1919 1 t pl thd fr dtrnn th prpr pn f pl ndr h ndtn It - prtv tht n xv ld nt d t xt n n n pl Mr Arnn pln t dvd th trpzd f prr ndr th r- tn f th rtnn ll r d b vrtl ln nt vrl tn f l r h r 0

pl l tn This chart gives a general idea of customary arrangement of piles in typical concrete footings.

I t. hr MCC 0,0

4 t tn IE tn 6 IE tn l tn

" IE OOIG IE r00 l 2 IE OOIG OOIG

IE OOIG /4 PILE bn S 6 z OOIG

IE E lr f: 0 IE GOOI If IE OOIG

f h tn t rprnt th llbl ld n n n pl h pl r thn pd t th ntr f rvt f h n f th tn th n h pl t br prtll th ld h thd t pl nd lnt th dnr f vrldn n n pl

trl r Atn n l

fr lvn th bjt f th trnth f pl t nr t th pn th bjt f th ltrl fr hh t n pl rn pl ltd n tr ftn hv t rt ltrl fr d t th pt f drft t A fr pbl h fr hld b prvdd fr b r ltrl brn In th f rtnn ll r d ltrl fr l nd t b ndrd In dn th ltrl fr tn n th pl t ll b d tht th r-tnl r f th pl lr nh t ffr ffnt rtn tht hn prr ppld nt th ll th pl ll nt hr ff jt bl th ftn r t l prtnt t n th pnt f zr rttn f th pl th nt th pnt bt hh th pl ll tnd t rtt 2

hrzntl fr ppld t t Mr tr

Krnn n th Ennrn -rd fr

vbr 26 rprtd n brvtn

hh h hd d rlt hd th pnt

f zr rttn b tl tt t b ltd

t dpth f 02 h t 06 h nd vrn l t t thrd "h" hr "ht th lnth f pl

n th rnd nltdhvr t pf th pnt f ppltn f th hrzntl fr

Mr Wlxn f trt Mhn rpld t Mr

Krnn n th br f th

Ennrn -rd vn th rlt f h

tr nl f th prbl

Mr Wlxn rprt b brfl xplnd

fll: It hn tht th vrtl brn pr f l prprtnl t t dpth b frn rd vrtll nt l f nfr

trl h hrzntl pr f l thn

rdnl d t b prprtnl t t dpth bl th rnd rf hn b n pnt f rttn t dtn "b" bl th lvl f th rnd Mr Wlxn drv th flln frl

A = 2 4 h 2 h

h = lnth f pl n th rnd

= ffnt t b ltpld b "h" t btn th ptn f th pnt f zr rttn bl th rnd rf 1 dtn fr th rnd rf t th hrzntl fr tn n th pl It rd tht "1" ptv hr th fr t bv th rnd nd ntv hn t t bl

Grnd Srf

rzntl r Atn n l

S f th rtl vl r th Whn 1 -/3 h = h n tht fr th ndtn thr n tndn fr th pl t rtt Whn 1 -5 h = 1 r th ndtn th pnt f rttn t th btt f th pl hn 1 = 11 75 nd 1 nr frthr "" pprh t thrd lt It ll th b n tht hn th hrzntl fr tn n th pl bv th rnd th 4

rn f "" btn 0 nd 06 hh pr fvrbl th th vl f 06 nd 02 f Mr

Krnn On th pnt f zr rttn tblhd

t b prtvl pl ttr t llt th hrzntl rtn t rttn hh th pl t ffr h n b dtrnd b tn th trnn nt f th fr tn n th pl nd th rtn nt f th rnd fr l tn n th pl

l-rvn rl

rvl n th hptr th bjt f pl drvn frl dd h r nr

n rdr t dtrn hn pl h bn drvn t th prpr dpth t dvlp dt brn pt

Of r prvl dd hn n frtn

t b th dtrnn ftr t pbl bfr drvn t llt h h f th pl t b n th rnd t btn tbl rf r Evn th rlt btnd fr pl-drvn frl hn r-drvn f pl bjt t n frtn

ttptd v frl rt nptn f h

h ld h pl ll rr

r th tt brn t ll pbl t

tt t ht dpth f t n fr trt ll 35

b rhd h dpth f th trt prbbl vr thr lhtl r ndrbl vr th r n hh th pl r t b drvn f th nd l b f th ndtn n hh pl dpnd pn th ptn f trl ndr thr pnt pl- drvn frl hlp rtl n nn hn t tp drvn h tr "pl-drvn frl" rfr t frl bd n th nr f th bl f th hr nd th pntrtn f th pl Sh r dn frl An xt frl f th tp n nl v th rtn f th pl t rpd pntrtn hl ht drd t tt brn pt h drvn frl f vl thrfr nl n h th dn rtn r f th tt brn pt h frl v frl rt rlt n th l nd rvl nd thr rltv prbl hnl l hr th rtn t rpd nd l pntrtn bt th h f h frl hn n frtn dvlp h lrd bn dd hr hv bn n pl-drvn frl dvlpd S r vr pltd nd n ptn r r- rd n thr ltn S r ntrtn nl

fr thtl pnt f v h thr ntnd 6

t d nl n f th n frl bt tht n th t nvrll d It nn th Ennrn rl h Ennrn rl dvlpd b A M Wllntn n 1 fr n lt prl prtl tndpnt h r dn b th hr f ht "W" n flln thr dtn "h" l t "W h" h fl r dn pn th pl th prdt f t rtn ltpld b t pntrtn ndr th lt bl h rt f th t prdt r th ffn f th hr bl nd th prprtn f th r td h nr trd n th hr b brbd n fr frt n brn nd hn th fbr thr t th hd r th ft f th pl r t thr prt f t lnth; nd n bnn nd th trn t r r lht bl ntd f n hv n; thrd n prn ltll th trl f th pl nd pl hr; nd fr n n th pl t pntrt nt th rtn f th rrndn rth rn hh ll b ndrd n th nxt hptr nttt r l f nr If brn r t th hd f th pl t hld b rd fr b ttn th brd tn ff jt 37

bfr pntrtn btnd h frh rf f nbrn fbr t rv th fnl bl nn f th hr n t f nr thr b th pl h tr ld btl l bldr r b th hr t lht r th vlt t rt r bth h prn f bldr n rdl b dttd b n xprnd n Whn t lht hr r t rt vlt btnd t pbl t t th pl n tn bfr t rt ltll th r fr thn th hr xrtn t ph t dn A lht rbnd hvr l prnt n d pl-drvn d t th ltt f th pl In th frl dvlpd b Wllntn th lt prn f th pl nd hr rd fr n th ftr f ft hh x Wllntn frl fr pl-drvn th drp hr - Sf ld = W S I 1 W 1 ht f th drp hr n pnd 7 fll f hr n ft S vr pntrtn n nh ndr th lt f bl h pl-drvn frl hn t hr d lr t th n jt vn h rtr 38

efficiency f th t hammer is due primarily to the rapidity of its blows. The Engineering News or Wellington formula for pile-driving with a steam hammer is: -

Safe load = 2 W H S + 0.1 Charts have been constructed for use with both of these formulae so that the safe load for any given penetration, weight of hammer and fall, can be readily obtained. This last mentioned formula has been further modified so that for doable-acting hammers it is as follows: - Sf ld " S-+ 3 Later the question arose as to what influence the steam exerted in the driving of the piles. The following rule was suggested: "Ascertain as nearly as possible the foot-pounds represented by the blow delivered by the hammer. This can be done by adding to the foot-pounds represented by the free fall of the hammer, the foot- pounds obtained by multiplying the mean effective pressure by the area of the piston and the length of the stroke in feet. The result is the numerator of the formula. 39

In th bn f n pf dt n th n fftv prr t b d tnt fv pnd pr r nh h fr dbl tn hr th n frl b - Sf ld S f 3 h f ld nd W hld b tn n pnd f th p n pnd Othr frl prtnn t pl tp f pl ll b dd hn th pl pl r ndrd n Chptr nd I

t l

On thr ph f th thr f pl drvn rn t b dd nd tht th bjt f tt pl t pl r pl hh r drvn ndr tndrd ndtn nd thn ldd nd th ttlnt brvd ndr vr ldn nd vr prd f t h thd v th t rt rlt t th tl brn pt f pl It ld b dl f r f th pl ld b drvn n vr prt f th rnd hr bldn t b ntrtd bfr th pl fndtn dnd 40

h hvr prtl bth b f th t nvlvd th t nd l th ft tht t rt nfrtn n b btnd b th thd lrd ntnd It hld b rrdhvr tht rtn prnt f ll f th pl drvn n jb b ttd b ldn nd th ttlnt ntd h h l bn fbl n th f tbr nd tl pl bt nl n th lt f r h t b prtl th nrt pl pll th hh r ldd n pl h hn h bn brht bt b th nvntn f ln r -ttn nt It h r xpnv thn rdnr prtlnd nt nt fbl fr n ll f th pl It hld b d hvr n th hh r t b ttd h ln nt dvlp t fll trnth n tnt fr hr nt tnt ht d fr rdnr prtlnd nt rln Mllr brd nnr f th Clfrn h Cn rt n th Ennrn -rd fr brr 26 tht pl f ln nt r ttd frt ht hr ftr prn It pbl t br th pl n th tt ttn hn hh hd x pt f 200000 pnd h ndtd 1

trnth f rtr thn 5 pnd pr r nh h b n th nt n th tt pl ld b ppld n tnt fr hr ftr th nrt h bn prd

CAE I br l

Wd Ud

h nd f d d n tbr pl dpnd t rt xtnt pn th tp f ntrtn th ltn f th pln hthr bjt t ltrnt ttn nd drn nd th prnn drd r tndrd ntrtn prp th flln d r td ht brr nd pt ; lnlf pn l fr tr; trn ht nd rd dr; htnt; trn dr; rdd pr nd pr r l prnnt ntrtn th flln tp f d r td rd nd ll thr nt lrd ltd; r; t bl nd tpl ; pl; l; hr; r pn r n ft n nd tbr tht ll tnd drvn Othr p Whh hv bn d t ltd xtnt ndr pl ndtn r bhd h nd bd; nd vn pltt pl r nt nnn Eh f th nd f d ntnd h t dvnt nd d- dvnt O xdnl th nd hrd nd ll tnd r hrn thn n f th thr p 4

It h vrl ddvnt th hf n th bn tht pl nnt b btnd tht r lr trht r ln th f thr pn r pr In rtn llt pl r t xpnv b f th hr fr trnprttn t th hvn f pl n rt nbr f th d nt rft nd rrn thr r ll t n In llt hr bndnt pl f th nd r d xtnvl hr r t n tp f pn ht pn fnd n th nrthrn ntrl tt nd lnlf ll pn fnd n th th h frr ft ht l rd nd p rt trnth nd drblt Sn th bnnn f th tntth ntr ht pn h bn n h dnd fr thr n bldn ntrtn tht t ld h bn d trl fr pl n th prnt d h lnlf ll pn fnd n bndn nd ndrd t b hrdr nd trnr thn ht pn hr xt t pprntl dtnt p f th lnlf ll pn bth f hh prnt prtll th trd pprn On hvr h lr prprtn f p-d nd ll prprtn f hrtd h tp hld nvr b d n trtr nl rd ndr tr 44

t ll t h thr h vr lttl p-d

nd ln lr trht p f lt lr hrtd n b btnd Sh tbr nr- pd fr n trtr bv rnd xpd t ltrnt tn nd drn Strht tr

f th nd f pn n b btnd n n lnth

p t nnt r n hndrd ft nd n dtr

t th btt nd f fr tlv t htn nh

r r nd fr tn t tlv nh• t th ll

nd n l n b fltd n lr rft t

prtvl hp rt ht h bn ttd rrdn th trnth drblt t f pn pl l b d f pr h n

bjtn t pr tht t d nt tnd th hr ll pn bt h tndn t plt nd plntr

Of th thr nd f d ntnd rd r

t bt vrl f th ll ff - l fr pl b btnd n lnr nl t thn

n thr d El l ndrd d

trl fr pl bt d nt t b d t

n rt xtnt Spr btnd fr rtn llt h nl thn vn th pl

nrd rtn t th tndn t plt 4

rnt fr Gd br l

h rrnt fr d tbr pl vr n

dr bt th pftn f th Arn

l Ennrn Atn vr ll f th n pnt: "l hll b t fr nd tr hll b l-rnd nd ld fr fr dft h

njr rn h lr nd nnd r l

nt d r thr dft hh trll

pr thr trnth r drblt l t b

t bv th rnd ll nd hv nfr tpr fr btt t tp Shrt bnd ll nt b lld A ln drn fr th ntr f th btt t th ntr f th tp hll l thn th bd f th pl Unl

thr lld pl t b t hn th p dn l t b pld n ftr ttn All

nt hll b trd l t th bd f th pl

Sr pl hll h t lt 80 prnt hrt t

h d t n r-tn f th t nd ll rnd pl hll h t lt 0 nh dtr

f hrt t th btt l f th rlrd fl-

r rd hvr nd nt b pld nd n lt

r pfd t dtr r prprtn f hrt"

Mt nnr nd thrt nr n th

rtr prtn f th pftn h n 46

point of disagreement is the amount of permissible lateral curvature. Some engineers specify that the center of any cross section shall not depart more then one-eighth of its diameter from the straight line joining the centers of the butt and the tip. Others permit a maximum divergence of one percent of the length of the pile. 'When a pile bends in two directions, it is regarded as sufficient cause for rejection on first-class work. There is one phase in the development of good piles that has not received the proper attention of engineers. That is the time of year in which timber is cut for piles. I shall quote from Foundations of Bridges and Buildings by Jacoby and Davis - 'Tests made in Germany of four spruce trees, growing close together in the same soil, showed that if the strength, when cut in December, is taken as 100 percent, those cut in January, February and March had strengths of 88, 80 and 62 percent respectively. Beech timber cut in December and January gave an average mechanical life of six years, where as the same kind of timber cut in the same location in February and March gave a service of only two years." There have been cases in this country which substantiate these reports from Germany. Some piles 4

f th bt p f d r t n r d t fn nd r b nft hn th pd bn t d S f th pl r pltl tn thr n t r

rprtn f th l fr rvn

Aftr th ltn f th l fr th pl th nxt tp th prprn f th l b ttn r n th lr nd r h ll nd thn brht t blnt pnt th n x th bvl bn fr 1½ t ft ln nll th pl trppd f t br In ft nd lt trl thr n nd fr pntn pl t ll nd n ft th pl r bttr hn lft blnt ntd pl n trn n btrtn ll ln ff nd n vlbl pr n prvnt t A blnt pl ll t r br th btrtn hr r n lltrtn t jtf th pnt f v h lr nd f th pl hfrd fr f nh fr th nd tht rht-rn bnd fr 1 t 1 nh ntrnl dtr ll jt ft nd ll lp th pl nfrl nd thtl th n r t lht bl f th hr St rn fr 1 t nh l n dtr thn th pl pl pld n th tp f th pl nd drvn nt t b 48

light blows. This, however, is apt to split long layers from the pile. It is imperative to put the band on the pile before starting driving operations. Once the pile begins to show signs of splitting then the ring is too late to be of any advantage. The use of the ring is not without its advantages. Of course it would be too expensive to use a new ring for each pile, so after the driving is completed the ring must be removed. With ordinary tools such as hammers and bars the work is quite difficult. A method has been described in Water Works and Sewerage for January 1930 which greatly simplifies the problem of removing the ring. A hook and lever arrangement has been devised. The hook is caught under the edge of the ring, and the lever extends across the top of the pile. The hammer is allowed to drop about 6 inches with the result that the ring is usually loosened sufficiently to permit the removal of the ring with a sledge. If the ring still remains wedged, the hook may be caught under the opposite side of the ring. A second blow of the hammer on the lever will usually free the ring. This saves labor and prevents damaging of the pile head. If a ring were not used on the head of a pile, what is known as brooming would take place, That is, 9

th rptd bl f th hr ld pr th fbr ntl th ltt rtn n prn rhd At th pnt flr ld t pl nd th fbr ld ld b bndn bln r rhn h dhn t th djnt fbr ld b dtrd nd vr bl f th hr ld tnd t njr th fbr frthr dn Wdn fbr r r prbl hn ld ppld n thr d thn n thr nd nd hn th brd hd f th pl b r lt h t t t l prn r hn nd h f th fl r f th hr td n vrn th hnn fft f th brd hd f th pl Mn t th brn f th hd flld b th plttn f th pl prvnt th flr rn hld b nd r nrll d Anthr n hh tbr pl nd prttn t th ft A ntnd bfr t nt nr t hrpn r pnt th pl hn th drvn In drvn pl th blnt nd n f prd l fr ndr t nd th t th th pl r pntd S thrt ntnd tht vn hn drvn thr hrd trl th n f rth bttr thn pnt ld b h hrdl tr f th pntn dn 0

properly. When the cone of earth strikes gravel or

rock it is going to be destroyed. Then what is needed

is not a blunt end on the pile, but rather something which will act like a wedge. To obtain a wedge-like

point the foot of the pile is cut to the shape of a

truncated pyramid, the end being from four to six inches square. In compact material the bearing power

of the pile is practically the same, with or without a point. At times the driving becomes so hard that, even tho a pile is pointed, it will be damaged in driving. To overcome this as much as possible metal shoes are sometimes used to replace or protect the point of the pile. The shoes should fit tightly and preferably be attached to the pile by straps, r thr thd so that the shoe acts as an integral part of the pile. S nnr ndn th f h In t cases it has been because of their unsatisfactory experience with them. This was probably caused by

improperly designed shoes or by driving in ground so hard that piles were not really necessary. Occasionally it is necessary to use longer piles than can be obtained in single sticks. Then it is nr t pl t pl tthr nd th bt

thd th fh plt pl r r x fh plt b d It l b nr t pl pl b f ltd lrn ndr brd Eh jb prnt t n prbl nd th ltn vr n dtl bt th nrl rd rn frl ntnt

Ovrdrvn

l t l b prttd nt ht nn vrdrvn h nt n drvn th pl bnd th pnt hr th drd brn pr h bn btnd h b d b th pl pprntl pntrtn th rnd hl t tll plttn r rhn t l b d b prttn t ln n ntrvl t r btn bl f th hr th prttn th rth t t p ndr th pl nd n th drvn h hrdr In r Ct pl r drvn nt th rf f trt t tprrl pprt lr tr pp tr th trt xvtd fr th ntrtn f rlrd At th t f th drvn t hd bn thht tht th pl r n d ndtn nd ll drvn Upn xvtn hvr t dvrd tht bt 5

f br l Cd b Ovrdrvn hlf f th r rnd n drvn S r brn ff r r nd th ppr p drvn bd th lr p On f th pl tr flt r bt 1 ft bl th rf h fbr t th tp f th pl r trnd d fr dtn f bt 15 ft h nln xprd b n ntrtn nnr f rt xprn tht "r pl r dnrl njrd b prpr drvn thn r rndrd nf thrh nffnt drvn" h engineer believes that much of the value of the pile is lost by overdriving and that this is due largely to the "use of drop hammers with excessive weights and undue heights of fall." He cites the case where 1 v pl n n prtnt fndtn r drvn n hrd trl b 3 pnd drp hr and a fall of 30 feet. After they hd pprntl reached "refusal" the heads suddenly moved several inches. The inspector assumed that the pile had penetrated a hard stratum material and ordered the drvn ntnd ntl pntrtn t pl tr th pl r rvd nd t fnd tht vr n f th hd bn brn ff nr d-lnth It is also the contention of this engineer that over driving not only injures the pile in the manner already 4

drbd bt tht t l "rlt n dnrtn

f th fbr hh rd th trnth f th pl

tn ln nd trll htn d"

h p nd Snt lrd rntl

ntrtd tprr ndrp n pl hr

h pl rrd fr 24 t 0 hr f ntnt

drvn th lr t hr tr hn

th pl r xvtd t fnd tht

f th hd bn prd t n rtr thr

rnl lnth In hr th drvn

hd bn n rvl l-l btn hd frd

ndr th pl Whthr th d b prn

r ht t pbl t rbbl b- ntn f th t d th nl ndtn

h Sthrn f lrd l hd n

ndnt r hh hl t f th rdnr

ndt f th prbl hh nfrnt n

nnr n drvn pl Wd pl r drvn

nd t dpth f frt ft tr-brn nd

ht nd th drvn t n brpt tp

Wth ntnd drvn f th pl n n

djnt tr hd pntrtd th trt th

drvn rd On pl drvn fr 0 A M

t 2 nn hn t brvd tht t brn

t th tp It ddd tht th dl thn t d 55

t pll th pl nd rpl t b n n bfr ntnn th drvn It thht tht th ld prv t b dfflt prtn bt t th frt trn t "pppd" t It fnd t b n d ndtn th th xptn f th tp hh tn ht A n pl rpld nd th drvn ntnd t bfr 5 M th hr rhd th tp f th ld th pl ddnl bln t f th hl nd flld b ld f t nd nd Elvn ft f th pl tp lft n th hl Exntn hd th fbr r rhd nd tn ht vn ff th dr f hrrd d Cntnd drvn hd nrtd ht d t th frtn hh frd t ffnt ntt t bl th pl t f th hl Indnt h th jt drbd ld b lt hll lntd f bttr td r d f th nd f rnd t b nntrd hn drvn

U f th Wtr t

l hh ffr rt rtn t drvn b r l r r l pld b th f ht nn tr jt h nt f ln pp ll bt nh n dtr hh 5

dhr tr ndr prr t r nr th ft f th pl It pll fl n nd l bt v d rlt n nrl ll thr tp ll th th xptn f hrdpn nd r h thd f drvn th jt dffr fr tht f drvn th hr In th frr n r r jt r d h tr dhrd ndr prr nr th ft f th pl hl th jt vd p nd dn A th tr p rnd th d f th pl t rr th t f th trl h t nt nl rv t xvt r ln th l n dvn f th pl bt l tnd t rd th frtnl rtn f th rth In ll tht nr fr th hr t rt n th tp f th pl nd t ll ttl d t th bnd ht f th pl nd hr Othr rr th f bl th rtrtd fll In thr ntn hvr th jt r jt r thdrn jt bfr th pl rh th drd pntrtn h fnl drvn pltd b f bl f th hr h tr h pddln tn nd ftr th jt r thdrn th rth tnd t p rnd th pl th frnhn xllnt n frtn

On jt b d f th drvn bn

rrd n n ft rnd bt n t t jt d n ppt d f th pl v bttr rlt h pl tnd t "l" trd th d

hr th jt h f t jt tnd t

lnt th dfflt nd th pl nrll

b r rtl pld St thr jt r d bt hthr n t r thr r

pld t h bn hn b xprn tht pl

th th t xptn ntd b drvn b

n th jttn thd t rt vn n t

nd nr

rttn nt Altrnt Wttn nd rn

Anthr prbl th prttn f d pl hn th r bjt t ntt th thr frh r lt tr h h txd th nvntv

n f hndrd f ppl Wdn pl d t pprt prnnt trtr r n pl hr th nnt rdl b rnd t b ndr tr

t ll t n rdr t prvnt d h

ndtn b nltd n tprr trtr

r hr pl n b rdl rpld

Oftn hn d pln d ndr th ftn f ll r pr f bldn t 5

b vr xpnv t xvt t dpth hh bl th prnnt rf f th rnd tr In t nd tn th rf f th rnd tr ftn lrd vrl ft n pp-trnh nd r r ntrdd S fndtn pl hh r ll ndr tr td hv thr tp t f tr f r fr n f th t dvbl t drv th pl tht th t ff b bl th xtn tr-ln bt vn th d nt l dtl t r f th ttn Anthr prbl th prttn f th pl nt rn brr hh r r prvlnt n pl thn thr tr nfr tht pl drvn n th frt ntr fr th brd f Eprr rjn r th nb r xnd n th htnth ntr h r fnd t b n xllnt ndtn nd ptrfd t dpth f t f n nh nd th th tbr n t rnl tt h n nl b n b ntrtn t th th n Sn rn hr n f th pl r dtrd n fr nth t 1 r b th r f rn brr rt th thd hh r d t prnt t ntrt th rv f d ll b dd

S f th thd d t prvnt d r l

d t rt th tt f rn brr nd v vr

h frt nd t n thd d tht f frn rt ndr prr nt th

d h nrl prdr fr plhn th

fll: h trl t b trtd ldd

n tr nd phd nt lndr bt 8 ft n dtr nd 0 ft ln h lndr ppd

th dr t h nd nd t dnd nd

ntrtd t prt rn prr f 22 pnd pr r nh t b d nd th lndr

Aftr th tr r n th lndr th dr r

ld nd bltd h lndr thn r tht

v t thn trnd nt th lndr ndr prr f fr 20 t 0 pnd h lnth f th

tn dpnd pn th l f trl bn trtd nd th ntt f l t b njtd

Grn trl t rv 2 pnd f l pr b ft ld b td n th nhbrhd f ht hr Mtrl t b trtd th 24 pnd f l pr b ft ld b td fr 4 t 6 hr

h trl td t pn p th pr

f th tbr nd htd tht th tr n b drn t Aftr th tn pr h bn 60

pltd v rtd b n f v pp dnd tht th v rtd prtll prft h v ntnd fr fr thr t fr hr h dr th p nd tr fr th tbr t b trtd In rdr t n hn th p t f th lndr thr dr th l hh h th nt f p t n t ntnd n th dr Aftr th v pr th lndr flld th l tr rt nd prr ppld t fr th l nt th d h prr ppld t hh 175 pnd pr r nh hn th rrt nt f l h bn njtd nt th tbr th l rnn n th lndr drn b t th rn tn fr hh t rnll tn h lnth f t rrd t t th prpr nd drd pntrtn vr n prtll vr prr th prpr pntrtn lld nnr r rrd h plt f th r h dr f th lndr r thn nbltd nd th tr r plld t th rd r d fr nldn r ldn fr hpnt It pbl t n n dfnt lf t rtd pl bt thr n tn tht trtd pl tlt ntrtd n hr r t 6

many variables affecting the life of a pile to estimate the life excepting for innumerable specific conditions.

Another and more recent method used to prevent decay has been the development of what is known as the ZMA method. This means the zinc meta-arsenite method. This was developed thru the desire of engineers in telegraph companies to find a substi- tute for creosote. While creosote does prevent decay it has several objectionable features. It has a strong odor, an unpleasant color, will not take paint well, and has a high fire risk. Zinc meta-arsenite was finally hit upon and was obtained by the reaction zinc acetate and meta-arsenous acid to form zinc meta- arsenite and acetic acid. It was found that this new compound did not contain the objectionable features of creosote and also that it was not soluble in water but was soluble in the acid body juices of the fungii which causes decay. This, too, may be used to resist the attacks of marine borers, as well as to prevent decay. This development is so new that it is im- possible to obtain any data as yet on the life of piles treated by the ZMA process. It is believed however, that the life of the pile will be long, due to the ability of zinc meta-arsenite to kill any wood- 62

dtrn fn

Mrn rr

fr dn th prttn nt rn brr t bttr t xpln brfl ht th r n tp r nd h;/ th t Mrn brr bln t t fl th Crt nd th Mll h Crt r pd f thr nr hh r dtrtv t tbr h r th nr Chlr nd Sphr nr rbl th rdnr d l nd r fr 1/ t 1/ nh ln h dtr pln b nn thr ntrln brnh- n brr nt th rf f th d A n t brr pr r nh hv bn fnd n hvl ttd tbr h l dtr th tr lr f d hh h xpn th nxt lr t tt nr r t ll lvl n hrbr tr fr nr th d ln t th pprt tdl lvl th rt flt h r hvr t tv btn td lvl ttn ff pln bl n td lvl r rdn th t n hr-l hp h brr fnd n bth th Atlnt nd f hr f th Untd Stt nrth t rn Ilnd nd h bn rprtd n Erpn t fr th Untreated Douglas fir piling 111 Oakland Estuary, (I f piles shown al'(' re- (1o1)41 Linititiri(i. destroyed by placements.

04 ndr pl Shll Ol Cpn dock, Mrtnz Clfrn Stn thr- ft prt d-ln t hh tr vbr 20 t dpr pntrtn n dn tr rht d nd ffhr (lr xpr

Adrt t r It t thrv n - ldn tr bt th lnt f th tr l t hv n fft It h nt bn fnd hr th lnt fll bl 15 prt pr thnd fr n ndrbl lnth f t Chlr r th nr n rn trtr nd xvt brr n h th fhn r th rn t l b vrld nd th nr prtn nt tn nt t dtrtv r Chlr nn d dtrr n Erpn tr fr r t th l S nd n th Atlnt Ct f rth Ar A t t h nt pprd n th f Ct bt th n Cnl nd th nr n rnd-th-rld nd ntrn hppn ll prbbl t t ppr thr Sphr r lrr ttr brr thn nr h r bt ½ nh ln nd nh d n dtr hn dtrbd h r vr ftn fnd n rv r thr hltrn r td f thr brr nd r vdntl frr h d nt ppr t dpnd pn th d rdd fr thr brr fr fd bt t fd pn th nt vtbl nd thr rth hh vr th rf f th pln h xvtn d b th Sphr r vr hrtrt n z dtrbtn nd ltn 6

h rlr pnn p t nrl ?7 nh n dtr ntr th d hrzntll r trn r r l brptl nd rn th th rn n th ftr lr f th d Sphr r prvlnt n th f Ct fr Al thrd h hv l bn nn t tt pl n frh tr n St hn vr lrd hr n ht r th rdd pl fr 1 t 7 nh n dtr h thr fl f rn brr r th Mll hh r bvlv nd r dtntl rltd t th l fl h t prtnt rp f th fl r th rd nd Mrt h lttr rbl l bn hll nld thn hll h thr t r l r bt hv hd f hll trl Whn vr ll th Mll ntr tbr nd pnd thr ntr lf thr brrn nd nlrn thr hl th r l hv bn nn hh hv nl f ll hl xpd bt hh hv bn pltl hnbd n th nd h rd r nrll nl f nh ln hl p f th r nn hh hv rhd lnth f 3 r ft nd dtr f n nh h Mrt brn nt vr n nh n dtr nd nh 66

long.

Protection Against Marine Borers

When timber piles are not chemically treated or mechanically protected and the waters are infested by marine borers, the piles have a short life. The average life of a timber pile on the coasts of the

South Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific states ranges from about 8 months to 2 years. The development and activity of the borers are stimulated by high temperatures, and therefore in some of the more northern coasts the average life may extend to three

or more years. On the other hand there are cases in very salty water and during a hot season where piles

18 inches in diameter have been entirely honeycombed in three years. Many suggestions have been offered for the protection of timber piles. Some have proved better than others while many are utterly useless and ridiculous. All of the useful methods in protection of timber piles may be grouped into the following general classifications : - bark, chemical means, and mechanical protection.

It is known that the bark of fir and hemlock and of many other species are not as rapidly attacked 6

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S pnd f ppr lft nd ld tt hv bn trd Whl th r xtrl pn t nl lf th tnd t b lhd t b th tn f -tr nd hn l thr txt Cntl thr thd f prttn hv bn dvlpd nd r bn dvlpd ll th t It pbl t vr ll f th n th th ht td td b prvd flr trr h thr thrfr rfr th rdr t th prt f th Ctt n Wd rrvtn f th Arn l Ennrn Atn t th rdn f th Arn Wd rrvr Atn nd t th Ennrn Indx In th pbltn th dn f th bjt r pt p t dt nd th rlt f d prt r rrdd Whn hnl prttn d t th bt prt t prtt th pl fr hrt dtn bv hh-tr lvl t n lvtn bl th d-ln r th rn hnl prttn ffr th pblt f hpr ltn f th prbl thn hl trtnt hh t f nt vr th ntr lnth f th pl r thd hv n bn td bt th thr ll d nl f f th r fbl pblt h lltrtn n th flln p rprdd 9

p f Mhnl rttn 0

fr Crlr 1 f th Untd Stt rt Srv nttld rrvtn f ln nt Mrn rr b C Shtll Sth h tn thd hn ll b brfl dd "" lltrt pl th th br lft n h thd f prttn h lrd bn dd nd t dvnt nd ddvnt rltd "b" h pl hthd th pln h bd n th thr tht th hpr ld nt r r h nr hvr h nn f th pprnt rpl f th hpr nd brd t n thr th htn nd th pl tr tr ppr flt r thr lr trl d ndr th htn nd th prvd t b frl fftv h Snt l dvlpd thd f prttn b drvn thr pnn nd fr pnn nl pd n hlf nh n ntr It nt nr tht th hd f th nl th prttn nt nl fr th nl hd bt l fr th rt frd b th rrn f th tl h ppltn f trp f ht rn th pn p btn th trp h bn trd h h nt prvd fftv th f nl th rt d nt t pntrt th d dpl In "d" lltrtd tp f prttn l

where burlap soaked in different chemicals is used to cover the pile. Sometimes the surface of the piles is painted previous to the placing of the burlap. Quite a few of these methods are patented. One process makes use of a solution of asphalt, slaked line, rock salt, sulfur, marble dust and sand. The use of metallic sheathing is illustrated in

Figs. "e n and "f n . The covering usually consists of thin sheets of iron, zinc, yellow metal or copper. Iron is susceptible to rapid corrosion. Zinc sheets of nine to fourteen gauge, prolong the life of the pile but records do not show that its use is very economical. Yellow metal, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, has been used with quite a good deal of success. Copper sheathing is expensive and its high junk value makes it likely to be stolen. Copper is an effective protective but like all metallic sheating it is subject to wear and may be easily torn by floating debris.

"" shows a casing of cement mortar or concrete in contact with a timber pile. The design of the forms and the method of placing the concrete are the determining factors in the cost and the results

obtained from this type of protection. The types of forms used vary according to the concern manufacturing them. One simple type of form consists of sheets of 7

tl n tn htn nh ln nd plt lntdnll rtl nl r rvtd t th jnt tht th b thtl lpd tthr th rbbr t rvn t th jnt tht h lhtl rdd lr nd f h tn ft nt th lhtl nlrd ppr nd f th nxt lr tn Eh tn flld th rtr b dvr bfr th nxt tn fttd nt pl h lt tn pld n n xvtn bl th d ln nd th tn xtnd p t th n-td lvl Abv th th rndr f th pl pntd th h f nt nt In th hrbr t Sttl Whntn nd n n th ntrtn f blhd t M lrd th flln thd d th ndrbl h ntrtd tbr pl r rppd th lvnzd thr b thr nh ltr-ldd h nd th pl thn ntd t thn f n nd n hlf nh h prprtn r n t thr h nt n prtd btn td nd th nt t p l tht n trbl x- prnd fr th td h pl d t M hv bn n rv fr lt fr r nd tll r n xllnt ndtn hr n rrd vlbl t h th t Sttl r thtndn tt

Anthr tp f prttn lltrtd n r "b" h nt n fttn tn f vtrfd l-pp r rnfrd-nrt pp

rnd th pl nd flln th p bt btn th pl nd th nd f th pp th nd h tp f prttn b l rprd th pp ntrtd th lntdnl jnt fr

h tn h hlf tn b rdl

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nrt pp prr t vtrfd pp t rt h bttr th dntl bl f flt- n dbr h bl f h dbr fr th pnt n th hnl rtn f th thr tp f prttn prvl ntnd On th

hthn pntrd th rn brr t n thr r

r "" nd "j" lltrt th prttn

f pl b brn hl nt th nd flln th hl th pn btn h trtnt

n lnr d

In nldn th dn f th thd

f prttn tbr pl fr th tt f rn brr th thr d nt ntnd t nfr tht th r th nl thd f prttn bt rthr 4

th r th r nl d thd f rtn th dtrtv r f th rn brr

Cttn Off nd lln l

fr nldn th hptr n tbr pl th bjt f ttn ff nd rvn pl ll b brfl dd Svrl prbl r prnt rt th ttn ff f pl hn th hd r t b nd b nrt ftn; nd th ttn ff f pl hn tbr rll r p r t b d; thrd th rvl f tprr r ld pl thr b plln r ttn th ff Whn th hd f th pl r t b nd n nrt t nt ntl tht th b t ff t xtl th lvl A ln th hd xtnd nt th ftn dtn hh hll nt b l thn th n pfd rt prn nd nt b d n ttn th pnt f t-ff h nrt ftn n b brht t th prpr lvtn Aln tbr rll r p r d hvr t trnprt th ld fr th prtrtr t th pl t ntl tht th pl b t ff t th xt lvtn lvl Cnv nvx r nlnd hd r nt ptbl h bt thd fr n

th t n pn r t n rdnr r-t t pn t trht-d d tthd t th pl h thd hh nd bt t th t rlr ntd pn vrtl hft hh rdl hld n ptn b vbl fr Whn th lvtn f t-ff bl th rf f th tr pl n t b rrtd t In nrl th thd d b dffrnt ntrtr r th nl n tp ll b dd hr At rtlnd Orn vr t hndrd pl fr th pvt pr f th Mrrn Strt brd r t ffl t th bd f th rvr A ld flr ntrtd pn hh tr r ld tht rr ht v b nd frth n th tr A nd rr pld n th frt n tht t ld r prpndlr t th tr A fr-pt tl fr blt f nl pndd fr th

nd rr h fr xtndd dn t th rrd dpth nd pn n rnr f t tthd th hft hh drv fv-ft rlr prtd b n ltr tr tn prpr prtn th pl r t ff t prtll tr lvl St t pbl r prtl t ntrt th flr nd rr rrnnt nd t b nr t r fr hn th 7

hft f th hld n trl vrtl ptn fr th t ff rbl rt rlt hv bn btnd b th thd h n rrnt bn tht th ptn f th b rtl hd Mn t pl r d fr tprr ntrtn nd hv t b rvd ftr th hv rvd thr prp Svrl thd r d dpndn pn th pntrtn f th pl nd th n-frtn dvlpd If th pntrtn nt t lr pl b plld b th pl ln f th pl-drvr r b bl nd tl rd th ntl r- tn th pl hld b tppd b th pl-hr bfr plln t If tr-jt pnt vlbl t b d rnd th pl t ln th rth nd pd p th r r rvl In td- tr pl r t ftnd b hn t t l td nd th rn td d t pll th pl Cr t b d t th th tn f th pl fr f th rtn f th pl t bn plld rtr thn th lftn pr f th td th b -n St th pl-drvr d t pll th pl h plhd b frn ln ndr th hr rnnn rp p vr th hv hl t th tp f th r nd thn dn t 77

the pile where it is attached. As the hammer is carefully driven against the sling, the pile is pulled from the ground. The use of the water-jet materially helps here. If hard ground surrounds the pile it may be started by securely attaching a block of wood on each side of the pile and lifting by the aid of two screw-jacks.

Sometimes it is not necessary to remove a pile completely but only the part protruding above the ground. Two methods may then be used. Either the pile may be cut off as previously described or dynamite may be used. Innumerable methods of using dynamite have been developed each depending upon the difficulties encountered and the ingenuity of the man in charge.

One of the most commonly used methods has been to form a ring of telegraph wire, large enough to slip vr th pl hr t f dnt r tthd t th nd h t nntd t f ln nh t rh bttr h rn thn lrd t th prpr lvtn nd th hr t ff h t ff ln nd th thd hp nd An prvnt pn th thd h bn td b S Stndh f th Stndh Ennrn Crprtn f Ch Illn pln t bndl 8

ntn f thr t fv t f dnt nd n l nbr f rn br f pprxtl th lnth th dnt h r bnd tthr nd th bndl lrd t th prpr pnt nd thn thr ft f th pl h xpln ll t th pl ff ln th br tn h l hrpnl h nld th hptr n tbr pln It pbl t t t hh ld prv f n vl t n ftr ntr nt th t f th pln f pl Onl rfl td f th ndtn nntrd n h prtlr jb ll ndt th prbbl t

CAE

Cnrt l

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nnlb n 8 ntrdd rnfrd-

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A A nd ftr n xprnt dvlpd

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hl thr r dnd b nnr tht th

f n ptntd thd h tp f pl dvlpd r f t nrl l On rp r ldd t rlr fr

lld t t nd r nd thn hndld nd drvn l tbr pl h r nn pr-ldd pl h r frt dvlpd n Erp nd r prtll th nl tp d thr h nd

rp r ht r nn t-n-pl pl

h r frd n pl thr th r tht th

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It h lrd bn ntd n th prv

hptr tht tbr pl hn d n rdnr fndtn t b t ff bl th rnd-tr lvl h ftn xtr xvtn hvr ftn nd nrd t f trl nd lbr

Evn th th prtn th rnd-tr lvl

b lrd d t hnn ndtn nd th pl b rttd h xpnv

hn n th fndtn f trtr

It t b dttd tht nrt pl t

r pr pl thn tbr pl bt t t l b rbrd tht th lf f nrt pl ndpndnt f th rnd-tr lvl h lnt th xpnv xvtn nd hv ftn tht r nr th th f tbr pl rthrr nrt pl hv rtr brn pt nd hn fr r ndd hl

tbr rr fr tn t t nt tn hl nrt pl ll tn fr tnt t fft tn Gnrll nrt pl ffrd vn f th tp n b pld r thn thr ft bv th t-ff fr th tbr pl Cnrt pl l hv th dvnt tht th b bndd nt th nrt rll r p b n f thr n rnfrn tl nd th pl nd p ll t tthr nlth trtr

r-ldd l

r-ldd pl b dvdd nt t l dpndn n hthr th r ptntd r nt All f th hv rtn nrl ftr h r l rnfrd th tl br r rd n bntn th ltrl rnfrnt n th fr r r hp r prl rppn h pl b r hx- nl tnl r rnd n r-tn It ll tr t hfr th rnr f r pl 7th th xptn f rlr pl th r ll ll tprd fr btt t tp It l nr tht rtn ftr b ndrd n th dn f pr-ldd pl h tl rnfrnt t b pl nd pld t rt th tr d t hndln nd drvn th pl ll t d n rtn th tr hn th pl n t fnlptn h lntdnl br rv thr rtt tr hn th pl lftd fr hrzntl ptn t th ptn f th bl n hndln th pl bfr drvnth lttr t b bl t rt flxr d t t n ht ll th h r pt d t t tn btl S dnr dd h n hndrd prnt t th ht f pl t prvd fr h d t hndln If prpr r d n hndln xprn h hn tht fft prnt f nd r rnbl lln h ltrl rnfrn br r f t tp On tp nt f ntn prl rppn hh vr n pth t th hd nd ft f th pl h thr pd f prt r hp r bndr thr r r rlr n hp nd pd t ntrvl hh vr ln th lnth f th pl h ltrl rnfrnt prrl d t nr th rtn f th nrt t prn lntdnll It l d n rtn dnl tnn h ttl prnt f tl n th tn r f pl vr dpndn pn th dn fr t prnt ttr prt dtt tht th rnfrnt b nt l thn 1 prnt h r f th hd t b ffnt t rt n drt prn th ld hh th pl is to support. The unit stresses to be used should be dependent upon the quality of the concrete, the per- centage f rnfrnt nd t rrnnt nd th character of the loading. If the pile is tapered the rtl tn fr drt prn nt t th butt but rather at some distance below the ground surface. Further, when a pile is to act as a column it must be designed to resist column action. To allow for hard driving of a concrete pile, additional section area must be provided or extra cement must be added to the batch of concrete which comprises the hd f th pl h pr th pnt f lrt f ll pr-ldd pl ttpt t drb th n- nrbl tp f nptntd pl ld rr an accounting of all the many varieties developed to meet special conditions. Suffice to say that they all 84

t the requirements just stated and that they are in the main very successful. One noteworthy example

of unpatented piles were some driven at the Port of Manilla. They were twenty four inches square and one

hundred and ten feet long. They were of necessity

driven by a special pile driver. 'Alen a test load of one hundred tons was applied a settlement of twenty seven sixty-fourths of an inch was observed. The application of an additional one hundred tons caused an additional settlement of twenty seven

sixty-fourth of an inch. Twenty one sixty-fourths

of an inch of this settlement was recovered when the loads were removed.

Corrugated Pre-molded Pile

There are several well-known types of patented

piles. The first of these to be described is the

corrugated pile which is hexagonal or octagonal in cross-section. It is constructed with approximately semi-cylindrical grooves on each face and with a round hole along the axis. Both the hole and the pile is tapered from butt to tip and the pile is reinforced with electrically welded wire fabric.

The hole in the pile is used to permit a water-jet to pass through it, and is tapered so as not to

decrease the area of the concrete at the tip as 8

ll t prt th pl d t t th hl t b rdl thdrn h rrtn r ddd t nr th rf f th pl t prd rtr n frtn h l frnh tlt fr th pn tr fr th jt th rdn frtn drn drvn h rrtn hvr r nt xtndd ln th hd r th tp t vd rdn th r- tnl r t th pnt

Cn r-ldd l

h nd tp f pl t b dd th Cn nrt pl It n tnl pl bt frtn nh n dtr t th hd nd bt nn nh t th tp h rnfrn nt f lntdnl rd hld n ptn t pprxtl fv ft ntrvl b flt rn f n rtr nh tl nd hll rppn r r hh prfr th fntn f ppn nd l rt dnl tnn h ft f th pl prttd b nl ht tl pnt prttr At th hd thr r f hrzntl bnd ll pd t v pl ltrl pprt t th nrt hn bn drvn Eh f th tl bnd n th hd ntn hrzntl prl thn

t t frthr rnfr th hd It h bn ld tht th rnfrn rtnt tht th hd f Cn pl h nvr bn brn

Chnth r-ldd l

h Chnth nrt pl thrd tp f ptntd pr-ldd pl It nn rlld pl h hnr d nt f vn pltfr nbr f rll nd hn fr trnn th tblr ndrl bt hh th pl frd h rnfrnt nt f lntdnl br rd t trp f r h h t rrnnt ld n th pltfr nd thn nd f th r h r tthd b r lp t th ndrl h nrt thn prd vr th h nd b ltnl vn th pltfr nd trnn th ndrl th pl ld nd rlld nt lndrl fr hh ptd b n f pl rllr At th t th pl nd vr x nh drn th pr f rlln Aftr th rlln th ntrl tb thdrn nd th pl vd t drn tbl r nrt pnt hpd l th frtr f n nd th hd f th pl ddd It nr 8

t vr dr x n n th pl thr th nt ll b zd t th th tr hn th rlln t pl

nnb r-ldd l

h frth nd lt tp f pr-ldd ptntd pl t b drbd th nnb pl h ll ntrtd r pl tht tpr h fr d r lhtl bvlld nd th lntdnl rnfrn rd r pld nr th h rd r bnd tthr b r llr r bndr t hrt ntrvl h tndrd tp f nnb pl h t-tl h frn n ntrl prt f th pl fr lvn th bjt f pr-ldd pl f rd t b rttn rrdn th rn f th pl h prt vr bt n nrl th fr r rvd n fr tlv t htn hr ftr hh th r drtl xpd t lv t fr thr r r d r ntl ffntl t t b hndld b drr h r fnll pld n th tr rd nd lft thr fr t lt thrt d bfr bn drvn 88

Ct-n-pl l

Whl n rrd vlbl t hhl prbbl tht t-n-pl pl r frt td b ht r nn nd pl If l l r nfnd fr vn ltrll b th rrndn rth th n b d ffnt b th f nd pl h r frd b xvtn t th prpr dpth nd thn drvn dn pl h dn pl r thn plld lvn hl hh r flld th lr nd thrhl tpd h drvn f th dn pl pr th l nd th nd hld t n pl Aftr th nd h bn pld tt ld hld b ppld t dtrn th brn pt f th fndtn St nl rn ht b d n pl f th dn pl l thr ft n dtr nd fft ft dp hv bn frd n th nnr h f nrt ntd f nd pnd rtr fld fr th nrt pl ntl td t vr ntl prt f fndtn r

h nd l

h pl nvntd b A A nd frd 8

b drvn tprn ht tl hll t rfl b n f llpbl tl r b thdrn th r nd thn b flln th hll th nrt h hll prll rnfrd th n rtr nh r nd f ffnt thn t rtn t hp ftr th r thdrn h hll nt nl hld th rth n ptn nd fr ld fr th nrt bt l prvnt rth nd tr fr xn th th nrt h hll d n vrn dtr f nl tn bt ht ft ln t nbl f hpnt nd vr- lp thtl n tlp fhn h hll r l lppd vr th r nd th btt ld b tn lld bt h bt d f prd tl t thtnd th ttn fft f tn nd thr btl nntrd n drvn th r Aftr th drvn f th hll nd th thdrn f th r t prtvl pl prtn t npt th nd f th hll h b dn b rfltn th rrr nlht r brht rtfl lht nt th hll r b lrn lntrn n rd nt t h prp f th nptn t lt n br hh r dttn tr If l xt b f th ttn f th hll nthr hll b l drvn nd f th frt n 0

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kind of pile at a reasonable cost, the bearing capacity of every pile being determined by the average penetration of the steel core under the final blows of the hammer. The second advantage claimed is that the taper employed on Raymond piles greatly increases the bearing capacity over the straight-sided or nearly straight type of pile. This point has been much debated by engineers. The Raymond Concrete Pile Company made a test of straight piles and of their tapered piles. This test was supervised by a prominent engineer who was an ardent advocate of the straight-sided pile. Following is a report of the tests as published in the Raymond catalog: "Two piles each twenty feet long were driven within a few feet of each other. One core, "Core A", was six inches in diameter at the point and twenty nh n dtr t th tp hl th thr r "Core C", was thrtn nh n dtr t th pnt nd htn nh n dtr t th tp "Cr C" th th lr pnt drv frl hrd fr th trt nd rrd nn hndrd nd frt-fr bl f th t hr t r pntrtn f tnt ft "Cr A" th th llr pnt trtd easily and required only eight hundred and vnt-fv bl t r tnt ft f pntrtn At th

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rn th nt th rnd b n f hnd r pr lvr h f r bjt th t nd bld f th pl t trnl tr nd th ll th nntn t b rfll dnd nt t fl hl th pl bn pld hr r n rrd hr th frtnl rtn h bn rt t th pl t tt ff It h bn l dvrd hvr tht b dhrn tr nt th ppr rf f th r bld th frtn n b rdd tht th nn f th pl b plhd tht dfflt It frthr h bn dtrnd thtb n tr- jtnl bt n tnth h pr ndd t r th pl nt th rnd h ld Whh r pl ll pprt dpnd prrl n th brn pt f th l t th dpth f th r h flln frl h bn dvlpd fr th dtrntn f th brn pt f r pl

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ptntd fr t nr t drb hr h tl ht-pln ntrtd tht tr tht jnt r frd nd t th t trn nh t thtnd th rth r tr prr nt t Stl ht-pln p th dvnt vr tbr pln tht n t t n b thdrn nd d n t Cnrt nd rnfrd nrt ht pln r ll rtnlr nd r ldd nd lld t hrdn bfr bn drvn h r t th tn nd rv r r prvdd th fr f tl ntrln jnt h tp f pln d t rtn rth nd lft n pl It h bn fnd pll tbl fr th ntrtn f ll rt nrt ht pl th tn nd rv jnt r d t prtt "d" rnd n nln r Ch fr th tt f Mhn nd r fnd t b t tftr All fr f ht pln r drvn h th r rdnr pl h nl tn bn tht rpd bl drvn b hr hvn hrt drp r r fftv nd th lt d t th pln h ppl pll t pl f ndrbl lnth Wdn nd tl ht pln fr t fv ft n lnth n b drvn th l 11

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Arhttr S ptfll n tl-tb pl prvn -62 Stl - f t hrbr pn rt fr ht pln -88

Cnrt rdt - Cnrt pl d fr pr -40

d nd Strt - d r p n tbr pl-fndtn -0

Ennr St f trn nnlvn - rdn - Cnrt pl nd nrt pl ntrtn -40

Cnrt - Unl thd f nn nrt pl -24 n nrt brd pltd -2

Cntrtn Mthd - vr rd nntn rfl nd prt - Spl thd d n bldn 2 fv-pl trtl bnt -0 Spd pl plln th n t r -0 r n dp tr fr hh- brd t n Ct lrd -0

Arn Cntrtr - rn ll prjt ntrtn -48