Applying GIS in Analysing Black Spot Areas in Penang, Malaysia

ISSN 2354-9114 (online), ISSN 0024-9521 (print) Indonesian Journal of Geography Vol. 50, No.2, December 2018 (133 - 144) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.27440, website: https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/ijg ©2018 Faculty of Geography UGM and The Indonesian Geographers Association

Tarmiji Masron, Wan Muhammad Taufik Wan Hussin, Mohd Norarshad Nordin, Nur Faziera Yaakub and Mohd Azizul Hafiz Jamian

Abstract This study aims to analyze fatal accident rate involving all vehicle types in the North East District of Penang. It covers fatal accident data within the duration of three years from 2011 till 2013. The primary objective is to analyze the spatial pattern and fatal accident black spot areas using Geographic Information System (GIS) application. Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) tool is used to analyze fatal accident spatial pattern, while Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) method is utilized for fatal accident analysis. The Fatal Accident rates in 2011, 2012 and 2013 were the highest with each accounted up to 90, 88 and 91 cases. The result of ANN shows that the fatal accident pattern for 2011, 2012 and 2013 is clustered with null hypothesis rejected. The KDE analysis result shows that most fatal accident black spot areas happened at main road areas or segments.

Keywords: Fatal accident, GIS, spatial pattern, black spot, Kernel Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat kecelakaan fatal yang melibatkan semua jenis kendaraan di Kabupaten Timur Laut Penang. Ini mencakupi data kecelakaan fatal dalam tiga tahun dari 2011 hingga 2013. Tujuan utamanya adalah untuk menganalisis pola ruangan dan area bintik hitam kecelakaan menggunakan aplikasi Sistem Infor- masi Geografis (SIG). Average Nearest Neighboor (ANN) digunakan untuk menganalisis pola spasial dari kecelakaan fatal, sementara Kernal Density Estimation (KDE) metode digunakan untuk analisis kecelakaan fatal. Tingkat kematian pada tahun 2011, 2012 dan 2013 adalah yang tertinggi dengan masing-masing berkontribusi hingga 90, 88 dan 91 kasus. Hasil ANN menunjukkan bahwa pola kecelakaan fatal untuk 2011, 2012 dan 2013 dikelompokkan dengan menolak “hipotesis nol”. Hasil analisis KDE menunjukkan bahwa lokasi utama kecelakaan fatal terjadi di jalan atau segmen utama.

Kata kunci: Kecelakaan fatal, GIS, pola spasial, titik hitam, Kernel

1.Introduction and 2012 (OECD, 2014). Analyzing road accidents is Generally, urbanisation involves the shifta complex process as the researches are from various in population from rural to urban settlements backgrounds, including engineering, geography, as well (McGranahan & Satterthwaite, 2014). In Malaysia, as human behaviors (Sabel et al., 2005). urbanization refers to the gazetted area and the criteria However, the main influencing factors can used in 1970, 1980, 1991 and 2000 Population Census be classified into three categories, which are road (Masron et al., 2012). The area gazetted as urban engineering and traffic conditions, vehicle features areas must have a population of 10,000 and more and and capacities, as well as drivers’ behaviors and gazetted areas with their adjoining built-up areas and performance. Various improvements have been made, the combination of both areas have a total population and steps are taken to reduce the number of road of 10,000 or more when the Population Census 2000 accidents, particularly in the aspects of better road was conducted (Department of Statistics, 1995 & 2001). safety and safer vehicle design, but the most significant According to the Global Road Safety Report, it is stated elements in overcoming this problem are the behavior that there are more than 1.2 million victims of accidents and performance of the drivers (Clinton & John, 2013). every year, and nearly 50 m