Críticas Aos Super-Heróis E Aos Estados Unidos Em Marshal Law De Pat Mills E Kevin O’Neill (1987-1998)

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Críticas Aos Super-Heróis E Aos Estados Unidos Em Marshal Law De Pat Mills E Kevin O’Neill (1987-1998) CRÍTICAS AOS SUPER-HERÓIS E AOS ESTADOS UNIDOS EM MARSHAL LAW DE PAT MILLS E KEVIN O’NEILL (1987-1998) Rodrigo Aparecido de Araújo Pedroso Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil RESUMO Entre os anos de 1987 e 1998 os britânicos Pat Mills (escritor) e Kevin O’Neill (desenhista) criaram e publicaram nos Estados Unidos o personagem Marshal Law, um violento caçador de super-heróis. A maioria das tramas de Marshal Law se passam entre os anos de 2020-2022 numa versão distópica da cidade de San Francisco, que foi destruída por um grande terremoto e reconstruída com o nome de San Futuro. A cidade é habitada por diversos seres com superpoderes, a maioria deles é insana e violenta devido a atuação em uma guerra na América Latina conhecida como Zona, e que foi a primeira a usar supersoldados. Marshal Law é uma história em quadrinhos que visa descontruir a dicotomia entre Bem e Mal e, também, os super-heróis americanos e o que eles representam. Um indicativo disso é o bordão que Law profere em quase todas as edições: “Eu sou um caçador de heróis. Eu caço heróis. Ainda não encontrei nenhum”. Outro indicativo disso é a fala de Pat Mills que afirma não pretendia criticar exatamente os super-heróis, mas sim construir uma narrativa que serviria como uma metáfora para criticar “os inúmeros ícones falsos na vida real que, por suas ações, corromperam a palavra “herói” e a tornaram quase sem sentido”. Do ponto de vista historiográfico, o presente texto parte da ideia de que as histórias em quadrinhos são meios de comunicação que permitem acesso, ao mesmo tempo, a ideias individuais (dos autores) e da sociedade e época na qual estão inseridos. Com base nisso, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar algumas das críticas que os autores fizeram aos super-heróis, ao mercado de quadrinhos, e às ações bélicas dos EUA ao longo do século XX; e como isso dialoga com o contexto histórico e social do período no qual a obra se insere. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Marshal Law; Estados Unidos; Crítica aos super-heróis INTRODUÇÃO As histórias em quadrinhos do personagem Marshal Law foram publicadas no mercado norte-americano a partir de outubro do ano de 1987. O personagem e suas HQs foram desenvolvidas pelo roteirista Pat Mills e pelo desenhista Kevin O’Neill, ambos britânicos e conhecidos por seus trabalhos na revista britânica de quadrinhos de ficção científica 2000 AD. Foi o trabalho nessa publicação, somado a fatores contextuais do período, que lhes garantiram fama e reconhecimento suficiente para terem a oportunidade de publicar suas próprias HQs no mercado norte-americano. A trajetória profissional desses autores está vinculada a mudanças na indústria de quadrinhos do Reino Unido e também dos Estados Unidos. Pat (Patrick) Eamon Mills nasceu em 1949, iniciou sua carreira como escritor e editor para a editora britânica DC Thomson. Em 1971, começou a trabalhar para a editora IPC, na qual foi responsável pela criação da revista semanal de quadrinhos Action, em 1976. E em 1977, ao lado de seu colega John Wagner, desenvolveram e lançaram outra publicação para a IPC, a revista de quadrinhos com temática de ficção científica 2000 AD. Além de editorar a revista, Mills, em parceria com John Wagner, criou o personagem mais bem sucedido da publicação e dos quadrinhos britânicos, o agente da lei futurista Judge Dredd [Juiz Dredd]. Kevin O’Neill é um dos desenhistas que melhor conseguiu interpretar o trabalho de Mills e a parceria dos dois surgiu logo no início da publicação da 2000 AD. O’Neill é quatro anos mais novo que Mills, nasceu em 1953, e iniciou sua carreira no mercado de quadrinhos aos 16 anos, trabalhando como office-boy para a editora britânica IPC. Em 1976, soube que a IPC planejava lançar uma publicação de ficção científica, a 2000 AD, ele entrou em contato com Mills e começou fazendo pequenos trabalhos artísticos, como desenhar capas, ilustrações do personagem Tharg (alienígena que era o editor fictício da revista) e tiras curtas. Em 1978, iniciou sua primeira parceria com Pat Mills na série Ro- Busters, depois continuaram a parceria na série ABC Warriors (1979) e criaram sua série de maior sucesso, Nemesis, The Warlock (1980). Eles mantiveram essa parceria bem-sucedida até o final da década de 1990, quando Kevin iniciou outra parceria também de sucesso com o escritor Alan Moore na série The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (1999-2007). A presença de Pat Mills e Kevin O’Neill na indústria de quadrinhos dos Estados Unidos pode ser enquadrada no fenômeno denominado de “British Invasion” [Invasão Britânica], caracterizado pela contratação de artistas britânicos – roteiristas em sua grande maioria – para desenvolver trabalhos inovadores com personagens pouco conhecidos da DC Comics e também trabalhos autorais. O marco dessa “invasão” é a publicação, em janeiro de 1984, da edição 20 da revista Saga of the Swamp Thing, com roteiros do britânico Alan Moore. Em pouco tempo, ele se tornou uma celebridade no meio e isso possibilitou que outros artistas britânicos conseguissem contratos com editoras norte-americanas que estavam em busca de talentos semelhantes ao dele. Entre os autores que participaram dessa invasão, cabe destacar os roteiristas Grant Morrison, Neil Gaiman, Peter Milligan e Alan Grant; e os desenhista Dave Gibbons, Alan Davis, Simon Bisley que, entre meados dos anos 1980 e 1990, desenvolveram obras de grande relevância para a DC (no selo de quadrinhos adultos Vertigo), Marvel e também contribuíram esporadicamente com editoras independentes. Marshal Law basicamente se trata de uma HQ que narra as aventura de um caçador de super-heróis e, através disso, os autores desconstroem a divisão maniqueísta entre bem e mal. Marshal Law é uma clara tentativa de construir uma história em quadrinhos que visa a destruir os super-heróis americanos e o que eles representam. Um indicativo disso é o bordão que Law profere em quase todas as edições: “I’m a hero Hunter. I hunt heroes. Havent’t found any yet” [Eu sou um caçador de heróis. Eu caço heróis. Ainda não encontrei nenhum]. Em Marshal Law, não há uma oposição clara entre heróis e vilões. Antes de abordar essa característica marcante do personagem, é necessário uma breve contextualização do trajetória de publicação de suas HQs nos EUA e no Reino Unido. A trajetória de publicação de Marshal Law pode ser considerado um pouco errática, pois o personagem passou por diversas editoras. Entre os anos de 1987 e 19931, foi publicado pela Epic Comics, selo paralelo da Marvel Comics que era destinado ao lançamento de HQs para um público mais adulto. De 1990 até 1991, os autores levaram seu personagem para a pequena editora britânica Apocalypse. E depois, foi levado para a Dark Horse Comics entre os anos de 1992-1998. Devido a essa constante mudança de editora, Marshal Law nunca foi uma série regular; ao longo de sua existência foi publicado em forma de minisséries, edições especiais, encontros com personagens de outras editoras e livros. Um histórico editorial que abrange um período que vai de 1987 até 2007. Nessas publicações os autores utilizaram o personagem para criticar e desconstruir alguns dos principais heróis e super-heróis das HQs norte-americanas. Por meio de versões satíricas colocaram o seu personagem contra alguns dos mais conhecidos personagens da Marvel e DC Comics como, o Superman, Justiceiro (Punisher), Batman e todo o panteão de heroico que “lutou” ficcionalmente na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Com base nessas 1 A Editora Abril publicou algumas edições de Marshal Law no Brasil, entre maio e julho de 1991 lançou as seis edições da primeira minissérie, e em agosto do mesmo ano lançou a edição especial “Marshal Law: Crime e Castigo”. O restante das HQs do personagem continua inédita em português. informações o presente texto tem como objetivo analisar algumas das críticas que os autores fizeram aos super-heróis, ao mercado de quadrinhos e às ações bélicas dos EUA ao longo do século XX; e como isso dialoga com o contexto histórico e social do período no qual a obra se insere. MARSHAL LAW X SUPERMAN (PUBLIC SPIRIT) A maioria das tramas de Marshal Law se passam entres os anos de 2020-2022 na cidade de San Francisco, no estado da Califórnia, que foi destruída por um grande terremoto e reconstruída com o nome de San Futuro. A cidade ficou dividida em duas partes, uma rica e relativamente próspera, habitada pela elite local; e os restos da antiga San Francisco, ocupada pelos mais pobres e dominada por gangues e criminosos. O desastre natural é um dos elementos que os autores escolheram para justificar a existência do cenário de destruição e caos disputado por gangues rivais, no qual Marshal Law combate seus adversários. O diferencial dessas HQs é que os autores partem da ideia de que nesse mundo futurista, há uma grande quantidade de pessoas com superpoderes, que se denominam “super-heróis”. Esses super-heróis foram criados a partir de experimentos secretos do governo dos Estados Unidos, que desenvolveram uma droga que possibilitou a criação de supersoldados, foram usados para combater soldados comunistas na “Zona”, local que abrange praticamente todo o território denominado América Latina, que nesse cenário futurístico, foi palco de uma guerra nos moldes da do Vietnã, só que envolvendo soldados com superpoderes. Marshal Law é o alter ego de Joe Gilmore, um ex-combatente dessa guerra, que foi empregado pela polícia de San Futuro como um caçador de super-heróis pois, com o fim da guerra na Zona, os supersoldados que voltaram passaram a agir de forma agressiva e arbitrária, formando gangues e ameaçando as pessoas comuns. Marshal Law é quem tem a missão de controlá-los e/ou exterminá-los.
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