DOCSLIB.ORG

The BCR/ABL Oncogene Alters Interaction of the Adapter Proteins CRKL and CRK with Cellular Proteins N Uemura, R Salgia, J-L Li, E Pisick, M Sattler and JD Griffin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The BCR/ABL Oncogene Alters Interaction of the Adapter Proteins CRKL and CRK with Cellular Proteins N Uemura, R Salgia, J-L Li, E Pisick, M Sattler and JD Griffin Leukemia (1997) 11, 376–385 1997 Stockton Press All rights reserved 0887-6924/97 $12.00 The BCR/ABL oncogene alters interaction of the adapter proteins CRKL and CRK with cellular proteins N Uemura, R Salgia, J-L Li, E Pisick, M Sattler and JD Griffin Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA The Philadelphia chromosome translocation generates a chim- alternative splicing of the human CRK proto-oncogene.8,9 eric oncogene, BCR/ABL, which causes chronic myelogenous CRKL has the same overall organization as CRK II, consisting leukemia (CML). In primary leukemic neutrophils from patients of one N-terminal SH2 domain followed by two SH3 domains, with CML, the major tyrosine phosphorylated protein is CRKL, 9 an SH2-SH3-SH3 adapter protein which has an overall hom- and does not contain other known functional motifs. CRK I ology of 60% to CRK, the human homologue of the v-crk onco- lacks the C-terminal SH3 domain of CRK II and CRKL, and gene. In cell lines transformed by BCR/ABL, CRKL was tyrosine overexpression of CRK I, but not CRK II, leads to transform- phosphorylated, while CRK was not. We looked for changes in ation of mammalian fibroblasts.8 v-crk is the oncogene in the CRK- and CRKL-binding proteins in Ba/F3 hematopoietic cell avian retrovirus CT10, and relative to CRK, v-Crk has a lines which were transformed by BCR/ABL. Anti-CRK II or anti- deletion of the C-terminal SH3 domain and the major tyrosine CRKL immunoprecipitates were probed by far Western blotting 221 10 with CRK II- or CRKL-GST fusion proteins to display CRK- and phosphorylation site at tyr . Tyrosine phosphorylation on CRKL-coprecipitating proteins. There was a striking qualitative CRK tyr221 creates an intramolecular binding site for the CRK difference in the proteins coprecipitating with CRKL and CRK SH2 domain, possibly inhibiting its binding to other pro- II. In untransformed cells, three major proteins coprecipitated teins.11,12 The functions of CRK and CRKL in normal signaling with CRKL, identified as C3G, SOS and c-ABL. Each of these are unknown although recent studies have linked CRK to sig- proteins was found to interact with the CRKL-SH3 domains, but 13 not the SH2 domain. After BCR/ABL transformation, the CRKL naling in normal T cells, and we have recently observed that SH3-domain binding proteins did not change, with the excep- CRKL is involved in signaling pathways activated by inte- 14 tion that BCR/ABL now coprecipitated with CRKL. Compared grins. Both CRK I and v-Crk have been shown to bind to to CRKL, very few proteins coprecipitated with CRK II in specific proline-rich sequences in c-Abl through the CRK SH3 untransformed, quiescent cells. After BCR/ABL transformation, domain.11,15 Several CRK or v-Crk binding proteins have been both the CRKL- and CRK-SH2 domains bound to a new com- identified, including C3G, EPS15, CBL, ABL, SOS and paxil- plex of proteins of approximate molecular weight 105–120 kDa. 5,11,15–19 CBL lin. Proteins which bind to bacterially expressed CRK The major protein in this complex was identified as p120 . 20 Thus, in these hematopoietic cell lines, CRKL is involved to and CRKL in vitro have been examined by Feller et al and a greater extent than CRK II in normal signaling pathways shown to be similar, including C3G and SOS. that involve c-ABL, C3G and SOS. In BCR/ABL-transformed Interestingly, despite the structural similarities of CRK II and cells, CRKL but not CRK II, appears to form complexes which CRKL, and the known interaction of c-CRK II with c-Abl, our potentially link BCR/ABL, c-ABL, C3G, and SOS to the proto- earlier studies indicated that CRKL is phosphorylated and oncoprotein, p120CBL. bound to p210BCR/ABL in CML cells, while CRKI and CRK II Keywords: chronic myelogenous leukemia; BCR/ABL; signal trans- 5,6 duction; adapter proteins; CRKL; CRK are not. In other preliminary studies, we also identified one protein, the focal adhesion protein paxillin, which is bound to CRKL, but not to CRKI or CRK II, in CML cells, and further Introduction showed that this interaction is specifically induced by the BCR/ABL oncogene.5 Also, de Jong et al21 recently demon- CBL The t(9;22) Philadelphia chromosome translocation generates strated an interaction between CRKL and p120 in a chimeric oncogene, BCR/ABL, which causes chronic myel- BCR/ABL-positive cell lines, suggesting that CRKL could be ogenous leukemia (CML). The BCR/ABL oncogene generates involved in linking BCR/ABL to cellular signaling pathways. a fusion protein, p210BCR/ABL, which is translocated to the In contrast to CRK, there is still little known about the cytoskeleton and activated as a tyrosine kinase.1–3 In cell lines involvement of CRKL in signaling pathways of either normal either derived from patients with advanced phase CML or gen- or malignant cells. In an effort to compare in a more general erated by transfection of the BCR/ABL oncogene, there are manner the interactions of CRKL and CRK II in normal and many cellular proteins which are constitutively tyrosine phos- BCR/ABL transformed cells, we have generated monoclonal phorylated by p210BCR/ABL, directly or indirectly, but the antibodies to CRKL, and used them to compare CRKL and CRK importance of these phosphoproteins for transformation is lar- binding proteins in untransformed and BCR/ABL-transformed gely unknown. By contrast, in the early (stable) phase of the hematopoietic cell lines. leukemia, there are only a few proteins which either interact with BCR/ABL or are phosphorylated by BCR/ABL. In earlier studies, we and others identified a 39 kDa tyrosine phospho- Materials and methods protein complexed with BCR/ABL in CML stable phase neutro- phils to be the adapter protein, CRKL.4–7. Cell lines and culture The CRKL protein has an overall amino acid homology of 60% to CRK II, one of the two products generated through The murine IL-3-dependent pro-B cell line, Ba/F3, was obtained from Dr Alan D’Andrea (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute) and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% Correspondence: JD Griffin fetal calf serum (FCS) and 10% WEHI-3B cell-conditioned Received 29 October 1996; accepted 4 December 1996 medium (WEHI-CM; as a source of IL-3). Ba/F3 cells express- CRKL binding proteins in transformed hematopoietic cell lines N Uemura et al 377 ing p210BCR/ABL were generated using previously described depleted cell lysates and immune complexes were then methods.22 NIH3T3, CTLL, U937, HL-60, Daudi, Ramos, Jur- washed five times with lysis buffer and dissolved in sample kat, H9, K562, BV173, Hela, HepG2 and Cos cells were buffer by boiling for 5 min. Immunodepleted cell lysates were obtained from the ATCC (Rockville, MD, USA) and were cul- subjected to immunoblotting after being concentrated by tured in RPMI 1640 with 10% FCS. 32Dcl3 cells were Microcon 10 (Amicon, Beverly, MA, USA). Protein samples obtained from Dr Joel Greenberger (University of Pittsburgh), dissolved in Laemmli’s sample buffer were separated under and were cultured as for Ba/F3 cells.23 Mo7e cells24 were reducing conditions by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electro- obtained from Dr Steven Clark (Genetics Institute, Cambridge, phoresis (5–10% gradient gels) and electrophoretically trans- MA) and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium ferred to Immobilon PVDF membranes (Millipore, Bedford, with 20% FCS and rhGM-CSF at 10 ng/ml. TF-1 cells were MA, USA). The membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat dry obtained from the ATCC and cultured in RPMI 1640 with 10% milk in TBS (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl) and pro- FCS and rhGM-CSF at 10 ng/ml. bed with primary antibodies for 2 h. After washing, mem- branes were further probed with HRP-coupled secondary anti- bodies for 1 h, washed again and subjected to the ECL Antibodies and Reagents chemiluminescence system (Amersham). GST fusion proteins containing full length CRKL (GST-CRKL)- CRKL-SH2, GST-CRKL-SH2-SH3(N) and GST-CRKL-SH3(N)- Far Western blotting SH3(C), were obtained from Dr John Groffen (Children’s Hos- pital, Los Angeles, CA) and generated as described pre- Ba/F3 cells were incubated with or without rmIL-3 at 10 ng/ml viously.5 GST-CRK fusion proteins were obtained from Dr for 5 min after starvation in RPMI 1640 with 0.5% bovine Bruce Mayer (Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA). To gen- serum albumin without WEHI-CM for 16 h. Unstimulated and erate anti-CRKL monoclonal antibodies, female Balb/c mice IL-3-stimulated Ba/F3 and Ba/F3-p210 cells were lysed as were immunized with a series of five biweekly subcutaneous described above and the lysates were subjected to immuno- injections of purified GST-CRKL fusion protein (10 mg per precipitation using anti-CRKL mAb 5-6, anti-CRK antibody, or injection). Spleen cells of immunized mice and NS-1 myel- preimmune mouse serum. Immunoprecipitates were then sub- oma cells were fused with polyethylene glycol, and jected to SDS-PAGE and transferred to Immobilon PVDF hybridomas screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay membranes as described above. The membranes were (ELISA) and immunoblot. Two monoclonal antibodies recog- blocked with 5% non-fat dry milk in PBS-T (0.1% Tween 20 nizing different epitopes were further characterized (mAb 2-2 in PBS, pH 7.4) and probed with GST-CRKL, GST-CRKL-SH2, and mAb 5-6). Isotypes of antibodies were determined by GST-CRKL-SH3(N)-SH3(C), GST-CRK, GST-CRK-SH2, or GST- class-specific anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibodies CRK-SH3(N) fusion proteins or GST protein (as a negative (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL, USA).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Liquid-Like Protein Interactions Catalyze Assembly of Endocytic Vesicles
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/860684; this version posted December 2, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. **This manuscript is being posted in tandem with a manuscript by M. Kozak and M. Kaksonen which reports complementary findings in budding yeast. Title Liquid-like protein interactions catalyze assembly of endocytic vesicles Authors Kasey J. Daya, Grace Kagob, Liping Wangc, J Blair Richterc, Carl C. Haydena, Eileen M. Laferc, Jeanne C. Stachowiaka,b,* Affiliations a Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; b Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; c Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA * To whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected]. 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/860684; this version posted December 2, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, dozens of proteins assemble into an interconnected network at the plasma membrane. As early initiators of endocytosis, Eps15 and Fcho1 are responsible for locally concentrating downstream components on the membrane surface.
    [Show full text]
  • RNF11 at the Crossroads of Protein Ubiquitination
    biomolecules Review RNF11 at the Crossroads of Protein Ubiquitination Anna Mattioni, Luisa Castagnoli and Elena Santonico * Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della ricerca scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (L.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 September 2020; Accepted: 8 November 2020; Published: 11 November 2020 Abstract: RNF11 (Ring Finger Protein 11) is a 154 amino-acid long protein that contains a RING-H2 domain, whose sequence has remained substantially unchanged throughout vertebrate evolution. RNF11 has drawn attention as a modulator of protein degradation by HECT E3 ligases. Indeed, the large number of substrates that are regulated by HECT ligases, such as ITCH, SMURF1/2, WWP1/2, and NEDD4, and their role in turning off the signaling by ubiquitin-mediated degradation, candidates RNF11 as the master regulator of a plethora of signaling pathways. Starting from the analysis of the primary sequence motifs and from the list of RNF11 protein partners, we summarize the evidence implicating RNF11 as an important player in modulating ubiquitin-regulated processes that are involved in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) signaling pathways. This connection appears to be particularly significant, since RNF11 is overexpressed in several tumors, even though its role as tumor growth inhibitor or promoter is still controversial. The review highlights the different facets and peculiarities of this unconventional small RING-E3 ligase and its implication in tumorigenesis, invasion, neuroinflammation, and cancer metastasis. Keywords: Ring Finger Protein 11; HECT ligases; ubiquitination 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Robust Identification of Somatic Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using RNA-Seq
    RNAmut: Robust Identification of Somatic Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Using RNA-seq Muxin Gu1,2, Maximillian Zwiebel1,3, Swee Hoe Ong4, Nick Boughton5, Josep Nomdedeu1,2,6, Faisal Basheer1,2,7, Yasuhito Nannya8, Pedro M. Quiros1,2, Seishi Ogawa8, Mario Cazzola9, Roland Rad3, Adam P. Butler4, MS Vijayabaskar1,2,* and George Vassiliou1,2,7,* 1. Haematological Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK 2. Wellcome Trust–MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 3. German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partnering Site, Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany 4. Cancer Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK 5. Core Software Services, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK 6. Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain 7. Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK 8. Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan 9. Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy *Correspondence to: [email protected] and [email protected] Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive malignancy of haematopoietic stem cells driven by a well-defined set of somatic mutations1, 2. Identifying the mutations driving individual cases is important for assigning the patient to a recognized WHO category, establishing prognostic risk and tailoring post-consolidation therapy3. As a result, AML research and diagnostic laboratories apply diverse methodologies to detect important mutations and many are introducing next generation sequencing approaches to study extended panels of genes in order to refine genomic classification and prognostic category1.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Eps15 Antibody Recombinant Monoclonal Rabbit Igg Clone # 1261C Catalog Number: MAB8480
    Human Eps15 Antibody Recombinant Monoclonal Rabbit IgG Clone # 1261C Catalog Number: MAB8480 DESCRIPTION Species Reactivity Human Specificity Detects human Eps15 in direct ELISAs and Western blots. Source Recombinant Monoclonal Rabbit IgG Clone # 1261C Purification Protein A or G purified from cell culture supernatant Immunogen E.coli­derived recombinant human Eps15 Ala448­Thr579 Accession # P42566 Formulation Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with Trehalose. See Certificate of Analysis for details. *Small pack size (­SP) is supplied either lyophilized or as a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS. APPLICATIONS Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application. General Protocols are available in the Technical Information section on our website. Recommended Sample Concentration Western Blot 0.1 µg/mL See Below Immunocytochemistry 1­25 µg/mL See Below Intracellular Staining by Flow Cytometry 0.25 µg/106 cells See Below Simple Western 1 µg/mL See Below DATA Western Blot Immunocytochemistry Detection of Human Eps15 by Western Eps15 in HeLa Human Cell Line. Eps15 Blot. Western blot shows lysates of HeLa was detected in immersion fixed HeLa human human cervical epithelial carcinoma cell line cervical epithelial carcinoma cell line using and A431 human epithelial carcinoma cell Rabbit Anti­Human Eps15 Monoclonal line. PVDF membrane was probed with Antibody (Catalog # MAB8480) at 1 µg/mL 0.1 µg/mL of Rabbit Anti­Human Eps15 for 3 hours at room temperature. Cells were Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB8480) stained using the NorthernLights™ 557­ followed by HRP­conjugated Anti­Rabbit IgG conjugated Anti­Rabbit IgG Secondary Secondary Antibody (Catalog # HAF008).
    [Show full text]
  • Mammalian Eps15 Homology Domain 1 Potentiates Angiogenesis of Non
    Wang et al. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research (2019) 38:174 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-019-1162-7 RESEARCH Open Access Mammalian Eps15 homology domain 1 potentiates angiogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer by regulating β2AR signaling Ting Wang1†, Ying Xing1†, Qingwei Meng2, Hailing Lu1, Wei Liu1, Shi Yan1, Yang Song3, Xinyuan Xu1, Jian Huang1, Yue Cui1, Dexin Jia1 and Li Cai1* Abstract Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a devastating disease with a heterogeneous prognosis, and the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor progression remain elusive. Mammalian Eps15 homology domain 1 (EHD1) plays a promotive role in tumor progression, but its role in cancer angiogenesis remains unknown. This study thus explored the role of EHD1 in angiogenesis in NSCLC. Methods: The changes in angiogenesis were evaluated through human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation, migration and tube formation assays. The impact of EHD1 on β2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) signaling was evaluated by Western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis, and enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The interaction between EHD1 and β2AR was confirmed by immunofluorescence (IF) and coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments, and confocal microscopy immunofluorescence studies revealed that β2AR colocalized with the recycling endosome marker Rab11, which indicated β2AR endocytosis. Xenograft tumor models were used to investigate the role of EHD1 in NSCLC tumor growth. Results: The microarray analysis revealed that EHD1 was significantly correlated with tumor angiogenesis, and loss- and gain-of-function experiments demonstrated that EHD1 potentiates HUVEC proliferation, migration and tube formation. EHD1 knockdown inhibited β2AR signaling activity, and EHD1 upregulation promoted vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and β2AR expression.
    [Show full text]
  • EPN1 Antibody Cat
    EPN1 Antibody Cat. No.: 58-346 EPN1 Antibody Specifications HOST SPECIES: Rabbit SPECIES REACTIVITY: Human HOMOLOGY: Predicted species reactivity based on immunogen sequence: Mouse, Rat This EPN1 antibody is generated from rabbits immunized with a KLH conjugated synthetic IMMUNOGEN: peptide between 203-232 amino acids from the Central region of human EPN1. TESTED APPLICATIONS: WB APPLICATIONS: For WB starting dilution is: 1:1000 PREDICTED MOLECULAR 60 kDa WEIGHT: Properties This antibody is purified through a protein A column, followed by peptide affinity PURIFICATION: purification. CLONALITY: Polyclonal ISOTYPE: Rabbit Ig CONJUGATE: Unconjugated October 1, 2021 1 https://www.prosci-inc.com/epn1-antibody-58-346.html PHYSICAL STATE: Liquid BUFFER: Supplied in PBS with 0.09% (W/V) sodium azide. CONCENTRATION: batch dependent Store at 4˚C for three months and -20˚C, stable for up to one year. As with all antibodies STORAGE CONDITIONS: care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures. Additional Info OFFICIAL SYMBOL: EPN1 ALTERNATE NAMES: Epsin-1, EH domain-binding mitotic phosphoprotein, EPS-15-interacting protein 1, EPN1 ACCESSION NO.: Q9Y6I3 PROTEIN GI NO.: 332278179 GENE ID: 29924 USER NOTE: Optimal dilutions for each application to be determined by the researcher. Background and References EPN1 is an endocytic accessory protein that interacts with EPS15 (MIM 600051), the alpha BACKGROUND: subunit of the clathrin adaptor AP2 (AP2A1; MIM 601026), and clathrin (see MIM 118960), as well as with other accessory proteins for the endocytosis of clathrin-coated vesicles. 1) Liu, Z., et al. J. Cell Biol.
    [Show full text]
  • Eps15 Homology Domain-Containing Protein 3 Hypermethylation As a Prognostic and Predictive Marker for Colorectal Cancer
    biomedicines Article Eps15 Homology Domain-Containing Protein 3 Hypermethylation as a Prognostic and Predictive Marker for Colorectal Cancer Yu-Han Wang 1,†, Shih-Ching Chang 2,† , Muhamad Ansar 3, Chin-Sheng Hung 4,5 and Ruo-Kai Lin 3,6,7,8,9,* 1 School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City 97071, Taiwan; [email protected] 2 Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; [email protected] 3 Ph.D. Program in the Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; [email protected] 4 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; [email protected] 5 Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan 6 Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan 7 Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan 8 Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, Taipei 11031, Taiwan 9 Clinical Trial Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors are equal first authors in this work. Abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) arises from chromosomal instability, resulting from aberrant Citation: Wang, Y.-H.; Chang, S.-C.; hypermethylation in tumor suppressor genes. This study identified hypermethylated genes in Ansar, M.; Hung, C.-S.; Lin, R.-K. CRC and investigated how they affect clinical outcomes. Methylation levels of specific genes were Eps15 Homology Domain-Containing analyzed from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset and 20 breast cancer, 16 esophageal cancer, 33 lung Protein 3 Hypermethylation as a cancer, 15 uterine cancer, 504 CRC, and 9 colon polyp tissues and 102 CRC plasma samples from a Prognostic and Predictive Marker for Colorectal Cancer.
    [Show full text]
  • View with the Dorsal Side Up
    Nieber et al. BMC Developmental Biology 2013, 13:36 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/13/36 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access NumbL is essential for Xenopus primary neurogenesis Frank Nieber1,2, Marie Hedderich1,2, Olaf Jahn2,3, Tomas Pieler1,2 and Kristine A Henningfeld1,2* Abstract Background: Members of the vertebrate Numb family of cell fate determinants serve multiple functions throughout early embryogenesis, including an essential role in the development of the nervous system. The Numb proteins interact with various partner proteins and correspondingly participate in multiple cellular activities, including inhibition of the Notch pathway. Results: Here, we describe the expression characteristics of Numb and Numblike (NumbL) during Xenopus development and characterize the function of NumbL during primary neurogenesis. NumbL, in contrast to Numb,is expressed in the territories of primary neurogenesis and is positively regulated by the Neurogenin family of proneural transcription factors. Knockdown of NumbL afforded a complete loss of primary neurons and did not lead to an increase in Notch signaling in the open neural plate. Furthermore, we provide evidence that interaction of NumbL with the AP-2 complex is required for NumbL function during primary neurogenesis. Conclusion: We demonstrate an essential role of NumbL during Xenopus primary neurogenesis and provide evidence for a Notch-independent function of NumbL in this context. Keywords: Numb, Notch, Primary neurogenesis, Neurogenin, Neuronal differentiation, Xenopus Background In vertebrates, there are two closely related genes that Numb type proteins define an evolutionary conserved are homologues of Drosophila Numb, namely Numb and class of adaptor proteins that have been implicated in a Numblike (NumbL) [9-11].
    [Show full text]
  • Single-Cell Atlas of the First Intra-Mammalian
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20092-5 OPEN Single-cell atlas of the first intra-mammalian developmental stage of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni Carmen Lidia Diaz Soria 1,5, Jayhun Lee 2,3,5, Tracy Chong2,3, Avril Coghlan 1, Alan Tracey 1, Matthew D. Young1, Tallulah Andrews 1, Christopher Hall 1, Bee Ling Ng 1, Kate Rawlinson 1, ✉ Stephen R. Doyle 1, Steven Leonard1, Zhigang Lu 1, Hayley M. Bennett 1, Gabriel Rinaldi 1 , ✉ ✉ Phillip A. Newmark 2,3,4 & Matthew Berriman 1 1234567890():,; Over 250 million people suffer from schistosomiasis, a tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms known as schistosomes. Humans become infected by free-swimming, water-borne larvae, which penetrate the skin. The earliest intra-mammalian stage, called the schistoso- mulum, undergoes a series of developmental transitions. These changes are critical for the parasite to adapt to its new environment as it navigates through host tissues to reach its niche, where it will grow to reproductive maturity. Unravelling the mechanisms that drive intra-mammalian development requires knowledge of the spatial organisation and tran- scriptional dynamics of different cell types that comprise the schistomulum body. To fill these important knowledge gaps, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing on two-day old schis- tosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. We identify likely gene expression profiles for muscle, nervous system, tegument, oesophageal gland, parenchymal/primordial gut cells, and stem cells. In addition, we validate cell markers for all these clusters by in situ hybridisation in schistosomula and adult parasites. Taken together, this study provides a comprehensive cell- type atlas for the early intra-mammalian stage of this devastating metazoan parasite.
    [Show full text]
  • D Isease Models & Mechanisms DMM a Ccepted Manuscript
    © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. 1 Full title: 2 Histopathology Reveals Correlative and Unique Phenotypes in a High Throughput Mouse Phenotyping 3 Screen 4 Short title: 5 Histopathology Adds Value to a High Throughput Mouse Phenotyping Screen 6 Authors: 1,2,4* 3 3 3 3 7 Hibret A. Adissu , Jeanne Estabel , David Sunter , Elizabeth Tuck , Yvette Hooks , Damian M 3 3 3 3 1,2,4 8 Carragher , Kay Clarke , Natasha A. Karp , Sanger Mouse Genetics Project , Susan Newbigging , 1 1,2 3‡ 1,2,4‡ 9 Nora Jones , Lily Morikawa , Jacqui K. White , Colin McKerlie 10 Affiliations: Accepted manuscript Accepted 1 11 Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, 12 ON, Canada, M5T 3H7 DMM 2 13 Physiology & Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University 14 Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1X8 3 15 Mouse Genetics Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, 16 Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK 4 17 Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 18 Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8 19 *Correspondence to Hibret A. Adissu, Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Disease Models & Mechanisms 20 21 Phenogenomics, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 3H7; [email protected] ‡ 22 Authors contributed equally 23 24 Keywords: 25 Histopathology, High Throughput Phenotyping, Mouse, Pathology 26 1 DMM Advance Online Articles.
    [Show full text]
  • A Clathrin Coat Assembly Role for the Muniscin Protein Central Linker
    1 A clathrin coat assembly role for the muniscin protein central linker 2 revealed by TALEN-mediated gene editing 3 4 Perunthottathu K. Umasankar1, Li Ma1,4, James R. Thieman1,,5, Anupma Jha1, 5 Balraj Doray2, Simon C. Watkins1 and Linton M. Traub1,3 6 7 From the 1Department of Cell Biology 8 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 9 10 2Department of Medicine 11 Washington University School of Medicine 12 13 3 To whom correspondence should be addressed at: 14 Department of Cell Biology 15 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 16 3500 Terrace Street, S3012 BST 17 Pittsburgh, PA 15261 18 Tel: (412) 648-9711 19 FaX: (412) 648-9095 20 e-mail: [email protected] 21 22 4 Current address: 23 Tsinghua University School of Medicine 24 Beijing, China 25 26 5 Current address 27 Olympus America, Inc. 28 Center Valley, PA 18034 29 1 29 Abstract 30 31 Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is an evolutionarily ancient membrane transport system 32 regulating cellular receptivity and responsiveness. Plasmalemma clathrin-coated 33 structures range from unitary domed assemblies to eXpansive planar constructions with 34 internal or flanking invaginated buds. Precisely how these morphologically-distinct coats 35 are formed, and whether all are functionally equivalent for selective cargo internalization is 36 still disputed. We have disrupted the genes encoding a set of early arriving clathrin-coat 37 constituents, FCHO1 and FCHO2, in HeLa cells. Endocytic coats do not disappear in this 38 genetic background; rather clustered planar lattices predominate and endocytosis slows, 39 but does not cease. The central linker of FCHO proteins acts as an allosteric regulator of the 40 prime endocytic adaptor, AP-2.
    [Show full text]
  • Bending Activity Acts Redundantly with Fcho1 During Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis
    M BoC | ARTICLE Eps15 membrane-binding and -bending activity acts redundantly with Fcho1 during clathrin-mediated endocytosis Lei Wang, Adam Johnson, Michael Hanna, and Anjon Audhya* Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 ABSTRACT Clathrin coat assembly on membranes requires cytosolic adaptors and accessory Monitoring Editor proteins, which bridge triskeleons with the lipid bilayer and stabilize lattice architecture through- Sandra Lemmon out the process of vesicle formation. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the prototypical AP-2 adaptor University of Miami complex, which is activated by the accessory factor Fcho1 at the plasma membrane, is dispens- Received: Mar 8, 2016 able during embryogenesis, enabling us to define alternative mechanisms that facilitate clath- Revised: Jun 7, 2016 rin-mediated endocytosis. Here we uncover a synthetic genetic interaction between C. elegans Accepted: Jun 29, 2016 Fcho1 (FCHO-1) and Eps15 (EHS-1), suggesting that they function in a parallel and potentially redundant manner. Consistent with this idea, we find that the FCHO-1 EFC/F-BAR domain and the EHS-1 EH domains exhibit highly similar membrane-binding and -bending characteristics in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrate a critical role for EHS-1 when FCHO-1 membrane-binding and -bending activity is specifically eliminated in vivo. Taken together, our data highlight Eps15 as an important membrane-remodeling factor, which acts in a partially redundant manner with Fcho proteins during the earliest stages of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. INTRODUCTION How particular subdomains of the plasma membrane are selected large set of protein cofactors, several of which can bind and alter for clathrin-mediated endocytosis remains elusive.
    [Show full text]