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Sinirli Devlet OS.Pdf Carl J. Friedrich Sınırlı Devlet CARL JOACHIM FRIEDRICH Limited Government 1901’de Almanya’nın Leipzig kentinde doğan daha sonra Çeviren: Mehmet Turhan Amerikan vatandaşlığına geçen Friedrich’in hukuk ve anayasacılık üzerine çalışmaları onu, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası dönemin önde gelen siyaset bilimcilerinden biri ISBN 13: 978-975-6201-92-3 yaptı. Friedrich totalitarizm konusunda en etkili düşü- Liberte Yayınları® / 182 nürlerden biridir. 2. Baskı: Ekim 2014; 1. Baskı: Eylül 1999 (Gündoğan Yayınları) Friedrich, orta öğrenimini 1911’den 1919 kadar, klasik dil ve edebiyat eğitimini temel alan seçkin bir Alman eğiti- mi veren Gymnasium Philippinum’da tamamladı. Fried- © 2014, Liberte Yayınları® rich, Heidelberg Üniveristesi’nde Max Weber’in kardeşi © 1974, Pearson Education, Inc. Alfred Weber ile çalıştı. Heidelberg Üniversitesi’nden 1925’te mezun olan Friedrich, başka üniversitelerden de ders aldı. Yayın Yönetmeni: Selçuk Durgut Sayfa Düzeni: Liberte Yayınları Friedrich’in ailesinin ABD ile kuvvetli bağları vardı. Kar- deşiyle beraber Birinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan hemen sonra Kapak Tasarımı: Muhsin Doğan Amerika’da yaşadı ve okudu. Kardeşi Almanya’ya dönen Baskı: Tarcan Matbaası Carl ise ABD’de yaşamaya devam etti. Adres: Zübeyde Hanım Mah. Samyeli Sok. No: 15, İskitler, Ankara Telefon: (312) 384 34 35-36 | Faks: (312) 384 34 37 | Sertifika No: 25744 Friedrich, 1926’da Harvard Üniversitesi’nde Siyasal Bilimler Fakültesi’ne öğretim görevlisi olarak atandı. Doktorasını Almanya’da, Heidelberg Üniversitesi’nden 1930’da aldı. Hitler iktidara geldiğinde, ABD’ye dönme- ye karar verdi ve Amerikan vatandaşı oldu. 1936’da, Har- vard Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Profesörü oldu. Devlette liderlik ve bürokrasi problemleri, kamu yöne- Adres: GMK Bulvarı No: 108/16, 06570 Maltepe, Ankara timi ve karşılaştırmalı siyasal kurumlar Friedrich’in aka- Telefon: (312) 230 87 03 | Faks: (312) 230 80 03 demik ilgi alanlarıydı. Oldukça popüler bir öğretim üyesi E-mail: [email protected] | Web: www.liberte.com.tr | Sertifika No: 16438 olan Friedrich siyasi tarih hükümet ve felsefe üzerine 31 Liberte Yayınları® Liberte Yayın Grubu’nun tescilli bir markasıdır. ciltlik bir çalışma yayınlayan ve 22 ciltlik bir çalışma dü- zenleyen, üretken bir yazardı IÇINDEKILER Alman anayasa hukuku ve onun parçalanmasını çevre- leyen koşullar konusunda uzman olan Friedrich, temsilî demokrasiyi savunmuştur. O, doğrudan demokrasiye, ancak özellikle totalitarizme yol açan referandumların kullanımına (ya da kötüye kullanımına) şiddetle karşı çıkmıştır. Friedrich, sivil kuruluşların güçlü altyapısı ile 11 desteklenmiş hukukun üstünlüğünü korumanın gerek- ÇEVIRMENIN ÖNSÖZÜ liliğini vurgulamış ve tabandan gelen halk hareketlerine şüpheyle yaklaşmıştır. 1 ZAMANIMIZDA ANAYASA YAPIMI 17 Friedrich Batı Alman Anayasası’nın taslağını ve Alman- ya’nın Federal Devletleri’nin anayasalarını hazırlama 2 IKTIDAR 35 çalışmalarına katıldı. Daha sonra, Porto Riko, Virjinya Adaları ve İsrail anayasalarına da danışmanlık yaptı. 3 ANAYASACILIK VE ÖZGÜRLÜK 53 Friedrich, 1971’de emekli olana kadar Harvard ve Hei- delberg üniversitelerinde dönüşümlü olarak ders verdi. 4 ANAYASACILIK VE DEMOKRASI 67 Ders verdiği üniversiteler arasında, Manchester Üniver- sitesi ve Duke Üniversitesi de bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca, 93 1962’de Amarikan Siyaset Bilimi Derneği; 1967-1970 ara- 5 FEDERAL ANAYASACILIK sında Uluslararası Siyaset Bilimi Derneği başkanlığını yürüttü. 1967’de, Almanya Federal Cumhuriyeti Başkanı 6 ANAYASAL INSAN HAKLARI 117 tarafından Alman Liyakat Nişanı ile ödüllendirildi. Judith Shklar, Benjamin Barber, ve Zbigniew Brzezinski gibi ta- 7 ANAYASAL KRIZ 145 nınmış siyaset teorisyenleri öğrencilerinden bazılarıdır. Carl Friedrich 1984’te ABD, Massachusetts’te 83 yaşında 8 YÖNETIM VE ANAYASACILIK 171 vefat etti. 9 MEŞRULUK VE ANAYASACILIK 185 10 ANAYASANIN YORUMU 201 SONNOTLAR 217 KAYNAKÇA 241 Carl J. Friedrich Sınırlı Devlet ÇEVIRMENIN ÖNSÖZÜ 970’li yıllarda Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fa- kültesi’nde doktora çalışmalarım sırasında, anayasa 1 hukuku ile siyaset bilimini birleştiren, kuramsal ve ku- rumsal ağırlıklı çalışmalar yapmış Amerikalı bilim adamlarını merak ediyordum. O yıllarda Kıta Avrupası’nda, özellikle de Fransa’da anayasa hukukunda siyaset bilimi yaklaşımı ege- mendi. Ben de bu yaklaşımı son derece önemli buluyor ve benimsiyordum. Bu görüşün ünlü temsilcisi Maurice Duver- ger’in kitaplarını okuyordum. Amerika’da ise o dönemde si- yaset biliminde davranışçı yaklaşımlar ağırlıkta olduğundan, siyaset bilimciler anayasa hukukuyla, daha doğrusu kuramsal ve kurumsal konularla ilgilenmemekteydi. Anayasa hukukçu- ları da zaten siyaset bilimine fazla olmayan ilgilerini tümden kesmiş ve bana göre “kuru” bir hukukçuluk yapmaktaydılar. Ben ise bu iki disiplini birleştiren çalışmalara ilgi duymaktay- dım. O sıralarda hocam Yahya K. Zabunoğlu’na İngilizcede is- tediğim türde bir çalışma bulabilip bulamayacağımı sordum. CARL J. FRIEDRICH | SINIRLI DEVLEt 11 12 Çevirmenin ÖNSÖZÜ 13 Bana hemen Carl Joachim Friedrich’i ve son baskısı (dördün- nı ve bağlılığını birleştirerek “anayasacılığın”, bir başka deyişle, cü baskısı) 1968’de yapılan Constitutional Government and “sınırlı devlet”in anlamını bu yapıtta açıklamaktadır. Hemen 1 Democracy (Anayasal Devlet ve Demokrasi) adlı çalışmasıyla, şu belirtilmelidir ki, Friedrich’in bu yapıtı 1974 yılında yayım- 1963 yılında basılmış olan Man and His Government (İnsan ve lanmıştır. Bu nedenle de 1974 sonraki gelişmeler kitapta yer Devleti) adlı yapıtını önerdi. Bunları okudum. Daha sonra da almamaktadır. şu an çevirisini yaptığım 1974 yılında yayımlanmış olan Li- İyice kavranması gereken ve Friedrich’in de anlatmak is- mited Government: A Comparison (Sınırlı Devlet: Bir Karşılaş- 2 tediği, “anayasa” sözcüğünün biri hukuksal öbürü de siyasal tırma) başlıklı kitabını okuma fırsatı buldum. Carl Friedrich olmak üzere iki anlamının olduğudur. Yani anayasa sâdece bugün eskisi kadar ünlü değil, ne yazık ki Carl Friedrich’in bir devletin hukuksal statüsü olmayıp, devlet içinde iktidarı kitaplarının yeni baskıları yapılmamakta ve unutulmuş kitap- ve toplum içinde de devlet iktidarını sınırlayan bir belgedir. lar (“forgotten books”lar) arasında yer almaktadır. Oysa Carl Başka bir deyişle, anayasal devleti anayasalı devletten ayırmak Friedrich’in çalışmaları bunu hak etmiyor. gerekir. Her devletin anayasası vardır; ama her devlet anayasal Carl Joachim Friedrich 5 Haziran 1901’de Almanya’da Le- bir devlet olmayabilir. Gerçekleşmesi zor olan anayasal dev- ipzig’de doğmuş ve 19 Eylül 1984’te Amerika Birleşik Dev- lettir. Anayasal devleti gerçekleştirmek sâdece bir anayasaya letleri’nde Lexington, Massachusetts’de ölmüş, Alman asıllı sâhip olmakla mümkün olmayabilir. Hatta anayasası olmama- Amerikalı bir siyaset bilimcidir. Siyaset bilimi, hukuk felsefe- sına rağmen (yani yazılı bir metin içinde toplanmış bir anaya- si ve anayasacılık üzerine yazdıkları Carl J. Friedrich’i İkinci sası olmayan) İngiltere kuşkusuz anayasal bir devlettir. Yine az Dünya Savaşı sonrasında dünyanın en önemli siyaset felsefe- gelişmiş ülkelerin hemen hepsinin anayasası olmasına rağmen cileri arasına sokmuştur. Carl Friedrich Alman asıllı olması çoğu anayasal devlet değildir. nedeniyle hem kıta Avrupası’nın kültürünü hem de Amerikan Anayasacılık olgusu ve düşüncesi Batı toplumlarında orta- siyaset bilimini biliyor ve her ikisini de birleştirebiliyordu. Sa- ya çıkmıştır. Doğulu toplumlarda anayasacılık, yani devlet ik- nıyorum ki, Carl J. Friedrich kadar anayasacılığın ne olduğu- tidarını sınırlayan, kişi haklarını güvenceye alan bir belge ola- nu bilen bir bilim insanı bulmak zordur. rak anayasanın anlaşılması Batı’nın etkisiyle olmuştur. 1789 İşin aslında Carl Friedrich’in bu konudaki daha uzun bir Fransız İnsan ve Vatandaş Hakları Bildirisinin 16. maddesin- çalışması olan Constitutional Government and Democracy adlı deki, “insan haklarının sağlanmadığı ve kuvvetler ayrılığının yapıtını çevirmek isterdim. Ne yazık ki bunu gerçekleştireme- belirlenmediği toplumlar asla anayasaya sâhip değildirler” dim. Carl Friedrich, daha kısa Sınırlı Devlet adlı bu çalışmasın- hükmü anayasacılığın ne olduğunu açıkça belirtmektedir. Şu- da politika ve anayasalarla ilgili birçok önemli düşüncesinin rası önemle ve ısrarla vurgulanmalıdır ki, anayasacılık ve insan bir sentezini bize sunmaktadır. Yazar siyasal sistemlerle ilgili hakları ilk olarak Batı toplumlarında ortaya çıktı diye, diğer derin bilgisini ve demokratik değerlere olan sarsılmaz inancı- 14 Çevirmenin ÖNSÖZÜ 15 ülkelerde bunlar geçerli olamaz veya olmamalıdır sonucuna varı- okuyucusuna ilginç gelmesini umuyorum. Konu ülkemiz lamaz. Çağımızda uygar olmanın koşulu anayasal devlet olmaktır. açısından önemlidir ve üzerinde çokça düşünülmesi gereken Devlet iktidarı kurumsallaştığında, hukuksal bir çerçeve- yönleri bulunmaktadır. Ülkemizde sınırlı devletin gerçekleşti- ye alındığında ve bu yolla sınırlandığında anayasal devlet söz rilmesinde bu yapıtın yararlı olmasını dilerim. konusu olur. Bundan böyle devlet iktidarını kullananlar em- retme yetkilerini anayasadan alır ve kendi koymuş oldukları Prof. Dr. Mehmet Turhan kurallara bağlı olurlar. Anayasa, yasaların ve yönetsel düzen- Çankaya Üniversitesi leyici işlemlerin yapılmasına ilişkin temel kuralları içerir. Ana- Hukuk Fakültesi Öğretim Üyesi yasanın öngördüğü biçimde yapılan bu hukuksal işlemler her- 30 Ekim2013 kesi bağlar. Böyle bir devlet keyfî bir biçimde yönetilmeyen bir devlet, yani “hukuk devleti”dir. Carl J. Friedrich’in “Sınırlı Devlet”i okunurken bu yapıtın 1974 yılında yayımlandığı unutulmamalıdır.
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