John Woodall the First Compendium on Naval Medicine, Surgery

Classic Texts in the Sciences

John Woodall The Surgions Mate The First Compendium on Naval Medicine, Surgery and Drug Therapy (London 1617). Edited and Annotated by Irmgard Müller The Surgions Mate Classic Texts in the Sciences

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The Surgions Mate The First Compendium on Naval Medicine, Surgery and Drug Therapy (London 1617). Edited and Annotated by Irmgard Müller John Woodall Basel, Switzerland

ISSN 2365-9963 ISSN 2365-9971 (electronic) Classic Texts in the Sciences ISBN 978-3-319-25572-9 ISBN 978-3-319-25574-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25574-3

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I. Introduction: The English Surgeon John Woodall (1570-1643) as pioneer of naval medicine, surgery and treatment with drugs at sea...... 1

II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617): ...... 25

II. A: List of Contents1 Preface 1 (p. I) Preface 2 (p. V) Preface 3 (p. VII) [1] The Office and Duty of the Surgions Mate (p. X) [2] A Note of the particular Ingredients of the Surgeons Chest (p. XV-XXI) Ingrediences for the liddle of the Chest (p. XV) For their particular uses (p. XVI) Necessaires for the Barber of the ships Company (p. XXI) [3] Of the Instruments and their use (p. 1-39) [4] Of the Medicines, and their uses (p. 40-122=130)2 Emplaisters (p. 40-43) Unguents (p. 44-53) Waters or liquors (p. 54-68) Salia (p. 69) Oyles3 (p. 69-74) Chymicall Oyles (p. 74-77) Syrups (p. 78) Conserves, Electuaries, and Opiats (Theriak) (p. 80-87) Succus (p. 88) Pilulae/ trochisci, purgatives (p. 89-96) Certaine other Simples (p. 97) Semen, fruits, spices (p. 99-103) Gummes and resins (p. 104-110) Mineralls and chemicals (p. 111-115) Ferni (Farinae), Baccae (p. 115-118) Herbae, Radices (p. 119-122=130) Calx viva, Album grecum (p. 122=130) [5] List of the Authors, Woodall had used (p. 123 = 131) [6] Wounds and their Cures (p. 125-146) Gunshot Wounds (p. 140-145) Burnings (p. 145-146) [7] Apostumes, and their Cures (p. 147-156) [8] The Cure of Ulcers and Fistulaes (p. 157-160)

1There is no Index in Woodall´s work, the following table of contents is put together by the editor I. M. after the headlines of the text. About the pagination see p. 263). 2The subdivision is very coarse, because Woodall did not keep clear arrangements. 3The section contains vegetable and chemical oils.

v vi Table of contents

[9] Fractures, and their Cures (p. 160-167) [10] Dislocations, and their Cures (p. 167-171) [11] Dismembring, or Amputation (p. 171-176) [12] Of the Scuruy (lat. Scorbutum) (p. 177-202) Name and Causes (p. 178-180) The signes (p.181-191) Of lotions, oyles, unguents (p.191-196) Of Ulcers in those that have the Scuruie (p. 197-202) [13] Of the Fluxes of the bellie (p. 202-232) Of Diarrhoea (p. 204-216) Certaine Signes, Prognostications [...] concerning Fluxes (p. 216-223) Laudanum Opiat Paracelsi, and the Vertues thereof (p. 224-232) [14] Iliaca Passio (p. 232-236) [15] Collica passio (p. 236-241) [16] Tenasmus (p. 241-244) [17] The falling of the fundaments (progressus ani) (p. 244-247) [18] Of the Callenture (p. 247-249) [19] Of Salts and their Vertues (p. 250 = 270-291) Certaine Plaine Verses [...] in praise of Salt (p. 291) [20] Of Sulphur and his Vertues (p. 292-296) In praise of SVLPHVR or Brimstone (p. 293-296) [21] Of MERCVRY and his vertues (p. 297-307) Poem with picture of Mercurius (p. 297) Mercure in Generall (p. 298-301) Poem: In Laudem Mercurij (p. 301-306) Conclusion touching Sal, Sulphur, and Mercurie (p. 306-307) [22] Of The Seven Mettals (p. 308-310) [23] Treatise of the Characters and tearmes of Art (p. 311=315-328) [24] Certaine Chimicall Verses (p. 329-337) [25] The Termes of Art Recited Formerly in Verse [...] (p. 338-348) [26] The Table (without page numbers, 12 pp.)

II. B: Transcription of the original text ...... 25

III. Commentaries A. Commentary 1: Index of names ...... 263 B. Commentary 2: List of drugs ...... 284

IV. Bibliography...... 327 V. Index of sentences ...... 341 VI. List of Illustrations...... 343

I. Introduction:

The English Surgeon John Woodall (1570–1643) as Pioneer of Naval Medicine, Surgery and Treatment of Drugs at Sea

Since the beginning of overseas expansions at the mid-sixteenth century, England ranked among the important seafaring nations; and so the British merchant recognized early that the success of transatlantic trading companies and campaigns of conquest essentially depended on the health of the seamen4. Therefore, when in 1600 the English East India Company was founded and supplied with special Royal privileges,5 it stands to reason that fitting the ships with adequate medical equipment was essential. One of the first to be appointed by the trading Company was John Woodall (1570–1643)6, who in 1612 started his work in the trading Company as surgeon-general of the fleet. He had gained experience at several seats of war abroad. Above all he had cooperated at the risk of his life in the fight against the 1603 plague raging in London, and had given a very good account of himself. So Woodall was given an official order to take over the medical care of all possible sailing vessels and to determine suitable instructions for the surgeon’s chest, including convenient drugs and necessary surgical instruments. In addition to that he should take care of the education of capable ship’s doctors and surgeons. For this reason he wrote a medical compendium for use at sea, that was published in 1617 in London under the title “The Surgion’s Mate” (Fig. 1a, b); the manual represented the first official medical guide for the cure of seamen during their long sea voyages to the East and West Indies7. This early textbook of medical and surgical practices at sea stands not only at the beginning of tropical medicine but is remarkable for it diffusion of Paracelsian thoughts and conjectures about the behavior of medicine at sea. Although English Surgeons, above all the historian of science G. Debus, pointed out Paracelsian ideas in Woodall’s medical rules on board ships8, there exists amazingly a great lack of Woodall’s reception of Paracelsian ideas in the German literature9, which had dealt with Paracelsus so excessively. Therefore in the following the Paracelsian influence in Woodall’s works shall be considered in greater detail10.

4About the history of the medical service at the navy over the centuries see the essential work in four volumes edited by Keevil (vol. 1 and vol. 2, 1957–1958), Lloyd and Coulter (vol. 3 and vol. 4, 1961– 1963). 5See Keevil (1957, vol. 1) p. 239. 6After the results of Appleby’s research the date of birth is 1570 instead of 1556/1557 as always supposed, see Appleby (1981). 7cf. Woodall (1617); the text is reprinted in 1639 as second edition of Woodall’s work. The new edition contained in addition to the print of 1617 Woodall’s treatise of 1628: “Viaticum, being the pathway to the surgeon’s chest”, and two other publications: “A treatise, faithfully and plainely declaring the way of preventing [...] disease called the plague”, and as a brief paper: “A treatise of gangrena and sphacelos, but chiefely for the amputating or dismembring of any member [...]”. This comprehensive edition of the year 1639 was reprinted in London in 1655. 8Debus (1962); - Debus (1965) p. 99–101; p. 125–127; - Debus (1977) p. 117–126, 179f. 9apart from the brief dissertation of Peter Michael Moll (1968), where Paracelsus is only mentioned with ten lines: p. 58. 10 see introduction p. 15ff

1a I. Introduction 3

1b Fig. 1: Title page of Woodall´s book (1617, 1a) and his portrait (Woodall, 1639, 1b).

Biographical Annotations

About Woodall’s early ages there is little known11: born 1570, at the age of 16 or 17 years he took an apprenticeship as barber-surgeon in London;then at the age of 19 years he became a surgeon in Lord Willoughby’s regiment which was involved in the French wars of religion and supported the Protestant Henry IV of France (1553–1610) in the struggle against the Catholic League of Normandy. After one year Woodall was moved to Poland, after which he stayed in Germany for several years, where he led a surgical practice at Stade near Hamburg. As he himself reported, he practiced there medicine and surgery for more than eight years12. Afterwards, in 1599 Woodall came back to London; occasionally he worked in the Netherlands also, but there is no certain record13. When in 1603 the plague broke out in London he did not avoid the epidemic as a good deal of his colleagues did, but took care of

11concerning Woodall’s biography and works cf. John Aikin: (1780) p. 238–249; - Gurlt (vol. 3,1898) p. 377–381; - Moore (1900) p. 382f; - Crawford (1914) p. 17–26; - Power (1928); - Keevil (1957, vol. 1) p. 177, p. 199–205, p. 216–226 and p. 229; - Keynes (1967) p. 15–33; - Moll (1968); - Appleby (1981); - Druett: (2000), p. 9–24; - Hazlewood (2003); - Brown (2011) p. 19–40. 12Woodall (1617) p. 6: there he critizises that “the Germane Surgeon vse no Trapan” and he adds as confirmation, that euer he could see it “in my eight yeares liuing amongst them, though they both speake and write of it”. 13He himself in the praeface to his second edition (1639, “An Epistle of Salutations” (not paginated) refers: “[...] having in may younger daies lived in France, Germany, Polonia, and other forreigne parts, for divers yeeres together”. 4 The Surgions Mate the sick and worked very long hours and suffered the consequences himself14. According to his own revelation he contracted the plague twice, however he was able overcome the epidemic.

(Transcription see Fig. 10)

Fig. 2: Plan with distribution of the remedies for the use on board (Woodall, 1639).

Only a little later Woodall accompanied a diplomatic delegation towards Poland and Russia, which was commanded by Sir Thomas Smythe (Smith) (ca. 1558–1625); he was the governor of the East India Company, which had received a Royal privilege from Queen Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600 and was thus the oldest among the European East India Companies. A meeting with this powerful trading partner, to whom Woodall dedicated his first book of ships surgery15, proved to be favourable because assumedly Sir Thomas Smith acted as an important mediator for Woodall’s further duty at the East Indian Company. Probably he also was involved in Woodall’s appointment as First Surgeon-General of that corporation which followed in 1614. With this trustworthy position the selection and calling of all ship’s doctors for the ships of the East Indian Company and control over the equipment of the medecine chests for the use at sea were connected. Whether Woodall himself had undertaken longer voyages to East or West India could not be positively verified, but from his specific knowledge in the medical conditions aboard it can be concluded that he himself sailed into the East. Altogether Woodall was on active duty for 30 years of the East India Company; for a short period of time however his employment was interrupted, because he was arrested as a result of severe conflicts with the association of surgeons and for dubious transactions. Nevertheless Woodall continued to be an experienced surgeon who among other things worked for St. Bartholomew’s Hospital at London, where he was a colleague of the famous

14cf. Woodall (1639) p. 330, also in the reprint (1655) p. 330. 15“To the farre renowmed(!), vertous, and worthy Knight, Sir Thomas Smith; Gouernour of the East- India Company, may singular good Patrone”, Woodall (1617) Preface [p. 1]. I. Introduction 5 scientist who discovered blood circulation, William Harvey (1578–1657).16 Even though Woodall mentioned this English physician with great respect in his publications17 and although he himself was a subordinate to Harvey’s strict instruction, yet he did not give up his passionate protest against the deep-rooted division of the surgical and medical responsibilities that were predominate in this period of time. So Woodall made it perfectly clear what he thought: “Each man will conceive that medicine is a principall part of healing and curing of sores, diseases and sicknesses: for who is hee that can cure a wound, a tumor, an ulcer, yea, but an ague with his hand only, without fitting medicines? Surely no man: Then it must necessarily follow that Chyrurgia, Dieta & Pharmacum, viz. Surgery, Diet and Medicines (I meane both outward and inward) are unseparable companions, and therefore all to be used in the art of curing mans body; and that in the person of one man.”18 Woodall practiced not only at the Royal Hospital of St. Bartholomew, but was on duty at three other hospitals in London also. Although in those days the use of a single physician at different medical institutions was not exceptional, nevertheless the concurrent occupation at several places required a considerable planning and organization.19 Together with the enlargement and expansion of the naval forces and their armament at the first quarter of the seventeenth century Woodall got his most important assignment: in the year 1626 a resolution was passed to pay a fixed sum for the equipment in the medical chest as determined for use on board and to entrust Woodall with supervision of all the equipment to be used by sea-surgeons - a responsibility which Woodall would hold until the end of his days (1643).

John Woodall’s Treatises About Naval Medicine and Surgery

Woodall’s major work, the treatise about naval medicine and surgery was printed in 1617 and is reproduced in the original version, quickly developed into the standard work of naval medicine in the first half of the seventeenth century. It is not only a mixture of methods of surgical treatment and medical therapeutics, but it contains many remarkable observations about special diseases at sea, particularly of tropical origin. About 20 years after the first edition, Woodall published a second enlarged edition (1639), containing two treatises: one about gangrene and the other about plague20. Furthermore the new edition includes a third medical report which for the first time was published in 1628 and titled “Viaticum, being the pathway to the surgeon’s chest”.21 In 1655, many years after Woodall’s death a reprint of Woodall’s Surgeon’s Mate of 1639 was published22, - a fact, that speaks for the value and improvement of Woodall’s compendium among the sea surgeons.

16cf. Paget (1846) p. 22, p. 29, p. 42. 17cf. Woodall (1617) p. 91 and p. 96. 18cf. Woodall (1639) Preface, without pagination. 19cf. Appleby (1981). 20cf. Woodall (1617; 1639), see introduction p. 20. 21cf. Woodall (1628). 22see Woodall (1655); this reprint contains an extra chapter “Certain Fragment concerning Chirurgerie and Alchymie” (p. 233–246), which is not included in the first edition of 1617. 6 The Surgions Mate

The Edition of 1617

Woodall’s first work of 1617, which is transcribed in the original spelling, comprises four principal parts and as a supplement an annotated glossary of alchemistical terms. The four sections concern the following subjects: 1. Description of the office and duty of the surgeons mate and of the surgical instruments, also of the ingredients in the medical chest which are intended for use at sea23. The most important instruments are lancets, scissors, saws, forceps, needles, probes, syringes, specula ani, oris et linguae; instruments for the extraction of bullets, arrows and bone fragments, also scales and weights. The selection of drugs contains 160 various preparations with detailed accounts of the application.24 About that there are various sorts of plasters, more than 20 ointments, many powders, essential oils, syrups, pills, opiats and a few chemiatrical preparations which were necessary for working with the equipment. Also some drugs of the new World and East Asia such as radix Chinae, radix sarsaparillae and lignum Guajaci are quoted. 2. This part is followed by brief remarks about special surgical problems as the medical care of guntshot and thorax wounds, burns, as well as the treatment of apostumes, ulcers, fistulas and fractures, also the dangers of difficult operations such as amputation and trepanation are explained.25 3. The third part starts with a detailed treatise about scurvy26, followed by accounts of precarious case studies as “fluxes of the bellie (leienteria, diarrhoea, disenteria)” with special references for young beginning doctors at sea.27 Then Woodall discusses in great details the causes and treatment of most painfull diseases as “Iliaca Passio, Colica Passio, Tenasmus, Falling of the Fundament and Callenture”.28 Because many of the mentioned diseases cannot be cured without an active analgesic, Woodall added an essay about the composition, preparation, effect and application of the highly esteemed “Laudanum opiat Paracelsi”.29 4. In the fourth part Woodall deals with the salts, sulphur, mercury and their vertues30. They give Woodall the urge to include instructions about the alchemical theory of the four (terra/earth, aqua/water, ignis/fire, aer/air) and the Paracelsian three elements (sal/salt, sulphur/brimstone, mercurius/quicke-silver) together with the interaction among each other. (Fig. 3). But Woodall is not willing to get involved too much in the alchemical discussion and he dissociates himself clearly from the three- or four-elements-theory. At the end of his chemical explanations he skillfully interprets the coexistence of the three- and four-elements- theory31, and for pragmatical reasons he avoids accepting either one or the other concept as to be true or binding:

23(Without pagination:) “The office and dvty of the svrgions mate” (5 pp.). Afterwards (6 pp., without pagination as well): “A note of the particular Ingrediences due to the Surgeons Chest, and of other necessary Appendexes seruing for Chirurgicall vses, whereof these next recited may be placed on the lidde of the Chest, if the Surgeon will haue it so.” Than follow pp. 1–39: “CERTAINE BREIFE (!) Remembrances touching the particular Instruments for the SVRGIONS CHEST, and the vses of the same.” In addition the edition of 1639 has a picture of the chirurgical instruments and an outline of the medicine chest (see Figs. 2 and 3). 24Woodall (1617) p. 40–132. 25Woodall (1617) p. 133–177. 26Woodall (1617) p. 177–202. 27Woodall (1617) p. 202–223. 28Woodall (1617) p. 232–249. 29Woodall (1617) p. 224–232. 30Woodall (1617) p. 250–307. 31 Woodall (1617) p. 308–313. I. Introduction 7

“[...] the question littel concerneth the cure of diseases by youg Surgeons, wherefor I will conclude this point my selfe, intending neyther to quarrell for to prove three, nor foure, let there be foure or three, eyther of both shall content me”.32 5. In the following part Woodall gives an astrological-alchemical list of the seven planets/metalls, which are closely connected with the three plus four = seven parts of the elementary theory. Beyond it the table contains a selection of alchemical and chemical terms with their alchemical symbols and brief definitions.33 As the author announces in the preface the list should help to improve the knowledge of young seamen and to entertain them during their long sea voyages, because “they not onely containe profitable instructions for youth, but by their nouelty and varieties doe partly refresh the minde of those readers as delight themselues in that part of practise” (p. 311). The end furnishes a long poem of the author, chosen for young surgeons at sea, and rich in hints at the alchemical labyrinth, where the the author promises to guide the adepts.34 That Woodall took a very critical view of the alchemical theory demonstrates the four lines on p. 344 (= p. 336) which he had pasted into his poem, but did not declare the origin35.

Fig. 3: Plan of the surgeons chest for the use on board (Woodall 1639).

Special Surgical Instruments Invented by Woodall

Woodall described the “Spathula mundani” (Speculum ani) as one of the best surgical instruments, which he himself had outlined and constructed (Fig. 3). The simple but useful

32Woodall (1617) p. 310; about Woodall’s position of the Paracelsian doctrine see below, p. 13 33Woodall (1617) p. 313–328. 34Woodall (1617) p. 329–348: “Certaine Chimicall Verses, or Good will to young Artists”. There Woodall dissociates himself from the Paracelsian sal, sulphur, mercury-theory quite openly (p. 331): “[...] Thus have I in one Period/ anatomized plaine:/ True medicines how thou maist prepare,/ if thou wilt take the paine./ But if that any further seeke,/ in true Philosophie:/ The Minerals fix and pure to make/ that is no worke for me./ I to my Latchet will returne,/ and rest me in a meane:/ Good medicines onely to prepare,/ I holde sufficient gaine.” 35Woodall says here: “Alchimia est ars sine arte,/ cuius subiectum est pars cum parte,/ Proprium eius probè mentiri,/ et ultimò mendicatum iri” (p. 344=336), see the annotation in the introduction p. 19f and the index of sentences p. 342. 8 The Surgions Mate tool should serve for the extraction of hard accumulated excrements in thhe rectum “if the glister cannot have passage”36. The explanation of the instrument and its function WoWoodall connects with a lot of accurate observations about obstructions and constipations, which is often the case at sea, as Woodall explains. Also for the opening of the skull WoWoodall developped a special surgical instrument, which he called “Trafine”, because it had three ends, which served different purposes (Fig. 4).37 The advantage of this fabrication over the known trepan laid in the construction of the gear rim, which was not formed cylindrically but conically, so as to prevent the problem of the gear rim so that after the perforation of the cranial bone it would not break through the dura mater into the interior of the skull.

Fig. 4: Surgical Instruments for trepanation (WoWoodall, 1639).

36Woodall (1617) p. 14, p. 20, p. 198. 37Woodall (1639) p. 313–318, fig. opposite p. 313; - the construction explains MMooll (1968) p. 19–23. I. Introduction 9

Fig. 5: Instruments for amputation (Woodall, 1639).

10 The Surgions Mate

John Woodall’s Report About Amputation In particular Woodall’s report of 1617 stresses that careful description of a new risky and very dangerous surgical procedure, the amputation: “ the most lamentable part of chirurgery, it were therefore the honour of a Surgeon neuer to vse dismembring at all if it were possible for him to heale all hee vndertooke”38. Woodall, who managed the operation with only two assistants at sea, not only encouraged the young ships surgeons to have his instruments ready every day and to see that the “saw be alwaies in a readinesse, well filed, and cleane kept in oyly clouts to saue it from rust”, but he calls also to “craue mercie and help from the Almighty, and that heartily (Fig. 5). For it is no small presumption to Dismember the Image of God”39. Not without pride Woodall reported in his second edition (1639) that he managed successfully more than a hundred operations in this way. At the same time as a result of his activity as surgeon at the London St. Bartholomew’s Hospital he added the astonishing comment that he did not lose any patient because of hemorrhage after amputation: “And I my selfe may truely say, have from more than a hundred persons, cut off from some a legge, yea both the legges, a hand, a foot, a toe or toes, an arme, a finger, etc. of such rotten members, being all dismembred in the rotten part, of which not one hath dyed in the cure [...]”40. Satisfied with the results of his 50 years of activity as a surgeon he came to the conclusion, that in England or elsewhere he has never seen the horrible practice of cauterization of sensible and living parts a the end of a stump.

Woodall’s Invention of an “Enema Fumosum” (“Tabakrauchklistier”) In the second edition of the handbook, which was published in 1639, Woodall reported about another remarkable device, which was an apparatus of his own making; it served to produce tobacco smoke for injection with a syringe (“enema fumosum” or a “fumous glister”)41 to treat obstruction (Fig. 6). Obviously Woodall was very familiar with tobacco and its use as an economic factor and effective stimulant in medicine, because he was a member of the Virginia Company (since 1623), which was involved in tobacco production and commerce with great success.42 In the year 1686 Johann Andreas Stisser (1657–1700), professor of medicine and botany in Helmestedt, published a paper “De machinis fumiductoriis curiosis sive fumum impellendi intra corpus instrumentis”43, in which he declared himself to be the inventor of an new instrument to inject tobacco smoke into the anus for treatment of colic etc.; although the apparatus looks very much like Woodall’s construction (Fig. 7) Stisser did not refer to Woodall. He speaks of the “Anglicanum instrumentum” and the English only, which have introduced the machine. Also the Professor of medicine in Gießen, Michael Bernhard Valentini (1657–1729), published a treatise about “Clysteres Tabacini” in 170144, which contains a picture of Stisser’s instrument (Tab. II, p. 72). He pointed out that these machines are very widespread in England, but he did not mention Woodall,who it seems was no longer present.

38Woodall (1617) p. 171, see also Keevil (1957) p. 217f. 39Woodall (1617) p. 172. 40Woodall (1639) p. 391; - about Woodalls surgical activities see also Moll (1968) p. 39-41. 41Woodall (1639) fig. between p. 26 and 27. The explanation is not paginated [see Illustration 5] 42see Appleby (1981). 43 Stisser (1686) 44 Valentini, Michael Bernhard: Disputatio V. De Clystere Tabacino. In: Valentini (1701), p. 71–73. I. Introduction 11

Fig. 6: "Enema fumosum or a fumous glister" to applicate tobacco smoke.(Woodall, 1639) 12 The Surgions Mate

Fig. 7: Instrumentum Anglicum pro succtione fumi tabaci. Tab. II (Stisser, 1686).

Woodall’s Treatment of Scorbutic Patients with Citrus Fruits

The most amazing part of Woodall’s work was his medical report on scurvy (p. 181ff). His 20 page description of the complaint included one of the first reports about the effect of citrus fruits as a specific remedy against the bad aftereffects of scurvy.45. The account was hardly surpassed by other contemporary writers. Woodall ascertained that above all the seamen were attacked by the scurvy and he gave a most realistic description of the sickness at sea. Woodall explained the disease as an obstruction of the liver mainly, and sees his diagnosis confirmed by the “certaine signes of the scurvie by the dead opened” that the “livers utterly rotted” (p. 182). Obviously Woodall dissected on board, which was a great exception at this period. Woodall was much surprised that so far nobody among the seafaring physicians had announced the real causes, symptoms, treatment or preventive measures. How he saw things himself led to many excellent antidotes in Britain against scurvy, which are rich in vitamin C, as we know today. Above all, as Woodall emphasized, scurvy grass (Cochlearia officinalis, Brassicaceae), which is rich in Vitamin C, and water cress, nasturtia aquatica (Nasturtium officinale, Brassicaceae) too, are the most important antidotes against that plague at sea.

45Woodall (1617) p. 177–202. I. Introduction 13

However the horse radish (radix raphani silvestris: Armoracia rusticana, Brassicaceae), which Woodall likewise considered to be an antiscorbuticum, does not contain vitamin C but allyl mustard oil which is responsible only for the sharp taste. Finally Woodall stated wormwood (Artemisia absinthium, Asteraceae) as antiscorbuticum. The herb had, since the days of the Ancient World been in high regard as a medicinal plant. Mainly it was applied as appetizing, digestive and menstruation-promoting medicine, but in this herb, vitamin C could not be demonstrated.46 It attracks attention that Woodall very often prescribed citrus fruits as remedies against diseases that were thought to be scurvy. Woodall’s extended account of this illness shows that he was one of the first medical practitioners to have clearly recognized the healing effect of those fruits on long sea journeys. He himself called the succus limonum “the most pretious helpe that euer was discouered against the Scuruy to bee drunke at all times”.47 It may be that the decription of scurvy or a similiar sickness can be traced back to the thirteenth century, but as a disastrous mass disease it appeared first with protracted expeditions at the end of the fifteenth century, which often meant several months at sea. As “sea plague” or “Seepest” in German, scurvy was suffered for centuries by this horror and a constant companion of navigation. The references of the sickness however - also by Woodall - are not always easy to understand, for example: an important characteristic feature of this suffering included enlargement of the spleen, but this symptom could be at the same time a sign of malaria so that likewise there could be a mistake or a mixture with other diseases.48 Due to the ignorance of the etiology of scurvy, very different diseases such as syphilis, malaria, stomatitis ulcerosa, ergotismus gangraenosus, rheumatism and rickets were summed up under the term scurvy till the nineteenth century. The Prussian medical officer and professor of medicine at Marburg, Ernst Gottfried Baldinger (1738–1804), has accurately labelled the growing confusion in view of the mass hysteria at sea nominated scurvy, when he named the scurvy as “Asylum ignorantiae Practicorum”49. Without doubt Woodall had compiled under the term scurvy a plenty of different diseases too, but all the time he had emphasized the curative effect of citrus fruits and oranges as the best therapy for that plague.50 Already about 1600, James Lancaster (1554–1618), the commander of the first Indian expedition of the British East Indian Company, had observed the specific antiscorbutic quality of the citrus fruits51, but also he could not prevent the loss of 105 of the total of 278 seamen only because of scurvy. Although Woodall did not mention Lancaster’s name explicitly, it is to be believed that Woodall knew the disastrous effects of this journey, undoubtably he had clearly in mind the risks of long voyages at sea for all aboard,52 and he always tried to search for new answers to the problems.

46Of the abundance of literature about the history of scurvy shall be cited only some surveys for a general idea: Müller (1976, 2015); - Carpenter (1986, 1988); - Mayberry (2004); - Streller/ Roth (2009); - Mayer (2012). 47Woodall (1617) p. 89. 48Woodall (1617) p. 179–182. 49Baldinger (1774) p. 437. 50Still 150 years later the English sea surgeon David MacBride (1726–1778), who in the succession of James Lind (see p. 13f) tried to enlighten the cause of scurvy, acknowledged Woodall’s cure of the scurvy as exemplary: “Appendix. An Extract from that Part of Woodall’s work which treats of the Scurvy.” See: MacBride (1764, p. 171–200 and p. 201–210); see also the German translation (1766). 51 “And the reason why the generals men stood better in health than the men of other ships was this: he brought to sea with him certaine bottles of the juice of limons, which he gave to each one as long as it would last, three spoonfuls every morning fasting, not suffering them to eate anything after it till noone. This juice worketh much the better if the partie keepe a short dyet [...]”, see Markham (1877) p. 62. 52Keevil (1957) p. 110–113. 14 The Surgions Mate

However, despite recommendations of citrus fruits as an antidote against scorbutic putrefaction, frequently the therapeutic success did not appear. An important reason for this mysterious observation laid in the different methods of preparing citrus fruits. One of the frequently used citrus-preparations was for example “sirupus limoniorum”, also “oleum and aqua limoniorum”. Certainly in these compositions vitamin C should be included only when they are freshly prepared, but Woodall looked upon the sour qualities of the citrus fruits as their most significant signs, which were the most important features for him. Hence in lack of the juice of citrus fruits he recommended to employ diverse sour vegetable extracts and other 53 sour fruits ; if these were not available, then oleum vitrioli (H2SO4) should be used instead. Even the succus limoni which a broadsheet praised as patent for the use aboard, and which was obviously made durable with the help of sterilisation or fermentation processes54, could not be effective because of the loss of vitamin C in the heat. The author of that broadsheet, Sir Hugh Platt (1552–1608), was a popular writer who liked to publish moral sentences but also kept a collection of the latest novelties in chemistry and metallurgie. Among them was Platt’s announcement, that he could conserve citrus fruits by means of certain methods, especially with “philosophical fire”.55 Also this production could not have been the solution because the antiscorbutic effect (Vitamin C) was destroyed by fire. Fresh oranges and lemons however got aboard extreme rarely; if they occasionally were taken, there were just a few numbered specimens because of the great lack of space, and moreover these precious fruits were designated for officers only. There is a remarkable report about one of the first German East-Indian-Travellers of the seventeenth century, Johann Sigmund Wurffbain (1613–1661), which gives us to understand the special value of fresh fruits: on his return with a supply of Banda, Wurffbain took 600 fresh lemons and oranges as well as 60 grapefruits for himself and for his cabin-guests, while the rest of the crew of 127 men had the remainder of only 200 grapefruits and 400 lemons.56 Great care with fresh citrus fruits such as Wurffbain described must have been an exception, because in this time exotic products were too expensive, therefore lemons and oranges did not belong to the obligatory equipment of ships, as Woodall’s plan for the surgeon’s chest demonstrated. Woodall recommended rather to buy fresh fruits at ports in East India and to consume them on the spot immediately. Unfortunately Wodall offered no information or numerical accounting for recovering, death or the success rates of his cures on board. There are no quantitative statements in Woodall’s work, because statistical thinking in medical practice did not rise before the end of the seventeenth century, as Ulrich Tröhler has pointed out convincingly57. Apart from the limited availability of citrus fruits, Woodall’s latest findings of this important precaution against scurvy did not gain much acceptance, because these foreign products were not only very expensive, but also Woodall added to his recommendations the fatal comment58:

“[...] in want of all these [iuice of Limes, Oringes, or Citrons, or the pulpe of Tamarinds] vse oyle of Vitrioll as many drops as may make a cup of beere, water or rather wine [...], onely a very little as it were sower, to which you may also adde sugar

53Woodall (1617) p. 185. 54see Platt: ( 1607); - Keevil (1957) p. 108–109. 55“How to keepe the iuice of Oranges, and Lemons all the yeare, for sauce, Iulepps, and other purposes.” In: Platt (1594) p. 36f; - see also: Platt (1653) p. 180–182; - relating to Platts work and importance cf. Thick (2010);- Mukherjee (2011) p. 69–86. 56Wurffbain (1686, p. 271f and p. 222); as citizen of Nüremberg Wurffbain has travelled with the Dutch East Indian Company to Batavia (Jakarta) in 1632 and was appointed at first as soldier at the Moluccas, later on he was promoted to an “Oberkaufmann” of the company, and returned as wealthy man towards Nüremberg in 1646. 57Tröhler (2000). 58Woodall (1617) p. 185. I. Introduction 15

if you please, or some sirups, according to your store and the necessity of that disease, for of my experience I can affirme that good oyle of Vitrioll is an especiall good medicine in the cure of the Scuruy [...].”

This therapeutic advice corresponded with the iatrochemical theories conditioned by the times; after them, diseases should be created from abnormal distribution of acids and alkalies in the so-called four humours: yellow and black bile, blood and phlegm.59 By means of neutralization of the immoderate acid or immoderate alkali with an equivalent opposite substance, the disease should be cured, according to that as criteria for the effect of the lemon juice was valid only the acidity. From that point of view Woodall’s early epoch-making knowledge, just as had James Lind’s (1716–1794) famous experiments, was more and more obscured and fell into oblivion. James Lind, the English ship’s doctor and a pioneer of naval hygiene was the first to undertake in 1753 a new controlled clinical trial which was the first ever been made: He took 12 cases of scurvy aboard and gave them, in addition to a homogenous die, different remedies against the scurvy. The consequences of the experiments were “that the most sudden and visible good effects were perceived from the use of oranges and lemons [...]”60. But also Lind was compelled to use the preserved juice, but his antiscorbutic effect was very limited compared with the fresh fruits, which however could not be carried on board in the necessary amount. When in 1784 the Swedish pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1788) succeeded in the isolation of citric acid out of lemon juice61, it was obvious to substitute the deep and perishable lemon juice by the cheaper, durable and transportable citric acid, which took up very little space aboard. An impressive proof for this usual substitution is to be seen in the German Schiffahrtsmuseum at Westrhauderfehn. There is kept an “Anleitung zur Gesundheitspflege an Bord von Kauffahrteischiffen” of the year 1888 containing a handwritten note, which obviously records a customary practice aboard with the order: “Ein Eßlöffel voll Citronensäure in einer Weinflasche gelöst ersetzt eine Flasche Citronensaft”62. The following explanation of the real connection between the use of citrus fruits and the successful cure of the scurvy cannot be traced here in detail, even though the clarification of the chemical structure belongs to important biochemical discoveries of the twentieth century; the first significant phase of the exploration history began with the isolation of vitamin C, ascorbic acid, which the Hungarian biochemist Albert von Szent-Györgyi (1893–1987) performed in 192863. Only a few years later, 1933, the Swiss biochemist Tadeus Reichstein (1897–1996)64 synthesized vitamin C, and thus he made the industrial production of the essential chemical compound on a large scale possible.

John Woodall as Paracelsist, His Treatment with Drugs

In the light of contemporary knowledge there were fewer effective preparations in Woodall’s time that could be successfully used for long voyages at sea. Woodall had no precedents which could guide him in the treatment of unknown tropical diseases, something he had learned from the military surgeons William Clowes (1543/44–1604) and Thomas Gale (1507– 1567)65, as he himself remarks, but there were no official regulations for supplying ships with medical preparations to be used during sea voyages that often lasted several months and

59see Rothschuh (1978) p. 185–223. 60see Lind (1753) p.193; - see also Lloyd and Coulter (vol. 3 (1961) p. 299–303). 61Scheele (1784). 62Anleitung zur Gesundheitspflege an Bord (1888) p. 152. 63Szent-Györgyi (1928) p. 1387–1409. 64Reichstein (1933) p.1019–1033. 65see Index of names 16 The Surgions Mate longer.66 Therefore Woodall must have counted on his own experience that he had gathered on his long travels by land and by water. In many cases he emphasized his own experience with special drugs; so he was not afraid to criticize traditional compositions, and from his own experience he often pointed to the small stability of some preparations which were well advised but wrong for use at sea. Woodall therefore put together a chest with 160 remedies (see Fig.2 and 10, Transcription), which he thought to be effective and useful for treatment at sea. In his second (1639) he outlined how the diverse remedies could be stored realistically (see Illustration 2a, b); this list of drugs corresponded exactly with the drugs that Woodall recommended in his first edition, which is reproduced here. For his time Woodalls selection of remedies could be called as most practical and his commentary about the healing power of drugs showed that he gained much experience not only in surgery but also in the applications of sensible and useful medicines. Concerning the new unknown drugs of the Far East or of the New World he was rather reserved. He described them duly67 but except for cambogia and citrus fruits the new drugs had no place in his surgery chest. So it was not surprising that the greater part of his remedies consisted of traditional vegetable preparations such as aquae, sirupi and electuaria, and that he was skeptical of the new chemical preparations, which the chemiatrists and the Paracelsian disciples praised. Woodall warned against alchemical/chemical compositions with mercury or arsenicum as “enemies to the life of man” (p. 114), although he did not stop their use in specific cases. In spite of his care and restraint for unknown movements in medicine and pharmacy, Woodall did not shrink from testing new ways of drug therapy. Quite often he took up prescriptions and proposals, which were also in circulation under the name of the mutinous physician Paracelsus (1493– 1541) at the seventeenth century; this alchemist, doctor and philosopher was known as a quarrelsome innovator of pharmaceutical research and split the medical profession in many defenders and just as many opponents. Without doubt Woodall had great respect for the exceptional knowledge of this experimentalist, and Woodall himself was not only an expert in Paracelsian work, but also he had noticeable sympathy and admiration for the great master in medicine and surgery, which did not go unnoticed in the large number of his references to Paracelsus and his recommendations. So Woodall introduced into the chapter about plasters an enthusiastic praise of the “emplastrum stipticum Paracelsi”, which he quoted as original citation in a long Latin text68. Also at great length Woodall praised the unequalled “Laudanum Opiatum”, which he prescribed especially against dysentery69. It did not happen by chance that in the description of that very strong plaster, including several pages that Woodall quotes from Oswald Croll (1563–1609), who taught as alchemist, professor of medicine and innovator of the Paracelsian doctrines at the university of Marburg Also he had published an extensive compendium about alchemy and chemistry in the succession of the great master in 160970. That Woodall himself had likewise studied the Paracelsian theories and practice intensively, he shows clearly at the end of his book: In the concluding part of his compendium Woodall discusses the elemental principles of alchemy Sal, Sulphur and Mercurius, and explains their chemical symbols71. In detail he explains the concept of three instead of four

66see Keevil (1958, vol. II, p. 270ff). 67see e. g. lignum et cortex guaiaci, radix chynae, sarsaparilla, sassafras, styrax. 68 Woodall (1617) p. 40f; the text is literally citated of Paracelsus’ work about surgery: Paracelsus (1605, p. 673); - about Woodall’s special position as Paracelsist in England see Debus (1962) p. 108– 118) and Debus (1965) p. 99–101 and p. 125–127); - see also Appleby (1981). 69see Woodall (1617) p. 224f: “Laudanum Opiat Paracelsi and the Vertues thereof”. 70Croll (1609), it is a edition without frontispiece; this first title page with picture appeared in the undated printed Latin edition of ca. 1611. The German translation appeared 20 years later, see Croll (1629); - about Croll see also: Kühlmann/Telle. (1996–1998);- about the reception of the Paracelsian concepts see Kühlmann / Telle (2001–2004). 71Woodall (1617) p. 250–310, p. 312–328. I. Introduction 17 elements as basic principles of all chemical processes. As Paracelsus imagined these “tria prima” (the first three substances) which could not be transformed into one another, embodied essential qualities in the total structure of the world: sal/salt the stability as property, sulphur/sulfur the quality of fire or combustibility and finally mercurius/quicksilver the volatility. In an example Paracelsus tried to explain the abstract conception:

Fig. 8: Title page of Oswald Croll´s "Basilica Chymica" (Croll, 1609). 18 The Surgions Mate

“nun die ding zu erfaren, so nempt ein anfang vom holz, dasselbig ist ein leib; nun laß brinnen, so ist das do brint der sulphur, das da raucht der mercurius, das zu eschen wird, sal”72.

All things of the three worlds of nature should be composed out of these three entities in different proportions. However Woodall did not deal only with the Paracelsian doctrine of the three principles of the universe, but also he studied the doctrine of signatures (“Signaturenlehre”) which can be found in ancient writings and was newly propagated by Paracelsus and the Neapolitan naturalist and physician Giambattista della Porta (1538–1615). This metaphysical aid, which helped to reveal complex associations and connections in nature, based on the hypothesis that signs on account of similarities in form, colour, shape or structure could disclose hidden virtues (virtutes) or analogies. Oswald Croll has completed the Paracelsian doctrine of signatures and devoted a detailed tract to the question73. Already on the frontispiece Croll symbolizes the occult correspondences between cosmic (above in the middle) and terrestrial sphere (down), which shall be decoded and utilized by means of the doctrine of signatures (it is noted in the central cartouche as link between above and down) (Fig. 8). Both equilateral triangles each sketched in a circle represent the unlimited macrocosm as a place of pure intellectuel spirits (alchemical sign for fire: peak up) and the microcosm as a terrestrial sphere (alchemical sign for earth: peak down). Alongside a chain of medallions with idealized portraits of alchemical authorities we are led from the left above to the right down, beginning with the legendary founder of astrological- astronomical wisdom Hermes Trismegistos Aegypti, continued by famous, in part fantastic, messengers of alchemical medieval knowledge such as Raimundus Lullus Hispanus (Ramon Llull, ca. 1232–1316) and Roger Bacchon Anglus (Roger Bacon, 1214–1292) till Paracelsus, whose immediate succession Croll required for himself and for his own researches. Woodall’s orientation at this title cannot be overlooked (Fig. 9), even though Woodall’s title page is turned out far simpler: Also at the left margin the authorities of his art are lined up, but Woodall’s election did not agree on Croll’s examples. The row on the left margin is led by Aesculapius, below are sitting Paracelsus, the French astronomer and physiologist Jean Fernel (ca. 1497–1558) and Hippokrates (ca. 460–ca. 370 B.C.). The right row begins with Podalirius, Aesculapius’ son, who acted as healing God; below Raimundus Lullus, a scholarly Spanish philosopher, linguist, logician and theologian, rises above. They all rest on the imperturbable fundament of the Greek scholar and famous physician Galen (129–201/215). Compared with Croll an important change attracts attention: The self-assured Woodall has replaced the micrcosm as a mirror image of the macrocosm through the portrait of his own, of the proud creator of the book, who presents the wide world of navigation, the medical

72Sudhoff (1922–1933), vol. 9 (1925), p. 46 (to find out the things, so take a part of wood, this is a body, let it burn, so what is burning that is the sulphur, what there is smoking that is the mercury, what becomes ash that is salt); - for the theory and practice of the Paracelsian doctrin cf. Dilg/Rudolph (1993); - Dilg/ Rudolph (1995); - Benzenhöfer (2005) p. 1101–1105. 73 Croll (1609): “In fine libri additus est [...] Tractatus nouus de Signaturis internis rerum, seu de vera et viva anatomia majoris et minoris mundi”. I. Introduction 19

Fig. 9: Title page of the 2nd edition of the "Surgeons Mate" (Woodall, 1639). conditions aboard as well as surgical operations and the details of adequate application of drugs at this place, instead of Croll’s encrypted microcosmos. With the help of this reinterpretation Woodall decidedly dissociates from the alchemical speculations and rich imagery of his interpretations which can be found in Croll’s “Basilica chymica” in a high 20 The Surgions Mate degree. In his practical activity Woodall disapproved resolutely of explanations or suppositions which went beyond reality; his own experience he accepted more than unchecked adoptions of theoretical instructions or tradtional doctrines (Fig. 9). So the difference between Croll’s alchemical/chemical explanations and Woodall’s empirical- practical methods cannot be overlooked, even if the title pages look alike. Woodall refers Croll only twice: first in a saying of Croll’s book “Basilica Chimica (Preface)”, where Croll concerns himself with the “mysteries or hidden vertues” of the medicines74, and second in the praise of Croll’s very strong remedy “Laudanum opiat Paracelsi” (p. 227ff), which Croll had described after the Paracelsian composition in great detail. The strong-acting preparation contained Opium, the latex of the seed capsules of Papaver somniferum (opium poppy)/Papaveraceae, as main constituent amongst many vegetable and chemical components. Woodall was devoted to the precious preparation on several pages (p. 224–232) and did not give up presenting his own experience: on the one hand he emphasized Laudanum opiatum as the most efficient remedy, but on the other hand he stressed the most dangerous effects of the therapy with opiats; he asked the sea surgeons for careful use with the ambivalent preparation and at the same time he gives infallible rules to distinguish the false and true compositions of Laudanum. Woodall’s far-reaching personal experience with the undesirable effects of this Paracelsian medicine clearly appears in his apology before the Society of Physicians in London and demonstrates his conscientiousness concerning the medical therapy at sea on the whole:

“[...] In a word this Laudanum passeth all other medicines in the cure of Disentery, for which cause I haue published it to the benefit of the yonger sort of Surgeons, which aduenture their liues toward the East Indies; I know it is presumption in my selfe and deserues blame, that I should handle medicines of this nature so copiously, for which I craue pardon from the graue and learned Society of Physicians of London, whom of right I ought to reuerence, and do: excusing my selfe that I haue done it meerely for the behoofe of young Sea-Surgeons in the remote parts of the world, where they otherwise haue vsed Opium in common, without vnderstanding the danger or dose thereof, to the losse of many mens liues” (p. 227).

Also the four lines that Woodall added at the end of the book show Woodall’s critical opinion on the alchemical theory: “Alchimia est ars sine arte/ cuius subiectum est pars cum parte./ Proprium eius probè mentiri/ et ultimo mendicatum iri.” The quotation corresponds with the almost identical verses of Andreas Libavius75, an opponent of Paracelsus, and Joseph Hall76, however there is an important difference: Libavius defines alchemy as “scientia sine arte”, but as Hall also Woodall describes alchimia as “ars sine arte”, and depreciates this area of natural philosophy plainly and distinctly expresses his disdain for this field of knowledge77.

74 “qualitates non semper considerandae sed earum arcana, The simple and apparant qualities of Medicines are not always respected alone, but rather companion to their mysteries or hidden vertues” (Woodall (1617) p. 196. 75Libavius (1599, p.126), see also Commentary 1, p. 270 and Index of sentences, p. 336. 76“Alchymia est ars sine arte, cuius scire est pars cum parte; medium est strenue mentiri; finis mendicatum iri.” (Hall, 1607, p. 154). 77cf. Newman/Principe: (1998) 32–65; - Prinke (2010) p. 175–231; - see also Kopp (1886, part II, p. 197) where Kopp cites the verses of the alchemical poem as “geflügeltes Wort” and calls the Jesuit Jacob Gretser (1562–1625) as one of their creators (biographical information about Gretser see NDB vol. 7 (1966) p. 51–53). I. Introduction 1 5 9 13 17 22 27 32 Lowest part part 38 44 49 54 59 63 67 71

2 6 10 14 18 23 28 33 of the Chest 39 45 50 55 60 64 68 72

3 7 11 15 19 24 29 34 with the order of 40 46 51 56 61 65 69 73

4 8 12 16 20 25 30 35 every medicine 41 47 52 57 62 66 70 74

21 26 31 36 42 48 53 58

37 43

75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88

89 91 94 97 100 103 106 109 112 115 Upper part 118 121 124 127 130 133 136 139 142 145

92 95 98 101 104 107 110 113 116 of the Chest 119 122 125 128 131 134 137 140 143

90 93 96 99 102 105 108 111 114 117 120 123 126 129 132 135 138 141 144 146

147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160

1. Electurarium Diatrion piperion. 5. Puluis restringens minus. 9. Unguentum contra ignem. 13. Unguentum Martiatum. 2. Theriaca Diatessera. 6. Unguentum Dialtheae. 10. Axungia Cerui. 14. Unguentum Aegyptiacum. 3. Theriaca Londinensis. 7. Unguentum Album. 11. Axungia Porcina. 15. Unguentum Potabile. 4. Therebinthina Venetiae 8. Unguentum Populeon. 12. Unguentum Arragon. 16. Unguentum Pectorale.

17. Unguentum diapompholigos. 22. Diascordion. 27. Mel depuratum. 32. Caustike liquid. 18. Unguentum Aureum. 23. Conserva rosarum. 28. Rhabarbarum electum. 33. Lapis infernalis. 19. Linamentum Arcei. 24. Conserva barberis. 29. Conserva prunellorum. 34. Puluis arthreticus. 20. Oleum Lauri. 25. Conserva Citoniorum. 30. Pulpa tamarindarum. 35. Puluis alchemisticus. 21. Mel saponis . 26. Confectio Hamek 31. Succus Acatiae. 36. Lapis medicamentosus 21 37. Crocus martis 38. Aqua caelestis 44. Luximimum capitale 49. Syrupus rosarum. 54. Balsamum artific:

39. Aqua rosar: damask: 45. Oleum liliorum 50. Oleum limoniorum 55. Mel rosarum. 22 40. Ol. amigdal. amarar. 46. Syrupus Cinam. 51. Oleum terebint: 56. Ol. lumbricorum. 41. Ol. amigd. dulcium. 47. Oleum scorpionum 52. Syrupus absinthij. 57. Diamoron. 42. Oleum vitrioli 48. Oleum Petreoli 53. Oleum papaueris 58. Oleum lini. 43. Oleum Spicae

59. Oximel. 63. Acetum Rosarum 67. Aqua Abstinthij. 71. Aqua Rosarum rub: 60. Oleum Chamomili. 64. Oleum Rosarum 68. Aqua Angelicae. 72. Aqua Plantagin: 61. Oleum Sambucorum. 65. Oleum Anethi. 69. Aqua Limoniorum. 73. Aqqua Cardui bened: 62. Oleum Absinthij. 66. Aqua Cinamomi. 70. Aqua Cinamomi. 74. Aqua Menthae. ______75. Unguentum Basilicon. 76. Unguentum Apostolorum. 77. Unguentum Aureum. 78. Unguentum Albi Camph. 79. Unguentum Nutritum. 80. Unguentum Dialthaeae. 81. Unguentum Populeon. 82. Unguentum contra Ignem. 83. Unguentum Pectorale. 84. Unguentum Potabile. 85. Unguentum Arragon. 86. Unguentum Martiatum. 87. Linamentum Arcei. 88. Mel Saponis. ______

89. Unguentum 91. Syrupus Rosarum. 94. Syrupus violarum. 97. Oxim. rosarum 100. Methrid: 103. Diascordium. Aegyptiacum. 92. Syrupus Papaueris. 95. Syrupus licor: 98. Mel rosarum 101. Theri: Venetiae 104. Theri: Londini. 93. Syr. limoniorum. 96. Syrupus prune. 99. Syr. diam: 102. Elect. de ouo. 105. Laud. Opiat. Parac: 90. Axungia cerui.

106. Confect. hamek: 109. Crocus mart: 112. Pilulae cochiae 115. Pilulae cambogiae. 118. Rubarbe. 121. Agaricum. 124. Mumia. 107. Diaphenicon. 110. Conf: alkermit. 112. Pilulae agreg: 116. Pilulae ruffi. 119. Cambogia. 122. Scamonium. 125. Spermaceti. 108. Diacatholicon. 111. Elect: diatr: pip: 114. Pilulae euphorbij 117. Pilulae aureae. 120. Stibium. 123. Opium. 126. Crocus.

127. Aloes. 130. Myrrha 133. Mastiche 136. Camphora 139. Trochisci alhandal 142. Puluis licorice 128. Terra sigillata. 131. Mercurius sublim. 134. Praecipitatum 137. Euphorbium 140. Puvis Benedictus 143. Argentum vivum 129. Bolus verus. 132. Cinabrium 135. Hiera picra 138. Sal niter. 141. Sal Absinthij 144. Tutia pp.

145. Unguentum diapompholigos The SurgionsMate 146. Unguentum contra scorbutum ______147. Species Diatrion piperion. 148. Species Diatesseron 149. Species Theriaca Londinensis 150. Conserva Rosarum. 151. Conserva Anthos 152. Conserva Barb. 153. Conserva Prunellorum 154. Conserva Citoniorum 155. Puluis restringens maior. 156. Puluis arthreticus

157. Pulpa Tamarindorum 158. Succus Licorice 159. Methridate 160. Theriaca Venetiae ______

Fig. 10: Plan of the surgeons chest with distribution of the remedies (Woodall (1639) p. 26/27). I. Introduction 23

John Woodall’s Surgeons Mate in the Second Edition of 1639

The second edition, printed in 1639, contains Woodall’s complete work on navy medicine, which in contrast to the edition of 1617 is accompanied by some short treatises, which had been published as independent papers: so his study of surgical treatments named “Viaticum”, a treatise this was published first in 1628 and mainly deals with the surgical treatment of gunshot wounds.78 The text agrees with the corresponding passages in Woodall’s work of 1617, but in the second edition of 1639 the chapter is enlarged and supplied with a picture of the surgical instrument which Woodall had constructed and had used as an improved trepan.79 Furthermore the second edition includes a Treatise on the Plague80, however this essay fails to meet the special experience about the epidemic control, which beyond doubt Woodall awarded himself. The work is chiefly composed of many antidots and drugs, whose preparations usually are copied from other works and show only a few of Woodall’s personal observations. One exception however is his recommendation of a mineral secret remedy, called Aurum Vitae, which probably included gold as the name hints. Above all Woodall made good use of it during the plague epidemic at London in 1638. At the end of his book Woodall added a few records about the successful effect of his therapy with that secret in 1638.81

Conclusion

Without doubt Woodall ranks among the most important pioneers of medical service at sea and tropical medicine in the seventeenth century. Promoted from simple surgeon to Surgeon General to the East India Company in 1612, he was responsible for the medical care of the complete crew and for acquisition of appropriate equipment and medicine chests aboard the English East India fleet. Not only did he take care for a proper selection of surgical instruments, but also he chose only those remedies that seemed to be fitted and effective for the special conditions of long sea voyages. Above all he realized the advantages of the alchemical-chemical Paracelsian preparations, which he had studied during his medical practice at Germany and which he considered to be very convenient for use at sea. So Woodall recommended a vast number of iatrochemical preparations already at a time when the therapy was mainly limited to the use of aqueous medicaments, electuaries, syrups, pills etc., which not all can keep for a long time. Woodall’s remarkable and repeated urgent orders to distribute on board many preparations of citrus fruits, which was because he was absolutely convinced that this was a way to avoid scurvy. Only after more than 100 years did the English ship’s doctor James Lind82 succeed to prove experimentally what Woodall already had carefully observed and what enabled him to lay the foundation for the causally fight against scurvy.

78Woodall (1628) 79Woodall (1639), illustration between p. 312 and p. 313; (see list of illustrations, no. 4, p. 340). 80Woodall (1639) p. 319–375. 81For the addition about amputation in the second edition see above, p. 10 82Lind (note 48).

II. B. Transcription: The SVRGIONS MATE (1617)83

T H E S V R G I O N S M A T E, OR A T R E A T I S E D I S C O- uering faithfully and plainely the due contents of the S V R G I O N S Chest, the uses of the Instruments, the vertues and operations of the Medicines, the cures of the most frequent diseases at S E A:

Namely Wounds, Apostumes, Vlcers, Fistulaes, Frac- tures, Dislocations, with the true maner of Amputation, the cure of the Scuruie, the Fluxes of the belly, of the Collica and Illiaca Paßio, Tenasmus, and exitus Ani, the Callenture;

W I T H A B R I E F E E X P L A N A T I O N of Sal, Sulphur, and Mercury; with certaine Characters, and tearmes of Arte. ______

Published chiefly for the benefit of young Sea-Surgions, imployed in the East-India Companies affaires. ______

By John Woodall Mr in Chirurgery.

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L O N D O N Printed by E D W A R D G R I F F I N for Laurence Lisle, at the Tygers-head in Pauls Church-yard. 1617.

[p. I] T O T H E F A R R E renowmed, vertous, and worthy Knight, Sir T H O M A S S M I T H; Gouernour of the East-India Company, my singular good Patrone. ______

R I G H T W O R S H I P F V L L,

83The text is reproduced in accordance with the precise line count and marginal notes of the original print. The numbers in brackets at the margin indicate the page number of the original copy. Square brackets [ ] mark replacements of abbreviations or corrections by the editor. Concerning the abbreviations in the text see p. 263.

Hen I call to minde the many great fauours which you haue beene pleased from time to time to conferre vpon me; and do consider that Ingrati- tude euen amongst the Heathen people hath euer been esteemed Inhumanity: I cannot but reprehend my selfe of slacknesse and [p.II] negligence in not performing that dutie whereunto I am so farre obliged; wherefore studying how I might best testifie my gratefull affection, I haue here presumed with the poore Gardner who presented Alexander with such fruits as his garden afforded, to present you with the first fruits of my poore studies and practice, humbly requesting that as Vlisses vnder the sheild of Aiax was defended, so these my vnworthy lines may by your Honourable accustomed fauour be pa- tronized from the enuie of malitious Detra- ctors. By whose honourable vertues of vi- gilance, prudence, and bounty the Com- mon-wealth hath so much beene enriched and honoured. The reason of my gathering these instructions for young Surgions, cheifly (!) was in respect of the discharge of my dutie in my office and calling, being appointed by your Worship, and the East- India-Company, out of your especiall prouidence and great care for the health and preservation of such as haue beene or hereafter may be imployed in your seruices, who haue for the same purpose not onely appointed me, and with an annuall stipent re- [p. III] warded me, for to ouer-see and prouide for their healths all things fitting; but also are well pleased and contented that it be liberally and fully accomplished with all necessaries thereunto belonging without sparing reasonable coste: the which considered, and seeing by my experience that many young Surgions, (who by reason of their youth and lacke of practise haue not attained to that perfection of knowledge, that were requisite) yet neuerthelesse are imployed in the East-India and other voyages in places of Chirurgions and Mates, I haue thought it a part of my dutie in the place I haue vn- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 27

dertaken; according to that talent of knowledge wherewith God hath inabled mee, [to] to giue some directions for the weaker sort of such Surgions, that they may the better be able to vndertake their charge, and also to vnderstand the true contents of their Chests, and profitably to practise as occasion shal require. And for their better furthe- rance and knowledge therein, I haue reduced the same into a methode, and therein deciphered the seuerall Instruments, and Medicines with their particular vses: which [p. IV] againe I humbly craue your Worship with a fauourable construction to accept of, as an vndoubted testimony of that dutifull respect which by particular obligation I am bound euer to acknowledge to so honourable a Patrone, to whom with my best inde- uours I shall remaine most deuoted, and euer rest

Your Worhips obliged seruant during life

I. W. Chirurgus. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

[p. V] T O T H E W O R S H I P F V L M. Christopher Frederick, M. John Ker- rell, M. Lewis Rogers, M. Iasper Aris, Masters and Gouvernours. T O Master R. Wood, M. Pecke, M. Mapes, and M. Fenton, ancient Masters.

To my fellow brethren of the clothing, or Liuery: And to all the rest of that worshipfull mysterie and fellowship of Barber- S V R G I O N S.

O R S H I P F V L L, reuerend, and beloued, he that hideth his sinnes from the Almighty indangereth his owne soule, and he that would hide his illi- terate weaknesse from the worlds unequall censure sheweth no discretion to lay himselfe open in print. In this worke I follow not the course of some wordly wise, that cary a wallet about their neckes with their neighbours faults before them, obseruing euery light 28 The Surgions Mate

digreßion in them; but as for their owne errors they [p. VI] are not once capable of them. But I on the contrary blaze forth my imperfections, confeßing them to the admonishment of others, and therefore claime from your grauer censures a pardon of course. It was the neceßity of my calling urged mee thus rashly on the suddaine to put my selfe forward, and in this weake manner to shew forth my homely extem- pore altogether undigested; my desires climbing not so heigh as to attempt any worke worthy your acceptance, neither will my education (as you know) afford it, for I esteeme my selfe amongst you but as a weake shrube or underwood, desirous to be shrou- ded from terrible blasts by great Cedars: If therefore by my iust and unfained acknowledgement my un- worthie labours may finde a fauourable passage, and be acceptable, I haue attained my desire with comfort. And so I take my leaue, wishing you all the fruition of unfained loue with perfect happinesse, externall, internall, and eternall. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

I. W.

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[p. VII] T O T H E B E N E V O- lent Reader.

Vrteous Reader, when I had entered into consideration with my selfe of my owne weaknesse and insufficiency, I became much discouraged from uttering the same to the worlds censure, knowing how many learned Artists this age affordeth of farr more excellent gifts then my selfe: yet waighing againe the sundry benefits might arise by such plaine helpes as this homely treatise affordeth to young practitioners, & the silence of my betters in undertaking the like, I imboldned my selfe thereunto in discharge of Christian duty to God and my Country, being appointed by the Honourable society of Merchants trading to the East Indies, to furnish with medicines, such Surgeons as they employed thither, amongst which number, though I must confesse I finde diuers learned and skilfull men farre beyond my selfe: yet againe, very many so weake and insufficient, as I cannot but lament their insufficiency to the great offence of God, and the danger of many mens liues. Wherefore in this regard I held it a charitable worke, howsoeuer the world taketh it, to instruct such young men as were imployed to the II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 29

East Indies the best I could, as well for Conscience sake, and for the comforts of their charge: namely for the safe [p. VIII] guard of the liues of such as should be imployed in those businesses; which I haue from time to time done by writing, and being wearied with writing for euery shippe the same instructions a new, I held it my best course to put them in print, which done, will serue for any that haue occasion of the like, till some of deeper iudgement write better. The compositions of the greater part of the following medicines are recited in the ordinary dispensatories, and concerning diuers particular medicines therein mentioned, not usuall amongst our Artists, though neyther new nor inuented by mee, I purpose, God willing, as soone as I can haue time to publish: also their true preparations & uses, hauing received some of them from learned Physitians, and expert Surgeons amongst my good friends heere and there as I could gather them, being things of their owne experience, and to me now confirmed by mine also. And if any one of my brethren doe finde himselfe not satisfied at this sodaine and undigested worke of mine, let him onely cease to censure it till he haue put forth somewhat of his owne. I am not ignorant that a sort of Carpers these times afford, who though of themselues they will spare no time from their pleasures or profits, to aduantage others, yet are they so sharpe of wit, and can so well dispute, and so wisely reason, that they can easily make Candida de nigris & de candentibus atra; their words being as O- racles to their owne applauders, in whose opinions they onely haue the keyes of Art at their girdles: but to any such I say as a learned Diuine lately said to the like. Cum tua non edas carpis mea Carmina, Lely, Carpere vel noli nostra vel ede tua. Sloth sits and censures what the industrious teach Foxes dispraise the grapes they cannot reach. [p. IX] Some have already accused me to haue lost time in writing of the cures of diuers diseases, farre better written of by others, which I cannot denie, yet say if each Surgeons mate had experience, with a library and iudgement to use it, my labour I confesse were idle, and to such as haue those helps, or that perfection I write not, and to that party I answer; if one wise man in former ages haue approoued another in writing both of one and the same subject, me thinks it is as easie for one foole in this age to winke at an others faults and weakenesses; especially such as haue neither wit nor will to write a better: and as for wise men, I know they will iudge like themselues. But who can satisfie a foole? and so I conclude with this following uerse:

Wems gliebt gefelt vnd nütz sein wirde Dem selbigen sey es preparirte 30 The Surgions Mate

Ver aber vnwill hat daruon Der behalt sein gelt avnd lasz es stan.

Ianuarie the 28.

J O H N W O O D A L L.

¶¶¶

[p. X] T H E OF F I C E A N D D V T Y OF T H E S V R - G I O N S M A T E.

aving an intent to set downe instructions for Surgions Mates, out of my loue to them, I thought it meete in a word or two to put them in minde also of their duties. The office and dutie of the Surgions Mate may (in my opinion) well be diuided into three parts, whereof the first concerneth his duty to God, who seeth not as men see, who is a searcher of the heart, and knoweth mans thoughts long before, whom if hee and I haue the grace to honour with our whole hearts, and feare, he will direct our waies aright. The second duty of the Surgions Mate, is, concerning the chiefe Surgion, who is his Mate, towards whom he must be carefull to behaue himselfe wisely, louingly, and diligently: in many respects hee is obliged to his Mate, as the wife is to her husband; for he ought to be to him in euery point ready to o- bey his reasonable will, I meane only in things concerning his calling, dutifull, diligent, willing, carefull, secret and louing, yea and to shew his loue euen in couering his Mates weaknesse: he ought also to be gentle, and kinde in speech, and actions towards all: pittifull to them that are diseased, and diligent in ministring to them such fitting remedies as he shall receiue, or be directed to giue them from his Mate, but none without his order, for that [p. XI] his Mates order is his discharge, or warrant what- euer happen, yet let him priuately lend his best aduice to his Mate, upon euery needful occasion kind- ly, submissiuely, & louingly, euer as vnder correction; for if comparisons or opposition take place twixt them, it is not onely dangerous to all the Company, but also a disgrace to themselues and a great scandall to their calling: for auoyding II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 31 which, it is iust that the younger obey the elder, & beware of the contrary lest it bee repented too late. S. P A V L adviseth seruants to obey froward Ma- sters84, so I aduise Surgions Mates to doe the like to froward Surgions, for it sheweth no excellent thing in a young man to please an honest quiet man but to liue in loue with an ambitions or otherwise a froward vicious man sheweth wisdome in the suf- ferer. I would not so stand vpon this point but that my experience hath knowne too much the great harm that hath insued by the dissention of the Sur- gion and his Mate in long voiages, the which with discretion and loue might haue beene preuented if but one of them both had beene wise. The Surgi- ons Mate ougth also daily to visite the Cabines of men, to see who hath any sickenesse or Imperfecti- on: also to haue ready against occasion Lint made, Plasters spread, Splints armed, Needles prepared, for stitching wounds, Rowlers and Boulsters, Dorssels, Tents, Buttons, Cappes, Pledgents, Tape, rowling Needles, and Thred prepared, and each other needfull thing for his calling readie in their conuenient places, placed against occasion be. Likewise his care must bee to keepe all the In- [p. XII] struments of the Chest, and of his owne box cleane from rusting, and to set his Lancets and Rasors as oft as neede is, it may be he will say to himselfe it is a base office belonging to meere Barbers and Grin- ders, I neuer gaue any minde to it, &. But let mee friendly tell the Surgions Mate, it is the credit of a young Artist to take a vaine smoothly and neate, as also to shaue well is praise worthy, wherfore I wish him to practise to doe it, and to be euer learning, for I assure him he shall neuer know halfe hee ought to know though he doe his best. Thirdly if he enter into consideration wherefore he goeth to Sea, and hazardeth his life, I suppose it is to gaine, or he is vnwise: if to gaine, the chiefe gaine he can intend being a Mate, is knowledge in his calling, then let him consider wisely how hee may best apply himselfe to effect such gains, namely by obseruing the whole passages of the diseased people, considering both when they began to bee sicke, as neere as he can, the causes thereof, what hath beene applied either inwardly or outwardly, what operation the medicine had, and so of euery diseased person, and euery medicine giuen, and to keepe a lornall in writing of the daily passages of

84see: The epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans, Chapter VI, 16: "Know ye not, that to whom ye yield yourselves servants to obey, his servants ye are to whom ye obey; whether of sin unto death, or of obedience unto righteousness?" 32 The Surgions Mate the voiage in that kinde, and that as well of the vn- successiue applications, as of the successiue, he shall finde great benefit in both: Likewise what alterati- ons of operations he findeth in each medicine, and what medicines keepe their force longest, & what perish soonest. Also what variety the climate causeth, of the Doses as well of the laxatiue as opiate Medicines. I heartily wish each Surgions Mate [p. XIII] were carefull in these points. Another good way for him to learne is, to read much, I meane in Chi- rurgery and Phisicke, and well to consider & beare in minde what he reades, thas as he hath neede of the helpe of his bookes hee may againe finde the thing he once read, it will turne much to his profit, for otherwise what vse hath a man of reading if he forget it presently? If a Surgions Mate spend his time wisely in the premises he may do good seruice to God, his Countrey, and himselfe, and the benefit will be his, namely Gods fauour, preferment and a good reputation in the world will bee gained therby, which will bring abundance of good things with it, which God grant for his mercy sake. And were it not that I haue intended this plaine treatise wholly to the Surgions Mate, I would in a word or two put the young sea Surgion himselfe in mind of his charge, by admonishing him of some errors too grosse, which I haue obserued to haue beene committed by some, that he might auoide the like in himselfe. The first error some young Surgions are possest with, from which infinite others grow, is the want of the seruice of God, the example wherof to their Mates is very infectious, and this bringeth with it a blaspheming the name of the Almighty, a generall deboist and base kinde of habite on them, ready for all vnprofitable, idle, and vnseemly actions, and vnapt for to prosecute any good thing, either in their callings, or otherwise: and if they seem to be anything, it is in boasting and braue phrases, cen- suring other in many things, but not feeling their [p. XIV] owne wretchednes at all. Being giuen and dedicated to the pot and Tobacco-pipe in such an unrea- sonable measure that therby they become in themselues base, despising vertue and commending vice. And to their Mates they shew themselues most vn- kind, keeping that little knowledge they haue from them, not instructing them at all in their Science, and holding them in more base subiection then their Masters euer did in their Apprentiships. And of a proud lasie disposition, commaunding them without due instructions, to doe the whole bu- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 33

sinesses when indeed themselues ought to put to their hands, euen to those parts of Surgery which they esteeme base; for the most lamentable diseases of poore men require the most care of the Surgion, as for example, the vlcerations & slidings downe of Ani or the Ars-gut, which some in disdai- ning to do their office of fomenting, comforting, & restoring thereof to the due place most inhumanely haue cut it off, when with as good a conscience they might haue cut their Patient his throate, and the same I say to him that is negligent, & suffereth such to perish in their infirmities, without doing his vtmost diligence. I could name some of the parties that haue so much disgraced themselues and the noble Science; but I will bee charitable, hoping they will amend. And conclude with an old Gram mer verse worthy the remembrance of all men:

Foelix quem faciunt aliena pericula cautum

Thine J. W.

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[p. XV] N O T E O F T H E P A R T I - cular Ingrediences due to the Surgeons Chest, and of other necessary Appendexes serving for Chirurgicall vses, whereof these next recited may be placed on the lidde of the Chest, if the Surgeon will haue it so.

34 The Surgions Mate

Forceps. Incision kniues. Spatule. Dismembring kniues. Probe. Catlings. Stitching quill and needles. Rasors. Lancet. Trapans. Burrae pipe. Leuatories. Leuatory. Head-Sawes. Vvula spoone, etc. Dismembring Sawes. ____ Dismembring Nippers. Cupping glasses. Mallet and Chizell. Brasse Bason. Speculum Oris. Bloud porringers. Speculum Oris with a Screw. Diet pot. Speculum Linguae. Skillet. Speculum Ani. Chafing-dish. Cautrizing Irons. Glister pot. Storks bills. Funnell. Rauens bills. Cups to giue potions in. Crowes bills. One board to spread plasters. Terebellum. Morter and Pestell. Incision shieres. Waights and scales. Probes or flamules. Sives. Spatulaes great and small. Searces. Spatulum Mondani. Strainers. Paces. Splints. Pullicans. Iuncks. For teeth Forcers or punches. Tape. Crowes bills. Towe. Flegmes. Spunges. Grauers. Clouts. Small files. Rowlers. One bundle of small German Instru- Gray paper. ments. White paper. Glister Sirings. Empty pots. Small Sirings. Glasses. Cathetor. Thred and needles. Waxe Lights. Waxe lights. [p. XVI] Lanthorne. These for the lidde of the Tinder-boxe furnished. Chest. Inke and Quilles. The rest that follow are not lesse 1 Close stoole. necessary then the former 1 Bed stoole and a brasse paile. for their particular v- Brickes to heat upon occasion. ses, namely. Pipkins. The Saluatory furnished with such Empty bags. Unguents as hereafter in their pla- Skins of Lether. ces are named. The Plaster boxe furnished with the The particulars of such Emplai- due instruments and medicines sters as are most common thereunto belonging. in vse by Sea Surgeons. The Instruments for the Plaster box are as followeth Emplastrum Sizers. Stipt: paracelsi. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 35

Diachilum cum gummis. Minthae. Diachilum simplex. Cardui sancti. Diachalcitheos. Theriacalis. Oxicrotium. Rosae Damaski. Mellilotum pro splene. Rosae Rub. Mellilotum simplex. Odoriferae. De Lapide Calaminari. Plantaginis. de Minio. Falopij Callidum or spiced plaster. Viridis. [p. XVII] Aqua fortis. Vnguents most in vse in the Sur- Ueriuice. geons Chest. Lotion. Liuium forte. Unguentum & Commune. Bazillicon. Acetum Rosarum. Apostolorum. Acetum Vini. Aureum. Spiritus Aegyptiacum Vini. Album Camphoratum Vitrioli. Diapompholigos Terebinthinae. Pectorale. Causticke liquid. Rosarum. ______Nutritum. Sal Populeon. Absinthij. De Melle & Sapo. Gemmae. Contra Ignem. Nitrae. Contra Scorbutum. ______Dialthea composita. Oleum Dialthea simplex. Rosarum. Potabile. Anethinum. Mercurij. Chamomeli. Linamentum arcei. Lumbricorum. Aragon. Liliorum. Martiatum. Hipericonis simplex. Axungiae porcinae Hipericonis cum gummis. Axungiae Cerui. Balmi Artificialis. Mel simplex. [p. XVIII] Sambucorum. Waters or liquors fitting the Sur- Ol. Lini. geons Chest. Ouorum. Laurini. Aqua Absinthij. Caelestis. Papaueris. D. Steuens. Petroleum. Rosa solis. Scorpionis. Cinamon. Amigdalarum dul. Limoniorum. Amigda: amarar: Rosemary. Balsami: naturalis. Sassafras. Anniseed. Chymicall Oyles Absinthij. Vitrioli. Mellissae. Sulphuris per campanum. Angelicae. 36 The Surgions Mate

Gariophilorum. Philonium romanum. Macis. Persicum. Philosophorum. Tarsensi. Annisae. Aurie Alexandrine. Terbinthinae. Succus. Iun[i]perri. Absinthae. Spicae. Acatie. Antimonij. Licorice. Succini. Limoni. Absinthij. Pulpa Tamarindarum. Origani. Pils Sirups. [p. XIX] Syrup[u]s Agaricum. Absinthij. Aureae. Limoniorum. Chochiae. Papaueris. De Euphorbio. Cinamomi. De Cambogia. Rosarum simplex. Ruffij. Solutium. Pulvis laxatus. Violarum Benedict Laxatiue. Oximell simplex. Arthreticus. Mel Rosarum. Trochiscus Diamorum. Absinthia. Raphanae siluest. Alhandall. Prunellorum. De Spodio. ______De Minio. Conserue Rosarum. Simples. Anthos. Foliorum senae. Berberorum. Rhabarbarae. Citoniorum. Agaricum. Luiulae. Scamoniae. Prunellorum. Aloes. ______Hermodactils. Electuariae. Polipodium. Diacatholicon. Dens Elephantis. Diaphenicon. Cornu cerui. Diaprunum. Euphorij. Conf. Hameck. Turbith. De succo Rosarum. Mirabulanorum. Diatrion piperion. Cambogia. Theriace Londini. Cassia fistulae. Conf. Alkermes. de Ouo. Certaine other Simples. Mithridatum damo. Crocus. The[riacae]: Andromace. Opium. The[riacae] Diatesseron. Chinae. ______Sarsaparillae. Opiats. Sassafras. Laudanum paracelsi. Guaiacum. Diascordium. Cortex guaiacae. Diacodion. Cortex granatorum. Licorice. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 37

Licorice. Sparmaceti. Hordia com: Sanguis Draconis. Hordia gallicae. Lupines. Semen anisae. Cantharides. Feniculi. Camphora. Carraway. Spodium. Cumini. Sumach. Petrocelini. Galls. Lini. Bolus verae. Fenigrece. Bolus communis. Anethae. Papaueris. Mineralls. Plantaginis. Antimonium or Stibium. Sem: quatuor frigide. Sulphur. Maioris. Alumen rochae. Minoris. Vitriolum commune. Saccarum. Vitriolum album. Amigdalarum. Cerusa venetiae. Vua passa. Lithargum aureum. Amillum. Viride aes. Tutia. Spices, viz. Sinamone. Baccae Macis. Juniperi. Piper. Lauri. Cloues. Ferni Nuces Muscati. Tritici. Fabarum. Gummes. Hordei. Guiace. Furfuris. Opoponax. Volatilis. Bdelium. Amoniacum. Herbes most fit to be Sagapenum. carried. Galbanum. Herbae. Myrrhe. Rosmarinus. [p. XX] Mentha. Masticke. Melilotum. Laudanum. Saluia. Storax calaminthae. Thimum. Liquida. Absinthium. Beniamen. Carduus benedictus. Tragagantum. Mellissa. Pix naualis. Sabina. Resina. Radices Succinum. Althea. Raphanae siluestres. Peritrum. Other needfull Simples of Angelica. diuers kindes. Consolida. Cera citrina. Calx uiua. Mummia. Album grecum. 38 The Surgions Mate

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[p. XXI] A n d f o r t h a t t h e S u r g i o n s M at t e by due consequent is to be Barber to the Ships Company, he ought not to be wanting of these following necessaries.

One Barbers case containing. Raisors. Sizers. Combes. Combe-brush. Eare picker. Mullets. Grauers. Flegmes. Paring kniues. Looking glasse. Also Aprons. Shaving linen. Water-pot. Sweet-water. Washing-bals. Hoanes. Whet-stones. Basons, and what else is necessarie to the Barbers profession.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: p. 001 C E R T A I N E B R E I F E [!] Remembrances touching the particular Instruments for the S V R G I O N S C H E S T, and the vses of the same.

And first of the vses of the Incision Knife. The vses of the incision knife are many: namely, to enter the cutis or skin vpon euery iust cause, wherein I aduise the Surgions Mate not to be too forward, Great care to be or too rash, but to take good aduise, had in Incision. namely, if the Patient may by any better way else receiue health, that the forbeare incision, if not, let him proceed in the name of God. But note well that this instrument is farre lesse vsed a- mongst discreet Artists of our time, then it was in former II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 39

Incision by ages, for it was euer accoustomed to be at hand for the ope- causticke medi- ning of any Aposteme superated, many of which now are cines. farre more conueniently done by causticke medicines: for in truth it is a grosse error in the Surgion, and painfull Tumors not to to the Patient ordinarily as some doe to open Tumors by be incised incision, and put tents into the orifice, by which occasion Euils attending in short time the Artist is inforced either to new incision, Tumors incised or to dilate the orifice with a spunge, or Elder or Gentian rootes, thereby also including the peccant matter within the apostemated part, which ought to haue continuall passage, whereas the causticke medicine saueth all that labor, [p. 002] with great honour to the Artist, and no small profit and conuenience to the diseased. But as touching small Apo- Apostemes in stemes in the mouth, throat and gummes, Incision is best: the mouth to be in which case I hold a fine launcet: is most comely, and incised rather much fitter then a larger incision knife: And note that in with a Lancet all incisions whatsoeuer to be made in any part of the bo- then with a knife dy, it behoueth the Surgion to regard if he incise deepe, that he doe it as neere as he can according to the length of Cautions in In- the Muscles; and also it is commendable in an Artist to cisions to be ob- bee very carefull to hide his sharpe instruments euer as serued. much as is possible from the sight of the Patient, for many reasons too long to recite. Only in conclusion note, that it is very fit and needfull for the Surgion to haue at the least two incision kniues, one greater, one lesse, and that Two incision he keepe them sharpe and cleane; but let them not be so kniues needfull. thinne grownde in the edge as the Rasor, for then they will deceiue the workeman, when hee hath most vse of them. Thus much at this time of the incision knife.

Of the dismembring knife, and of the Catlinge. Their use These two instruments are to be vsed in dismembring: as namely, they are to amputate, or to take of any offensiue member or part of mans body: I meane all the fleshie part, or whatsoeuer may bee incised euen to the The incision bone. And also in dismembring of the legge or arme be- knife required low the knee or elbow, you shall haue occasion to vse the in dismembring incision knife to cut a sunder betwixt the bones or else where, whatsoeuer the Catling or dismembring knife cannot come at by reason of their greatnes or vnfitnes; and then proceed to the sawe. To conclude, one of each kinde may serue for one Chest, so they bee sharpe and fitly grownd, and not too thinne edged. And they are both very needfull instruments to be at hand vpon all occasions in the Surgions Chest.

[p. 003] Of the Rasor. There needeth little to be spoken of the vse of this in- The vse of a strument, for that all men know well the vse thereof, Rasor. which is chiefly to shaue away haire where neede requireth: onely let me put the Surgions Mate in minde, that 40 The Surgions Mate

A Hoane and if he forget to take in his Chest a good hoane, as also a whetstone is good whetstone, he may easily lacke the necessary vse of very necessary. a good Rasor, when he hath most need of it at sea; yea though he carry 10 Rasors with him. In Germanie it is a Germaine Sur- principall proofe-peece of mastership in Surgery, for a gions praise- young man to take a base and ordinary knife, and to fit it worthy for Rasors to shaue a beard; and also to make a Launcet himselfe and Launcets. which will enter smoothly: and it is very great commen- dations in a young Artist to haue sharpe and cleane instru- Instruments kept ments of all sorts, and to keepe them so, and cheifely Ra- cleane is commendable sors and Launcets; and it is a great grace to a young Artist withall. to haue good Rasors and Launcets, and the contrary may doe great hurt. Wherefore I aduise each young Artist to be practising often which the worst of his kniues and Laun- cets, till he be able to make them seruiceable. Negligence But I finde that pride and slothfulnes hath taken such blame-worthy. hold of many young Artists, that they disdaine and neglect the meanest parts of their calling, as things of too base account for them, which indeed are as behouefull often-times as those which seeme of more consequent. I shall neuer for may part account him a fit Sea-Surgeon, which cannot or will not amend his Launcets and Rasors, which I hold to be an especiall credit to him, and no lesse advantage to his Patient. Thus much at this time of the vse of the Rasor.

Of the Trapan. The vse The Trapan is an instrument of great consequent, where there is iust occasion of the vse thereof: but it [p. 004] is seldome well vsed, and it onely attendeth the fractures of Cranium, and yet scarse one in ten haue iust occasion of the vse thereof. For we see daily many greeuous fractures healed without it, and many more would be if no such instrument were; since the perfect vse thereof is not euery mans worke, neither in euery fracture (as I haue said) needfull to vsed, because of many dangers attend- An aduertisement ing the vnskilfull or vntimely vse thereof. I aduise the whether the Trapan younger Surgeons to consider well afore they set the Tra- be necessary to pan, whether it may not be forborne: but if a fracture be vsed. happen in Cranium, with contusion and depression of both the tables thereof, so that by other conjoyned and apparent accidents, as want of some of the Senses, great vomiting with contraction of sinewes, convulsions, or the like iust reasons appeare, thou being forced to vse the Tra- pan, proceed warily as followeth. 1.If it be requisite First be sure the instrument of it selfe be good, and of obserue first the in- he best making, and that it be cleane from rust, and strument it selfe. perfect without faults; for those Trapans which are brought from Germany are not to be vsed, nor yet to be tolerated. 2. The place where Further of the place where it is to be vsed or placed vpon it is to be applyed. it is not alwaies directly where the blow lighted, but some- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 41

Great care required times a fracture is found a great distance of: wherefore in the vse of the in- this worke causeth no small discretion in the attempting strument. thereof. Your direction therefore, the skin being not broken, must be according to the apparent indication of the part, the due consideration of the complaint of the Pati- ent, together with your owne feeling with your fingers 3. The haire must well respected. The place therefore found where the be shaued of. fracture is, it then followeth that the haire must be first shaued away, or at least (which is not so good) cut close 4. Haue all medicines for a good distance about the greefe 4 fingers broad or in a readinesse. more, which done haue ready your medicines to binde up the wound againe, as namely your spunge, your ligature 5. Obserue the with hot water, and each other thing necessary for a dres- fluxe. sing fit, which in an other place I intend to set downe; [p.005] And if so be that the fluxe hinder not, wine and hony to foment the greeued part after the incision be made: It will doe well if it be in the ship to make also a restrictiue ready, namely of Bole with water and vineger, if an egge be not to be had; but an egge in the restrictiue will make it the better. And further if that the fluxe will not be stayed by an ordinary kinde of restrictiue, then take the stronger restrictiue powder which in due place is to be mentioned. And for present applications into the wound you haue good choice of two sorts, namely Oyle of Roses, and Mel Rosarum mixed warme, ot the Linamentum Arcei, which in speaking of wounds of the head, I will touch (God willing) more largely. 6. Care of the Patient in All things therefore in readinesse, and the Patient pla- dressing needfull. ced close and warme from the ayre, and hauing two ap- 7. Incision must be. pointed to stay his head, your incision is either to be made directly crosse, or in the forme of this Romane T: and when the cutis is diuided, together with membrana carnosa, 8. The Pericranium or fleshly membran, the Pericranium oder Panicle couering the remove. scull is also to be taken away, that the fractured part be bare, then set the Trapan thereon, namely the pin thereof is al- The setting of the waies to be set on the whole part of the Cranium, wherby the Trapan most part of the Trapan by consequent standeth on the whole bone, but so that almost halfe may stand on the fractured part of the bone. This being thus warily set, begin The boring with easily to turne about the instrument till all the teeth haue the Trapan. taken good hold round, then take vp your Trapan againe, and take out the pin in the midst, and set on the other part againe as before, boring and turning still till you haue bored through both Tables, which is easily to be felt by the borer: then gently take out the peece, which commonly commeth away in the middest of the instrument, not regarding that all the fractured part be bored out or be comming away: neither shall it alwaies be needfull that the depressed part be presently eleuated, except it may very Nature much helpeth safely and easily be done; for nature will admirably bring in this worke. to passe the eleuating & scaling of the rest of the fractured [p. 006] or depressed bone in due time, if thou follow onely a A caution in set- good method of applying comforting and conuenient 42 The Surgions Mate ting the Trapan. medicines to the wound, with apt Ligature. Neither striue in setting the Trapan, without good reason, to vse the greatest head of the Trapan, which hath commonly 3 or 4 heads: for if nature onely haue a breathing it will wonderfully helpe it selfe by purging the contused blood through the orifice, by way of matter or excrement. Many worthy Artists there are at this day liuing, which haue performed great cures in fractures of Cranium, and yet neuer knew the vse of this worthy instrument. I haue my A History selfe with a short caruing knife twise made as good shift as if I had had a Trapan ready, and thereby cured two dangerous fractures, by cutting as much of the Cranium away, as that the contused blood hat only vent. The Germane Surgeons vse no Trapan that euer I could see in my eight yeares liuing amongst them, though they both speake and write of it. But forasmuch as it is apparent, the worke Speciall skill of a Trapan is very good, I therfore would aduise a young required in the Artist to make some experience first vpon a Calues head, operation. or a sheepes head till he can well & easily take out a peece of the bone; so shall he the more safely doe it to a man without error when occasion is. Note. Note also that where a fracture is accompanied with a wound, it shall not be needfull to inlarge further then will serue to set the Trapan; for as too little breathing is dangerous, so too great wounds, making the Artist to be esteemed Butcher-like and hatefull, and is often also very dangerous and deadly. Note wherein Further note, the good successe of curing of frac- curation of fractures in Cranium, as also in all other fractures standeth tures consists. very much in good ligature and easie medicines, which I wish each young learner with diligence to practise. Thus much of the Trapan.

[p. 007] Of the Leuatorie. The vse. The Levatory is a necessary instrument to eleuate the depressed Cranium, in which worke, as I haue written Cautions to be in the former Chapter of the vse of the Trapan, I aduise observed. no young Artist to be too curious or hasty to force the depressed bone too much, where there is no euill symptoms; for adepressed bone will often times helpe it selfe, It is very ne- by rising and scaling admirably; and yet it is many times cessary. of very necessary vse, and a fit instrument in the Surgeons chest.

Of the Head-sawe. The Head sawe is an instrument with which a vent The vse. may be giuen sometimes through the Cranium, and thereby the vse of the Trapan may be happily forborne: & for that reason this instrument may haue a place in the Surgeons Chest; sometimes also a small ragged peece of the Cranium may so hang, that this instrument may bee Good beed re- vsed to sawe it away. But I wish young Artists not to bee II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 43 quired in Sawing. ouer-busie in sawing, plucking away, or raising the fractured Cranium, as is said, more then of meere necessitie they are vrged vnto, lest fearefull and soddaine accidents follow not to be auoyded nor stayed: If ought be meerely loose, and in sight, take that away; if not, forbeare to plucke much or force, for nature is exceeding beneficiall in eiecting vnnaturall things in that part, and very froward if thou vse force whilest shee is weake her selfe.

Of the dismembring Sawe. Instruments must This great and terrible instrument onely ordeined for be ready at hand, amputation or dismembring, is fitting to be alwaies and kept cleane. ready and cleane kept in the Surgeons Chest, with two blades therevnto, though one good blade well vsed will serue an Artist for his whole life: but forasmuch as it is [p. 008] only appointed, as is said, for the worke of dismembring, I referre the Reader to a subsequent Chapter of dismembring, where I haue at large recited the vse thereof, and hauing small leisure I will now haste to the next.

Of the Dismembring Nippers, and of the Mallet and Chizell for dismembring. These instruments hauing coherence with the precedent, namely the Sawe, are meerely invented, as the The use. former, for amputation chiefly, and are appointed to the fingers and toes, as thother is to the leggs and Armes. I neede say no more of them in this place, but that they are good necessaries vpon occasions in the Surgeons Chest No great neede of being kept well. Neuerthelesse in want of such at sea, the them. ship-Carpenter for a neede can alwaies furnish the Surge- on in a short warning, and therefore they may as well be forborne as any other I know in the Chest, if allowance grow scant.

Of the Speculum oris plaine. This Speculum oris ist that which taketh hold on the The vse. tongue and vnder the chin at once, and is very necessary to hold open the mouth for the better applying medicines to the throat: and this instrument is of no other This is very ne- use at all in the Surgeons Chest; yet because the worke is cessary. frequent at sea, there is much neede of such an instrument in the Surgeons Chest.

Of the Speculum oris with a screw. This Speculum serueth to screw open the mouth, which is often very needfull at Sea, as well in the cure of Frequent in vse and Lythargy and Scuruy, as in many other dangerous cases, very profitable and namely sometimes for the conveying nourishment into the mouth of the Patient: sometime also for the [p. 009] bringing in medicines of seuerall kindes too long to write of, wherefore it may not well be missing in the Surgeons 44 The Surgions Mate

chest.

Of the speculum linguae. This speculum linguae is a small instrument which may The forme of specu- be carried in a plaster box: It is formed like a splatter lum linguae. or spatula at one end, onely it is hollow and cut through, and the other being formed for scraping the tongue: and The use theref. is very fitting in feuers, and furring of the tongue, the broad is vsed to hold downe the tongue at such times as you desire, either to iniect any liquor into the throate, or to apply any other medicine to the mouth or throate, though some vse in place thereof a splatter, yet this instru- The commendation ment is farre steddier, better, and cleaner; and being of it. through hollow, as is said, the tongue is not apt to slip or slide from vnder it any way.

Of the speculum Ani. The speculum Ani declareth his vse by his name, belon- The Vse. ging only to ano or the fundament, to open the same as occasion shall be offered, vpon euery griefe or disease happening thereunto, and cannot well be forborne in Reasons for the the Surgeons chest. For if there happen into the orifice necessitie of it. of the fundament any excoriation or exulceration, then 1. can nothing better be brought to the greiued place, then by this speculum: neither can the greife be seene without it: 2. the manner of the opening of the fundament therewith needes not to be described. For I hold none so witlesse An aduertisement which cannot make vse thereof, when they once see but for the right vse of the instrument; and yet let not the young Artist be too the instrument. busie in vsing of this instrument without good reason. For if by iniection, without it he can cure the Patient it is much better so to do, and much easier to the Patient then to vse Note 1. the instrument. One principall reason is, the Patient hath 2. not alwaies power to helpe himselfe by giuing way to the [p. 010] safe vse of this instrument, for the Sphingtures or gathering muscles of the fundament will not of themselues without resistance be opened, but often will against the Patient his owne will make such vnexpected resistance that if the 3. Artist which delateth giue not back he may bruse the said muscles, and thereby make new worke: for it ought well 4. to be had in mind how dangerous it is to the life or health of the Patient to vse needlesse force in that part.

Of the cautrizing Irons. The auncient Chirurgeons of former ages vsed these instruments farre more then these in our times; but the necessarie vse of them in many cures is now forborne by reason the terror thereof to the Patient is great, yet the The Vse. vse of them is very needfull, as namely, to cauterize any veine or Arterie in strong fluxes of blood which cannot When & where otherwise be staied. And in the Epilepsie or falling sick- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 45 the vse is required. nesse they are often vsed with good successe: also they are good to make a funtanell or Issue in the hinder part of the head, or in the necke: or else where in the cure of the Le- thargie or Apoplexie, if vpon learned & good aduice there be held iust cause so to do. But they haue been vsed commonly of the ancient Surgeons of former ages for the o- pening of Apostumes. And surely they are far better in my iudgement for the good of the Patient in many Apo- stumes then the Launcet: and yet I confesse I make no vse of them my selfe in that kinde, because of the feare they The benefit of the put the Patient vnto, and for speech of people, who are instrument feare ready to scandalize an Artist vpon each light occasion. and scandall hindereth. These instruments haue likwise bin commonly vsed by the ancients in dismembring, namely to cauterize sometimes the whole end of the stumpe, and sometimes onely veines and arteries, and doubtlesse with good warrant they may yet be so vsed; but in that case they are wholly now forborne, for reasons aforesaid, and for that a more pleasant course is knowne both for the Patient and the Artist; yet I [p. 011] conclude it is very fit the Surgeons chest be furnished with diuers sorts of them, if the allowance of the Surgeon will admit it.

Of Storkes bills, Rauens bills, Croes bills, Goose bills, and the Terebellum. The Vse. These last recited instruments haue their seuerall vses, to draw out bullets, arrow heades, broken bones, or Care in their vse whatsoeuer else of vnnaturall things are gotten into any is to be had for part of man body. In the vse of each of them great care diuers reasons. and respect is to be had, not to vse extream violence on the suddaine to draw out the offending thing, for it is not alwaies necessary to drawe it foorth by the way of the first 1. wound, but perhaps it may with farre lesse danger bee 2. thrust quite through the member, and taken out on the other side. Sometime also the offending thing as a bullet 3. may be so fixed in a bone or otherwise betwixt bones, that it is farre better not to mooue it then to offend the part 4. where it is fixed or seated: sometimes also Nature will be- 5. ter cast it out then thou canst by arte deuise to do it, and 6. ouer forwardnesse doth often as much hurt as good. It happeneth also sometimes that the orifice of the wound is The drawing out of to be dilated, or inlarged to draw out a loose bone, or o- a loose bone. ther things. In such a case if it be meerely loose, it is best to take it out the first dressing; but if it bee loose at one end only and fast at the other, except thou without flux of blood or danger of the member canst remoue it, forbeare and giue nature leaue to do her office, and haue patience. For otherwise young Artists which are forward to teare, cut, and search too boldly, doe often that harme which is vnrecouerable. To conclude, since experience and reason God and man are to maketh an Arte, if thou haue reason be carefull to aske be sought vnto for counsell both of God and man, that thou maist answer thy 46 The Surgions Mate knowledge. deedes both here and in the world to come, for the subiect of thy Arte is the most precious of Gods creatures. Thus much for the vse of the aforesaid instruments at this time. [p. 012] Of incision sheires. There is in euery Arte or Science a due respect to obserue the hauing of some things for forme and order Incision sheires are sake, and if any instruments in the Surgeons chest may bee rather for forme then tearmed for forme sake to bee placed there, the Incision necessary vse. sheires are of that kinde, for they are generally desired, but scarce once in a mans life worth the vsage; for admit there The seldome vse of were an occasion to delate or inlarge a wound, it is farre the Instrument. better done with the incision knife, which iustly will obey the Artist his will without more or lesse doing then neede An Incision knife requireth: and this instrument is no way so iustly to bee will excuse the want limited, wherefore though I haue here nominated it I for- of the sheires. beare any perswasiue words to vrge the vse of it, but leaue the Artist to his will therein.

Of the use of Probes of seuerall sizes. Probes very needfull. The vse of a Probe can no way be forborne in the Sur- geons chest, for no chirurgicall worke is well and artificially effected without some occasion of the vse thereof The divers manner more or lesse, as namely, oftentimes it is to be armed with of their vse. dry soft lint to clense a wound: sometimes againe, as is a- 1. foresaid, armed with drie lint and dipped into some lotion, 2. oyle or liquor, therewith to mundifie corrode or heale the greife according to the due occasion thereof, and will of The ends of their use. the Artist: sometimes to inquire the depth of a wound, vlcer, or fistula, in which worke many times great wrong 1. is done by vnconscionable or ignorant Surgeons, to their 2. Patients by forcing to farre the Probe, thereby to make Great danger in the ill the greife appeare deeper, which I aduise young Surgeons vse of the Probe. to make a conscience of, for by such abuse the Patient is many times greatly indangered of his life. Further some The vse of a long Probe. vse the longer sort of Probes with eies like needles in wounds that penetrate through a member, yea some are so hardy they will put them through the Truncke of the [p. 013] body, the Patient being wounded through the body, all To draw the Probe which I hold to be very idle; for certainely it must be both through the body very painefull, fearefull to the Patient, and dangerous; wounded is euill. and the custome of such Arists is to drawe lawne or linnen cloth being put into the eye of the Probe or stamule as some tearme it, and dipped in some artificiall balme, they draw it so through the member, yea and some are so wise in their owne conceits that they leaue the said laune or linnen cloth in the wound from one dressing to an o- ther, which for my part I vtterly mislike; for I know in all wounds nature striueth to make vnition of the parts diuided, and who so keepeth a sunder the parts by such courses it shall repent him, except hee be gracelesse. My selfe Historie. haue had reasonable experience in piercing wounds both II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 47

throug the trunke of the body, and through the outward members, and haue euer contented my selfe, in putting in- to each orifice a short and easie tent, which I commonly make of emplastrum stipticum Paracelsi, or some other good plaster spread on a cloute and rouled gently tentwise and so applied dipped in Balme, the tent being but of halfe an inch or an inch long at the most: of which I neuer yet repented mee, except a broken bone be to come out, then I alter my intention according as the occasion inforceth, with other answering and methodicall courses due in healing, also obserued: which in their places as time will permit shall be touched God willing. No more at this time of the vse of Probes.

Of spatulaes great and small. Their vse. Splatulaes or splatters as they commonly tearme them are most needfull instruments to spread vnguent, and emplasters withall, and also to stirre about, and the better Spatters of wood to compound any medicine on the fire: and to this latter as well as of iron worke the Artist may make wooden splatters which will necessarie. be farre fitter and cleaner then those of Iron, and the Sur- geons chest cannot well be without both sorts, and variety [p. 014] will doe well, wherefore they cannot be forborne in the chest.

Spathula mundani. A new instrument. This instrument is newly deuised by my selfe, so serue vpon any occasion of extreme costiuenesse, which often happeneth to sea men, so that no purging medicine neither vpward nor downeward administred or taken will The Vse. worke, which my selfe haue more then once seen, in which case the fundament, with the speculum ani aforesaid, if occasion vrge, is to be opened, and the spoone end of this instrument put in and the hard excrements therewith drawne out, which in some bodies are so drie that they Costiuenesse may be poudered. This disease killeth many, and may by dangerous. the diligent Artist be easily cured as aforesaid. This recited instrument may bee easily forced into the fundament without the speculum ani to conduct it, being annointed or greased, and first warmed a little; this greife commeth now and then to men which haue the scuruie, and it often so inflameth, and excoriateth, yea and sometime purtrifi- eth the Arse-gut or Longanum, that the partie either dieth thereof, or the sharpe humidity proceeding by reason of the inflammation and excoriation thence mentioned maketh passage for the aforesaid hard excrement after which followeth a most extreame and painefull flux of bloud, which for the most part killeth them, and yet is it often seene, that the party being in time diligently attended (by Great care to be God his mercy) may haue comfort and remedy for once. had in the cure of These hard excrements taken away, the body returneth to the disease. the naturall former habit againe. &c. 48 The Surgions Mate

Pacis, Pullicans, Punches or forcers, Croes bills, stemes, Grauers and files for teeth. All these recited instruments, and each of them are needfull in the Surgeons chest, and cannot bee well The Vse forborne for the drawing of teeth, as also the clensing of [p. 015] the teeth and gummes, and the letting of the gums bloud are often no small things for keeping men in health at sea, and sometimes doe saue the liues of men both at sea and land: For we see that from an Apostume begunne vnder a rotten or hollow tooth for want of drawing of the same, sometimes proceedeth great swellings in the face, or in the Skill in drawing of teeth Amigdalls, and throate, and the party is suffocated and required. dieth: Likewise by vndiscreet drawing of a tooth either the iaw is broken, or some other bad accident is prouoked. Wherefore I hold none worthy to go for a Surgeons Mate to sea, who is ignorant of tooth drawing; and I esteeme him an vnworthy Surgeon how high soeuer hee beares his head, that can draw a tooth well, and will vpon neede at sea scorne or deny to do it. The manner how to For drawing of teeth the true manner is, first well to di- draw a tooth aright. uide the Gumme from the tooth, in which worke if you be wary you neede not launch or cut the gumme at all, but onely with the round sharpe pointed end of the phleme to The vse of a Phleme. compasse the tooth close, pearcing by little and little still somewhat deeper, but euer keeping round and close to the tooth till you feele your phleme be as low as the iaw bone, in which time you may be; then consider well what kinde of instrument you will take to draw it, and if it bee the furthest tooth of the iaw either aboue or below, or that The vse of the it be a stumpe, except it bee of the foremost teeth, the pul- Pullican. licans are the fittest instruments to draw with; if it bee any other of the great grinders, and that there bee reasonable hold on the inner side, be it on the vpper or lower iaw it is The vse of the Pacis. best done with the pacis; but you must be wary you draw not a large tooth with a narrow pacis, for so you hazard the breaking thereof; wherefore two sorts of pacis at least are needfull in a chest, and the like of pullicans and punches or forcers, for you must fit a large tooth with a large instru- The vse of the Forcers ment. Concerning the foremost teeth and the eye teeth and Punches. they are safest done with the forcers, or punch, prouided that they be vpon the vpper iaw, and for them of the lower iaw being strong, with narrow pacis. Note further that as [p. 016] well the eye teeth as also the foreteeth are very apt to breake in drawing, for that they allway are deepe, where- Respect in placing fore there is great care to bee had in the placing your in- the Instrument to be strument of what sort soeuer it be, and you must in raising had. the tooth be very carefull for feare of breaking the same, or of offending the iaw. Wherefore for one generall rule How to place this ere you draw a tooth, forget not to thrust downe your in- instrument. strument as low as you can possiblie towards the roote of 1. the tooth, and that you gripe it steady and fast, that as you II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 49

seeme somewhat to wrench your hand, that you may 2. more intend to plucke the tooth vpward according to the situation of the tooth, for sauing the iaw. Also when 3. your instrument hath hold on the one side of the iaw, you must with your other hand take hold and stay the iaw. Be- ware also you bee not too suddaine or rash in raising or 4. drawing the tooth, but that you feele as it were the forme of the situation thereof in your plucking out of the same; for some great teeth, being farre wider in the lower end then else where, if you bee too rash in raising them from their place, you are sure either to breake them or to damni- fie the iaw bone. And in trueth, in that I haue often won- dered at the goodnes of God when I haue viewed a tooth Gods mercy in working with three large stradling rootes or fangs, forced out at a that which arte round narrow hole, which fanges are no way flexible, so cannot. that it must follow of necessitie the iaw bone hath opened it selfe (though by force) to let them out, and yet without harme to the Patient, or helpe of Arte, closed againe, and The mettall of the in three daies perfectly whole. Concerning the metall Instruments ought your instrument ought to be made of, the forcers or pun- to be respected. ches are best to be made of the hardest steele; the pacis and pullicans of steele softened that they may not pinch too A reason drawne sharpe. My selfe haue to my paine proued experience in from experience. my owne head twice, namely the harme of steeled hard paces: which pinched off the heads of two of my owne What fit to bee done teeth, and left the rootes behinde, which maketh me the after the teeth be more to commiserate others in that behalfe. After the draw- drawne. ing of teeth some put vineger, and some put other liquors [p. 17] into the mouth, but vineger I vtterly mislike: I neuer vse other thing but salt betwixt my fingers thrust into the place where the tooth stood, and then with my fingers close againe the gumme easily together. For in my opinion vineger is hurtfull in such a case; but if sometimes the party be not in ease presently, then I vse to heat a little of my ordinary lotion and giue it the party to keepe hote in his or her mouth, holding it on that side where the griefe is, which for the most part bringeth present ease. The vse of the Crowes Concerning the Crowes bills, they are only vsed to take bils. hold of any snagg of a tooth or bone loose in the iawe, or else where in the body where occasion may vrge. An other vse of Phlemes haue not only their vses in teeth drawing, but Phlemes. also to launch & cut the Gummes to let them bloud, or to cut oftentimes the superfluous flesh of the gummes away, it being too ranke, as in cases of the scuruy, the cure whereof (God willing) shall in another place be spoken of. The vse of Grauers. And for Grauers they are vsed to take scales of, a hard substance which vse to fix themselues to the teeth, causing them to become loose and stinke, or be blacke in the mouth, or to help to scrape or clense a bone in any other part of the body, as iust occasion is offered. The vse of The small Files are vsed either to file a small snagg of a Files. tooth, which offendeth the tongue or lipps, or to abate any end of a bone else-where in the body which is fra- 50 The Surgions Mate

ctured.

One Bundle of small Instruments vsually brought from Ger- manie conteyning diuers kindes, as Mulletts, For- ceps, Hamules or Hookes, Eare-pickers, Sikes, Small spatulas, etc.

Forasmuch as the vnexpected casualties that happneth to a man are innumerable, I see not how the Surgeon can by his wit deuise instruments or remedies for all. The vse of the Germaine Wherefore for that a heare or a mote in the eye, a stone instruments. in the eare or nostrels, a pin or a bone in the throat, a spill [p. 018] in the finger, and diuers like casualties vnfortunately happen on the sodaine, it is very necessary for the Surgeon to be furnished with such like needfull instruments, as are commonly conteyned in the Bundle mentioned: for this Bundle conteyneth at the least 20 small instruments of strange formes, at first deuised no doubt by learned and diligent Artists, and doe well garnish and set out the Surgeons Chest, and are many waies very needfull for any the occasions mentioned.

Of the large Siringe conteyning one wine pinte, commonly called the Glister Siringe. This worthy and well deuised instrument so needfull in the Surgeons Chest, I wish each Surgeons Mate were perfect in the vse thereof: for it is so necessary The necessitie of and so comfortable an instrument to him that hath neede this Seringe. thereof, and so ready, neat, and easie for the workeman, as surely no instrument in the Surgeons Chest in my opinion is like to it: for there are two principall and capitall euills which chiefly hasten the ends of many of our louing Countreymen at Sea; not onely in the East Indies, but The vse thereof. also in all hote Countries: the first and principall is extreame loosenesse and weaknesse of the stomach, and interalls causing a flux of the belly; the other is extreame costiuenesse, in both which this instrument is most necessary: prouide therefore that you bee sure to haue one at hand, and that it be alwaies ready: also that you haue se- The manner of uerall pipes thereto; that you arme it well with good keeping the towe; that when you haue vsed it you wipe it cleane, and Seringe. hange it vp in your Cabin in two parts being drawne out, namely the staffe and the barrell ech by it selfe, for if it bee kept close it will be mustie and the towe rotten. There is More pipes then one also to be had in readinesse a crooked necke much like an with a crooked elbow, belonging to the same instrument, that how croo- necke needfull ked soeuer the Patient lye, the medicine may be administred to him: & therewith also any man may giue himself [p. 019] a Glister very easily without the helpe of another. Necessary rules. The principall things to be obserued in fitting the in- 1. First of the towe strument is that the towe, within the staffe mentioned, be in the seringe. euen and full and close put on, that no drop of liquor can II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 51

come out behinde at the staffe end, which is as easie to do as in a smal Sirring. And you must also haue a glyster 2. Of the glyster pot. pot of pewter, but one of brasse were better for feare of melting. Your glyster pot should be made with a snout or lipp, and containing one pinte and a halfe, the better to deliuer in the liquor at the narrow hole of the siring without a funnell. When you would put in your medicine, 3. Of putting in the you must draw downe your staffe as low as you can, that glister into the there may be the whole roome to containe the substance seringe. which you haue ready, namely your Glyster, which put in, haue ready a corke to stop the hole you put it in by: then 4. Of stopping the may you lay downe your instrument till you be ready to seringe filled. vse it. There is no other thing in the deliuering it into 5. Put on the Pipe. the body to be observed, saue that you put on the pipe: annoint the end of it with some fat thing; or dip it into 6. Anoint it with oyle the oyle swimming in the siring. And when you are rea- or Axungia. dy, hauing some towe about the head of the said pipe, 7. Put towe about the wringing it hard in, and thrust it to the head, laying the pipe. firing in an euen position if it may be, and then put it from 8. Concerning the you till all be in the gut: then let the party turne himselfe deliuery of the glister on his backe, forcing himselfe by all possible meanes to into the body. reteine the medicine giuen him for one howre if he can. Sometimes also it falleth out that by meanes of the hard- Excrement some- nesse of the excrement in the gutt, the holes of the sirring times stoppeth the pipe is like to be choaked and hindered from the deliue- passage ring of the medicine; in such a case the said excrement being onely clammie and not fully hardned, put vpon the end of your siring pipe that first entreth the gutt ouer the Note. holes of the saue ----- a thin oily clout that may couer all the holes, & so put it in clout & all, thrusting the same vp to the head or thick part of the pipe; then a very little as it were draw backe your hand, & deliuer your glyster with some reasonable good force, thrusting the pipe in the [p. 020] deliuery close vp to the body that nothing come backe, the siring being drawne out let it be washed, wiped, and drawne out of the barrell, as I haue said, and so in two parts hung vp to be ready for the next occasion. But if you finde such resistance in the gutt that your medicine The vse of Spathula by the aforesaid meanes will not enter, then with the afore Munda[na] required if mentioned Spatulum mundani draw out part of the hard the glister cannot excrements which hinder, and then proceed as beforesaid haue passage. to giue a Glyster. Moreouer many are so weake and vn- What to be done if fit to hold in their bodies any such medicine, except you the body through with some towe, clout, or the like, will hold it in they can weaknes cannot take no benefit by a Glyster: wherefore in such a case you keepe the glister. must be full of humanitie and christian commiseration, not to be fine fingered, squeamish, or disdainefull, but consider your brother by your selfe. Concerning the substance of a Glyster, the quantitie to be giuen, and other necessary obseruations of that kinde in the Chapters of the cure of the Flixe and Scuruie I haue written to which place I referre the well disposed Surgeons Mate: and looke what for breuities sake I haue omitted, the young 52 The Surgions Mate

practitioner must as I haue done before him, either by reading, inquiring, or practising, and sometimes euen by erring finde it out: and if he know more then my selfe, thank God for it, and let him impart some to others, and not scorne this; for to such I write it not, but to the young and willing learner. Some may maruaile I multiply so many words concerning the Glyster sering, and forget to This Seringe is mention the Glyster bagg and pipe, so good and auncient preferred before a worke, and so long in vse before the other. To which I the glister bag answer; this worke is cleanlier for the Surgeon, easier for and pipe. the Patient, and may bee deliuered with greater or lesser force, as the Artist please; and this instrument will last, when the other will stinke und putrifie: and yet I deny not the other to be good, but not to be trusted to at Sea. Thus much of the Glyster Sirring. [p. 021] Of the small Siringe. It might seeme a thing vaine to mention instructions herein: for what Barbers boy is not practised in the vse of the small Siringe? Truely few, and yet many Masters to my knowledge erre gossely in the true vses thereof diuers waies, all which were friuolous in these briefe notes Instruction, for the to touch. First therfore obserue that when you vse a siring, vse of the small let it be cleane; that it be smooth at the end for gauling; Seringe. that it be euen armed with towe; that it go not by iumps 1. nor too stiffe; and that you carry a steedy & euen hand in 2. deliuering it, & force it not ouer strongly, except vpon 3. great reason. And if the griefe be in the passage of the yard, 4. as in case of Gonoree often times there is excoriations, then 5. in the putting in the siringe it is needfull to rest thy armes 6. in the deliuery thereof on the Patients his thighes, hee How to vse this Seringe sitting somewhat high, or standing bowing forwards, and in the yard. striue not to fill the siringe too full at once, for then thou 1. canst not easily and steedily reach it to deliuer it: and the 2. first time thou presentest it thou maiest if thou please 3. make short worke, and deliuer it betwixt glans and prepu- How to deliuer tium, that is twixt the skin and the head of the yard, hold- an Iniection. ing the forepart of the preputium close together, if it may be held together, which serueth only to wash without the 4. passage. The second time deliuer into the passage so farre as well thou canst reach, namely to the end of the pipe, if without great paine thou canst effect it, resting thy armes, as is said, and holding with the one hand the yard as it were in the middest thereof, or behinde the former part of the pipe of the siringe, namely, not meerely to the head of the yard, not strayning nor pressing that hand too hard onely that the water iniected may be kept in, for by that holding of the left hand close, the water being artificially put in will come to the necke of the bladder; which done, 5. keepe it so in till thy siringe being drawne out, can be filled once againe, and deliuer it as the other was, without remouing the hand that holdeth, and that second time the wa- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 53

[p. 022] ter will come into the bladder; and obseruing duely this forme of iniection, thou shalt cast in as much water as thou please into the bladder without paine, with onely an ordi- Errors in iniecting nary siringe: whereas casting it in and holding the prepu- manifested. tium close as is vsuall, assure thy selfe the water will neuer come at the necke of the bladder, nor further then the 1. pipe is put in; whereas often the defect is in the necke of the bladder, and thy medicine commeth not there. Also 2. let not thy medicine be too hott which thou iniectest, for 3. that is dangerous, and cold is also bad, so hot as pisse is the true temper, or a little warmer. Beware also of Mercu- 4. riall lotions, I meane any which haue Mercurie Sublimate Mercuriall iniections Precipitat or otherwise prepared in them, for though they to be reiected. haue good qualities, yet they are vpon my knowledge and experience dangerous, vsed by way of iniection into The euills the the yard, for they will vtterly alter and ouerthrow the na- cause. turall faculty of the yard, and will offend the erection of Virga, and so calcine the same that it shall become impo- tent to his naturall worke; I know it, and yet they may be with good successe vsed in curing malignant ulcers twixt Glans & praeputium, or else-where vpon the yard, as the daily vse of them declareth. Concerning Lotions or Inie- ctions they shall in an other place be mentioned, God willing. Also concerning the generall vses of the siringe, they are not alone limited to Virga or the yard, nor to ve- Iniections not proper neriall causes onely, but they are also of especiall good vse onely to the yard. in wounds, vlcers, & fistulaes; as also for greefes in the mouth and throat, and may not therefore be omitted in The necessitie the Surgions Chest: wherefore I aduise at the least two of the seringe. if not three, with ech three pipes, to be ready in the Chest vpon any occasion.

Of the Cathetor, with also the waxe lights to search the conduit of the bladder.

The Cathetor may well bee numbered one amongst the needfull instruments in the Surgeons Chest, for [p. 023] if obstructions happen, either in the passage of the vrine The vse. or necke of the bladder through slime, gravell, the stone, or like accident which by the artificiall vse of a siring cannot be remoued, then is this needfull instrument to bee vsed, as also to make search for the stone in the bladder. How to vse it If therefore there be occasion to vse it put it in gently as first instruction. followeth, namely, with the crooked or dependent part thereof downeward so farre as it will be put in, being first 2. annointed with a littel oyle of almonds or some fresh grease or oyle for want of the first rehearsed, and being put in as 3. farre as you can without much force, then feele by the roote of the yard neere the fundament with thy fore fin- 4. ger annointed with butter or oyle, or the middle finger of thy other hand where the end of the Cathetor resteth or beareth out, then put in the Cathetor yet further towards 54 The Surgions Mate

the fundament pressing or bearing downe, as it were, a little the lower part of the said instrument with thy vpper 5. hand which staieth the cathetor, then together with the help of the lower finger of the other hand turne the cathetor vpwards, putting it also withall forward a little and it 6. will slip into the blader, then draw out the inner wier and the vrine will come forth, keeping the instrument gently and carefully within the blader till all be runne out that gently will come out without force. Moreouer you may 7. by putting in the first or longest finger into ano or the fundament, the cathetor being in the blader, and the water drawne out, feele easily if any stone bee in the blader, the party grieued standing and bending his body likewise forward.

Of the searching candle. The searching candle is chiefly to be vsed when there is The Vse. a carunkell or vlceration in the necke of the blader or passage of the vrine, and then it is vsed both to find out the place where the said griefe is, and also to bring apt medicines to the place agrieued; but that worke requireth good [p. 024] deliberation well to effect it: for a good workeman may easily erre herein except he take good regard. Wherefore The right end of the when by the candle you haue found the place certaine of candle is to finde cut the griefe with, is commonly found by the stoppes or the grieued place, and staies which the said candle findeth in the passage, which right passage thereunto. found, obserue the iust length to the further end of the said stop or place agrieued, and there if you marke your candle well, you shall by the same perceiue the full length and breath of the disease, then vpon the said light or can- The time when the dle fasten your medicine which you intend to heale the medicine is to be griefe, with; as namely if the disease be a kinde of spungie applied. flesh as often it is, a little burnt aluminis vsti, or vitriolum vsti will be fitting medicines, or what else you know best The right manner for such occasions, and print it according to the depressed of applying medicines. part of the waxe into the waxe candle, and conueigh it warily to the place, and let the waxe light remaine for a short time in the yard, then hauing a care you keepe it not till the waxe melt too much draw it out, and doe so againe, and alter your medicine vpon the searching candle as you see cause, and forget not to vse good iniections also, which helpe much. Thus much for this time concerning the cathetor and searching candles. These former recited instruments may be placed on the chest lid except the glister pot, their necessarie vses being briefly touched, it rests now to speake next of certaine o- ther chirurgicall Instruments and necessaries pertaining to chirurgery. ______

II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 55

The Saluatorie and the necessarie appurtenances.

Six diuers Vnguents The Saluatory if it containe vj. seuerall vnguents it is at the least in a sal- sufficient for any present vse, so that they be such as are uatory requisite. found and good, and most in common vse: such are

[p. 025] Unguentum Basillicon. Apostolorum. Linament of Arceus. Aureum. Diapompholigos. Dialtheae. Eight roomes in But if the Saluatorie haue eight roomes, then two more as a Saluatorie not necessarie as the former may be added, as namely unguen- amisse. tum Populeon, and unguentum Album; concerning the seuerall vses of these vnguents in their places somewhat shall be spoken of, God willing.

Of the Plaster Box and what belongeth thereto and first of the Emplasters. The Plaster boxe ought to containe at the least three kindes of seuerall Emplasters as namely, Emplastrum What Emplasters Stipticum Paracelsi. the Plaster box will Diachalcitheus. haue at all time De lapide calaminari. readie. for want of Diacalsithios Emplast. De minio may serue. The vses of the Instruments due to the Plaster box follow next and are these. Sizers. Forceps. Spatulae. Probes. Stitching needles and quill. Lancet. Burras pipe. Leuatory. Vuula spoone. There belongeth to the Surgeons Mate a carefull and especiall respect to be had concerning Sizers, namely, that hee haue at the least two paire of good sizers for to cut haire, that they be well ground, and kept cleane; as also in his Plaster box one paire, and that they be at all times kept [p. 026] well. The manner of vsing them were lost labour to bee Surgeons ignorant of taught any Surgeons Mate, for if he be therein vnskilfull the true vse and keeping he is vnworthy of his place. Wherefore I onely recite Sizers and Plaster box them for remembrance sake, and likewise for order, hau- vnworthy name and ing spoken somewhat of the seuerall vses of each one of place. the former recited instruments.

Of the Forceps. 56 The Surgions Mate

The Vse. The Forceps are onely to be vsed to take off medicines from diseases, or sometimes to take out a spill, a haire, or a loose bone, or else ought which is offensiue, from a wound, or to draw out ought that may by chance come in- to the eare, nostrills, the mouth, or throte, to the danger of the Patient. Wherefore it is an instrument of continuall vse, and hath many offices in Chirurgerie.

Spatulaes. The vse or abuse of the spatula, as it hath his office to take out an vnguent & spread it on lint, can do no offence to the Patient greatly. Wherefore I will pretermit to loose time in declaring ought thereof.

Of the Probe. The Probe hath already beene mentioned in an other The Vse. place; but the small Probe being a necessarie, meerely belonging to the plaster box, serueth not onely for the a- foresaid vses, but also to clense wounds, vlcers, fistulaes &c. and is a very necessary instrument which cannot well bee The abuse of this missed: but there is much abuse of this instrument often, instrument. by making probation (as the phrase is) for some to shewe a wound deepe, hauing gotten once within the cutis, will Note. by thrusting it, sometimes twixt the coates of the muskels, sometimes otherwise deceitfully will either indanger the party thereby, occasioning euill accidents to follow, or [p. 027] sometimes breake the coate of a vaine or artery, to the o- uerthrow of the Patient, or his great hazard.

Of the stitching quill, and stitching needles. The stitching quill, & stitching needles haue their due place in the plaster box; wherefore, that they may be How many needles the more ready on the suddaine as occasion is offered, for- needfull. get not to haue at the least three ready needles well armed and pointed of seuerall sizes, I meane threded with strong Of what sizes. coulored silke well waxed, and when you stitch beware you draw not the orifice awry, oblique or deformed, but Instructions for that you haue great respect to the true beauty and former stitching. comelinesse of the wounded part, neither let your stitches 1. be too neere one an other, neither tie your silke too close, 2. which will occasion the stitches to breake before their 3. time, for Nature will not be forced. Also when you would 4. stitch a wound let the hole of your stitching quill not bee forgotten to be set to the one side of the lippes or sides of the wound which you intend to pierce, so that it may giue 5. a stay to the part when it is to be pierced through with the needle, and it must be iust so placed that the needle piercing through the wound, may also come within the said hole, which drawne through, take away your quill, and set 6. it so to the other side. Sometimes also it happeneth in stitching the lippes, or the sides of the wound lie so neere II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 57

each to the other that both sides may at one time be taken vp without drawing out the needle at all, in such a case the stitching quill mentioned is not to be remoued from the first place. A double colored silke is the best to stitch with, being waxed, next that thrid will serue. It is also conuenient to waxe the thrid or silke, or to vse some emplaster to rubbe it with in place of waxe. Note also that rowling needles be put into the said stitching quill to be ready: also thred to sow rowled together for making the readier and conuenienter ligature in wounds, and vlcers as occasion is. There is also a forme of drie stitching of new woundes [p. 028] which at this time I omit for breuities sake. Thus much of the stitching quill and stitching needles.

Of the Lancet. Although at the first it might bee imagined that little were to be spoken to the Surgeons Mate concerning the Lancet, for without question each Surgeons Mate knoweth a Lancet as well as my selfe, yet when I consider the weaknesse of young men concerning the true vse, and the abuses of the same, and that I call to minde how many good men daily hazard, if not loose their liues by the vndiscreet vse thereof; I am at a pause with my selfe to consider in these few lines I haue to writte, what I might say Instructions concerning for to furnish the Surgeons Mate with best and needfullest the Lancet. admonitions in fewest words. First therefore mee thinkes it is not amisse to aduise him, that he cary with him at the 1. least sixe of the best sort, besides sixe more common ones, 2. for an East Indie voiage: that he oile them, or annoint them with Axungie, and so wrappe them in oyly cloutes, that 3. they rust not. And that hee onely bring foorth into the aire one at once. Also that hee haue ready conuenient Concerning bloud bands to tie the arme, a band made of wosted gartering is letting necessary admo- the best, or of a strong fine list; for all bands made of silke nitions, first or linnen will slide backe. Let him remember also that he 2. tie not two knots vpon the band for that requireth too much trouble in giuing the vaine vent; if hee vse a wollen band one sliding boe-knot will serue, which is easie to bee loosned, or fastned where you would cause it to bleede bet- 3. ter or lesse. Note also that the band bee turned twice a- bout the arme ere you tie it: also that this knot lie a loft 4. on the toppe of the arme and on the outside of the elbow, and not too neere the ioynt or the place where the vaine 5. is to be opened. That he neuer open a vaine but first hee haue ready a band and boulster to make it vp againe. That Of the Lancet points his Lancets be not too spere pointed, I meane small pointed, for the broadest pointed Lancets make the best work. [p. 029] Likewise that the orifice be large not deepe, yet not over- Of the vaine opened. large, for it is ouerlarge when the bloud tumbleth out without a streame, for that spendeth too much the spirits, and it is also too narrow when the streame is small, and Of faintnesse in bloud- that the vaine is puffed vp with winde. Note also that if 58 The Surgions Mate letting with a remedy. your Patient incline to faintnesse, or sounding, you cause him betimes to thrust his longest finger of the other hand into his throte, and a little prouoke himselfe to casting, it helpeth presently, and let him reiterate the same worke if Of sounding in bloud- occasion be. But if hee chance on the suddaine, as oft it letting the remedie happeneth, to bee gone in a sound, beware you lay him approued not on his backe with his head too low, being in a sound as some do, for so you may chance to loose him. I haue seen the like once done by an ignorant bloud-letter. Where- fore remember it, but rather bend him with one arme forwards, and with your other hand stoppe very close his mouth and nostrills, and in very short time you shall per- ceive winde to come, and it will gather to his mouth, and he will striue for breath, then let go your hand, and all is well; and as often as he fainteth doe so, this is a safe course which with good successe I haue vsed from my youth to this day. The quantitie of blood Further note that at sea, especially where fresh food of to bee taken away good nourishment is not at hand, it is good to be sparing at sea. in the quantitie of blood to be taken away, and rather often take bloud away, then too much at once, except bloud a- bound too much which is not easily iudged by euery Remedies for idlenesse young Artist. For sometime the party is idle headed by in the head through distemper of the bloud, which by cooling broths and iulips distemperature of ought rather to be tempered, prouiding also, that he haue bloud. the benefit of Nature, I meane a loose body, or be prouoked thereto by Arte, and by this meanes rather seeke to Phlebotomie not cure, then by rash Phlebotomy, for you must consider that alwaies to be vsed. in the bloud consisteth the life of man, wherefore bee not rash in that worke, and as is said, hold euer this rule, that Obserue well. if the Patient neither on the day thou wouldest open a vaine, nor on the day before haue had a stoole, that thou [p. 030] attempt not to let him bloud before first hee haue had one stoole procured him at that least if not more, which is soonest and safest done by a suppository, the next safest & Of the veines to better way is by a glister. The vaines commonly opened be opened. are sixe in number, namely, one in the forehead, one vnder the tongue, 3 in the arme, and one in the foote: The three in the arme are most in vse, whose names are Cepha- lica the vppermost, or head vaine, so called of the Greeke word cephalus which signifieth a head, and is commonly opened in all griefes of the head where it can be taken, in want where of it is almost as good to take the middle vaine. The next is the median or the middle vaine, it is the second principall vaine which is generally taken as indifferent for the whole body. The third is the Basillica or the liuer vaine, being the lowest in the arme, and mor respecteth the liuer then the A speciall observation two former. But hold this generall rule, that if thou in- concerning the liuer tend the opening a vaine to helpe the liuer, and that the vaine. liuer vaine will not bee well taken, then take the median vaine, for thou must know that all vaines haue their origi- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 59

nall in the liuer, for some armes haue but one faire vaine appearing, then it followeth of necessitie thou must take that, for many learned Phisitions are of opinion that the fullest vaine in the arme is best and fittest to be taken generally, except some speciall cause alter their minds: for their words are often quae maius turget maius urget, which may be englished, the vaine which sheweth most, is most faulty. Causes of bloud- The vaine in the forehead is also often taken for paines letting in the in the head, as rumes, distillations of humors, and the forehead. like. The vaines vnder the tongue in the squinancie or angine, Vnder the tongue. inflammations and swellings of the Amigdalls of the throte, or of the roote of the tongue, the liuer vaine called saphane In the Saphane chiefly is taken for womens sicknesses, not seene at Sea, vaine. though some necessarie occasions chance of the taking thereof in men at sea, for diuerting and sometime for cu- [p. 031] ring of some especiall diseases, which for breuity hauing spent my limited time I omit. - Incision Knife. This instrument is mentioned in the beginning of the vses of instruments vnder the title Incision Knife.

The Burras Pipe. From whence it had This Instrument thus named doubtlesse was by a his originall. Surgeon borrowed at the first from some Gold or Siluer-smith, and neuer paid him againe; for the Goldsmiths vse it daily, and cannot performe their workes The vse of the Burras without a Burras pipe, but the Surgeons make other vse pipe. thereof, namely for the most part to reteyne coroding powders in, as Vitrioll, burnt Allom praecipitate, and such other causticke medicines, which well vsed performe very The danger of the much in healing; so also their abuse bringeth shame to the abuse of it. Artist, and often vnrecouerable damage to the Patient. For it is common with many Artists in the healing of new An error in healing wounds to mixe praecipitate either with a digestiue Vnguent, a new wound or with Basillicon, and laid on tents, Dorsell, or plegents ac- obserued. cording to the forme of the wound, and to put it in, as they say, either to inlarge the wound, or to help digestion, to take away proud flesh, to mundifie, and the like; and if not praecipitate, then must they be busie with Vitrioll or Allom burned, or with some causticke medicine in that kinde. But I would aduise the Surgions Mate not to vse Directions for the any coroding medicine at all in new or flesh wounds, but cure of a new wound. let the flesh grow as proud as it will, the ground being cleare from whence it groweth, namely if it bee from a wound wherein is no putrified bones; and if so bee that the wound be full of flesh, and then will not sicatrize, a little burned Allom or Vitrioll will do well, and then to your former dressing againe, remembring that ech third or fourth dressing be meerely dry linte, you shall finde good [p. 032] therein, and if you only take linte and wet it in a Coperas 60 The Surgions Mate

water and let it dry againe, and lay that linte onely on the proud flesh sometimes for a dressing or two, and then a- gaine to your former method. Againe it will without paine very well sicatrize any new wound; I speake this Surgions wilfulness for that by the vnskilfulnesse, yea and sometimes by the as well as unskilfulnesse wilfulnes of some euill minded Surgeons, I haue seene blame-worthy. men lamed by the needlesse vse of causticke medicines euen in slight wounds, to which if an old wife had onely applied her one salue for all sores, no such thing had hap- pened: Yet I am not so simple to deny the iust vse of so noble medicines in wounds, vlcers, and fistulaes, or otherwise where neede is, but I only here aduise the young Ar- tist, that he may not be too rash in the vse of them, and likewise to aduise him that hauing vsed them once he first Note. pause againe at the least 8 daies, namely till the first Esker85 be fallen, and certaine daies after ere he vse any causticke Two euills to be powder againe; for with the vse of coroding medicines auoyded. one immediatly after an other, many Vlcers are made 1. more painefull and rebellious then they were, and the bones sometime made foule which were otherwise cleane, which fault is too frequent now a daies, and amongst many grosse faults daily committed by vnexpert Surge- ons, this one is to be lamented, namely the vse of keeping 2. open penetrating wounds too forcibly and too long by the vse of hard tents armed with causticke powders, where by nature can make no true vnition, but is forced into much disorder; which I wish young men to make a conscience of, and to be carefull not to erre in that kinde.

The Levatory. This Instrument is set downe else-where.

Of the Uvula spoone. This instrument is made to put pepper and salt in, or fine bole, pepper, or salt in, or some other the like me- [p. 033] dicine, and to hold the same right vnder the Uvula, which is for to blow vp into the concavity behinde the same and no other great or especiall vse I know it hath in Surgery, except it may be vsed to warme a medicine in. Thus much of those necessaries which properly deserue the names of instruments in the Surgeons Chest. And now a word or two of such other Apendixes which in their kindes are as necessary as the former. ______

The Cupping Glasses or Ventoses. The vse is diuers. First There is many necessary workes in Surgery performed by Cupping glasses, namely, sometimes they are vsed to set vpon a Bubo or botch to bring it forward, and therein they are very good. Sometimes also to set in the nodell,

85 esker, eschar, derived from Greek eschatos [ɹʍʖɲʏʉʍ] , the extreme, medically it means the scurf, scab. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 61

2. and on the vpper part of the shoulder blades to draw back 3. humours which oppresse the head, the eyes, or teeth. 4. Or against Lethargy; or on the thighes against aches or 5. paines there; or for the cure of the Sciatica thery are very 6. good; or sometimes to draw bloud and spirits to a member withering or benummed: in all these and diuers more The end why they griefes the Cupping glasses are very needfull. Sometimes are set without also they are set without scarifying only to atract humours scarifying. to the plcae. An other time it may be in other cases they are vsed with scarifying to take away bloud and choler Why with scarifying. which offendeth the part. Some set them on with towe; The diuers setting them. some with a small wax light set vnder them; some onely with the flame of a great candle, which my selfe vse, and The best manner of is not offensiue nor painefull at all. Whereas the other setting them. waies the flame excoriateth often the part, and maketh new worke vnseemely: for the better doing whereof I vse to place my candle close to the place where the Cups should bee set, the place being first wet and rubbed well with hot water and a spunge, and the Cupping glasses also wet: hold your Cupping glasses ouer the flame a little, and [p. 034] thence clap it quickly on the place whilest yet the steeme of the light is in it, and it will be fast and draw hard, but Note. you must haue your Cups fit and not too wide for the place you would set them on, or else they will not take any hold. Further when you perceiue they haue drawne well, which by the blacknes and rising of the skin you may easily see; then if you hold it fitting you may light- Scarification must ly and quickly scarifie it with a fine Lancet, which truly is be light, & sodaine, the best and profitablest instrument for the vse, then wet- & with a Lancet. ting your Cupping glasses againe, and with the flame onely of the candle set them on where they stood before, setting as many cupps and drawing as much bloud as you see good, and when no more bloud will come, and that you thinke it time to take them away, which is knowne by a yellow water which commeth at the last, then I say it is When to take the Cupping time to wash the places with faire water where the cupps glasses away. stood, and dry them with a spunge or clothe, and onely What to bee done after anoint them with Unguentum Album once, and they will bee they be taken away. whole. The ouer deepe scarifying it, is not only dange- Deepe scarifying euill. rous, but also painefull, and not Art-like: for if you note well the cutis it hath many capillar veines in it, yea and some great veines, and is Porous, so that the Artist may by force draw humiditie sufficient from farre, if so occasion be to vse their vtmost force. Large and wide Cupps are fittest on the thighes, lesser on the armes, and the least for the hands or feete.

Of the Brasse Bason. I haue nothing to write concerning it, but that at the Friend learne good least the Surgeons Mate haue one if not two, and if he by ill. finde no vse for it let him sell it for good liquor at Ban- tham, as a Surgeons Mate lately did one of mine. 62 The Surgions Mate

Of the Bloud Porringers. The quantitie of blood neglected, care and cure Blood porringers are necessary at Sea, to be the more is banished. certaine of the quantity of blood which is taken, since [p. 035] the blood of man is so pretious a thing, as it is to bee well weighed what quantitie is taken. Imitation without Although the German Surgeons doe euer let blood discretion is idle. into a Bason, which I hold not good for the Surgeons Mate to imitate at first, except he be of good iudgement Blood porringers indeed to iudge of the quantity: the blood porringers necessary which are made for that purpose being full; hold iust three ounces, and somewhat more: for my owne practise I The constitution of the hold this course; if one chance to come to me of him- body is to be regarded selfe, or by aduise of a Phisition to be let bloud, though in Phlebotomy he be a strong body I neuer take from him more then two porringers and one halfe at the most, but often lesse, if the party be not strong, except it be in case of Pl[e]urisie, or some like vrgent cause, I take lesse; for in that worke except my Too little rather reason giue me good satisfaction to doe the contrary, I then too much blood will rather offend in too little, then in too much taking of is to bee taken away. blood away, for I haue seene much hurt to haue ensued by great quantity of bloud taken away at one time: for 7 or 8 ounces I hold a strong body may beare to loose, hauing good nourishment to recouer it againe, and that without harme; but if you grow to ten ounces, you may many waies doe harme in the body, except your warrant be good. I speake not this to discourage young Surgeons from a work so behoouefull, but admonish them to wa- rinesse in a point so dangerous.

Of the Dyet Pot. The vse. The Dyet Pot is not alone to be vsed in cases of dyet drinking seething for the pox, and not otherwise; for as a learned Doctor vpon occasion lately reasoned, there is difference betwixt the Dyet, and a Dyet, though in both kindes there is euen. Quot homines tot sententiae, so many men so many mindes. Wherefore concerning descriptions of seuerall dyet drinks for the pox, I will referre the Surgions Mate to other Authors: for in truth I must deferre that point till fitter opportunity, I meane till I write [p. 036] touching the cure of that disease. And yet me thinkes somewhat to speake of a drinke in the case of the Calen- A decoction for the ture, or an vnnaturall hot feuer to be made at Sea to quali- Calenture. fie the heat of the bloud, were not amisse, which may be done as followeth.

R(ecipe) french barley drachmas iiij. fresh water 2 gallons. Licorice drachmam j. Cloues no: 12.

II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 63

In want of Licorice take iuice of Licorice halfe an ounce. In want of french barley take other barley, or for a neede wheat flower, boyle this gently to 4 or 5 quarts, then How to keep it. cleare it, and if it may be, keepe it not in the brasse pott, but in some earthen or glasse vessell, and if the party his The composition of the heat be great, and haue paine in his head, adde thereto so drinke if the heat be over many drops of oyle or spirit of Vitrioll, as will a little great and causeth head-ach. change the taste sowerish, but not too tarte in any wise; and if into all this drinke you put of Rose water, of wine The colour and taste of vineger or Rose vineger and Cinamon water, of ech only the drinke is to be ob- one spoonefull, it will doe well to mend the taste, if you served. haue it, if not the matter is not great, let the Patient drinke often hereof. Further you may if you thinke good adde sirupe of iuice of Lemons drachmas 4. If it be for one which is The drinke com- loose in his belly you may infuse of your succus Acatiae posed for a Laske herein some 2 or 3 drachmas, and being cleared let him drinke of the drinke plentifully as he hath thirst; but you must cut your Acatia first, and dissolue it in a little of the drinke warmed, and so put it into the rest. Also in want of Aca- tia if you put therein Galls in powder a litle, it will do well.

Of other necessaries. The next instruments in order to be remembred are these following, viz.

[p. 037] Skillet. Spunges. Chasing dish. Clouts. Glister pot. Rowlers. Funnell. Gray pepper. Cups to giue potions White pepper. in. Empty potts & Glasses. One Bord & knife to Thrid & Needles. spread plasters. Wax Candles. Morter & Pestell. Lanthorne. Weights & scales. Tinder box furnished. Siues. Inke & quills. Searces. One close stoole. Strayners. One bed pan. Splints. One brasse payle. Iuncks. 20 well burned bricks. Tape. Pipkins. Towe. Empty baggs.

I shall not need to spend much time to set downe the vses of all these necessarie implements, onely two or three of the most needfull to be noted I will remember, and then to the vses of the medicines within the Chest.

Of weights and scales. Weights and Skales are necessary things, often times 64 The Surgions Mate

The vse in diuers. lightly regarded, and yet how many mens liues hangs in the ballance, it is plaine enough. For Sea Surgi- ons familiarly giue Stibium by the graine, namely from 4. A great fault in weights to 8 graine, yea and to 12 graines by your leaue; when in and scales. trueth few of them haue weights and skales which can weigh one graine. It is a dangerous thing for a Surgeon at Sea to bee vnprouided of neat weights and skales which will turne at halfe one graine: for how can they giue either Laudanum paracelsi, Stibium or other Chimicall medicines safely, or almost any medicine inward without small weights and scales? Wherefore two paire of weights and scales are very needfull for the Surgeons Chest, name- [p. 038] ly one for ounces, and one for graines; for larger scales the ship is furnished. It is also to be vnderstood here, for A direction in weights. instruction of children in Art, that xvj. ounces makes a pound; ech ounce 8 dragmes, ech dragme 3 scruples, ech scruple 20 graine; for the graine a full barley corne will well serue, or a good wheat corne, though a large wheat corne be somewhat too bigg: an ordinary pepper corne will also serue for a graine.

Of the Close-stoole, with the Paile of Brasse, and the Bricks. Although I know before hand that I am to vndergoe Meane things sometimes many witty and eloquent flouts from young gallants are of great moment. of my owne profession for mentioning so base a subiect to belong to the Surgeons charge, as is this last mentioned Close-stoole with his appurtenances, yet let them know that neither can my booke blush, neither my selfe I hope shall haue cause; for I nothing doubt to yeeld to ech honest young Artist a sufficient reason for to satisfie him None worthy to be herein: and in a word my reason of the appointing to reputed Artists who ech ship bound to the East Indies at the least one of these, disdaine the meanest is by reason of the bloudy or other flixes, being so dange- office of their profession. rous diseases, and so deadly amongst our men, as I hold it my duty to aduise euen the good of a close stoole: and I The vse of the Close stoole. haue caused the stoole to haue one doore on the one side, The neede of it is that thereby either things to foment, fumigate, or other- great. wise to comfort the weake part, might be the better applied, the Patient sitting at his ease thereon. Also one especiall reason why I haue appointed it is, that Obserue this if thou a poore weake man in his extremities should not continu- hast a conscience. ally got to the shrouds or beake head to ease himselfe, nor be noysome to his fellowes, but might by the help of his Mate through this meane instrument finde comfort in his most pitifull distresse, whose miseries I hartily compassionate. Wherefore I admonish the Surgions Mate in gener- rall, in the feare of God not to be fine fingered, slothfull, [p. 039] or scornefull to vse euery kinde of good manuall and o- ther helpe to saue mens blouds in this feareful disease, for their omitting of their duties in helping men thus distres- sed bringeth the blouds of those men without doubt vp- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 65

on their heads, and though peraduenture they may cary it away for a while with men, yet the Almightie who seeth not as men see, will surely finde them out. The brasse-pale. The paile of brasse vnder the stoole was chiefly appointed for neatnesse, cleanlinesse, strength, and other good vses it hath alwaies to belong thereto, and not to any o- The vse of bricke. ther vse: It may also sometimes be whelmed downe, and on the toppe thereof a hotte bricke be set, or the bricke if you finde it too neere may stand lower, or put into the paile, which hotte bricke with wine and vineger or any o- ther like fitting medicine of experience may be sprinkled to comfort the part agreeued withall, for it is found by experience that the steeme of wine vinegar sprinkled on a The cure of the flixe. hot bricke doth much auaile in the cure of the flix, and that simple remedy alone hath cured many; but when the Patient riseth from the said fume, if then a cloth bee well heate ouer the said fume or ouer a fire, and put close to the part, it auaileth much, and if you then likewise lay the Patient to rest, giuing him three or foure graines of Lau- danum you shall do the better, and by Gods helpe with o- ther answerable good regiment of diet, make a quicke and perfect cure of his disease. But I am not ignorant that there is vse for twentie close stooles at once, in someone shippe, which worke the Cooper and Carpenter may take in charge. Thus hauing briefly runne ouer the most necessarie v- The conclusion. ses of the particular Instruments, and other necessarie a- pendixes to the Surgeons chest; it followeth next to beginne with medicines Physicall and Chirurgicall aswell simple as compound within the chest, namely, somewhat, though very briefly to touch their common vses and vertues for the helpe of young Practitioners.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

[p. 040] A N A B R I D G M E N T of the vertues of certaine Emplai- sters mentioned which are most usuall in the S V R G E O N S chest. ______

Emplastrum stipticum Paracelsi. This composition deuised by the famous Phi- losopher Philipus Theophrastus Paracelsus excelleth in the cure of piercing wounds, and scabs; as also in the cure of all dangerous wounds whatsoeuer; it hath the precedence as well for contused as insized wounds, for it asswageth paine, defendeth from accidents, discusseth, mollifieth, attracteth, digesteth, incarneth, and consolidateth: and is 66 The Surgions Mate

also good for an old ach proceeding of a cold cause. It is further especiall good to vlcers on the legges or elsewhere in any part of the body: it is of temperament warme, and very comfortable. For approbation whereof you may see Paracelsus his owne words, which I haue here inserted.86

Hoc Emplastrum est magis virtutis diuinae quam humanae, Valet ad omnes plagas, nouas & antiquas. Abstergit, mundi- cat, carnem bonam generat, consolidat ex fundo plus una septi- mana, quàm aliud quodcunque in mense, nec permittit fieri ali- quam putrefactionem & corruptionem, nec malam carnem generat. Valet omnibus neruis incisit ut conquassatis & musculis: Valet omnibus inflaturis, abstrahit ferum & lignum, & plum- [p. 041] bum de plaga, eidem suppositum; Valet contra omnes morsuras, cuiuscunque morsurae bestiae Venenosae, et puncturas Serpentis: maturat, sanat omne generatum cuiuscunque Apostematis, su- perpositum: Valet in membris generationis, si ibi fuerit corrup- tio: Valet contra Cancrum, fistulas, contra ignem persicum, sedat dolores cuiuscunque plagae. Haec Theophrast. Bombast.

Diachilon Magnum cum gummis. This Emplastrum dissolueth, maturateth, and mollifieth hardnesses, & is principally good in Apostumes, it is of temperament warme, and moist, it was first deuised by a certaine ancient Artist named Serapis, and Avicenna as some thinke inuented it;but others iudge that Mesues was the inuentor thereof.

Diachilon paruum. This Emplaster is very good to dissolue schirras, tumours of the liuer, splene, raines, belly, or elsewhere, it is wholly composed of mollifying and discussing ingrediences; it serveth generally for hotte or cold causes, but chiefly for hot: For I hold it to bee of temperament cold, the rather by reason of the much Litharge in it, which if a minerall may be called either hot or cold Litharge is cold. Without question, it was deuised by Mesues.

Diacalsitheos. This Emplaster mittigateth paine, it is a good defensatiue against all venemous humours, and will very well induce a siccatrize in wounds and vlcers: also it hath an especiall good quallitie to asswage the paine in the small of the backe proceeding from distempered kidnies by hotte causes, aswell concerning the stone, the grauell, as also in Gonorrea, and dissolued or relented with oyle of roses, of elders, or of linseed; it is a very good medicine to heale [p. 042] burnings, and scaldings: it was deuised first by Galenus, of

86 The text is quoted from: Paracelsus (1605) p. 673; the main constituents of the Emplastrum are: Galbanum, Opoponax, Ammoniacum and Bdelium II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 67

temperament it is cooling, and drying.

Empl[astrum] Oxicroceum. This is a very ancient composition, but ascribed chiefly to Nicolaus an ancient Writer as Author thereof, it is of quallity anodine, attracting, mollifying, and comforting: it asswageth paines in the goute proceeding of a cold cause, and is good in cold Aches, and by that attracting vertue it hath, it draweth out vapors (per poros cutis) or the sweate vents in the skin, whereby it often vnladeth the body of vicious and noysome humors which otherwise might indanger the Patient, of temperament it is hotte and moist, &c.

Empl[astrum] Melilotum per splene. This Empalster mollifieth all hardnesses of the Liuer, splene, and ventricle; dissolueth windinesse, ceaseth vehement paines prouoked by winde, as namely, in the disease called flatus hipocondriacus, which is a flatious or windie paine gathered neere vnto the Spleene: it is also generally good against the gathering together or any coniea- led cold substance in the stomach, or liuer: of temperament it is warme and comforting exceedingly: it was deuised by Mesues an ancient writer.

Empl[astrum] Melilotum simplex. This is good in greene wounds, for it draweth and healeth well: also it attracteth and bringeth forward a cold Aposteme, and is an especiall secret, and the best thing I euer knew in curing kibed heeles and chilblanes: it is of temperament hot and moist, and was deuised by Mesues.

[p. 043] Emplastrum de lapide calaminari, or Grisium. This Emplaster (I may speake of my owne experience) is a good healer of vlcers which are hard to bee cicca- trized, and hath an especiall vertue in curing of buboes, as well veneriall as pestilentiall: It is also the best incarnatiue of all the Plasters that euer I vsed.

Emplastrum de minio. This Minium-plaster is a good discusser of hotte humors, a good swager of paines, mollifieth well, repelleth somewhat, and is very commodiously vsed vpon wounds and vlcers to further good healing: it induceth also a good ciccatrize. In the tumour of scrotum, or rather of the Testicles called Hernia humoralis, commonly following the suddaine stopping of Gonorrhea, it is a very conuenient anodine and discusssing Plaster, but in another place I intend to set downe my best practise in the cure of that 68 The Surgions Mate

disease, as a thing in charitie behoofull for young Practiti- oners, to which I referre you, only note that this Empla- strum de minio is ment of the composition set down by that reuerent Master Galle in his dispensatorie, for I make mine after his description.

Emplastrum calidum. This Emplastrum stomachi or calidum is a composition described by Iohannes Iacobus Wekerus vnder that name pag. 953. of his Dispensatorie: it is only vsed where a comforting Emplaster of a very warme temperament is required: it is a needfull Emplaster in the Surgeons chest, for it comforteth much the liuer or stomacke debilitated by cold humors, and helpeth wel digestion, in want thereof Paracelsus Plaster though not so fitly, may serue.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

[p. 044] AN ABRIDGMENT of the vertues of certaine unguents most vsuall in the Surgeons Chest. ______

Vnguentum Basillicum. This Vnguent doth digest and incarne wounds and vlcers, and will also prepare and bring to superation an Aposteme either hot or cold, being somewhat thicke spread on towe, or lether and applied thereto: it also mittigateth the paine and pulsation thereof, and is likewise very fitly mixed either with precipitate of Unguentum Aegyptiacum, or the like medicine, the more easier and better to mundifie and clense an vlcer: This vnguent is of temperament warme, and is ascribed to haue beene deuised by Gallen, it is also good for burnings, and scaldings.

Vnguentum Apostolorum. This unguentum serueth well to clense and scower vlcers, and fistulaes, and to make a good ground to healing: it is of temperament hot and drie: it was deuised by Avicene, named Apostolorum, for that it consisteth of 12. simples, ioyned into one body.

Vnguentum Aureum. This Vng[uentum] serueth well to incarne wounds and vlcers, being first well mundified: it is also to bee vsed as a balme to them to heale them, and is a good healer of bur- [p. 045] nings & scaldings, the fire first taken out: The composition which I doe make is of the practise of Iosephus Querci- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 69

tanus whose good vse I haue made triall of, which I meane with the rest of the compositions to publish in print.

Vnguentum Aegyptiacum. This Vnguent serueth to scower; it mundifieth all rotten foule vlcers, and is best to be put into the griefe scalding hot, and then the vsuall paine and corosion it procureth will be quickly past: in like manner it is to be vsed in any venemous wounds made either with poisoned shot, or bitten with madde dogs, or any other venemous or great contused wounds, wherin for preuenting them from feare of a Gangreene it excelleth. It serueth also well to be vsed alone or mixed with any lotion for vlcers of the mouth and throte, especially in the scuruie. This Vng[uentum] drieth vehemently, and is abstersiue: of temperament hot and drie, and was deuised by Mesues.

Vnguentum Album Camphoratum. This Vnguent is very good to coole, and heale any hot, moyst pustles: it cureth excoriations of the skinne in any place, but chiefly in the yard betwixt glans and preputium: it also healeth burnings and scaldings very well: and is good to be applied to any painefull vlcer, for it asswageth paine and healeth well. It was inuented by Avicene: of temperament it is cold, anodine, mollificatiue, and attractiue, and therefore of very good consequent in the Surgeons chest.

Vnguentum Diapompholigos. This vnguent is good to heale painefull vlcers in any part of the body, especially of the yard, or betwixt glans and preputium, as also any fretting or painefull vlcers [p. 046] of the leggs, or else where. I haue found it before all o- ther Vnguents in vlcers of the yard; against virulent, painfull, and corrosiue vlcers scarce a better composition is knowne: in Noli me tangere in the face I haue had good experience of it: and in many other occasions I haue found it a very good Vnguent, of temperament it is cold and dry. Nicolaus Alexandrinus was the Author of it.

Unguentum Pectorale. It swageth the paines and stitches of the breast and sides; easeth the cough, helpeth expectoration: it helpeth to digest grosse humours, and to attenuate them: and warmeth and comforteth a cold stomacke. This composition is set downe in the dispensatory of Augusta87.

Unguentum Rosatum. This is vsed against inflammations, and Ignis sacer,

87 Pharmacopoeia Augustana (see: Bibliography) 70 The Surgions Mate

and all hot paines of the head: it asswageth the paines of the Liuer, kidneies, and belly proceeding of heate, and hath vertue to corroborate. It was invented by Mesues.

Unguentum Tripharmacon, or Nutritum. This serueth well to cure an Erysipilas, excoriation, or bladdering of the skin: such also as are termed the Shingles: it is also good for to take the fire out of burnings and scaldings: and for any moist humour flowing to any vlcers in any part of the body being spread vpon cap paper thin, and laid ouer the whole distempered part: and against any sleight scabbines or itching humour whence soeuer it is: also an especiall good defensatiue a- gainst any scalding or vitious humour flowing to any vlcer; of temperament this Vnguent is cold and dry. It is subiect to diuide it selfe, namely the oyle Litharge & vineger [p. 047] asunder, which if it be wrought together againe will be as good as at the first: and if it be ouer dry adde vineger and oyle thereto, and it will be as good as at first.

Unguentum Populeon. This serueth well to asswage the paines of the Scurvy by anointing the parts greeued therewith. I may iustly say vpon the experience of diuers skilfull Sur- gions, and my owne also, that as well in hot as in cold Countries it hath been found exceeding comfortable and behouefull, that scarse any composition of an Unguent in the Surgions Chest may compare with it, which some may thinke is a very absurd affirmation in reason, but that experience will haue it so. It is good also to anoint the Temples, to prouoke rest in hot feuers: as also the palmes of the hands and soles of the feet. It is likewise good to be applied for swaging of paine in any part of the body, and being applied cold vpon a Plegent where you haue laid any corosiue medicine; it easeth the dolour of the causticke medicine. Of temperament it is cold & moist, it was deuised by Nicolaus.

Mel Saponis. Mel Saponis is Hony and Sope mixed ana: partes aequales, and is a medicine appointed to be first applied vpon a burning or scalding to take the fire out. It is a linament of ancient vse amongst our country Surgions, and good; but I finde it not mentioned in ancient Writers, in want whereof vse Tripharmacon, or an infusion of Vineger, and Litharge, namely Rp. Litharge of gold in powder uncias 4. wine vineger lib. j. mixe them well, and boile them very gently a little on the fire, the Vineger will become sweete as sugar and very anodine: foment the greefe therewith, and you shall finde present ease to the party: Or take II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 71

Populeon and unguentum album mixed, and apply it on soft [p. 048] cap paper, first being well rubbed with your hand to make it soft: or take Diacalsithias or Minium plaster, and mixe it with Lineseed oyle, or oyle of Elders, till it be a gentle vnguent, and so apply it: or Tripharmicon alone will doe well: or Hony alone is a good medicine.

Unguentum contra ignem. This composition vsed to that purpose, you shall finde in Iohannes Wikerus his dispensatory, pag. 117488. I haue found it very good against burnings and scaldings; as also against burnings with gun-powder. Where I write the compositions of my medicines in generall, that also shall be expressed. In want of this composition the Unguentum album, either alone or mixed with Tripharmacon will doe very well, which if it be too hard or dry, you may mixe oyle of Roses or Linseed with it: and for want of this you may take Diacalsitheos or Minium mixed or relented with any of the said oyles, or any other fitting oyle, as oyle oliue simple: also unguentum Basillicon is very good in burnings and scaldings.

Unguentum contra scorbutum. The composition of this Unguent is recited in the cure of the Scurvy. I have had the practise thereof and found it very good to attenuate grosse tumors of the Scurvy, to asswage the paines of them, and by the vse thereof to dissolue such tumors. I vse this Unguent in cold causes, in want whereof ung[uentum] Martiatum, or Oleum Laurini or Dialthea: but in hot griefes and very painefull I vse Populeon.

Unguentum Dialthea compositum. The Vnguent Nicolaus89 an ancient writer seemeth so be the Author of. It is profitable against paines of [p. 049] the breast proceeding of a cold cause, and against the Pl[e]urisie: it warmeth, mollifieth, and comforteth all the parts of the body which are euill disposed through cold infirmities. It is also good against stiffenes & paines of the ioynts in the Scuruy.

Dialthea simplex. This hath the properties of the former, but the former is better.

Unguentum potabile.

88 Cf. Wecker (1601): on p. 1174 there is only to find the genereal heading: "De Unguentis capillos defluos conservantibus sectio VI". The mentioned composition is specified p. 1197 under the title: "Unguentum ad ignis combustionem". The ingredients are Oleum rosatum, Aqua rosarum and Albumen ovorum. 89 cf. Nicolaus Alexandrinus 72 The Surgions Mate

This Unguent is a sure Balsame for wounds of any sort, or in any part of the body, either penetrating or not penetrating; in wounds penetrating either iniect it warme, or powre it into the wound. Also vpon any occasion it is to be drunke drachmam j. or drachmas ij. at once, or for a dose. It healeth wounds within the body. Also it healeth burnings and scaldings without any scarre. And further it cureth the winde chollicke drunke with sacke: the dose is to bee unciam j. without feare: but I give vsually but one dramme or drachmas ij.

Vnguentum de Mercurio. I haue else-where said, and it is too much apparant, that for healing and killing, Mercurie hath no fellow, and where I recite Mercurie in any of my instructions, you must vnderstand me Quick-siluer, for so it is truly stilled by the Learned, and not without good reason. This Vn- guent, ioyne with it what other ingrediences you please, yet if Mercurie be one it will shew his valour in despight of the rest, though it haue 20 for one odds against him; so puissant is that Volatile & excellent spirit of his, which I may boldly say could truly neuer be tamed: and yet many worthy medicines are made thereof, as in their se- [050] uerall places I meane to explaine as I shall haue time, God willing. You may make this Vnguent of Dialthea, oleum Laurini, ana lib. ß. Mercurius uiuus, or quickesiluer uncias ij. oleum spice or Tereb. if you haue them ana uncias ß. & if you see cause in very cold bodies you may adde of Euphorbium in powder drachmas ij. This Vnguent is good to prouoke a flux. You may make it of one of these Vnguents alone for need. But I wish not the Surgeon to carry any of this Vnguent ready made to the East Indies: for the Quicksiluer, it is to be feared, will fall to the bottom; but if he will needes haue it ready made, let him adde to the composition, wax a sufficient quantitie, but it must be made, as followeth. Your wax and vnguent must bee melted together, which being yet warme Rp. Terebinthine clare unciam j. being put into the bottom of the wodden bowle, or brasse bason, not a pewter bason; and stirring it so long till all the Quicke- siluer be cleane lost and turned into a blew salue no more to bee seene; then by little and little mixe it with the former, and being almost coagulated, I meane almost cleane cold, neither liquid through heate, nor altogether cold, and worke the Terbinthine with the Mercury altogether strongly till it bee cold. You must vse it cold, and either let the Patient himselfe chaffe it in till it be warme, or which is better let the Patient stand afore the fire & chafe it in. But note, he which anointeth others therewith if he vse it too often, let him put a bladder on his hands, for the often vse thereof causeth many euills. This Unguent hath as many vertues as vices, and as many vices as vertues, a whole weeke may be easily spent with good profit II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 73

to the Reader in writing of Mercurie, I hartily wish some learned and worthy man would take it in hand truely to anatomize that subiect: I am perswaded, yea and know well, he might therby saue the liues of many an innocent soule, who with great infamie perish through the inordinate vse of this Vnguent, and yet the medicine is good: but I referre the Surgions Mate for the vse of the Vnguent to read Mr. Clowes his booke of Surgery. [p. 051] But concerning the ordinary vses thereof, if you anoint the ioynts therewith it killeth the itch, but if you anoint too plentifully it prouoketh a flux, sometimes vpward, sometimes downeward. If you anoint the seames of his shirt which is lowsie therewith, it driueth away all the lice: the same it doth to the lice of the eye browes and secret parts, wherewith many are troubled. Also for the Piles it is a very good medicine; I vse it in that case first to purge the Patient, and after to anoint him with Vnguentum Album wherein quick-siluer is mixed, namely of the Vn- guentum unciam j. of Mercurie drachmam j misce, and anoint therewith daily three times and keepe the place very warme.

Linamentum Arcei. I cannot but reuerence the Authour of this precious plaine Linament, whose desert to the Common-wealth was very great therein: for it is as sufficient a Balme for new wounds, especially in the head, as that a better can scarse be found out by Art. It doth all the intentions of healing a wound in the head meerely of it selfe, the flux being stayed. For it digesteth, mundifieth, incarneth, and siccatrizeth; it defendeth from accidents, and is very anodine: it may also fitly bee applied to painefulll vlcers and fistulaes vpon occasion. The Author or manifester of this Linament was Franciscus Arceus, in a small Treatise of Sur- gery of his, translated by Mr. John Reade a Surgion. It is of temperament hot and moist.

Unguentum Aragon. This Vnguent is numbred amongst the 4 hot Unguents. It profiteth generally against all cold effects of the outward parts of the body: it much warmeth and comforteth the sinewes: it is good against convulsions & cramps: it is good to anoint the Ridge bone of the backe, and the parts neere the kidneis against the paines thereof: and [p. 052] also to anoint the stomacke & belly vpon any cold griefe: it is good to annoint the body for them which haue the quartane feuer, the falling sicknes, the paines of the ioynts: and also it is good to be vsed as a Morbus oyntment, according to the common phrase, adding the due quantitie of Mercurie thereto, which I account to be of Quick-siluer uncias ij to the Vnguent libram j. But I finde it will not retaine his vertues aboue one yeare, as witnesseth Iohannes Iacobus 74 The Surgions Mate

Wikerus90. Wherefore I forbeare this composition in the Surgions Chest.

Vnguentum Martiatum. This Unguent, as it is composed of many ingrediences, so it is said to be effectuall for many greefes: for saith the Author91, it discusseth cold causes in the head sinewes, and ioynts: it remoueth the paine from the breast and stomacke proceeding from cold: it preuaileth against convulsions: it helpeth the resolution of the sinewes, dead palsey, and them that are troubled with the Sciatica, or hip gout, the gout in the hands, feete, and in other the ioynts of the body. It mollifieth hard pustles and tumors in the flesh: it asswageth the hard swellings of the Liuer and splene: easeth the paine in the small gutts: it cureth the ach in the reynes. It hath his name, as Salaritanus saith of Martianus; or as Manlius which is more probable saith of Martiatus, a most skilfull Phisi- tion supposed to be the inventor thereof, and it is described in the Dispensatorie by Nicolaus Alexandrinus, who also describeth the vertues thereof in effect as is here set downe.

Axungia Porcina. Called Axungia of annointing the Axel-tree to make the wheeles turne easier about, for which many vse it to this day. It is liquid flowing like oyle with warmth: [p. 053] it hath a lenifying and anodine qualitie, and therefore it is not vnprofitably vsed for mitigation of sharpe humors, asswaging of paine, healing of burnings with fire, and very fitly mixed with Cataplasmes appointed for those effects.

Axungia Cerui. This Axungia is of a hot nature, doth asswage aches, resolueth and mollifieth hard tumors in any part of the body, and by experience is found very good administred in Glisters to heale the excoriations of the Inte- stinum rectum; for it is anodine and very sanatiue. The manner to vse it is somewhat touched in some other my instructions elsewhere.

Mel simplex. English hony being yellow, the sapour and odour pleasant, being sharpe, pure, sincere, cleare, fast or stiffe, yeelding little spume in decocting, is good and very profitable for those that are costique, good for the stomacke if one drinke it with water: it helpeth the bladder & reynes:

90 Cf. Wecker (1588) p. 353: "Unguentum Aregon: Durat annum". "Nicolaus" as author is quoted. 91 Cf. Wecker (1588) p. 353: "Unguentum Martiatum magnum", the ointment contains more than 50 drugs. "Nicolaus" as author is quoted II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 75

it is good for the eyes: it mundifieth, openeth, and healeth: and for burnings and scaldings it healeth them without scarr, and is very good to heale vlcers of the eares: and (saith Dioscorides) drunke with water is wholesome for the belly and stomacke: and also for such as are pained in the kidneis and bladder, it helpeth them. It is also good to be anointed in the eyes to cleare the dimnesse of sight in them: it hath an abstergent or clensing force: it openeth the mouthes of veynes, whereby it also draweth out sordid matter or quittur from fetid vlcers. But the best hony of all other is that which is gathered in Lycoania92 a Province of Polonia, where the Bees breed only in high trees, and gather their hony from a certaine flower growing on trees called in Latin Flores Tilliae or Tili, in the Ger- mane tongue linden holt. This hony is white, hard, and very fragrant or odoriferous. [p. 054] Of the vertues and vses of sundry Cordiall Waters.

Forasmuch as compound Cordiall waters truely made of the Spirit of wine, with the addition of diuers especiall costly and medicinall spices, drugs, and other precious additaments now much in vse, haue beene found very auailable and comfortable by many experiences, not onely at sea, and that in the very remotest parts of the earth, either hot or colde, to our nation, and others in their trauels: but also heere at home, vpon many occasio- ons, haue ministred great helpe and comfort, both in preseruing the body in health from disease, and also in curing many great infirmities, especially when they haue proceeded of colde causes: I thought it a thing not vnnecessary breefely to set downe the vertues and vses of some of the principall of them, for the benefit of young Surgeons.

Aqua Coelestis. Matheolus in his Commentaries vpon Dioscorides, setteth downe this excellent water, as a principall Antidote or preseruatiue against all poysons, or poysoned or infectious aires whatsoeuer, so that either receiued into the body, or but onely smelled vnto, it helpeth very much against infections, and that it doth also very admirably restore againe one fallen either of the dead paulsie or falling sicknesse, and is also good either in the collicke or any gripings of the guts, as also in any the weaknesses of the stomacke, and against any colde fluxes of the guts or belly, mixed with some two spoonefuls in a glister, and [p. 055] hath many more of speciall good vses and vertues there set downe, which for breuity I must passe ouer.

92 Without doubt is meant the "Lithuanian" honey, which is also today a speciality of Lithuania; the region was part of Poland till 1795, then it get under Russian government. 76 The Surgions Mate

Dr. Steeuens Water. This Water needeth no man to describe his vertues, being a thing so common and ancient in vse, composed by that learned Physician of worthy memory so named, for experience hath found it to be a notable cordiall water for comforting the head and heart, yea, and all the principall faculties of the body, both Animall, Vitall and Naturall, if it bee truely prepared, and of that there needeth no question if you will but beleeue the seller thereof.

Rosa Solis. This Rosa Solis, or rather Rossolis, taketh his name of an hearbe so called, which hearbe is very medicinable, as namely against consumptions, it hath beene often approoued and found a certaine remedy, but the Rosa So- lis composition being without deceit made, is farre more precious, for it comforteth the stomacke and braine, helpeth digestion, strengthneth the appetite, openeth obstructions, is good against the paulsie and falling sicknes, and hath many other vertues.

Cynamon Water. This Water doth comfort & strengthen the stomacke, the liuor, the milt, the lungs, the heart, the braine and the sinewes, sharpneth the sight, is good against venoms, as also the stingings and bitings of venemous beasts, helpeth a bad or euill fauouring breath, is good against lothing of the stomacke, and where you desire to warme, to open, to atenuate, digest or corroborate, in all such cases this precious liquour excelleth, witnesse Iohannes Iacobus Wikerus alledging Mathiolus, yea and diuers other famous writers, and Experience it selfe. [p. 056] Limon Water. This is the tincture and chiefe essence drawne by spirit of wine from the rindes of Limons, which is a great Restoratiue to mans nature, and a precious Cordiall, which not onely aromatizeth the stomacke, but much strengthneth the feebled Spirits, and is as an healing balsam to all the inward parts of the body, and doth open obstructions and breake the winde in the stomacke exceedingly. Iuyce of Limons is touched else where in the cure of the Scuruy.

Rosemary Water. This is a great comforter of the braine, sharpneth the sight, helpeth the weaknesse of the stomacke, preserueth from vomiting, is very good against the disease Dissen- tery of the bloudy flixe, the cause proceeding of colde, ei- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 77

ther drunke, or three spoonfuls taken in a glister, when you are ready to administer the same: and hath very many o- ther good properties too long heere to recite.

Sassafras Water. The Spirit of this precious root is a great opener of all obstructions or stoppings in the body, namely of the liuer, the lungs, the kidnies, and of the splene, and thereby it is found by many experiences excellent against the Scuruy, the French disease, and in the yellow iaundise; it is an approoued remedy also against colde feuors and the dropsie, or those which are enclining there- to, for it prouoketh vrine and sweat, in a very milde and naturall manner, and driueth out many diseases by the poores of the skinne, and hath infinite more vertues ascribed vnto it: the best of these rootes grow in Virginia: you may read Monardus of the vertues of this roote more at large in his Treatise of New Spaine. [p. 057] Anis-seedwater. This water as the former, and also those which follow, haue all their substances from the Spirit of wine, and must therefore being truely so made, retaine the manifold good vertues thereof: and besides hauing therein the whole vertues of the Anis-seedes, it is found very excellent against winde in the stomack or else-where in the body, and against Asma, the Tisicke93 and shortnesse of breath, it also breaketh flegme and warmeth the stomacke.

Worme-wood Water. No water whatsoeuer more gratefull to the stomacke, then is Worme-wood Water truely composed, for it is as balsam thereto. It consumeth and breaketh winde mightily, killeth the wormes, whereunto our nation are subiect in the East Indies, hindereth vomiting, prouoketh appetite, is very good against paines in the head proceeding of a colde cause, and is very cordiall.

Balme Water. This water hath a great respect to the heart, for of all other of the former, no hearbe is esteemed more cordiall then this, and is of a gratefull smell and taste, yet I holde it more proper to women then men, for it much respecteth the infirmities of the Mother, and is in the times of their paines very comfortable to take a little of it, for the safer and sooner prouoking of speedy deliuery.

Angelica Water. Angelica water may serue well in stead of Trekell94 or

93 it means phthisis 78 The Surgions Mate

Mithridate, for a preseruatiue against the plague or any infectious aires, for there is no one thing more com- [p. 058 = 44] mended by ancient and moderne writers, in that kinde, then Angelica is, nor of more experiences, and is also very stomachicall and cordiall, and being truely made will retaine his strength and vertues forty yeeres and more.

Mint water. Aqua Menthae doth warme and strengthen the stomacke, liuer, spleene or milt, helpeth concoction, stayeth vomit, and is very cordiall.

Aqua Cardui Benedicti. Carduus Benedictus Water doth ease the paine of the head, confirmeth the memory, cureth a Quartane, prouoketh sweat, and comforteth the vitall Spirits.

The Conclusions. All these waters and spirits rehearsed, though in themselues they be good , yet if any of the best of them be abused and immoderately taken, they may as soone doe harme as profit: I aduise therefore no man to make a common vse of them, or any of them, which hath a young able body, and may haue a good diet at his pleasure: for they are cheefely to bee vsed at sea, where mens bodies by variety of the venemous vapours and euill dispositions of the aire, or vnkinde diet, are in hazard, or where there is a weake stomacke, euill digestion, with a lothing disposition to meat, euill appetite, too much loosenesse of the belly, also where by extreame heat and sweat the spirits of the body are exhausted and spent, or where through the extreame cold of the same, the body is much annoyed and endangered: In all these and in infinite more euils incident to mens bodies abroad and at home, these precious liquors minister present comfort: they also are very behouefull to aged people after there meats to helpe [p. 059 = 41] digestion; or them which haue weake stomacks, or that are of sad & melanchole dispositions, for it must not be deni- ed that wine comforteth the heart of man, and these waters haue their originall and whole force by the spirit or life of the wine, and thereby do exhilarate mans heart, and giue him courage as well as cure his infirmities. If therefore these waters be truely made, they ought also to be strong of the spirit of wine, otherwise they will not keep long good, neither are they profitable nor wholsom, and being good, one spoonefull at one time is sufficient, or two spoonfuls at the most, for the preseruing of health, they are best to be taken fasting, one hower or two after dinner, and last at night, either alone, or with beere or

94 it means Theriaca II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 79

wine, some make a toste fasting, and drop the same full of cordiall water and so eat it, and that is very good. In gripings of the guts, collicke or fluxes of the belly, proceeding of cold causes or much crudity, three spoonfulls or foure may be vsed at once in a glister, but you must not boyle it therein, only then it is ready to bee administred; but if you put it in otherwise the spirits will euapo- rate and be of no force.

Aqua Rosarum Damascenarum. Dammaske Rose-water doth refrigerate and comfort the heart, is good against swounding and causeth sleepe.

Aqua Rosarum Rubrarum. Red Rose water doth refrigerate, binde and corroborate the vitall and animall faculties: benefitteth the head, easeth the pained eares and eyes, and doth good in Inflammations, and is profitable in medicines against Dissentery. [p. 060] Aqua Odorifera. Sweet water is very necessary and profitable to aromatize the body and refresh the sences, it sweetneth the garments, taking all offensiue sauours away, and doth much exhilarate the spirits, being well composed of true Aromaticke Ingredients.

Aqua Plantaginis. Plantane water is astringent and sanatiue, good to them that are in a consumption of the lungs, in a dropsie, or that haue the bloudy flixe, against the quartane ague, and cureth the vlcers of the reines, bladder, and excoriations of the passage of the yard, and being drunk, helpeth against ardent vrine, or the sharpnesse of the water.

Aqua Falopij. For this water, if you desire the composition thereof, I referre you to the Authour, namely Gabrielus Fallo- pius in his Treatise De Morbo Gallico: but heereafter I meane to set downe some seuerall compositions thereof, for the Authour hath diuers. It is a water proper: cheefely of Mercury sublimed, I say cheefely, for that though the other thing for quantity be ten for one, yet sublimed Mercury will carry no coales, but will euer shew his valour in healing or spoiling: I put not this composition ready made into any Surgeons chest, but leaue rather the Ingredients, and let the discreet Sur- geon make it to please himself, for if I my selfe should find such a composition made by any, I should much feare to 80 The Surgions Mate

vse of it, and so I wish the Surgeons Mate to doe in all Mercuriall Lotions, and rather let him vse such other good Lotions, as are set downe in the cure of the Scuruy, vnto any which hee may adde sublimate, and tear me it if he please, Aqua Fallopij, but I say let him well [p. 061] vnderstand himselfe both in the composition, and admi- nistration of any such medicines, or let him craue aduise, or rather forbeare them, and vse other safer medicines, though their vertues or vices perhaps be fewer.

Aqua uiridis. This Greene water which is held a maximum by some Surgeons hath his tincture from Viridi Aere, and likewise his astringent tast, and vertue, his chiefe vse also is concerning the cures of Opthalmie in the eies, and also against diuers rumes, or distillations of humors troubling the eyes, guttatim or droppe-wise administred, the description of whose composition I referre the Reader to the rest of my compositions, where they shall bee found together; but I vse in place thereof Lapis medicamentosus, which in his place also shall be spoken of.

Aqua fortis. Aqua fortis or strong water: I haue, to satisfie some Surgeons, put this water into their chests, but for my selfe I see no reason for it, I know no Chirurgicall vse it hath which is not far better performed by oyle or vitrioll, wherefore I referre you rather to oyle of vitrioll, for it is a farre sweeter and surer medicine, as at large shall be spoken of in his place.

Veriuce. Veruise or Veriuce made of the iuyce of crabs is a good cooling medicine to be giuen in drinkes against burning feuers, it helpes well digestion, causeth appetite, rellisheth well meates and drinkes and is cordiall, familiar, and pleasing to the taste; but it will not liue aboue one yeare in good force at Sea, yet I giue way to the putting it into the Surgeons chest, for that it is often desired by Sur- geons. [p. 062] Lotion. Lotion: this word Lotion is a generall phrase with many Surgeons, as if there were no difference in lotions, when their differences are infinite: but here I will meane it as the vulgar sort do: A lotion compounded of vulnerary hearbs in their prime gathered and decocted with Alluminis and mell in aqua pura, this Lotion I confesse may retaine a name generall as well as any one outward medicine I know, for well prepared, thereof are good vses made, as namely and most commonly it is all in all to be vsed as an iniection ge- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 81

nerally for griefes of the yard, as well within the passage as also twixt glans and preputium, and in Gonorrhea, which though it cannot cure the disease, yet it healeth the excoriations thereof, and strengthneth well the parts, and so doth it in all exulcerations of the same, remembring that if you vse it within the passage of the yard, if you find it bee too tart of the Allome, you mixe it with Plantan- water if you haue it, or for want thereof with faire water. Note that for the first time you beginne iniection, let it be very gently done, then you may fortifie it as you see cause, namely giue it of it selfe, or with the addition of a little well dussified mercurie where occasion is, but that warily, namely, seldome or neuer within the passage, but twixt glans and preputium daily, if you will vpon iust occasion, and administer no Lotion within the passage of Virga cold, but warme euer: further it hath the prime place, for a Catho- licke medicine in exulcerations and excoriations of the mouth and throte, both in Towne and Countrey, and is become in such cases euery old wifes medicine: I haue touched it in the cure of the Scuruy, wherefore here for haste I craue pardon: Only let me tell the Surgeons Mate that in want of such a Lotion, though it be not in all points answerable thereto, yet he may make a good Lotion at sea of fresh water, Allome, and Hony, prouided he be wary not to be too plentifull of the Allome. [p. 063] Lixivium forte. This is to be vnderstood Capitall lees, a very necessarie medicine to be at hand in the Surgeons chest, to mollifie the liquid or white causticke when it groweth dry, and also if need be by decoction per se to make vp a lapis infernalis as some tearme it, or a hard causticke stone: the liquid causticke is made only of vnslaked lime and strong Capi- tall lees by decoction together to the thicknesse of an vnguent, and when occasion of application thereof is, lay on the griefe a minium or some other cleauing Emplaster with a hole cut therein, so bigge as there shall be occasion to make an orifice, and thicke spread the white causticke thereon, & let it remaine thereon at the least two houres, hauing a care so to defend the same that it doe not spread. The causticke stone if you boile it to a iust consistence and hauing put it out, being yet warme, smooth it ouer with an iron splatter, then with a knife cut it into pieces, you shall haue it ready to make incision after your owne will, for any causticke laid on an Aposteme may spread further and broader then thy will to the damage of the Patient, but this kinde of causticke you may hold in your hand wrapped in some cloute or piece of plaster spread, and so you may rule it at your owne desire, and yet it maketh greater spread with lesse paine then the other. Some- what of this manner of incision I haue mentioned in the 82 The Surgions Mate

cure of Apostemes and elsewhere, to which I referre you for this time.

Lixiuium commune. For this medicine I referre you to the Treatise of salt in generall. [p. 064] Acetum Rosarum. Vnderstand that vineger of Roses is or ought to bee vineger of wine first, and then by the infusion of red rose leaues elect therein it is the more fragrant and cordiall, so that it is the better to aromatize the stomake, and to refresh nature weakened, and against the fainting and great weakenesse of the spirits, wherein the tincture of roses hath a great vertue comfortatiue. Yet let not the Surgeons Mate bee discouraged though he haue not Acetum rosarum, for acetum vini or wine vineger will serue well in place thereof, and yet better if you haue Rose-water to infuse therein vpon occasion of vsing the odour thereof, or for to be applied to the stomacke a- gainst vomiting, or imbecility of the stomacke. In other cases the one may stand for the other very well, as also for those griefes.

Acetum vini. Wine Vineger helpeth the vnnatural swellings of the belly, as also cureth the fluxes of the stomacke, the parts grieued being fomented therewith: it staieth the inordinate menstruall fluxes, the region of the liuer or the bearing parts fomented therewith warme, namely with stupes wet therein. It is good against vomiting, the stomake outwardly fomented with warme stupes wet therein: It also discusseth and dissipateth violent hot tumors in their beginning, yea euen those which are named Panaritiae, or as some tearme them fellons. Good wine vineger excelleth, vsed in Cataplasmes; as also in fomentations where anodine Medicines are to be vsed, prouided the place bee not excoriated, as namely in Hernia humorali. With beane- meale, and oyle of Roses it is a present helpe well applied, with also apt trussings and care had. In the falling downe of the fundament it is approued good, sometimes with [p. 065] wine vsed warme to foment the part withall, as also to bee cast on brickes to recieue the fume thereof. In the hotte Goute, and in all inflammations, as the Rose, or Ignis sacer, or as some call it Saint Antonies fire, by way of fomentation with wine vineger it is a precious help, as also made into a sirupe with hony, then tearmed Oximell, or with sugar, then tearmed Oxisaccarum, it is very conuenient to a weake stomake, for it causeth appetite, and is a helpe to digestion, giuen unciam i or uncias ij at once, for it cutteth away flegme and refresheth nature, and corroborateth the sto- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 83

make, also by way of a Gargerisme: it is an approued remedie againe Squinantiae angina, or any the suddaine inflammations of Columelle95, or the Amigdales 96of the throte, and if Roses be put therein, it is for all the aforesaid vses, yet more better, and it maketh the Vineger much the more cordiall: It is very questionable whether wine vineger bee of temperament hot or colde, considering the different effects thereof, for I should not doubt to giue reasonable content to any vnpartiall Artist that it doth both the effects of a hot and cold medicine, proouing it both by au- thoritie and practise to be hot and cold, yea euen by Ga- len himselfe, Teste cap. 6. lib. prim. simpl: med. & cap. 20. eiusdem lib.

Spiritus uini. Spirit of wine of all vegetables is the most pretious thing, it is the truest cordiall amongst all cordialls, the particular vertues thereof to be duly handled would fill a great Volume; it is called, as is said, Spiritus vini, quasi Spiritus vitae, and the sacred Scriptures testifie that wine makes glad the heart of man, wherefore there needes no further argument to expresse it to be a true Cordiall. It is odoriferous and of a pleasant taste: It extracteth out tinctures from euery medicinall subiect. It preserueth the body from putrefaction, and in euery cold oppression of Nature is a true helper, for the cough [p. 066] and for all distillations of rumes and fluxes it is a perfect helpe: It comforteth the stomake, and prouoketh appetite. It helpeth those which are thicke of hearing, daily one droppe put into the eare. It preserueth a man in health, the vse thereof euery morning and euening certaine droppes being taken, and defendeth the body that taketh it from the oppression of infectious aires, and being sicke almost in any disease it may safely be giuen as a true restoratiue medicine. All sorts of the Cordiall strong waters recited, for so much as they containe of Spirit of wine in them, as is said, they become thereby Cordiall indeed, if not otherwise: for take from them the Spirit of wine they containe, and the remainer is not worth roome in a glasse. Much might here to good purpose be taught of the true vse of Spirit of wine for the cure of wounds, vlcers, fistulaes, and many other infirmities if time would serue, which for want of leasure I must pretermit.

Spirit of Uitriole.

95 columella, ae: diminutive of columna, ae lat. the column, equivalent to uvula, ae lat. the little grape, term for a special structure of the palate; the inflammation of the uvula is named staphylitis. 96 amigdales: derived from amygdále gr. almond, the latin equivalent is tonsilla, ae; the palatine tonsil was called "almond of the throat". 84 The Surgions Mate

For this medicine I referre the Reader to the generall Treatise of Salt, and to that part which mentioneth Oyle of Vitriole, where he shall be satisfied.

Spirit of Terebinthine. This Spirit of Terebinthine is a subtile, volatile, pure, and a christalline spirit extracted from Terebinthine, which how much the more noble the subiect is, so much the more excellent will the spirit be. It hath many pretious vertues medicinable, contained in it: it is wholy combustible, penetratiue, of a warming and comforting faculty: it is a good menstrum to draw Tinctures by, either from vegetable or minerall medicines, and chiefely it is vsed to extract the tincture from Sulphur, which tinc- [p. 067] ture is a singular good medicine many waies, as in his proper place I meane to touch. This said spirit is a true Balsame in the cure of all new wounds, especially of the sinewes. It comforteth all the sinewy parts of the body afflicted with any cold impression, as convulsions, the Scuruy, or the like. It prouoketh vrine very well 10 or 12 drops taken in wine fasting, and driues out grauell and the stone. It is also good to consolidate any inward wound penetrating into the body, a few drops thereof daily drunke. It is a fit addition for any Vnguent seruing for a cold disease to amend the warming force thereof, and to cause it to penetrate the better. It hath many other singular good vses, which for breuitie I must passe ouer.

The white Causticke. This kinde of Causticke taketh his vertue from the vegetable salt it containes, and may well be carried in the Chest, for that it will last well an East India Voyage, with some times the addition of a little capitall lees, as neede shall require, namely when it groweth too hard. It is altogether as safe and sure as the Causticke stone, but not so swift in working, neither so well to bee ruled, for it will often spread three times as wide as it is intended, if it be not warily preuented: which thing is dangerous to the Patient, & disgracefull to the Artist. Where- fore if I had capitall Lees I would rather boyle vp the Causticke stone; but then againe, except the Surgions Mate know the true height of boyling it, and can cut it into peeces one inch long, as is said, and with one of the said peeces held in his one hand can perforate the Apost- eme, it is otherwise all one with the former white Cau- sticke, for being laid on, it will become liquid as the other. It is not sufficient safe to cut a hole, as the vse is, in a spread emplaster of the bignesse he would haue his orifice, and so lay it on, and couer it with a like emplaster: for that this course cannot hinder the spreading thereof, but if hee [p. 068] will worke surely after that fashion, I meane with any po- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 85

tentiall Causticke medicine, let him cut from a rowle of some soft emplaster that will cleaue well, a peece of unciam j. in weight, or thereabout, and make of it two long rowles, laying one on ech side the place of the Aposteme appointed to be pierced, bringing them at ech end together, for the ends of a Causticke incision ought to be narrow, and the middest broad, if it be artificiall, at least twise as long as broad is a good forme and rather more. Regard also that your incision be made as neere as may be according to the length of the fibers and muskles, and alwaies that it be so made that one end be more dependent then the other; but in Buboes of the emunctories it will seldome fall out so, for that you are constrained to follow the forme of the tumour, which commonly lieth thwart, chiefly in veneriall Buboes in Inguine or the groyne. Like wise if the tumour be full, and the Patient in great paine, you shall doe him great ease by piercing the Easker97 in the middest, so soone as it is made to discharge some of the matter. But note this as a generall rule, neuer presse out the matter too forcibly, nor take too much at once out. For howsoeuer you may iustly alledge and conceiue it is putrid & offensiue matter, yet know it containeth naturall calor, & some spirits, and any sudden euacuation thereof will weaken & perhaps ouerthrow your Patient. Where- fore except some extraordinary cause vrge you thereto, force not much matter from a superated Aposteme, leaue that worke to nature onely, hinder not the due course thereof by the foolish vse of stopping the orifice with a tent, for so thou shalt become an enemy to thy Patient, and not onely hinder his naturall helpe farre aboue thy Artificiall helpe, but also vncharitably thou wilt choke him vp in his owne excrements, which beware of. And for the furthering the fall of an Esker in any Aposteme, where nature hath a breathing, it is meere folly, as I haue said in other places. The longer it lyeth on, the better I like the worke, and if you would vse all the Art you can, [p. 069] you can not keepe on an Esker at your will. Wherefore forget that worke till it be done to thy hand. I haue much (in my good will) to write of this subiect, namely of the manner of preparation, keeping, & sundry sorts of application of the same Causticke, and diuers o- ther necessary instructions of the seuerall vses of the same medicine in diuers parts of Chirurgery, as well as in the opening of Tumours, but my time calleth me to the next. Wherefore at this time I craue pardon.

Sal Absinthij, & Gemmae, & Nitri. What my leisure hath not here permitted mee to speake of them or any Salt else, I haue rehearsed them in my Treatise generall of Salt in their particular

97 Easker see note 85 86 The Surgions Mate

places, to which I referre the friendly Reader. The Index will guide him thereto.

Oleum Rosarum. Or Oyle of Roses, is anodine, and doth refrigerate and corroborate, and therefore is good against hot diseases, as Erisiphilas. Also with Mel Rosarum it is a good Balme for new wounds of the head, and else where; and hath diuers other worthy vses in Chirurgery.

Oleum Anetheninum. Oyle of Dill is anodine and laxatiue, it concocteth crude tumors, causeth sleepe, mitigateth the headache, refresheth the wearied members, strengthneth the sinewes, discusseth winde, profitable for convulsions, and asswageth aches, easeth paines, and hath many other good vses. [p. 070] Oleum Chamaemelinum. Oyle of Chamemill resolueth moderately and calefieth, is good for the collicke, stone, wearinesse, by annointing the parts greeued, and for aches, and feuers in all other things other with the former. It is also very convenient in Glisters for all gripings and tortions of the gutts, and yeeldeth great comfort to the intrailes by the good odour and warmth thereof.

Oleum Lumbricorum. Oyle of Earth-wormes helpeth the aches of the ioynts in any part of the body, and doth strengthen and comfort well the sinewes weakned and pained, and against convulsions and cramps: and it is also a good Balme for sinowes wounded.

Oleum Lilliorum. Oyle of Lillies doth moderately warme & resolue, asswageth paine, mollifieth hard tumors, doth much mitigate the violence of diseases, and is very effectuall against paines of the breast and stomacke, and allayeth the inordinate heate of the reynes and bladder.

Oleum Hipericonis simplex. Oyle of St Johns worte simple is of a thin essence: it is of temperament dry and anodine, healing sinewes pricked or wounded. Also it is very profitable to them that haue the Sciatica to annoint them a- gainst the swellings in the Temples, Belly, and leggs through Melancholie: and it is of very good vse for cold aches and convulsions, cramps, burnings, scaldings, and II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 87

good to cure new wounds. [p. 071] Oleum Hipericonis composita [!]. Oleum Aparici, or Balme Artificiall. These three seuerall names of oyles, or different medicines, according to that I intend in the Surgions Chest, is but one and the same medicine. A better Balme then which to heale new wounds the Surgions Mate need not desire to learne nor know. Some Writers call it by the name of Oleum Hipericonis cum gummis: some Oleum Aperici: some Balme Artificiall. The composition whereof with the rest shall follow. It is best to be vsed in wounds as hot as the Patient can endure it, and for the first time rather hotter. It is a sure medicine for all venemous wounds, all bitings of madde dogges, or of venemous wormes, very hot applied, and the parts about annointed therewith warme, remembring in all venemous griefes a Cordiall is also requisite. In my owne practise it is almost all the vnctious medicine I euer vse for the curing of wounds and contusions, and I neuer repented my selfe of the vse thereof. In piercing wounds and stabbs it is a medicine a Surgion may well rely on, it will not disgrace him. It is a very comfortable medicine against all paines, aches, and witherings of the outward limmes proceeding of cold causes, vsing it warme with good frication, and a plaster of Burgundy pitch spread on lether and applied thereon, or rather Emplastrum Stipticum Pa- racelsi. I speake this of practise, and I could say much more of my owne experience touching the worthy praise of this medicine if time would serue: but for this time accept of this abridgment. [p. 072] Oleum Sambucinum. Oyle of Elder flowers doth lenifie and purge the skin, is good for the obstructions of the Liuer, helpfull for the ioynts and nerues pained, the parts greeued being annointed therewith: it procureth stooles by Glisters vsed, healeth the yellow Iaundice, amendeth belly ach, and easeth the griping paines thereof.

Oleum Lini. Oyle of Linseed is anodine, cureth convulsions, mitigateth the hardnes of the arteries, muscles, & nerues, asswageth the paine of the Hemorrhoides: and helpeth the vnnaturall clefts, chaps and fissures of the fundament.

Oleum Ouorum. Oyle of Eggs clenseth the skin, taketh away the fil- 88 The Surgions Mate

thinesse, and all skars thereof occasioned by cutts, or bitings, or at the least much diminisheth them, so that they can be hardly seene: it cureth burnings, killeth Ringwormes, healeth excoriations, and is preualent against any vlcer, chops, or ill matter arising out of the flesh, either in the hands, feete, armes, legs, or in any other part of the body.

Oleum Laurinum. Oyle of Bayes is a medicine calefying, mollifying, o- pening and discussing, it doth much mitigate the Collicke deliuered into the body by glister, it is a present remedy against colde greefes of the braine, nerues, arteries and loynes, the parts annoynted therewith, it represseth the violence of a feuer, the spina dorsi or region of the [p. 073] backebone annoynted therewith, and is good for the Palsie, Sciatica, the hardnesse and paines of the spleene, and is much vsed for to cure the scab, and ring-worme, and in the cure of the Scuruy.

Oleum Absinthij. Oyle of wormewood doth calefie and corroborate, e- specially the stomacke, raiseth an appetite, concocteth crude humours, dissipateth and disperseth winde, killeth wormes, and taketh away obstructions proceeding from a colde cause, the parts greeued being annoynted therewith, and likewise it is good in glisters for the like occasions.

Oleum Papauerum. Oyle of Poppies cureth the intemperature of heat in the reines and feuers, and procureth sleepe being annoynted on the nose, temples or eares, maketh lubricke, and lenefieth the sharpe arterie.

Oleum Petreoli. Oyle of Peter is hot and dry, and by the tenuity of the essence thereof doth penetrate and digest all excrementall matter, it is vsed with profit for the falling sicknes, palsie, giddinesse of the head, and is good for many other greefes arising from cold causes.

Oleum Scorpionum. Oyle of Scorpions is of speciall vse to breake the stone in the reines and bladder, and Manardus commen- deth it both in the pestilence, all contagion, & feuors, but cheefely in expelling poyson. And it is also good to asswage the paines of the backe proceeding by distempered kidneyes. [p. 074] II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 89

Oleum Amigdalarum dulcium. Oyle of sweet Almonds doth lenifie the roughnesse of the brest and throat, as also the hardnesse & drines of the ioints, is good against the consumption of the lungs, is is also of good vse to bee drunke in the hecticke feuers: it stayeth the cough, asswageth the heat of vrine, healeth vlcers by iniection: is very good in Colica or Iliaca Passio to be drunke, and to be administred in glisters.

Oleum Amigdalarum amararum. Oyle of bitter Almonds doth open obstructions discusseth winde and vapours: but cheefly it healeth deafnesse, the hissing and paine of the eares, lenifieth the hardnesse of the sinewes: and maketh the face and hands faire &c.

Balsamum Naturale. Naturall Balsamum, or Opobalsamum is very good for them that are short winded, for the obstructions of the liuer, and for greefes of the stomacke, helpeth the consumption of the lungs: and causeth an appetite, and besides the excellent vertue sanatiue it hath, both inwardly and outwardly in the cure of wounds, It hath also many other good vertues.

Oleum Vitrioli. Oyle of Uitriole is exceeding hot and colde, mixed in waters, decoctions, sirupes or conserues, maketh them in taste tart or sowerish, and in colour purple like, delighting them that are sicke of feauers, freeth obstructions, recreateth the bowels: and is very effectuall in the pestilence, falling sicknesse palsie and stopping of vrine, See more heereof in the Treatise of Salt. [p. 075] Oleum Sulphuris per Campanam. Oyle of Sulphur made from the humid vapors therof, is good to make the teeth white, to take away the morphew, cureth venereall vlcers, expelleth diseases arising from winde or colde, is good against the falling sicknesse, shortnesse of breath, euill affections of the lungs, and easeth the tooth-ach, and is, being well prepared, a true cordiall medicine.

Oleum Garyophillorum. Oyle of Cloues not vnlike to Opobalsamum in strength doth sweeten the breath, driueth away putrede humours, discusseth winde, openeth the pores of the liuer, digesteth colde humours, dissipateth the melancholicke humours healeth olde and new vlcers, staieth the putrefaction of the bones, and asswageth the paine of the teeth 90 The Surgions Mate

proceeding from a colde cause.

Oleum Macis. Oyle of mace doth calefie and digest colde humours, roborate the stomacke, helpeth concotion, raiseth an appetite, and procureth many other benefits to him that vseth it.

Oleum Philosophorum. Oyle of Philosophers, or of tile-stones or bricke-bats, the eldest is the best, very like it is to Oleum Petreoleum in vertue it doth extenuate and penetrate vpward, digesteth and consumeth all excrementall matter: and is profitable for colde affections of the spleene, reines, bladder, nerues, wombe and ioynts, for the Lethargie, Apoplexie and falling sicknesse, and many other the like greefes. [p. 076] Oleum Anisi. Oyle of Anis-seedes preuaileth against the collicke arising from winde and colde, against the Tympanie, Inflation and crudity of the stomacke, against the gripings and the crying of the intestines, &c.

Oleum Terebinthinae. Oyle of Terbentine is taken inwardly for shortnesse of breath, the tysicke98, against the stone, the collicke colde and windy affections of the brest: it is outwardly vsed for to heale sinewes wounded, or troubled with any intemperature, also to fill vlcers with flesh, and knit them vp leauing no siccatrize in them.

Oleum Iuniperinum. Oyle of Iuniper is commended for the cure of the morphew of the skin, it prouoketh vrine, it agreeth with the cure of diseases of the reines, it is good to bee taken certaine drops thereof against any pestilentiall vapours, for the stone, it is also good, and to be drunke certaine drops, against penetrating wounds.

Oleum Spicae. Oyle of Spicke doth calefie, attenuate, discusse, and is very profitable to them that haue the gowt proceeding of a colde cause, or to comfort any member benummed, also it is good against the falling sicknesse and convulsions, the temples and nape of the necke, yea, and the whole head to be annoynted therewith is very profitable. [p. 077] Oleum Antimonij.

98 phthisis II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 91

Oyle of Antimonie or Stibium is good for them that haue convulsions, or any astonishing disease, and o- ther euill affections of the braine, foure graines thereof drunke, it asswageth the paine of the gowt and collicke, cureth feauers, helpeth the bladder vlcerated, and wonderfully helpeth the canker, Fistula phagedena, the fretting or eating pockes, the wolfe, and all other sorts of vlcers.

Oleum Succini. Oyle of Amber helpeth the paine in the head, resolution of the sinewes and falling euill, one drop or two taken with water of Betony or Lauender, or in faire water, it preserueth also from poyson, and mixed with parsly water or malmesie, is a singular remedy in discussing diseases of the reines and bladder, bringing foorth the stone, and opening the passages of vrine, it profitteth in the collicke and strangullion. A drop put into a littel verbene water, and so giuen to a woman in trauell, it refresheth all the weake faculties of the body, consumeth humours, confirmeth and openeth the braine.

Oleum Absinthij Chymice. Oyle of worme-wood is good for the stomacke to strengthen it, to stay vomitting, to kill worms, asswageth the paine of the teeth, and is vsed in agues.

Oleum Origani. Oyle of Origanum cureth melancholly, helpeth the dropsie, and cureth the cough, and quarterne feuer, and the tooth-ach. [p. 078] Syrupus Absinthij. Sirupe of wormewood is sayd to corroborate the stomacke, helpe concoction, cause an appetite, discusse wind, open the veines, and to moue vrine, kill worms, &c.

Sirupus Limonum. Sirupe of Lemmons is cordiall and refrigerating, and I may say calefying too, it doth please and profit the appetite, and comforteth all that are sicke of the pestilence, continuall and contagious feuors, as also all diseases, on which exceeding great heat attendeth, cheereth vp the heauie heart, and dispelleth sorrow there from, and against all obstructions of the spleene it is a good helpe, and also well approoued good in the cure of the Scuruy.

Sirupus Paupaueris. Sirupe of white poppies hath an astringent quality, it procureth sleepe, helpeth the cough, hindereth the humours which distill from the head into the throat tick- 92 The Surgions Mate

ling, and is of precious vse against the palsie, if it bee vsed in the beginning thereof.

Sirupus Cynamomi. Sirupe of Cynamon is commended to be very good to old men that are cold and weake, and to them whose vigor, humidity and naturall heat diminisheth, it nourisheth much, and begetteth bloud, and quickeneth all the vitall parts. [p. 079] Syrupus Rosarum simplex Sirupe of Roses simple doth quench thirst, especially in feuers, mittigateth their heate, refrigerateth the stomake, and liuer being very hot.

Syrupus Rosarum solutiuarum. Sirupe of Roses solutiue is vsed as a gentle and safe purge both to old and young when they are molested either with burning or pestilent feuers, or any hot distemperature in their body.

Syrupus uiolarum. Sirupe of violets doth breake the acrimonie of melancholie, tempereth the heate of the bowels, bringeth downe the belly by purging it, helpeth the diseases of the throte, as hoarsenesse, and the drie cough, and is a chiefe aide to the curing inflammations of the brest, against the pl[e]urisie, and quencheth thirst in feuers, and is cordiall.

Oximell simplex. Oximell simple is in great vse for the cure of inflammations of the lungs, and throte: helpeth expectoration and easie breathing, cutteth and attenuateth thicke and slimie humors, purgeth the entralls without trouble, and is good both in cold and hot affections.

Mell Rosarum. Or Hony of Roses strengtheneth and clenseth the stomake: purgeth clammie humors, helpeth concoction with the temperate heate thereof, alaieth and stoppeth hot fluxes, the Phlegmon of the mouth, gums, [p. 080] and iawes, is singular good with oile of Roses for wounds in the head, and these two with aqua vitae are very good to cure wounds in ioints where the ioint water gleteeth out.

Diamoron simplex. Or Diamoron simplex not vnlike Mell rosarum is profitable in Gargarismes, against the eating vlcers of the mouth as aforesaid, and cutteth away fleme, and clen- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 93

seth the mouth and throte, and by reason of the pleasing taste thereof is the more comfortable to the diseased.

Syrupus Raphani silvestris. Or Sirupe of wild Redish breaketh the stone, mundifieth the reines, prouoketh vrine, is profitable for the kings-euill, and is an approued medicine in the Scuruie to be drunke daily.

Syrupus Prunellorum. Or Sirupe of Sloes doth refrigerate and comfort the stomake, stoppeth fluxes, healeth the excoriations of the intralls, the dosse may be uncias ij at once.

Conserva Rosarum Rubrarum. Or Conserue of Red-roses is good for the heart and head strengthning and comforting both, as also the bowells mittigating their heate, and stoppeth fluxions, and is much the more profitable in any griefe if a few drops of oile of vitrioll be mixed therewith, but beware of too much.

[p. 081] Conser[va] Anthos. Or Conserue of Anthos, or Rosemary flowers is of much vse in phisicke, because of the force it hath in comforting the braine and corroborating the sinewes, and it is giuen with good successe for the falling sicknesse, Apo- plexie, Lithargie, dead and shaking Palsie, but it will not keepe long at Sea in hot Countries.

Rob. Berberies. Or Conserue of Barberies doth refrigerate, and is a- stringent, it quencheth thirst, and the heate of the stomake, and bowells, it causeth appetite, remooueth the waterish humor of choller, cureth the bloudy flix, the flux of the liuer, the often gnawing and wringing of the guts caused by choller, healeth the small pox, and resisteth drunkennesse.

Rob. Citoniorum. Or Conserue of Quinces doth binde, comfort the stomake, is good for choller, stoppeth all kinde of bloudy fluxes, and helpeth digestion.

Conserva Luiule. Or Conserue of wood-sorrell doth recreate and comfort the heart, remoueth putrede humors, refrigerateth and profiteth much in continuall, and contagious feuers, being very cordiall, but will perish in hot Coun- 94 The Surgions Mate

tries: great store of this herbe is found in Soldanie99 at the Cape of Good-hope as I am informed. [p. 082] Conser[va] Prunellorum. Or Conserue of Sloes is of a comforting stipticke force, very profitable to comfort a weake stomake oppressed with crudities, good against all fluxes of the belly, and also good to heale all inflammations or excoriations occasioned by the same, either taken on a knife in forme of a Bolus, or giuen in glisters.

Electuarium Diacatholicon. This Electuarie Diacatholicon doth purge gently all humors, it is conueniently vsed in feuers, and other diseases which arise from a certaine euill disposition of the spleene and liuer, the dose is uncia j.

Electuarium Diaphenicon. Diaphenicon purgeth easily, and safely flegme and melancholly: it helpeth the belly ake, colicke, continuall burning feuers, and all euills proceeding of choller and flegme: the dose is uncia j.

Diaprunum simplex. Diaprunum simplex is commended for a gentle laxatiue, not only against continuall and hot intermitting feuers, but also against all hot diseases, and against the vices of the lungs, throte, reines, and bladder, the dose is uncia j.

Confectio Hamech. Confectio Hamech purgeth choller, melancholly, and salt phlegme, and is therefore with great benefit vsed against diseases arising from the same, the Canker, Lepro- sie, or drie Scurfe, Madnesse, Ringworme, Manginesse, [p. 083] scabbes and the like: the dose is drachmae vj.

Electuarium de succo Rosarum. The Electuarie of the iuice of Roses is powerfull in purging of yellow choller: the dose is uncia j.

Diatrion Pipereon. Diatrion Pipereon doth help the stomake, and is good for sower belching, quartans, cold, and all flatious diseases, or wounds: of the species thereof you may Rp. unciam j, of hony uncias v: put them together being well mixed, and keepe the same to giue vpon occasion to a weake stomake fasting, or at any time. It will warme and comfort him much: when men feele their stomackes oppressed with ob-

99 Saldanha Bay, harbour on the south-western coast of South Africa II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 95

structions by reason of cold, now and then a little thereof giuen them will much comfort them, and preserue them well from fluxes of belly.

Theriace Londini. This composition was heretofore appointed by the wisedome of the learned and graue Doctors of the Phisitions Colledge in London, as a thing very requisite, for that the price should be reasonable for the poorer sort, the ingrediences thereof being neuer the lesse Cordiall, and yet such as are in London at all times to be had, it may be vsed well in place of mithridate, and in truth I had rather put my selfe vpon it as a good Cordiall, being fresh made, then vpon it as a good Cordiall, being fresh made, then vpon the mithridate we buy from beyond the seas, for it is by the Hollanders so vncharitably sophisticated that a man may feare to take it in his neede: my selfe chan- ced in Holland into the house of a Bore, as they tearme him, to lodge, who liued by making Mithridate and Treakell, and confessed to mee his Mithridate had but nine simples in it, and he had pewter boxes marked so arti- [p. 084] ficially as no man could discouer them to be other then right Venice ones. I haue appointed to the Surgeons chest some of the Spe- cies of the London treakell ready poudered, and dry, that the diligent Surgeon at his will may compose a London Treakell at sea, namely, by taking hony uncias iij, and of this pouder unciam j, and heate them together, stirring them well till all be incorporated, and giue it as neede shall require.

Confectio Alkermis. Confectio Alkermes preserueth from Apoplexies a- rising from cold and melancholly humors, doth very much comfort the braine, and heart, and is sometimes vsed very profitably for them that languish away through long sicknesse, and are subiect to swoundings.

Electuarium de ouo. Electuarium de ouo is very much commended for preuention, and cure of the plague, and all pestilentiall diseases in expelling the infection from the heart.

Methridatum Damocratis. Methridate of Damocrates is in quallity and vertue like to Treakell, but more hotter and forcible against the poison of Serpents, madde Dogs, wilde Beasts, cree- ping things, being vsed as a plaster, or drunke, it cureth all the cold affections of the head, helpeth the melancholick or those that are fearefull of waters, them also that haue 96 The Surgions Mate

the falling sicknesse, Megram100, paine in the bowels, eares, tooth ach, and weeping eies, healeth the euills of the mouth and iawes, being plasterwise laide to the temples by discussion giueth ease to the troubled with the Squincy, Apoplexie, cough, spitting of bloud, Impostumes, or inflammations of the lungs, or any griefes within the body, [p. 085] and is good against the bloudy flixe, fluxe of the stomake, obstruction of the guts, and against ringing & tortions in them, being taken with aqua vitae and the decoction of bau- lastians, it remedieth conuulsions and palsie, helpeth the middriffe flatus, Hipocondria, the paines of the reines, & bladder, breaketh the stone, prouoketh vrine and monthly flowers, expelleth other vices of the matrix, yeeldeth a singular benefit for the Goute, profiteth not a little in quotidians, and quartanes, a quantity drunke in wine, being first warmed, and then taken an houre before the fit.

Theriacha Andromachi. Andromachus Treakell doth the effects of Mithrida- tum Damocratis, and is also good against the hoarsenesse of the voice, against the laundice, Dropsie, for wounds of the intestines, to bring foorth the young birth dead: to expell and take away the Leprosie, and measils, to reviue euery decayed sense: to confirme wounds healed: to kill all kinds of wormes: to dissipate winde: to comfort the heart and stomacke, and to keepe the body vncorrupt or sound.

Theriaca Diatesseron Mesuis. This Diatesseron is an ancient composition deuised by the ancient Graecians, and had beginning from Auecine, and Mesues, or one of them, and according to the Greeke word so named, for that it is made of foure simples, viz: Gentian roots, Bay-beries, Myrrha, and Aristolochia rotunda, foure pretious and very cordiall simples, full of medicinable vertues. And for that I would haue it kept in time of neede, I haue thought meete to haue ready powdred the said 4 simples together to bee composed into a Trekell, as occasion shall moue thee. On- ly note this, that to one ounce of the said species uncias 3: of hony is to be added, and on the fire well mixed, and so it is [p. 086] ready for vse. By some Writers this composition is called Theriaca ad pauperem the poore mans Trekell. The vertues of Diatesseron are said to be as followeth. It is good against poyson drunken, and against the bitings of venemous beasts or wormes. It is also good a- gainst all the cold effects of the braine, as convulsions, re- solutions of the sinowes, morbum Comitialem, the Spasme or Crampe, the inflation of the ventricle or stomacke a- gainst defect of concoction therein: and against vene-

100 megram, megrim: migraine, one-sided headache II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 97

mous wounds both inwardly drunke, and outwardly applied. Also it openeth the obstructions of the liuer and spleene, thereby preserueth the body from the disease called Cachexia or stomacace, which is the Scuruy. Teste Pharmacopoeia Augustana, et alijs.

Dentes Elephantini. Dens Elephantinus, or Elephants tooth hath an astringent force: healeth fellons; and is good for white fluxes of women: the Icteritia Flaua or the yellow Iaundise, Morbus Regius, wormes, and continuall obstructions.

Laudanum Paracelsi Opiatum. In the treatise of the fluxes of the belly, it is handled at large, to which I refer the friendly Reader.

Diascordium. Diascordium is helpfull in feuers, as well contagious, as pestilentiall: good for the head-ach, and vniuersall plague, whose dose is from halfe a dragme to one dragme and a halfe, according to the occasion or strength of the Patient. [p. 087] Diacodion. Diacodion remoueth subtle Catarrhes, which distill from the head to the breast, helpeth the cough and procureth rest. The dose is from scrupulo j. to drachmam j.

Philonium Romanum. Philonium Rom[anum] Magnum is giuen for the Pleurisie, Col- licke, and any internall paine or greefe: it causeth sleepe: stayeth Hemoragia or the flux of bloud in the inward parts and sneesing: allayeth the greefes of the belly, spleene, liuer, and reynes caused by cold, winde, and crude humours: and taketh away the hicket: the quantitie of scrupulum j. is the vsuall dose, and it is augmented or decreased as the yeares and strength of the Patient is.

Philonium Persicum. Philonium Persicum is invented against the abundance of bloud, of womens monethly termes, of the hemorrhoides, and for the ouer-much flux of their courses, the flux of the belly, against vomiting and spitting of bloud: it doth also consolidate vlcers and veynes.

Philonium Tarsense. Philonium Tarsense is of the same facultie as Philonium Romanum.

Aurea Alexandrina. 98 The Surgions Mate

Aurea Alexandrina is effectuall against the cold defluxions of the head: good for weeping eyes, the tooth ach, and head-ach, consumption, collicke, cough, and spitting of bloud: and profiteth the paine in the reynes, [p. 88] and intermitting feuers. But the cause why I haue not appointed this good composition, nor any of the three last mentioned Philoniums to the Surgeons Chest, though I know them to be good medicines, is because they will not keepe an East India voyage, and Laudanum opiale paracelsi is sufficient for ought the other can doe. Wherefore I rest satisfied therewith.

Succus Absynthij. Succus Absinthij, iuyce of wormewood is good for digestion: killeth the wormes: benefiteth the stomacke: and differeth much from the vertues of the hearbe, this being astringent, the other abstersiue.

Succus Acatiae. Succus Acatiae is forraine medicine, for which wee vse the iuyce of Slowes: it doth refrigerate, binde, and repell: it stayeth all fluxes of the belly, healeth excoriations of the intralls, strengthneth much the stomacke: helpeth appetite, healeth vlcerations in the intralls, either vsed in Glisters, or eaten in a Gelly. The dose whereof may safely be uncia j. at one time, or 2 unciae cannot offend: but I hold the infusion thereof, or the decoction of it to bee the aptest medicine, because of the grossnes of the substance thereof.

Succus Glycyrrhizzae. Succus Glycyrrhizae, or iuyce of Licorice in all his qualities is temperate, but exceeding in heate: somewhat it doth lenifie the throat, & mitigate the asperities of the arteries: clenseth the bladder: and is good for the cough: moueth expectoration, and is very profitable against all vices of the lungs and throat. [p. 089] Succus Limonum. Succus Limonum, or iuyce of Limons expelling and refrigerating, cleareth the skin of morphew, killeth hand- wormes; and is of speciall vse to bridle the heate of melancholie: to helpe sharpe and contagious feuers: is good to cause a pleasant taste in potions &c. and cordialls. It being very cordiall of it selfe, and the most pretious helpe that euer was discouered against the Scuruy to bee drunke at all times; for it mightily openeth all obstructions, and refresheth and restoreth nature.

Pulpa Tamarindorum. Pulpa Tamarindorum, the pulpe or iuice of Tamarinds II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 99

is a medicament excellent and well approued against the Scuruy, as well for opening the obstructions of the liuer and spleene, as for comforting and refreshing the bloud and spirits decayed or stopped. Also it purgeth choler: allaieth the heate, and furie of bloud: cureth sharpe feuers, and the Kings euill: extinguisheth thirst, & all heate of the stomacke and liuer: stoppeth vomiting, and is good for the Collick.

Pilulae Aggregatiuae. Pilulae Aggregatiuae, so called either from the Agaricum or the aggregation of many vertues that are said to be therin: for they are profitable for many affections of the head, stomacke, and liuer: they purge phleame, choler, and melancholy; and therefore are of very good vse against continuall feuers, and inveterate diseases, and are described by Mesues, whose dose is from two scruples to a dragme and a halfe. But beware of the vse of these pills, where the flux raigneth; for Agaricum in such bo- [p. 090] dies as are incident thereto is a dangerous medicine. I speake this of practise, wherefore remember ist.

Pilulae Aureae. Pilulae aureae, or the golden pill, being in colour like aurum or golde, because of the saffron in him, they are cholagogall, attracting choller, yea, and flegme too, from the inferiour and superiour venter: and therefore purgeth the head, senses and eyes, & restoreth the eye-sight: they were first made knowen by Nicholaus Myrepsus, who was the first Authour of them; their dose is like that of the pils Aggregatiue.

Pilulae Cochiae. Pilulae Cochiae deriuing the name form a Greeke word kókkos, a graine (pils being formed small and round like graines of Cicers) doth purge both choller and fleame from the head, the liuer, and from all other parts, wherein such humours are contained, and are found described, first by Dr. Rhasis, who is their supposed Authour. The dose is diuers, as before, sometimes great, sometimes small, but drachma j. is the ordinary dose.

Pilulae de Euphorbio. Pilulae de Euphorbio, pils of Euphorbium, receiuing Mesues for their Patron, are vertuous against the dropsie and Scuruy, for they calefie the stomacke and en- trailes, purge water abundantly, preuaile also in remoo- uing the cause of tumours, and bring ayde for the paine of the loynes and gowt, proceeding from too much humidity: they are effectuall in the quantity of one scruple, or halfe a dragme, and may be mixed with Pilulae Cochiae. 100 The Surgions Mate

[p. 091] Pilulae Cambogiae. Pils of Cambogiae, are good to clense the head and refresh the sight, to purge coller, fleame or melancholy from the stomacke or spleene, they open obstructions, and thereby profit well in the cure of the dropsie and scuruy, and for the cure of Icteritiae flavae, or the yellow iaundise they are very good, this Cambogiae is much vsed in Holland and Germany, and Dr. Haruey of St. Bartholomews Hospi- tall, calleth it purging saffron, and giueth it in pils per se, in which manner giuen, it purgeth both wayes forcibly, but the pils heere mentioned, purge onely downewards very gently, their dose is drachma a half, their composition shall be mentioned in his due place with the rest.

Pilulae Ruffi. Pilulae Ruffi, or Pestilentiales Ruffi, subscribing to Ruffus their inventour, a famous Physician, and fitting for the pestilence and plague, doe rather preuent infection, then cure the infected: for by reason of the aloes the body is freed from excrements, by myrrha from putritude, and by Saffron the vitall faculties are quickened, but infection once possessed, is not alwayes by such light cordials and gentle laxatiues remooued, their dose agreeth with that of Pilulae Aureae, they are very stomachall, for they refresh much the stomacke, and in any oppressi- ons of the stomacke, where gentle purging is required, they excell.

Benedicta Laxatiua. Benedicta Laxatiua, or the blessed Laxatiue, it doth o- pen mightily obstructions, purgeth choller, fleame, & all clammy humours from the ioynts, reines and bladder: and is tearmed Benedicta, because it benignely looseth the belly. The dose is drachma j. [p. 092] Puluis Arth(r)eticus Paracelsi. This is a Laxatiue powder, made only for foure vegitables and one Animale simple, with also the addition of Sugar, to giue it the more gratefull taste, and the dose is to drachmam j. at the vtmost, besides the sugar: I can speake of the pleasure and profit I haue had by this mean purging powder, I say plesasure, for that it is so pleasant and easie to bee taken, and profit to me many wayes, for it is to me my generall purging medicine, when I would purge downwards vpon any repletion of the body, our generall cause of e- uacuation downewards, and I finde it indifferent in purging any offending humour, according to the commen- dations the Authour giueth of it, I can no more misse this plaine and harmelesse ready purge, then I can misse my II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 101

saluatory: Oswaldus Grallius101 a most reuerent late writer, hath set downe this onely purge, for the cure of the Poda- gar, giuing it this breefe commendation, it purgeth safely and gently all podagricall defluctions: and in truth who- soeuer shall haue occasion of the vse therof, will haue cause to commend it, and knowing it will finde small neede of Puluis Hollandus or Puluis Sanctus, whose dose at sea must be at the least two dragmes, being nauseous and vnsauory, whereas drachma a half of this will doe as much with great facility, and without tortions or gripings of the guts, which other compositious cause, I vse to giue it to strong bodies in whitewine, to weaker in Sacke but at sea it may be giuen for a need with faire water, and some sirupe to helpe the taste thereof, which neuerthelesse is not vngratefull of it selfe.

Trochisci de Absinthio. Trochisci de Absinthio, or of wormewood (saith Mes- ues) taketh away the obstructions of the stomacke and liuer, & intermitting or chronicall feuers sprung thereof, strengthneth the bowels, and causeth an appetite. [p. 093] Trochiscus de Alhandall. Trochisci Colocynthidos, or Alhandall, as the Arabi- ans speake, doe bring away thicke fleame, and all glu- tinous iuices from the braine, nerues, and other more remote parts, they helpe the chollicke proceeding from a glassie tough fleame, the Apoplexie, Squinancie, falling sicknesse, short breathing, colde and goutie diseases, which scarce giue way to common medicaments, and is described by Mesues, the dose is grana 4.

Trochisci de Spodio. Trochisci de spodio, Mesues haue their vse in bilious feuers, which bring also a fluxe of the belly, they allay the inflammation of the stomake, liuer, and continuall thirst.

Trochisci de Minio. Trochisci de minio, or the Trochis of minium, consume proud flesh, mundfieth sordid vlcers, mundifie callous or hard flesh, and wonderfully cure fistulaes: looke more thereof in Iohannis de vigo.

Folia sene. Folia sene are hot and drie in nature, they are an excellent medicament purging the belly; it scoureth away flegmaticke, tough, and melancholly humors, from the braine, lungs, spleene, liuer, stomacke, and bowels, as also

101 see Crollius, Oswald (Commentary 1: Index of names) 102 The Surgions Mate

clenseth the body from adust and salt humors. [p. 094] Rhabarbarum. Rhabarbarum or Ruberbe is hot in the first degree, and drie in the second, of an astringent nature, and is good for the stomake, and liuer, and against the bloudy flixe, purgeth downward chollericke humors, and therefore very profitably vsed against hot feuers, inflammations, and stoppings of the liuer &c. drachma j is the full dosse.

Agaricum. Agaricum or Agaricke is hot in the first degree, and drie in the second, purgeth phleame, freeth from obstructions, attenuateth, clenseth, & dissipateth winde, and helpeth all diseases which spring from grosse, cold, and raw humors: the dose is drachma j. But beware of the vse thereof in the curing any fluxes of the belly.

Scammonium. Scammonium is hot and drie in the second degree, purgeth downeward in vehement manner chollerick humors, and therefore is good against diseases arising A caution from the same, but if it be taken either too much in quantity, out of time, place, or vnprepared, it is very dangerous, excoriating the guts, prouoking bloudy excrements, procuring Disenteria, causing winde, offending the stomake, and distempering the heart and liuer: the dose is eight graines.

Aloes cicotrine. Aloes the best is hot in the second, and drie in the third degree, remoueth cold, flegmaticke, and chollericke humors by purging, digesting, and dryuing them out, it is a soueraigne medicine for the stomake. [p. 095] Hermodactili. Hermodactili are hot, and drie in the second degree, they do effectually drawe away phleame, and other slimie humors from the articles, and therefore are very profitable for the Goute in the hands, and feete, and the Sciatica.

Polypodium. Polypodium is drie in the second degree, openeth the body, and bringeth away blacke choller, and phleme, helpeth the chollicke, and the griping of the belly, and also the obstructions of the spleene.

Cornu cerui. Hartshorne is be numbred among Cordiall sim- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 103

ples in the highest place, it is giuen in want of Uni- cornes horne and not vnfitly, it comforteth the he art, is good against poyson, provoketh urine, openeth obstructions, easeth the chollicke, disperseth winde, killeth wormes in the body, is good against paines of the reines, or bladder, and being taken vpon each occasion in liquors proper to the former griefes, it is much the better in force: Thus much is ment of Harts horne vnburned. And being burned the pouder thereof is very good against the bloudy, or any other fluxes of the belly.

Euphorbium. Evphorbium is hot and drie almost in the fourth degree and besides his extreame heate and notable acrimonie, it hath a certaine facultie of purging, whereby tough and cold phleame with choller, and water are taken away. [p. 096] Turbith Cathapsaris. Tvrpethium is hot in the third degree, is good to purge phleame, chollericke and thicke humors from the stomake, breast, ioints, and other remote parts, and helpeth the chollicke, and cold aches.

Mirabolanes. Mirabolani (whereof there are fiue kindes, the Citrine, Indian, Bellericke, Chebule, and Emblicke) haue peculiar vertues, some purge choller, others melanchol- lie, others phleame, but as they purge so they binde a- gaine, comforting and strengthning the heart, stomake, and liuer, and therefore are fit purgers of the body in dissenterie vpon any occasion, there dose is drachmae ij.

Cambodigie, or Guttigambe. Cambodigie is a purging medicine newly found out in the East Indies, and thence brought to vs; it is not much vnlike Stibium in working; it is already in vse by diuers reuerend Phisitions, amongst which Doctor Haruy vseth it in Saint Bartholomews Hospitall, and calleth it Cro- cus purgans. I finde by my practise it purgeth well the head, and that it is good to open obstructions, and that it is good also against the yellow Ia[u]ndice, and that it openeth well the spleene, and liuer, and purgeth more downwards then Stibium doth, the dose is 12 graines: The recited Doctor giueth it in pills: my selfe for that I see it purgeth the head haue mixed it with pills for the head, so giue it, and it worketh gently downward only. [p. 097] Cassia fistula. Cassia fistula is hot, and moist in the first degree, tempereth immoderate heate, purgeth gently chollericke humors, and is good for the reines, and kidnies, driuing foorth grauell, and the stone. 104 The Surgions Mate

Crocus. Crocus or Saffron is hot in the second degree and drie in the first, is good for the braine, quickneth the senses, cheareth the heart, causeth digestion, helpeth the diseases of the brest, lungs, and liuer, it mollifieth all hardnesses, and ripeneth all tumors.

Opium. Opium is colde and drie in the fourth degree, asswageth inward paines, causeth sleepe, stoppeth the flixe: and desireth care in his vse thereof, for otherwise it is a deadly poyson.

Radix Chyna. Radix Chyna, Chyne-roots preuaile much in the cure of Lues venerea, and are good for the giddinesse of the head, taketh away the paine of the stomake, & obstructions, and are profitable for the dropsie, chollike, and gripings of the belly, moueth vrine, causeth sweat, and are helpfull against conuulsions, the palsie and paines of the ioints, and a singular remedie against a consumption.

Sarsaparilla. Sarsaparilla is of a hot quallity, causeth sweat, especially extinguisheth the heat of venereous poyson, and is [p. 098] good for the articular diseases, vlcers, and phlegmaticke humours, and principally it is good against the french pox.

Sassafras. Sassafras is of a hot and drie temperament in the second degree, commended in taking away obstructions, corroborating the inward parts, helping the Asthmatique, and Nephretike, clensing the reines from grauell, discussing winde, good for womens diseases, and against any kinde of fluxion, and the Morbus Gallicus, or French pox it is a good medicine.

102 Gnaicum . Lignum Gnaicum doth exiccate, attenuate, open, purge, moue sweate, resisteth contagion, and infection, and doth wonderfully cure the morbus Gallicus, olde vlcers, scabs, and ring-wormes, the best vse thereof is by decoction in faire water.

Cortex Gnaiaci. Cortex gnaiaci hath the same vertue as the Lignum Gniacum hath.

102 It means Lignum Guaiaci, the wood of Guaiacum spec., Zygophyllaceae II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 105

Cortex Granatorum. Cortex granatorum, seu Malicorium is astringent, stoppeth the laske, and bloudy flixe, healeth the gums moist, and weake, fasteneth the teeth loose, stoppeth the bleeding of greene wounds, and helpeth the corruption of the stomake, bowels and the bursting or falling downe of the guts. [p. 099] Liquiritia Liquiritia in all qualities temperate, yet enclining more to heate, it is agreeable to the lungs, and breast; rot- teth phleame, moueth expectoration, cureth the cough, helpeth breathing, and is profitable for the reines, taking away the sharpenesse of vrine, dissolueth the stone, and healeth the sores of the kidnies and bladder.

Hordeum. Hordeum commune (in english is said to be barly) cold and drie in th first degree, digesteth, softeneth, and ripeneth allhard swellings, is good for inflammations, excelleth against the soarenesse of the throate, refrigerateth, comforteth, strengthneth, is abstersiue, and prouoketh vrine.

Hordeum Gallicum. Hordeum Gallicum more vsed inwardly then the Hor- deum commune by the Phisitions in medicaments, is of the same nature and vertue as the other is.

Semen Anisi. Semen anisi Anise seede is hotte and drie in the third degree, doth discusse the windinesse of the stomake, and bowels: stoppeth the bloudy flixe, laske of the belly, moueth vrine, and monthly tearmes, breaketh and bringeth away the stone, helpeth obstructions of the liuer, amendeth the breath, and is good for the falling sicknesse.

Semen foeniculi. Semen feniculi or fennill seede is hot in the third degree, drie in the first, corroborateth the stomake, openeth [p. 100] the obstructions of the lungs, liuer, and kidnies, and causeth abundance of milke in womens breasts.

Semen cari. Semen cari Caraway seede is of the same nature, and vertue as Semen anisi aforesaid.

Semen cumini. 106 The Surgions Mate

Semen cumini Cummen seede is hot, and drie in the third degree, attenuateth, digesteth, resolueth, discusseth winde, dissipateth phlegmatike tumours, and is good against the chollicke and timpanie.

Semen petroselini. Semen petroselini or Parsly seede is hot in the second degree, and drie in the third, is giuen to them that haue the stone, or Iaundise, as also to prouoke vrine.

Semen lini. Semen lini or Line seedes are hot in the first degree, temperate in moisture and drinesse, sofeneth all cold tumors, ripeneth, breaketh impostumes, draweth out thornes sticking in the body, expelleth winde, and gripings of the belly, and clenseth the flesh from spots.

Semen fenigraeci. Semen fenigraeci or Fenigrece is hot in the second, and drie in the third degree, doth mollifie, discusse, and mundifie: helpeth cold, hard swellings, impostumes, and Goute in the feete: wasteth, and lenifieth the hardnesse of the melt: mittigateth heate: is profitable for the matrix in women, and clenseth the skinne from many euills, as itch, scurfe, pimples, wheales, and the like. [p. 101] Semen Anethi. Semen Anethi, or Dill seeds are hot and dry in second, degree, prouoketh vrine, preuaileth against the gripings of the belly, and inflations thereof: taketh away the Hicket, increaseth milke, attenuateth, resolueth, and digesteth humors.

Semen papaueris albi. Semen papaueris albi, or white poppy seedes are cold and dry in the fourth degree, prouoketh sleepe, taketh away subtill humors, catharres, rheumes distilling from the braines vpon the lungs: and helpeth the cough.

Semen Plantaginis. Semen Plantaginis, Plantane seeds are cold and dry in the second degree, stoppeth the flux of the belly, and any flux of bloud: and is good for Catarrhes, old and new vlcers either of the body or mouth.

Semina quattuor frigida Maiora. The foure cold seedes, named Semina quattuor frigida maiora (videlicet Cucurbitae, Cucumeris, Citrulii, Melonis) are cold and moist in the second degree. The first II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 107

whereof extinguisheth the feruor or heate of bloud, choller, and feuers. The two following are profitable to the stomacke, moue vrine, helpe the vlcers of the reynes, and bladder: and extinguisheth thirst, and choller. The fourth and last hath all the vertues of the former.

Semina quatuor frigida minora. Semina quatuor frigida minora, or the foure seeds, cold (to wit, Lactucae, Portalucae, Cichorij, Endiuiae) the first [p. 102] whereof are dry and cold in the third degree, refrigerateth the head, liuer, spleene, reynes, bladder, and limbs: preuaileth against the Gonorrhea, heate of uenerie: moist- neth, lenifieth, slaketh thirst: and causeth sleep. Ren:103 Wick104.

Saccharum. Saccharum, Sugar is hot in the first degree, looseth the belly: is convenient to the stomacke, doth clense, digest, take away the asperitie, or roughnesse of the tongue, and siccitie, thirst, or drought in feuers: helpeth the reynes, & bladder: and is profitable for eyes dim of sight.

Amigdalae amarae. Amigdalae amarae, bitter Almonds are hot in the first degree, dry in the second, they are abstersiue more then sweet ones: they doe open and purge the lungs, liuer, spleene, kidneis, vrinall passages, reynes, & bowels; and are good against spitting of bloud.

Amigdalae dulces. Amigdalae dulces, or sweet Almonds, are hot and moist in the first degree, doe extenuate, purge, and clense the bowels: draw spittle from the breast, and lungs: are good for the moist, and dry stomacke: cleareth the skin from spots, pimples, and lentils: stop spitting of bloud, and ingender choller.

Uuae passae. Vuae Passae seu Corinthiacae, or currans, are hot in the first degreee, or rather of a temperate qualitie: and by a speciall facultie: they haue, they preuaile against the vices of the breast, and liuer: moue, and purge the belly: strengthen the stomacke: purge the head: lenifie and clense the breast and lungs. [p. 103] Amylum. Amylum, or white starch is moderately hot: leviga- teth the parts exasperated: it is effectuall against the

103 Cf. Renou (1615) p. 162-164 104 Cf. Wecker (1588) p. 93f 108 The Surgions Mate

defluxions of humors into the eyes: against pustles and hollow vlcers: it filleth with flesh: stoppeth spitting of blood: helpeth the roughnes, and sorenes of the breast, and throat: and easeth the cough. and is very good in the fluxes of the belly to be giuen in glisters against inflammations and excoriations in the intralls.

Cinnamomum. Cinnamomum, or Cinnamon is hot in the second degree, warmeth, comforteth, concocteth, mollifieth, & wonderfully cheareth vp the heart, & all the faculties of the body, as well Animall, as vitall and naturall. It is very good against the fluxes of the belly.

Macis. Macis, or Mace is hot and dry in the second degree: strengthneth the stomacke: helpeth concoction: discusseth winde: and comforteth the heart.

Piper nigrum. Piper nigrum, or blacke pepper is hot and dry in the third degree: expelleth winde: is good against all cold griefes of the breast, and lungs: against poyson, a- gues, and squinancie: dissolueth, and wasteth hard tumors: causeth digestion: and aromatizeth meates. [p. 104] Cariophilli. Cariophilli, or Cloues are hot and dry in the second degree, and are Aromaticall, and beneficiall to the heart, and braine: helpeth the liuer, and stomacke: maketh the breath sweet: are good for digestion: quickneth the sight: stirreth vp lust, and taketh away obstructions.

Nux Muschata. Nux Muschata, or Nutmegs are of the same complexion as Macis: helpeth the stoppings of the liuer, milte, stomacke, windinesse of the belly, laske, weaknesse of the kidnies, and stopping of the vrine: comforteth the heart, and aromatizeth.

Zinziber. Zinziber, or Ginger is hot in the third degree: helpeth concoction: strengthneth a cold and weake stomacke: breaketh winde: and preuenteth sowre ercuta- tion.

Gummi Guaici. Gummi Guaici, the gumme of the Guacum hath the same virtue as the wood and barke aforesaid, called Lignum Guaicum, and drunke in powder is approoued a good remedy in Gonorrhea. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 109

Opoponax. Opoponax, is a gumme hott in the third degree, and dry in the second (if bitter, white within or yellow, fat, tender, easily dissoluing, and of a strong smell, it is good) it doth mollifie, digest, attenuate, or asswage, dissipate, or disperse winde, and is laxatiue. [p. 105] Of Bdellium. Bdellium doth warme and mollifie hard tumors in the throat, and discusseth Herniaes in their beginnings: prouoketh vrine, and is good against the cough.

Amoniacum. Amoniacum, a gumme so called, it is hot in the third degree: hath the force of mollifying so effectuall, that it dissolueth Tophoes or hard stones growne in the flesh: easily discusseth other pustles: healeth the spleene hardned: and being giuen in drinke taketh away many obstructions: prouoketh the monethly courses, and vrine: driueth out the stone: dissolueth the Kings euill: is very profitable for aches from cold: that which is pure thereof is like Thus formed and in smell, and in taste like Castoreum.

Sagapenum. Sagapenum, or Serapinum is hot in the third degree, dry in the second, bringeth downe womens courses: profitable against the suffocation of the Matrix: resolueth, attenuateth, dissipateth, moueth, dissolueth, and purgeth (though slowly) thicke fleame, and clammie humors: it is esteemed excellent, if cleare, yellow in colour without, but white within: quicke in taste, light in substance, and easie in disssoluing.

Galbanum. Galbanum is hot in the second degree: is good if it be full of drops pure like frankincense, fatt, not full of sticks, strong in smell, neither moiste nor dry in substance: it extracteth, discusseth, bringeth away the courses stopt, [p. 106] and the birth: take away biles, hard kernels, and knots in the body: and helpeth the cough, short breathing, convulsions, and ruptures.

Myrrha. Myrrha chosen, fragill, or brittle, light, splendent, of little drops, bitter, sharpe, which smelleth sweete, full of whitish veynes being broken, is hot and dry in the second degree: openeth the wombe: procureth the courses: bringeth forth speedily the birth: good for the 110 The Surgions Mate

cough, stitch, fluxe, and bloudy flixe: killeth wormes: amendeth the breath: closeth vp wounds: confirmeth the teeth loose, and stayeth the haire shedding.

Mastiche. Masticke sweet in smell, white, splendent, britle, old, and very dry, brought from the Isle Chio105, is hot in the second degree: helpeth concoction: stoppeth vomiting: confirmeth the power of reteyning sustenance, is abstersiue: profitable also to them that spit bloud, or that are troubled with a cough: it attracteth fleame from the braine, and is good for the breath.

Ladanum. Ladanum is hot and dry in the second degree, doth calefie, and mollifie: open the pores of the veynes; keepeth the haire from falling of the head; stoppeth the laske; prouokes vrine: it is vsed seldom in the Surgeons Chest, except in making a gratefull odour, as when a fume of Cinabrium is to be prepared, for the cure of the pox.

Styrax. Styrax Calamita & liquidus are both hot in the second degree, doe mollifie, concoct, cure the cough, distil- [p. 107] lations, hoarsenes, pose or stuffing of the head, matrix stopped: are good to procure the monethly courses of women, cordiall, exhilarating: opposite to poyson, and doe discusse hard cold tumors, the knots of the sinewes, and the struma. The best commeth from Ciprus, Sidon, and Pisidia106: The Calamita Styrax is yellow, fast, rosen, like, in glistering fragments, perseuering in smell, though old, and being dissolued of a hony-like colour, if commended.

Belzoin. Belzoin, called vulgarly Beniamen, is hot in the fourth degree, comforteth the heart, and all the faculties thereof, and hath the same power as Styrax Cala- mita aforesayd, the reddish, cleere, full of white drops like frankincense, and of a sweet smell as Xiloaloes burned, is chosen.

Tragacanthum. Tragacanthum, a temperate hot gumme is good for the cough, roughnesse of the Artery or wind-pipe, hoars- nesse and defluxions, being taken with honey, or with sugar, and is commended to be good for the eyes, also it

105 Chios, one of the Northeastern Aegean Islands; Chios has been known since ancient times for his resin produced by the mastic tree, Pistacia lentiscus, Anacardiaceae. 106 Ciprus means the island Cyprus in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea; - Sidon: city in Lebanon on the Mediterranean coast; - Pisidia: ancient region of Anatolia. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 111

is good to be swallowed downe whole, or eaten in powder against the flixe.

Pix Burgundiae, of some Pix Graeca and Colophonia. Colophonia or Pix Graeca, is all one thing, and is a kind of Rosine of the Pine tree, it is hot and drie, clensing healing new wounds, mollifying hard tumours or swellings, and is very profitable against aches of the limbs, proceeding of a colde cause. [p. 108] Pix. Pix Naualis, or stone-pitch is hot and drie in the second degree, it discusseth, conglutinateth, mollifieth, maturateth, suppleth the hardnesse of the matrix, and hard tumours, cureth vlcers, filleth them that are hollow vp with good flesh, and helpeth cold aches.

Resina. Resina is hot, mollifying, discussing and cleansing, and being taken inwardly, it is good against the cough: mendeth the breast, prouoketh vrine, concocteth crude matters, looseth the belly, expelleth the stone and grauell: and is excellent for the cure of greene and fresh wounds.

Succinum. Ambra citrina seu succinum, is hot and dry, preualent against the white fluxe of the wombe, fluxe of bloud running of the kidneyes, distillations of the head, stopping of the matrix, monethly termes, difficulty of vrine, being powdered and drunke, helpeth immoderate cough, and strengthneth the intestines, and is good to be cast on coales to receiue the fume thereof, to comfort the Arse- gut fallen, as also to fume a ship or house in time of infectious aires, as the plague, or when generall fluxes are to be feared.

Cera Citrina. Cera citrina, or yellow waxe, doth mollifie and heate, moystneth temperately, it is good for to amend the milke in the nurses breasts coagulated, it swageth payne, healeth wounds and vlcers, and hath commonly a place in all good vnguents and plasters, it is a good medicine to be drunke or eaten, and so swallowed downe for to cure the [p. 109] exulcerations of the stomacke or intrailes in fluxes, where inward exulcerations are to be feared.

Mummia. Mummia is astringent, helpeth fluxes of bloud, the bladder vlcerated, and the inward distempers of the yard: as also it prouoketh vrine, and is very good to bee 112 The Surgions Mate

drunke in powder against great contusions or coagulated bloud within the body.

Sperma Caeti. Sperma Caeti, or Spuma maris, or the spawne of the whale is sowre in taste, spungy and white in shew, vnsauoury in smell, and waighty, hauing a sharpe quality, it is of a colde faculty, clenseth, and digesteth, and is sometime v- sed of women, to cleare the skinne from spots and morphew, and it is good also against bruises inwardly, taken with the former, namely, Mummia, and also outwardly warme, to annoynt the parts contused therewith, and a Paracelsus emplaster, or of Pix Grecum put thereon.

Sanguis Draconis. Sanguis Draconis is colde and drie in the first degree: it is of an astringent quality, it closeth vp wounds, and confirmeth the weake parts, and stayeth the fluxes of outward wounds.

Lupines. Lvpines are hot and drie in the second degree, digest, make subtill and cleanse, kill wormes, driue away the freckles and spots like lentils in the face, asswage impostu- mations and swellings, the sciatica paine, digest, consume and dissolue Morbum Regium: Ripen and open wens, bot- ches, biles and pestilentiall sores. [p. 110] Cantharides. Cantharides are vsed in outward remedies to cause a blister, and sometimes inwardly to moove vrine: but so they are most dangerous, for they will bring the disease Priapisma vpon the Patient in a violent manner, I once knew it giuen, but it killed the party the third day.

Camphura. Camphura or Camphora of a mixt quality, refrigerateth and calefieth, asswageth the paine of the head, inflammations of vlcers, wounds, cureth Erysipelas or St. Antho- nies fire, is effectuall against the Gonorrhea, the white flowers of women, bleeding of the nose, it is good against venoms and poysons: it preserueth the body from putrefaction, and is commended for many other vertues for breuity omitted.

Spodium. Spodium an astringent simple, is cordiall, and good for fainting or swounding, inflammations of the stomack, trembling, melancholly, and other affections arising thence. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 113

Sumach. Sumach is wonderfully astringent, drie in the third degree, and colde in the second, it is good for the Dissen- tery, all bloudy fluxes, and womens fluxes, especially the white, and the Hemorrhoides, preserueth also vlcers from inflammations and exulceration.

[p. 111] Gallae. Gallae or Gales are colde in the second degree, and dry in the third, it cureth fluxions of the gummes: helpeth the vlcerations of the mouth, stayeth the fluxes menstruall´, and helpeth the mother falling downe, maketh the haire blacke, and consumeth proud flesh in wounds and vlcers, and induceth a good healing to them.

Bolus verus. Bolus Armena uel Orientalis uerus is very dry, astringent, it is a good medicine in resisting the fluxes of blood, helping the Catarrhe, Dissentery and vlcers of the mouth, and preuailing against pestilence, all other like infections.

Bolus Communis. Bolus communis, common Bole hath the same effects as the former Bolus.

Stibium. Antimonium, seu Stibium, vsed in due time and place, produceth very good effects, wrestling well with many kindes of strong diseases, commonly it is giuen in a Tertian, as also to the troubled with collicke paine, it purgeth vpward and downeward forcibly, and causeth sweat, it is a good medicine giuen with carefull respect: it killeth many by the violence thereof vnaduisedly administred, I lament to call to minde what fearefull accidents I haue seene follow the vse thereof, I aduise the Sur- geons mate to administer it with great care, the dose is fiue graines, best taken by infusion. It cureth feuors, is good aganst pestilentiall feuors in their beginning. For it cu- [p. 112] reth such at once taking, and in any other feuours it may be giuen, the body being strong.

Sulphur. Svlphur or Brimstone is hot, concocting & resoluing, it profiteth the asthmaticall, cough, collicke, greefe, and resolution of the members: taketh away itch, breaking out of all the body: cureth tetters or ring-worms, and the scurffe, and cureth rheumes and distillations. Seeke further heereof in Sall, Sulphur and Mercury. 114 The Surgions Mate

Alumen. Alumen, or Allum, is astringent and yet purging, me- deth putrified vlcers, drieth the moyst, consumeth proud superfluous flesh, taketh away the itch, and cureth the scab, and is very profitable in lotions for vlcerations of the mouth, throat, or else-where.

Vitriolum. Vitriolum seu Calcanthum, or Coperas, is hot, astringent and drie, killeth the wormes of the belly, helpeth against poyson, keepeth the flesh moyst and from putritude, consumeth, contracteth and purgeth vlcers. Seek more of this subiect in the Treatise of Salt.

Vitriolum Album. Seeke in the Treatise of Salt, in the end of Vitriolum for white Coperas.

Cerusa. Cerusa, or Venice seruee, refrigerateth, drieth, bindeth, extenuateth, gently represseth excrescences, and brin- [p. 113] geth deepe wounds to a skarre or siccatrize, and is very good to bee mixed a small quantity at once with Plantane water, against the heat and excoriations of the yard, I mean within the passage of the yard.

Plumbum Album. Plumbum Album, or white leade, is colde in the second degree, it is an excellent remedy against inflammations, stiffe and hard vlcers, cankers and fluxions of the articles.

Minium. Plumbago, or red leade, hath the force of binding, mollifying, filling vp hollow vlcers with flesh, bringing downe proud flesh, refrigerateth, closeth vp wounds, and induceth a siccatrize.

Plumbum ustum. Is astringent, filleth vp wounds, eateth away their excrescences, stayeth the rheume of the eyes, blood, and is profitable against the vlcers of the fundament, hemorrhoides, and their inflammations.

Lithargyrum. Lithargyrus, or Lithargyrum auri & argenti, & plumbi, Litharge either of gold siluer, or leade, doe all refrigerate, binde, represse, stop, fill vp hollow places, cleanse, in- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 115

duce a siccatrize or little scarre: and preuaile against the galling of the thighes. The litharge of golde, of siluer and of leade, are all but one thing, though they are of seuerall names, colour and differences of operations, by reason of their different preparations, they are as Minium is, all the sonnes of Saturne, and are euen lead & no other thing. [p. 114] Aes Viride. Aes uiride, or uerdigrece, hath a sharpe quality, digesting, attracting, extenuating, corroding & abstersiue: stoppeth fretting and spredding sores, and eateth the callous hard flesh of fistulaes, good in vlcers and Ophthalmies of the eyes, it is the rust of copper or brasse either.

Tutia. Tutia is a gentle drier, good against the distillations of the eyes, astringent, cooling, cleansing, stopping, and filling vp. It is the scumme of brasse in boling.

Arsenicum. White and yelow Arsenicum, called arsenicum album & Citrinum, are enemies to the life of man or beast taken into the body, this minerall killeth any liuing creature, and is of a coroding quality, outwardly applied, it causeth a hard crusted scab with vehement burning, eateth away superfluous flesh, & taketh away haires. It cureth the morphew, the skinne annoynted with water of the infusion thereof.

Argentum uiuum. Argentum uiuum doth corrode, killeth the itch & lice, woundeth the intestines, suppresseth vrine, swelleth the body, hurts the stomacke and belly, resolueth, pene- trateth and purgeth. But of this see more in the particular Treatise of Mercury. [p. 115] Mercurius sublimatus. Mercurius sublimatus, made of Argentum viuum, is excellent against the Morbus Gallicus, this medicine truely prepared, is a Laxatiue, a Diaphoretice, a Diaureti- tice, a vomitiue, and the best and worst corasiue medicine that can be deuised. Quere the Treatise of Mercury.

Precipitate. Mercurius Precipitatus is very good to futher digestion in vlcers euill disposed, and to dispose them to better healing, by cleansing and digesting them, and because it is Mercury or Quick-siluer, I haue no time for it in this place, but must referre you to my Treatise of 116 The Surgions Mate

Mercury.

Cinabrium. Cinnabaris is astringent, hot extenuating, and hath the vertues or vices of Mercurius or Argentum viuum. It is of two kindes, either natiue which few know, or artificiall, and then it is compounded of Quick-siluer and Brim- stone, and so is that we buy in the shops.

Flores Anthos. Flores Anthos, or Rosemary flowers, are hot and drie in the second degree, comfort the braine, heart and memorie, and other senses, amend the speech, helpe digestion, mollifie, cleanse, and cut away fleame.

Flores Balaustiarum. Flores Balaustiarum or flowers of pomegranats are cold and drie in the third degree, they are also astringent: [p. 116] close vp, and stoppe, they cure the bloudy flixe, bleeding of greene wounds, they are good in lotions for moist and weake gummes, kill wormes, and fasten loose teeth.

Rosae rubeae . Rosae rubeae or Red roses are cold and drie in the first degree, refrigerate, and are astringent, they purge chollericke humors downward, open, strengthen, and clense the liuer from obstructions, comfort the head, stomake, and heart, helpe against consumptions, and inflammations, cause sleepe, and stop spitting of bloud.

Flores chamomillae. Flores camomillae Camomile flowers, are hot & drie in the first degree, prouoke the monthly termes, and v- rine, are good against windinesse, the chollicke, grauell, stone, aches, feuers proceeding from obstructions, cure wearied parts, also they open, loose, mollifie the hard swollen and stopt parts of the intrells.

Flores meliloti. Flores melliloti flowers of Mellilote are of a drie and hot quallitie, digest, consume, dissolue, and maturate, preuaile against all hot swellings, prouoke vrine, breake the stone, asswage the paine of the kidnies, bladder, and belly, ripen fleame, and cleare the eie-sight.

Flores centaurij. Flores centaurij or flowers of centrey are of a hot and drie complexion in the second degree, purge choller, and grosse humours downeward, open the obstructions of the liuer, kill wormes, cause the course of flowers, are II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 117

good against the Iaundice, hardnes of the spleene, griefes [p. 117] of the sinewes, cleare the eyes, heale wounds, and driue forth young fruite.

Flores Hyperici. Flores Hyperici or flowers of Saint Johns wort are hotte and drie in the third degree, breake the stone, prouoke vrine, bring downe womens flowers, stoppe the laske, driue away feuers, are good for burnings, and cure olde, and fistulated sores.

Flores Sambuci. Flores Sambuci or flowers of Elders are hot and drie in the third degree, open the belly, purge slimie steame, and chollericke humours, and are good for hot swellings, and tumours, and for the asswaging the paine of the gout.

Baccae Iuniperi. Baccae Iuniperi Iuniper berries are hot in the third degree, drie in the first, and astringent, are good for the stomake, cough, windinesse, gripings of the belly, venemous bitings, infection, contagion of the aire, helpe the lungs, liuer, kidnies, and bladder, and prouoke vrine.

Baccae lauri. Baccae lauri or Bay berries are hot and drie in the second degree, they resist poison, helpe deafnesse, contracted and wearied parts, and the paine of the breast, cut vp fleame, and take away the scurfe.

Farina tritici. Farina tritici Wheate flower is hot in the first degree, stoppeth spitting of bloud, distillations of subtill hu- [p. 118] mours, helpeth the cough, roughnesse of the sharpe arterie, dissolueth tumours, and clenseth the face from lentills and spots, appeaseth hunger and thirst, and is the principall naturall vpholder of the life and health of man.

Farina fabarum. Farina fabarum or Beane meale is cold and moist, dissolueth all swellings, is very good for vlcers, euills, and blastings of the genitories, and taketh away inflammations of womens paps.

Farina hordei. Farina hordeacea or Barly meale is cold and drie in the first degree, dissolueth hot and colde tumours, digesteth, softneth and ripeth hard swellings, stoppeth the laske, and humors falling into the ioints, discusseth winde is good against the scurfe, and leprosie, and allaieth the in- 118 The Surgions Mate

flammations of the Goutes.

Furfur tritici. Fvrfur or wheate branne, is good against the scurfe, itch, and spreading scab, dissolueth the beginning of hotte swellings, doth slake and swage the hard swellings of womens breasts, and is singular good the decoction thereof to cure the painefull exulcerations in the interalls giuen by glisters, as is mentioned in the cure of Disenteria.

Farina Uolatilis. Farina Volatilis or Mill dust is vsed in compositions to staye fluxes of bleeding wounds. [p. 119] Rosemarie Rosemarie is hot and drie in the second degree, cureth the Iaundice, and the Regius morbus or Kings-euill, comforteth the braine, memory, and inward senses, and restoreth the speech lost or broken.

Menthae. Menthae Mints are hot and drie, doth profit the stomake, appease the hickok, stoppeth vomiting, cureth chollericke passions, griping paine of the belly, and the inordinate course of menstruall issue; easeth women in their trauell of childe-bearing, it softneth breasts swolne with milke, and keepeth the milke from crudding therin.

Mellilotus. Mellilotus Mellilote is hot, and astringent, it doth swage,and mollifie hot swellings of the eyes, matrix, fundament, and genitories, healeth the scurfe, and putrified vlcers, dissolueth Apostumes of the stomake, is good for the head-ach, prouoketh vrine, breaketh the stone, helpeth the paine of the kidnies, bladder, and belly, and taketh away the webbe and pearle of the eye.

Saluia. Saluia Sage is hot and drie in the third degree, and somwhat astringent, stoppeth the bleedings of wounds and bloudie flixe, openeth the stoppings of the liuer, cureth the cough, breaketh the stone, prouoketh vrine, comforteth the heart, asswageth the head-ach, and paine in the side. [p. 120] Thymum. Thimum or Tyme is hot and drie in the third degree, is good to clense the brest, ripen fleame, and for the Asthma, purgeth chollericke humours, corrupt bloud, bringeth to women their naturall tearms, expelleth the se- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 119

condine, prouoketh vrine, discusseth winde, extenuateth colde swellings, and helpeth the cure of the falling sickenesse.

Absynthium. Absynthium or Wormwood is hot in the first degree and drie in the third, it is bitter, sharpe, and astringent, clensing, purging, and comforting, excellent to purge the stomake, liuer, and reines from chollericke humours, and to stay the weake stomake from vomiting, cureth the Ia[u]ndice, resisteth pestilent infection, helpeth the dropsie, and spleneticke, and killeth wormes in the body.

Carduus benedictus. Carduus benedictus or the blessed Thistell is very bitter, and hot, comforteth the heart and vitall parts, moueth sweate, resisteth poyson, is of much vse in pestilent diseases, mittigateth the paine of the reines, and sides, killeth the wormes of the belly, and preuaileth against bitings of Serpents.

Melissa. Melissa or Balme, this herbe is hot in the second, and drie in the first degree, dothe bring downe womens termes, helpeth against venome of Scorpions, spiders, and Dogges, comforteth the head, increaseth the memorie, and refresheth the vitall faculties. [p. 121] Sabina. Sabina Savin is hot and drie in the third degree, prouoketh vrine with bloud, moueth the flowers, driueth forth the secondine, liuing and dead birth, cureth vlcers, and eating sores, and clenseth the skinne of Lentils.

Radices Altheae. Radix altheae Hollihocke roots are hot and drie in the first degree, they are profitable for the grauell, stone, bloudy flixe, tooth-ach, Sciatica, and cough; they cure new wounds, dissolue cold tumors, wennes, hard ker- nells, impostumes, sores of the mother, and chaps of the fundament, are good for cramps, burstings; and for trembling of the members.

Radices raphani siluestris. Radices raphani siluestris or Horse redish roots are hotte in the third degree, drie in the second, is good for the stomake, eaten before meate causeth winde, and desire to vomit, but after meat digesteth, purgeth flegme, prouoketh vrine, breaketh the stone, helpeth the dropsie, liuer, sicknesse, old cough, stopping of the reynes, lithargie, chol- 120 The Surgions Mate

licke, and hardnesse of the spleene, stayeth fretting, and festring vlcers, causeth haire to grow, and clenseth the face from spots.

Radices Pyrethri. Radices pyrethri or Pellitory roots are hot & drie in the third degree, good for old cold diseases of the head, & braine, falling sicknesse, and apoplexie, mittigateth the tooth-ach chewed, bringeth foorth much waterish flegme [p. 122/130] helpeth the resolution of the sinewes, causeth saliuation or a fluxe of spitting.

Radices angelicae. Radices angelicae Angelical roots are hot and drie in the second degree, they doe open, attenuate, digest, cut and discusse grosse humours, they are aduersary to poison, helpe pestilent diseases, cause the flowers, comfort the heart, and vitall poures.

Radices consolidae maioris. Radix symphiti magni, seu consolidae maioris, or Comfrey roots are hot and drie in the second degree, they doe helpe spitting of bloud, the breast, and lungs, cureth the inward wounds, and ruptures, are glutinatiue, mittigate hot tumours, and heale fresh wounds.

Calx uiua. Calx uiua or vnslakt lime is hot and drie in the fourth degree hauing a fierie sharpe, and burning force, concocteth, mollifieth, dissipateth, cureth corrupt stinking vlcers, very hard to be cured: and bringeth them to a cicatrize or skarre.

Album graecum. Stercus caninum, seu album graecum, is hot and astringent, staieth the laske, cureth the Squinancie, helpeth the Disenteria, and driueth away feuers that come by course, and is very good to strew the fundament fallen withall, for it cureth the slipperinesse therof, and causeth it being gently put vp to stay vp, and being mixed and boyled with sallet oyle to the sicknesse of an vnguent, is very good to cure the painefull Hemorroydes.

[p. 123/131] The Conclusion touching what hath beene spoken of the vertues of Medicines Simple or Compound for the C H E S T.

The vertues, vses, and doses of all the precedent Medi- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 121

cines here noted, haue beene gathered from such Au- thors as either were the Inuentors of them, or formerly haue taken them vpon them, to whose workes I referre the Reader, which thing if any well disposed Artist vpon good ground shall question, I doubt not to satisfie him. The Authors I haue vsed herein are these following.

Galenus. Mesues. Avicenna. Tagaltius. Vigo. Paracelsus. Iosephus Quercitanus ["Wnerritanus"]. Renodeus. Iohannis Iacobus Wekerus. Dodoneus. Valerius Cordus. Riolanus. Rulandus ["Rorlandus"]. Oswaldus Crollius ["Zollius"]. Dorncrellius ["Dorucretius"]. [p. 124] Augustanus. Montanus. Matheolus. Fernelius. Diascorides. Franciscus Arceus. Monardus. Nicolaus Alexandrinus. Serapius.

And some others whose names sometimes I haue remembred, and noted: sometimes for hast pretermitted them; wherein I confesse I haue done them hard measure, like him which in hast ouerrunne his good friends, a fault too common. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

[p. 125] Of Wounds. Definition of a A Wound being a recent solution of a wound continuitie; or a diuision of that which was knit together without putrefaction; and common as well to the soft and organicke parts, as also to the har- der: it may (though seldome it doth) arise from an internall cause, as the malice of bad humors, but more commonly it comes from an externall cause, namely by the violence of some instrument. For which cause a wound is said to differ in his de- The diuers appelation nomination: for sometimes it is called a thrust or pun- 122 The Surgions Mate

of wounds. ction, which is made by stabbing with anything sharpe pointed, as a Dagger, Rapier, or the like: sometimes it is named a contusion, when a weighty thing offending (as timber) falling downe or violently cast downe (as a stone) the flesh being bruised and broken: sometimes also it hath the appellation of incision or an incised wound, for that it is done by an edged instrument, as a knife or sword. And these wounds are either simple or compound: the simple being onely in the vpper skin or flesh without de- triment or losse of substance, which also haue their seuerall species or kindes, because of their diuers formes: some being greater or smaller, profound or superficiall, long or little, straight, round, or crooked; of a facile cure, or difficile, or mortall. And for the sounder iudgment and better cure of all wounds (which are either externall, or internall and penetrating) there are seuerall signes with much diligence to be had in remembrance of ancient tradition, which daily practise also verifieth. The seuerall differences of all externall wounds are dis- cerned by sight or handling. [p. 126/134] Those which are termed internall and penetrating The places of wounds, are either in the head, breast, or inferior venter, internall wounds and are discouered likewise by sight, by feeling, or by searching with an instrument into them. The hurt or ruption of the membranes or braine is accompanied with sneesing, vomiting, bleeding at the nose, or eares, rauing, and the like: but if the substance of the braine be hurt, those signes are increased, and a bilious or sharpe vomiting is seene; also a feuer, dull vnderstanding, with alteration of fauour and countenance do ensue; stu- piditie also and dumnesse signifie the braine contused. The Brest is obserued to be wounded and penetrated, when ayre commeth forth of the wound, or when the person sicke hath in his mouth a sense of the things applied to his griefe. It appeareth that the Lungs are hurt, if the respiration be difficult, a ratling sound in breathing be hard, and the excrement which is voyded from the mouth be spumous, pale and crude. The Pericranium hurt hath sometimes soddaine and often swounding for a signe, though some neuertheles hauing the Pericranium wounded or contused, haue no euill symptoms extraordinary to other meane wounds of o- ther parts. The Heart wounded hath the refrigeration of all the parts, extinction of naturall heate, and death attending thereon. If the great Veynes and Arteries in the Breast be offended, an immoderate flux of blood, defection of virtue in all the faculties, a cold and an vnsauorie sweat doth ensue, and death within a few houres. The solution of continuitie in the sinowie parts of the Diaphragma causeth convulsion, difficile respiration, an II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 123

acute feuor, rauing, and death: but if the fleshie part only be agreeued, it is subiect to remedies, and suffereth not such dangerous symptoms. If the recurrent Nerues be wounded there followeth [p. 127/135] losse of speech immediate motion and sense also is sup- pressed, and that without recouery. In the wounds of the Liuer appeare vomiting, bloody dejections, much paine, a continuall feuor; and if they be deepe, fainting resolution of the spirits, cold sweat, and death follow. The Splene offended is as the Liuer affected, saue that the symptoms are in the right side, th´other in the left. The Ventricle is demonstrated to be wounded by the voyding of chylus, frequent vomiting, swounding, fainting, and death. When the excrements are reteyned in the belly, and issue out of the wound very vnsauory and putrified, and not by the naturall place, it is plaine that the intestines are hurt. The signe of the Reynes or Kidneis wounded is the suppression of vrine, which causeth a sore paine in the groyne and testicles, with inflation or swelling euen to death. The accidents of the bladder offended are one with the reynes, vnlesse the sinowie parts thereof be greeued, and then distention of the belly, pissing of bloud, vomiting, voiding of vrine at the wound, suppression of the faculties, and doting, and death follow. When spinae Medulla or the marrow of the backe bone is hurt, there followeth the resolution of the sinewes (which hindereth the function of the sense and motion) voluntary euacuation of excrements appeare, and for the most part death is the immediate conclusion. The solution of a Veyne is knowne by bloud of red colour and thicke substance. The testimonie of an Arterie hurt is bloud somewhat yellow, subtle, thin, hot, beating and leaping, or violently issuing, and as it were by iumps. The tendons, membranes, and Ligaments wounded or incised bring the same symptoms as the Nerues doe. [p. 128] The Cure. Wherein the cure The Cure of wounds is either by the helpe of na- of wounds in ture or medicine: if by nature, the strife is at an end generall doth consist. the Artist my saue a labour; if by medicine their cure cosisteth both in the reduction of parts disioyned and dislocated, to vnion, and in consolidation and true conglutination of them: therefore it shall be necessary to consider that if anything hinder consolidation it be remoued: that reduction be rightly and skilfully wrought, lest the parts adioyned fall into relaps, and that the substance of the part with his naturall temperament be con- 124 The Surgions Mate

serued: and lastly, that the symptoms be preuented and carefully cured as they arise. The first intenion in curing of wounds is to take away whatsoeuer is besides nature, as yron, wood, leade, or ought else with fit instruments, and that without paine, if it may be, to the diseased, that consolidation may the better be effected. In wounds of the head to take away the haire or what else migth seeme to hinder the good application of medicines to the greefe, is the first part. Striue also to set well the veines and nerues displaced, that the beauty and due office of the member be not diminished, and that it may conglutinate the easier, and being vnited keepe them so by Ligature, suture, and other due, and artificiall meanes. It is requisite also that the naturall temperament of the part be carefully preserued: and that is done by a certaine carefull regiment of the body, which is vniuersall or particular. The vniuersall regiment, consisteth in purging medicines, as potions, glisters, a sober and frugall dyet, abstinence from wine, venerie, and all kindes of meats which may moue or attenuate humors, & moderate vse of good nourishing sustenance, all which helps the poore Sea-man is not capable of in long voyages. [p. 129] The particular Regiment is in remedies which confirme and strengthen the naturall heat of the member debillitated, and which hinder and auert fluxion: such are Unguentum Nutritum diapalma, I meane Diacalsithios dissolued in Oyle of Roses. Ceratum Refrigerans rosatu messue. Unguentum de minio, or the like. The generall accidents most to be feared that affect the wounded are Hemoragia, dolor, tumor, intemperature, a feuer, faintnes of the heart, convulsions, specially where a sinew is wounded. The cure of Hemeragia or flux of blood is stayed by medicaments Hemeragia astringent, fitted and applied with conuenient suture or ligature; and sometimes by medicines causticke, either actuall or potentiall, touched in the Treatise of amputation or dismembring. A Tumor is an vnnaturall increase exceeding the naturall state in the body, and inducing an offence of the actions of the same, the cure whereof is touched elsewhere. Intemperature is either ouer-much heat or cold, and his remedies is by opposites, as namely to too hot intem- perance apply a cold medicament, &c. The intemperature of the Liuer chiefely consisteth in oppilation or debilitie of the faculties thereof; and is helped chiefely by wholesome nutriment: the lamentable want whereof at Sea is the cause of many the greeuous obstructions, and other euill affects in Seamens bodies: so that oft-times a good Artist shall not be able to heale a meane excoriation. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 125

The Accidents common to the wounded heart, as is said, are swounding palpitation thereof, a hot burning feuor and many other. Syncope is a solution of the spirits which forsake the heart, whose remedy is Cordialls, if God haue appointed life. A Feuer is a heate in the heart more then naturall, infused and dispersed through the whole body, whose cure [p. 130] is by purging, bleeding, and good gouernment. A convulsion is a dangerous disease of the braine, which often-times is a fore-runner or a messenger of death. The diseases in the braine are either in the membranes, substance, or ventricle, and passages thereof, whose species and symptoms are many, and for the most part very dangerous, and of difficult cure. For if the the substance of the braine be offended, the functions thereof are impe- dited, whence proceedeth doting, melancholy, foolishnes, slothfulnesse, Lithargy, frenzy, madnes, losse of memory, deadish sleepe, giddinesse, apoplexie, Paralisis, and diuers other like accidents formerly recited. And if the ventricles of the braine bee wounded, then the motions and senses thereof be greeued. Wherefore for the better cure of these wounds in the braine disiccation and sicca- trization in due time is needfull, either by simple medicaments, (as Spiritus uini, bolus Armeniae. Terra sigillata. Li- thargirum, Cerusa; Tutia, adust lead, burnt paper, Allom water, burnt Vitriole) or by compound medicines (as Ung[uentum] desiccans rub[rum], Diapompholigos, & Diapalma.) Diuers Accidents And as you see the accidents of the wounded are di- will haue divers uers, so the remedies are not all alike: but some are ge- medicaments. nerall, others more peculiar. Those that are only in the skin or flesh haue no difficile cure: for oft-times Nature with some easie remedy, or a Ligature only doth helpe them: but those that are compound, offending many parts, neede a methodicall and convenient order of curation, which is diuers, as is said, according to the diuersitie of the parts affected: for if contusion or ruption be onely of the flesh vnder the skin, there is required consolidation by easie comfortation, and desiccation, and no suppuration, which is effected onely by nourishing and preseruing the naturall heate or humidity of the member, as in other wounds. But a contused wound, if it be great, requireth purging glisters, potions, or pills, phlebotomie, a wholsome dyet, perfect euacuation of the humor that commeth from the [p. 131] veines & suppuration of the contused & liuid flesh which two last are effected at the first by mean remedies, (as oyle of roses & mirtils) and somtimes by a Paracelsus plaster. It will desire also superating medicines fitting the greatnesse and nature of the contusion. It may be healed in the manner of an apostume, and if putrifaction be feared, the vse of a good Lixiuium, of cupping glasses, and light scarification, is most necessary, that the humour about to putrifie 126 The Surgions Mate

may be euacuated, so shall the wound be better cured: but when the wound shall be with losse of substance, then let thy endeauour be by renouation and regeneration of the substance diminished, or the intemperature, be careful by conuenient digestiue medicines to produce laudable quitture, and that the part affected be kept in his naturall temperament and faculty, for therby it doth concoct and digest the matter flowing vnto it, as also consider diligently Another note for the the excrements of the wounds, their substance, quality, and remouing of that quantity, these will shew thee what is superfluous, not natu- which is besides nature rall, and what hindereth the action and dutie of nature, in an wound. that it may be corrected and taken away by fit and conuen- nient remedies. The medicaments incarnatiue, or for regeneration of flesh, are the flower of Barley, Beanes, Lu- pines and Crocus, Myrrhe, Aloes. Thus Aristolochia & Iris, which are vsed either by themselues, or mixed with turpentine, Mel Rosarum, Syrupe of dry Roses, the yolke of an egge, or the like: also Bazilicum magnum, Vnguentum aureum, are good incarnatiues, the Emplastrum gratia Dei, made of iuyce of hearbes, the Emplaster of betony, dissolued with Axungia porcina, and follow the generall rule, let the dry bee more humected, and the humid more di- siccated. How to cure venemous The cure of wounds caused through the biting of ve- wounds, which is either nemous beasts (as madde dogs, scorpions, vipers, serpents, internall or external. bees, fishes, waspes, hornets, swine, or other the like), is performed first by taking away that which is virulent, extra- cting, dissipating and consuming the poyson, which work requireth internall as well as externall medicament. The [p. 132] internall must bee such as comfort and confirme the parts diseased (as Theriaca, Mithridatum, Confectio alkermes, Bole Armenie, Conserue of Borrage, Buglosse, Rosemary flowers, and the like) that so the virulent vapour may bee abolished, which otherwise will infect the whole body. The external must also intend to extinguish the venemous vapour (and such are cupping glasses and scarification, also all hot medicaments attracting, as Galbanum, Am- moniacum, Bdellium, Emplastrum Diachilon and Diui- num, a Fomentation made with the hearbe Dragon and Mugwort boyled in wine, Treakle, Garlicke, Onions, Fi- mus columbinus and the like) which being done, the cure shall bee after the manner of other wounds of the same magnitude, but in mine owne practise, I heat Balme Arti- ficiall seething hot, and apply it for the first dressing if I feare venome: and if I feare a Gangreene, I vse Aegyptia- cum as hot as may be, and ouer the wound I apply a Lix- iuium: slender and wholsome diet is also good, that may neither increase melancholly, nor heat much the blood, and abstaine from bleeding, vnlesse the noble parts bee tainted, and then thou mayst safely purge, bathe & sweat, which is knowen when the animall faculties are offended. The cure of wounds The wounds in the veines and Arteries, bring with in the Arteries, whereof them commonly a fluxe of bloud, which to stay is a speci- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 127 it doth consist. all businesse, consisting cheefely of astringent remedies, good application, suture, ligature of a veine or artery, if it may bee done conueniently, and sometimes causticke medicaments: yea incision, phlebotomie, the vse of cupping glasses and ligature on the parts opposite, which three last are not alwayes to be presumed vpon as safe courses, but vpon neede, if so be the veine or artery wounded be great many things are of force put in practise, which otherwise seeme very harsh. The astringent simple to make compounds, are Bole Armenie, Terra sigillata: Thus aloes, mastike, myrrha, Sanguis Draconis, flowers of wheat, barley, mill-dust, and diuers sorts: likewise Allum, Vitriole, Precipitate, mans blood dryed, and sundry more some- [p. 133] time to make a Ligature vpon the veine, wounds or artery, which is the binding of each end thereof, being first caught and holden with some fit instrument, and tied with a sure and strong silke thread: but ofttimes it happeneth that the ends of the veines or arteries wounded cannot bee found, in which case an actuall caustike remedy, or a potentiall causticke medicament, which induceth an esker107, and stoppeth, and couereth the orifice of the veine, is conuenient: some also lay there thumbe on it so long, vntill it bee somewhat of it selfe stayed, and then bind it vp, which is good in meane fluxes, I haue often preuailed so, and after that the flux of blood is stayed let the sicke party bee contained in a place neither too hot nor too colde, and darke, speaking little, that the cure may bee accomplished with more ease to the patient. The cure of wounds The wounds made in the nerues, tendons and aliga- in the nerues and ments, whether by incision long or ouerthwart, a thrust ligaments. profound or superficiall or by contusion, great, little, or meane, require a good diet, such as is, meat easie of digestion, refrigerating and causing little blood, but the choice of such things at sea must be forborne, and that the body be kept open by glisters, mollefying and cleansing, and if neede bee by potions easie and gentle, that the humours be not too much stirred to inflammation, blood letting is sometimes needefull, likewise Anodine medicines which resolue and extract corruption, by the pores of the skin, strengthen the part affected, and haue an affinitie, or a certaine property to comfort the sinewes: such are Turpen- tine and the oyle thereof, oyle of Euphorbium, Rue, Wormes, Yolkes of egges, Rosin, Pitch, as also a Cata- plasme made of bread crummes, milke, and a little Saf- fron, the like made of Althea roots two ounces, mallowes and sorrell of each an handfull, floure of Beanes, Lupines and Orobus, of each two ounces and an halfe, red Rose leaues powdered halfe an ounce, common honey two ounces, Chamomile oyle one ounce, all made into a cataplasme according to Art. But if paine and inflammation [p. 134] be in such wounds neere to an article or ioynt, apply a ca-

107 esker, eschar, see note 85, p. 60. 128 The Surgions Mate

taplasme made of bread crummes, with the iuyce of Hyo- schyami, or coole hearbes, or Ung[uentum] nutritum, Populeon Album, or some of those, that the burning heat may bee extinguished, or of oatmeale sodden in water with a little oyle: But if conuulsion happen to a sinew wounded or pricked, cut off all the sinew, for if the nerue shall bee wholly abcised, lesser symptomes, through impotency and depriuation of action ensue, then if the middle or any part be wounded, and the cure (and note it) is not so safe to sow it vp together, as some thinke, because his adunation is vncertaine. The cure of a nerue If a sinew be contused without any wound, let it be cor- contused. roborated by medicaments strengthning and astringent. The cure of the wounds of the head is not alwayes to bee presumed vpon, though small, nor yet dispaired of, though great. Consider therefore diligently, whether the braine it selfe be hurt or no, if the braine be offended, it is to bee knowen partly by the inflammation, dolour, apostumation, retraction, conuulsion or depriuation of the functions of the sences, and death also is suspected presently, or within a few dayes to follow, and if the palsie possesse the opposite part, it being sound and whole, it is doubtfull, and the sympathie of parts will cause oft times an abscesse in Liuer and Messenterium, and an Intemperature of the vitall faculty with a continuall feuer and death. It shall therfore be necessary for the wise Artist to know the manner of the hurt, that he may wisely prognosticate the danger, for if onely the Pericranium be hurt by incision, without any contusion, and farre from the commissures or seames, it is not dangerous at all to be cured, and the cure to be wrought, is as in other wounds: but if it bee much wounded by punction or contusion, and symptoms arise with a tumour in the head, then dilatation is needefull that the contused bloud which is betweene Cranium and Pericranium may bee extracted, and let it be quickly done, so shall the symptomes cease and the cure will bee easie, but and if the offence of the Pericranium be in the [p. 135] suture or seame it is more dangerous, because the braine doth sympathize with it, if the Fibres passing through the sutures of the Pericranium from Dura mater be wounded or contused it exceeds the other in danger, therefore to resist putrefaction, let the wound be mundified: and if no fracture of the bone be (the wound appearing onely in the flesh) without any offence of the Pericranium, the cure Speciall obseruation, shall be as in other wounds. But if a fracture in Cranium if the bones of the chance, there is required great care, namely, let the forme head be broken. and magnitude thereof be well considered, obseruing also diligently what bone it is, and in what part it is hurt, and whether the fragments are great or little, or sharp, pricking the Membrans or not, which of what sort soeuer they be they are diligently to be drawne out with as much ease as may be to the Patient, and if they cannot being broader within, then without, let the Trapan be carefully vsed, the vse whereof is touched in the booke of instruments, vn- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 129

der the name Trapan. Sometimes there is onely a depression, and then a Leuatorie instrument will excuse the vse of a Trapan, and take away the spills and fragments which are vpon the Membrane, and the bloud also which shall issue out vpon the same may by a spung betaken a- way: keepe it likewise from cold, and of a temperate heat, and the place hurt being well clensed, poure mel rosarum warme into the wound, or two parts of Hony, and one part of oyle or syrupe of drie Roses, or common Honey with Terpintine, with the yolke of an egge, which are remedies mundifying, and gratefull to the Membrans, and ought to be applied warme, but aboue all others the linament of Arceus is the chiefest Balsame for wounds in the head. The generall remedies for wounds of the head must neither ouermuch refrigerate, nor ouermuch calefie, but be of a moderate or temperate calor. The generall manner to proceede to the cure of wounds in the head, is as followeth. First let the haire be shauen away, the next if any loose bones be, taken them out, the next to be done is, if a depres- [p. 136] sion of Cranium bee, striue with the eleuatorie to raise it. The next is to stay the fluxe of bloud if any be, leauing of the griefe vndressed for two daies that the vaines may knit, then inquire of the Patient if hee haue the benefit of nature, if not, procure him one, not many stooles, and onely see he haue naturall stooles once a day, or in two daies, Instructions very need- not by potion nor pills, but rather by glister or supposito- full the head wounded rie. The second opening of the wound, if occasion serue, the second time vse the Trapan, or take out any spills or bones that seeme opened. to offend, if they be very loose, not else, force nothing out of the wound, except the Patient his great necessitie force thee there´to; for Nature is kinde, and ready to do won- drous helpe in the cure of the Head. For the second application, haue ready of the noble linament of Arceus neuer sufficiently commended, and being somewhat hotter then the partie would willingly beare it, annoint the wound therewith in each place, with a little soft lint on a Probs end, leauing the said lint therein, and with plegents of lint drie fill vp the orifice, and after annointing about the edges of the griefe, apply a plaster, either of Emplast betonie, Stipticum Paracelsi, Minium, Mellilote, or Diacal- sitheos, in want of Arceus linament you may take oleum rosarum, and mell rosarum which are not inferior much to the former, being warme applied: Some vse therewith aI- so a digestiue of Terpintine, and the yolke of an egge well mixed, ana a like quantitie, wherewith they spread plegents, and then dippe them in the warme mell and oyle mentioned, and so apply them, which is very good, and and the most ancient practise in curing wounds of the head. In want of oyle of Roses oyle of Oliue will do well, and common honey for mell rosarum, though not so well: and if cause be, some Artists mix spirit of wine, or good aqua 130 The Surgions Mate

uitae with the former medicine, and it comforteth well the braine, and very much furthereth good and speedy healing, good bowlstring, and ligature doth much auaile to the cure of wounds of the head: also it is good to keepe [p. 137] the party lying and in a darke place, till the greatest danger of accidents be past, remembring withall that the ouer- strickt keeping him in, may also be very offensiue to the sicke. Let good diet stricktly be obserued, if occasion be, and the vse of glisters likewise vpon good reasons is also to be approued, and it is good to open the Cephalicke vaine if the braine haue beene long vncouered, or yeelde a spumous white and thicke excrement, which seemes to bee a portion of the substance of the braine: likewise to purge the body, mundifie the wound, and corroborate the braine with Cordialls, and fomentations fitting, as the Diligent obseruation chiefest is good wine and hony to foment with, but I sel- of the accidents of dome vse any fomentations, my selfe haue cured diuers a wound required fractures in Cranium without any fomentations at all, and for the vse of them at sea I know is troublesome, and dangerous except great cause. Be carefull also to obserue the danger of the wound according to the accidents thereof, for if it bee little and superficiall it is cured as an other wound, but if it pierce the second table, it must not be passed lightly ouer, for if you be occasioned to vse the Tra- pan it is to be applied the third, fourth, or fifth day after the hurt at the farthest, but the choice of the day is not materiall, as some suppose, where there is apparant necessity, except on the day of the full of the Moone, and then there is danger more then else, but necessity hath no rules. The cure of wounds in the face would if it were possible be done without a Ciccatrice, but that cannot be performed without a drie stitch, with also a most artificiall and conuenient binding the lippes of the wound together, with also a sure naturall balme: wherefore I will not stand to teach the drie stitch here, for it is not proper at sea, it fits the land better. In the worke of suture or stitching, take heed that the skinne and flesh bee not ouerthicke which you take vp with your needle, and let not your stitches be too close. A true ligature of the face is somewhat diffi- [p. 138] cult to be performed, because of the cauities thereof, which are to be filled with linnen clothes, or tow, or lint, the better to keepe the ligature to the wound. Where ligature is The Nose and Eare wounded require good and careful needfull. ligature, and Emplasters that will cleaue fast to the griefe. The wounds of the eies are dangerous by reason of their affinity as well with Pericranium as the other membrans of the braine, so that they are for the most part full of bitter paine, causing losse of sight: wherefore by glisters, bloud letting, cupping glasses, purgations, and sober diet the accidents are to bee staied. The medicines outwardly which I haue vsed euer with good successe, is the II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 131

artificiall Balme with fine lint warme applied on the eye- lids, and a Paracelsus plaster ouer that, and therewith I haue done great cures in wounds of the eyes: but I neuer dropt any medicine into the eye it selfe. The wounds of the neck are healed as other are, vnlesse the hinder part thereof be hurt, which hath like Symp- toms to the braine. If the shoulder be wounded it is cured as other wounds except the wound bee in the ioint bone, ligaments and nerues, which needeth a suture, and if it be ouerthwart, a conuenient Fascia, or Ligature for the sustentation of the arme is to be carefully prouided, for without good ligature those wounds doe not well, but for ought else their cures are common to other wounds. The cures of the arme are sometimes dangerous, chiefly if the bone, and ligaments, or the muskells with vaines and nerues be incised thwart, let the remedies therefore be such as are proper and agreeable to the nerues, as namely, the artificiall Balme very warme applied, and a Paracel- sus plaster with ligature fitting. But if the hands be wounded, and the tendous ligaments, and sinowy parts thereof offended diuers abscesses in many places, with inflammations, and exceeding sore: Sometimes paines arise, which may occasion the vse of purgations, bloud-letting, anodine medicaments, and a [p. 139] spare wholsome diet. In these cures the artificall bearing vp of the arme is a chiefe part of the cure thereof, and keeping the hand in one euen position. The wounds of the Thorax externall suffer to bee couered with flesh, and to be healed as other wounds; but Wounds that penetrate the inward parts are dangerous, namely, if any great quantitie of bloud lie in the capacity of the Thorax, which cannot be euacuated by the wound, but if it can be euacuated there is hope, otherwise it is desperate. Also if the bloud may be extracted, and no internall part seem hurt, heale vp the wound, and be carefull the aire get not into it, but if the externall orifice be little and the internall great, and wide, the Membrane being burst, and a ribbe vncouered, as it oft-times falleth out, it is to be iudged incurable, and a Fistulae will remaine there continually. And if the former part of the Thorax bee strooke through euen to the latter, but not through both, if the wound be little and slender there is some hope of cure, otherwise not, but it is commonly past cure, yet neglect not thy duty, nor despaire, for God is mercifull: Let thy cure be attempted with good diet as is said, glysters, bleeding, syrupe of Violets, and Hysope and the like, unguentum potabile drunke fasting drachmas ij, or 3 for a dosse, and such locall Medicines as are mentioned, but if paine or the like accident shall be in any part of the Thorax, vse Anodine medicaments as well as Sanatine, lest paine hinder rest, and ouerthrow all. The outward wounds of the belly do nothing differ 132 The Surgions Mate

from the generall methode of other wounds, touching locall Medicines, only in stitching they differ much, but the inward differ as, the parts offended may be diuers, as namely, when the Omentum commeth out with all haste put it into his place least it corrupt, and the aire alter it, if it shall be put in cold it will putrefie, and bring grieuous Symptoms, it were better to make a ligature about so much as is out, and cut it off being carefull of the guts, if the intestins passe out by a wound, the wound being very [p. 140] little they will hardly be reduced, vnlesse they be pricked, for they will swell with winde: but if the substance of a gutt be wounded, sowe it together &consolidate it; and if the liuer, splene, stomacke, kidneis, or bladder be wound- ded, let nature worke his part, there is small hope by Arte to preuaile. The wounds of the Scrotum are cured as other wounds of the sinowy parts. The cure of the Hyppe wounded agreeth with that of the shoulder afore mentioned. The Knee wounds also are cured as other sinowie parts wounded are. The Ancle, foote, and sole thereof wounded is hard of cure, because there are many bones, ligaments, tendons, and sinewie parts among them: they are also placed in the lowest part of the body, and therefore are subiect to defluxion of humors. ______

Of Gunshot Wounds. Wounds by Gunshot Wounds made by Gunshot are alwaies compound, are compound. neuer simple, and are the more difficult of cure by reason of a certaine humor without the veynes found neere them inclining to corruption, the qualitie thereof being changed by the sodaine violence of the blow. The composition of which wounds for the most part consists of losse of substance, contusion, fraction of many sinewy fibres, veynes, Arteries, membranes and bones, yea often The diuers form of shiuered into diuers peeces, being in forme different, as wounds by Gunshot. some round, narrow, and wide, and in figure cuniculus, triangular, quadrangular, fistulous etc., at the first bringing with them no Hemorragia or fluxe of blood, although the veynes be broken and open, the blood returning backe through the fearefull violence of the stroke. The first curatiue intention of these wounds is dilatation, whereby the enemie to nature may by an open orifice bee expel- [p. 141] led. The symptoms of such wounds are Hemorragia, fur- tiue, or a stealing fluxe of blood trickling out by litle and litle, Gangrene vnawares assaulting the party: also a post- humation, dolor, and the like. Wherefore as an entrance to the cure, let an vniuersall regiment ot the sicke be carefully obserued, namely that as much as is possible, hee vse wholsome aliments, such as resist putrefaction (as sowre and tart things) and which are gratefull to the vitall facult- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 133

ties: and when he eateth, let it be sparing and often, let him drinke very litle wine. If you feare venemous vapors may be gathered, giue him of good Mithridate, Venice Trekell drachmam ss. or Diatesseron drachmam ss. These rules at Sea are not so well to be obserued as at Land: wherefore let the Sea Surgion therein doe his best, let his ordinary drinke be Ptisans, or barley water: conceale from him the magnitude of his wound: keepe him loose onely with glisters, or suppositories: let him bloud if neede be, and yet but a litle, lest poyson or venome setled in the outward parts, be thereby drawne in backe into the more noble parts: and abstaine to giue him remedies calefying the humor, especially at the first. In these wounds often appeare exudations of clammy humors, supposed by some to proceed from membrans, and sinowy Ligaments bruised and broken, being changed from sound to vnnaturall and vicious: those humors are to be euacuated, or their dangers preuented by good alteratiue remedies, namely abstersiue medicines, as a good Lixivium, or by supperatiue, mundificatiue, and disiccatiue things hauing faculty, confirming and strengthning the parts affected. Therefore the feare of a Gangrene being taken away, suppuration must be intended in the flesh contused, but if in the parts contused there bee a vitious humor, and the flesh about to putrifie, in such cases it is convenient to helpe suppuration with all speed. But first of all let a good Alexipharmacon or Preseruatiue against poyson be giuen the sicke, if you see cause, namely a litle Venice Trekle or other Trekle on the point of a [p. 142] knife, if it be right and good: but if you doe feare the vertue thereof to be doubtfull, as often it is, giue it dissolued in spirit of wine, Cinamon water, or good aquavitae, where vnto adde certaine drops of Oyle of Vitriole,for it exceedingly resisteth putrefaction. You may for a neede giue Mithridate, London Trekle, or Diatesseron alone: or if the party be of a cold constitution, then giue him Diatrion piperion, or good Rosa-solis a little. And if he be strong, after he is dressed, you may lay him to bed to sweat, and procure him thereto by a dose of Diaphoreticon giuen in Trekel or Mithridate, regarding as is said that the sicke haue the benefit of a naturall open body, I meane not many laxatiue stooles for feare of danger. Let care also bee had of his dyet, as is said, so much as the time and place can permit. Which effected, in the next place consider by the view of the wound, what manner of locall medicaments are most fit. And for the first intention of curing, it were fit the Surgion at Sea were neuer wanting of a good Lixivium, to foment the parts percussed or contused, let it be such a Lixivium as I have described in the cure of Fractures, but somewhat sharper; to which for breuitie I referre the Surgions Mate. Also haue ready Ung[uentum] Aegyptiacum, and the Causticke stone, if it may be: also the Artificiall Balme, Oyle of Vitriole, a good Restri- 134 The Surgions Mate

ctiue powder, good Ligature of all sorts, stitching needles ready, with all other fit instruments not farre of, if occasion sholud bee, as tents, splints, dorsells, spunge, clowts, rowlers, tape, tow, lint, plasters ready spread, and the like, Fronte capillata that when an occasion happneth he might be ready to per- post est occasio forme his dutie. calva The most notable differences I haue euer obserued twixt a wound made with Gunshot, and an other contused wound, is onely a stealing flux of bloud, and a dangerous disposition to a Gangrene, which two accidents warily preuented the Cures of such wounds differ nothing from ordinary wounds contused. In the curing of wounds of the head, as is said, Arceus [p. 143] Linament is the chiefest Balme: the next therevnto in common vse is Mel Ros[arum] & Oleum Rosarum mixed, then Honey and Mel mixed with good Aquavitae, if the party be not too hot of constitution. Ung[uentum] potabile is a good healing Balme. Also the Ung[uentum] Incarnatiuum: or Unguentum Aureum is a generally good healing Balsame; you shall finde it no lesse. Basilicon is also a good healer of new wounds, but the best is the Artificiall Balme. For dangerous wounds, Oyle of Terebinthine is very good; but Ve- nice Terbinthine alone is much better; and common Ter- binthine is not to be despised; and no more is the ordinary digestiue of Terebinthine, and the yolke of an egge, of ech a like quantitie well mixed together. And yet I would not doubt at all without all these recited medicines, to finde sufficient healing medicines in the Surgions Chest for double the occasion that can be imagined, which if time would permit me, I would write of. And whereas putrefaction, as is mentioned, alwaies at- Directions how to tendeth great wounds made with gun-shot, all care in time preuent putrefaction is to be had to preuent the same. Let therefore your first to great wounds locall application, if you feare putrefaction, bee Ungu[entum] incident. Aegyptiacum mixed with Wine or Aquauitae, or alone; being also very hot injected into the wound, or applied on linte. And if you feare it will require yet more exsiccation, or cautrization, adde some burnt Vitriole, and foment somewhat the outward parts of the greefe with a hot Lixi- uium, and apply a hot stupe wet in the Lixiuium & wrung out round about the member: but if the outward parts about the wound be altered in colour, or grow either stinking or insensible, make scarification and foment well with strong hot Lixivium; and inject thereof into the wound very hot; and after such fomentation, scarification, and injection vsed, as is said. Then if you yet see cause you may vse the former mentioned Aegyptiacum with a hot stupe, and remoue not that dressing without extraordinary cause, I meane the Aegyptiacum, in lesse then 48 houres, I meane, if you haue caused a good Esker108. The next [p. 144] dressing after the Esker procured by the former dressing,

108 esker, eschar, see note 85, p. 60. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 135

it is likely you shall fine digestion though vnperfect, namely durty and fowle, and the wound will be very tender and sensible, and subiect to alteration by the ayre, if care be not had. Wherefore all things for your next intention of application being first ready, ere the wound be opened make a very short dressing, and of as gentle medicines as may be. I haue vsed Arceus Linament warme, and with soft linte applied: and the edges or parts neere the wound annointed therewith, and gently filled the wound with lint, then ouer that a Paracelsus plaster; and ouer all a large hot stupe wet in a good Lixivium, and wrung out, with also convenient, soft, and warme Ligature, which is a great help to healing. The third dressing I would leaue Arceus Linament, and betake me to the Artificiall Balme, which Balme I would apply warme, annoynting the parts about therewith: applying also thereto some good emollent, discussing, and anodine plaster, as namely Paracelsus plaster I hold chiefe; next that I hold Emp: Betonica described by Arceus; then Diacalsiteos, minium, Gratia Dei, or Mellilote, any of which as thy discretion or store affords, will serue. The rest of the Cure I referre to bee proceeded in with balme and plasters, as is said, in ordinary forme: and if any loose bones bee, remoue them; onely force none out before their time without great cause; if no bones be imagined, striue not to keepe the wound open, neither keepe any hard tents within the wound. Many by a custome keepe tents to the bothome of the greefe so long till they make the disease incurable: you neede not bee too vigilant in keeping new wounds too long open, for the feare of putrefaction being once put away, and digestion procured, and no bones to come out, the sooner you can heale the safer. Many Surgeons also haue a grosse custome of ar- ming tents, as they tearme it, with precipitated Mercurie, or other the like Causticke medicines, and put them into wounds to mundifie, and also the better digest them, [p. 145] as they imagine, but I may boldly affirme, that (as is said) if neither feare of a Gangrene be neither broken bones to be taken out, there is no cause of any Causticke medicines to be applyed for the curing of a new wound at no time. And i finde by practise plaine, that Causticke medicaments within vlcers or fistula´es haue no other vse but to take away a callous substance commonly in them to alter the vitiousnes of the humor, and dispose the greefe to a good healing, which healing after followeth chiefly by the benefit of nature, together with gentle and sanatiue applications, for (sublata causa tollitur effectus) the cause remoued, the effect ceaseth, and so of wounds. An admonition It is a shamefull error of many foolish Artists still to be to Surgions. too busie with Causticke medicines: how apparent is it that they lame many thereby, let wise Doctors iudge. They will not see a wound incarne and red, and good flesh to grow, but straight they slander it of pride, and 136 The Surgions Mate

call it proud flesh like their owne, and then must at the fairest Precipitate or Vitriole burnt goe to worke, yea though the Patient bee lame for it, or at the least the greefe put backe againe. Truely the abuse of good Causticke medicines bringeth much slander to the Arte of Surgery. In the cure of Ulcers & Fistulaess, and else where, I haue noted downe my opinion of the true vse of Causticke medicines, to which I refer the Reader. If therefore wounds happen with Gunshot, which giue no cause to feare a Gangrene, then begin the first dressing with Balme Artificiall very hot applyed; the next dressing reasonable hott, and so to the end of the cure vsing Em- plasters and Ligatures conuenient.

Of Burnings. Of burning by Gunpowder. Bvrning by Gun-powder often times is incident in Necessary Rules for Armes to Soldiors and others, which wanteth no the Cure. greeuous accidents; therefore be ready at all times with remedies fit and effectuall to asswage them. And begin- [p. 146] ning thy worke with Lotions, (as namely either a fomentation made with oyle and water, or with a decoction of the seedes of Quinces, or of Mallowes, March-mallowes, Violets, and a little Purslaine seede) these and the like take away all the powder that sticketh in the flesh, for it hindereth the cure. And to asswage both the dolor thereof, and the vitious humors, Mel Saponis is an approued remedy, for it taketh the fire out. And to make it more easie for suppuration, vse Anodine Medicaments (as Ceratum refrigerans Galeni, populeon mixt with a third part of Unguentum album, or a third part of Triapharmacon and Oyle of Roses, or Oyle of Eggs, or of Roses mixt with the white of an egge, axungia porcina washed in the iuyce of Plantane, or the iuyce of Solanum, or in water: also the fat of rustie bacon washed in Rose-water, or the like. Also a decoction of wine vineger lib. j. Litharge in powder unciam s, and gently fomenting the part therwith, taketh away all paines). But to perfect the cure, let good sanatiue medicines be applied, as the Unguentum contra ignem in the Chest set downe, whose composition shall be manifested hereafter. Obserue also, if occasion be, that blood letting be vsed, which is very requisite to auert fluxions, and to auoide putrefactions of humors. But abstaine from purging potions, and the like at the first. With these recited helps administred in their due time and place, with also a good dyet, the Surgeons Mate shall performe much in short time, to the praise of the Almighty and his owne comfort. [p. 147]

The cure of Apostumes

II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 137

First what an Apostume is. The Definition An Apostume is a tumour composed of three of an Apostume. kindes of diseases, as Auicen[na] affirmeth, namely, Intemperature, Incommoderation, and Solu- tion of continuity, all gathered into one magnitude: and Tagaltius in his institutions affirmeth, euery tumour against nature is an Apostume: The differences of tumours are many, and are by many learned writers handled at large, of which my leasure will not permit me now to write. The times of an The times of Apostumes are also at large handled lear- Apostume are nedly by Mr. Gale, Iohannes de Vigo, Ambrose a Paris, and foure. diuers other good writers, and are noted to bee in number foure, as namely, Beginning, Augmentation, State and Declination. What the beginning The beginning of an Apostume is noted to bee the of an Apostume is. first collection of humour, extraordinarily intruding into any one part of the body, at which time with the Surge- ons care, the proceeding of the disease is easily hindered, A good rule. according to that olde poeticall verse, Principijs obsta. etc. The next time of an Apostume is the Augmentation, then the disease hath taken roote, and is not so well to bee put backe, neither is it alwayes necessary nor safe to attempt it: for it may be nature hath determined to send it out, and this seond degree or time of an Apostume is sometimes knowne by heate, pulsation increaseth with a distemper generally of the body, and an inclining to a feuor, especially if the Apostume bee hot, or haue malignity therein: but the augmentation of colde apostumes haue often no other signes notable: but onely an appearance of increase, [p. 148] without any other distemper of the bodie for a long time What the state of together. an Apostume is, and The third time or degree, which is the state or ripenesse the signes thereof. of the greefe is well to be knowen diuers waies, as namely, the apostume by this time is come to perfect maturity, & the paine is either wholly or partly asswaged, and the matter being neere the skinne, each child in Surgery may iudge what is next in art to follow, by the bearing out and discolouring of the skin, for either it is discoloured blac- ker, or is very soft, and if the apostume lie deep by feeling, you shall also sensibly perceiue whether their be perfection of maturation or no, also by depressing the cutis a little with your finger. When an Apostume Marke also out of the words of the Ancients, to know will suppurate. when an Apostume will proceede to suppuration. Hypo- Hypocrat. cap. crates lib. 47 cap. 2. hath these words, that whilest Pus is 2. lib. 47. in making, paines and feuers doe afflict: but Pus being made, paines and feuers doe decline: And to confirme Tagalt. Instit. the former words, Tagaltius in his Institutions, cap. 3. hath these following verses. Durities longa pulsus dolor et calor aucti Signant pus fieri: sed facto dicat remissa 138 The Surgions Mate

Sub digitis undans albescens pars et acuta. The fourth time The declination of Apostumes, I cannot stand to am- of an Apostume plifie, but I referre you, as before to Mr. Galles Institution of a Surgeon, as also to Iohannes Vigo, and other good writers, for a more ample doctrine in that poynt, onely note that when the tomour or apostume is ripe, mine opinion is rather it be opened by a potentiall causticke medicine, then by actual incision, when it may be as conueniently effected, and that for many good reasons, and one sufficient reason in mine opinon is, if you vse incision, you must needes puriments, dossels or the like with medicines, to keep open the orifice, and also to enlarge it, which doing you stop the passage of natures true euacuation twixt each [p. 149] dressing, offending the parts adiacent, and hinder the v- nition of the disioyned parts, against conscience, detra- cting good healing: yea, and thereby hazard diuers euill accidents to follow as fistulaes &c. from all which by causticke incision you are freed, and feare not at all the application of a conuenient potentiall causticke medicine in due time and place, especially the impostume being ripe, and the skinne thinne, for you can peirce no further then thorough the cutis, though you would for being onely through the skinne, the matter will choake your causticke or corasiue medicine, neither doubt at all, that your work shall succeede otherwise then well, for nature will prouide remedie speedily, easily and safely to heale your patient, prouided you be also carefull to vse your endeauour with good warme medicines duely applyed, and with also the vse of good ligature, which is one principall good helpe, good diet and other reasonable meanes likewise had, for I haue euer obserued in my practise, that a hot tumour in a- ny outward part of the body, growing either by repletion, obstruction, feuor, or by the euill disposition of the bloud, for the most part: yea, euen in pestilentiall and venemous feuers in good bodies, not being pockie nor too too olde, are easily healed by any vnderstanding Artist, that can ioyne reason and experience together, many seuerall waies, namely for one, if you perceiue a beginning, or gathering of humours together in any part of the bodie, consider what might be the cause therof as neere as you can: if you finde it to bee fulnesse of the bodie or costiuenesse, you haue diuers present remedies that way to flie vnto, viz. at the first make the patient a suppository, then giue him a glister, if neede bee and a Laxatiue medicine, also according as you shall see cause, regarding the quality & quantity of the humour abounding: but remember where the bodie is costiue, you were best to beginne, as is said, with a suppository first, and that hauing caused one stoole, proceede with a purge, if you see further cause, or a glister, for often onely one suppositorie doth what you require, also [p. 150] good fomentations that may by the pores of the skinne helpe to breath some part of the matter, will do well, and so the rest by discussing and mollifying medicines the ea- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 139

sier be cured. If the griefe beginne in the head or throat you may vse phlebotomy either vnder the tongue, on the forehead, or on the arme in the head veine, or median veine, but if you perceiue that by empting the body artificially, and cooling the bloud with conuenient medicines as also answerable slender diet, and opening a veine, that the collected peccant humors will not bee discussed nor put back, then may you proceede to attract- tion and suppuration as you see cause; for it were most grosse to seeke to detaine that which Nature hath resolued to cast foorth: wherefore if you see cause to bring forward any Apostume, you may then consider by the Attractiues quallity thereof what course to take, namely, by attractiues alteratiue or suppuratiue Medicines, as touching attractiue medicines, good attractiues at sea to be had are Gum Elemmi of it selfe, spread on lether, and applied; and Galbanum also is very good, prouided it be dissolued in wine, and not in vinegar: Mellilot plaster will well bring forward an Apostume hot or cold, and helpeth sup- Maturatiues puration: Common pitch is a good attractiue: Burgundy pitch is also good: Of these the discreet Surgeons Mate may vse the fittest in his discretion, and if he desire violent attraction of any slothfull cold tumour, let him set a large cupping glasse thereon. Maturatiues or alteratiue medicines in the chest and Ship to be had are very many, yea more then I can call to minde at this time, wherefore to be briefe, Emplastrum diachylon cum Gummis I put for the principall, for it is for that purpose only; Paracelsus Plasters applied thicke spread, the place first annointed with oyle of Lillies, will do well. But where time and place is conuenient in my opinion, a meane Cataplasme warme and thicke applied supurateth best and easiest, viz. make a decoction of Althea roots or Line seeds, and the cause being cold adde Fenigreeke a little to this decoction adde beane [p. 151] or barly meale, oyle of Camomill, Dill and Lillies of each a small quantitie, Dialthea a little, or Axungia porcina and apply it warme, and shift it twice in twentie foure houres. Or Rp. flowers of Camomill mellilote and of Elders ana M. ß, Wormewood, M. ß, Althea roots brused unciam ß, make a decoction thereof in faire water a sufficient quantity, adding of Beane meale or Barly meale M. j. and being boyled into a due forme of a Cataplasme adde oile of Camomill or Dill uncias iiij. Axungia porcina uncias ij. In want of some one of these flowers another for neede will serue, and if none of them were to bee had yet there is many o- ther meaner helps to bring forward an Apostume, which time wil not now permit mee to rehearse. When you haue an intent to bring any tumor to supuration, you must neither purge nor bleede your Patient, neither appoint him a thinne diet. When you would an Apostume should go backe, if it be aboue the nauill in the breast, back, or head, then let your purging Medicines be such as purge downeward only, but if it be below the nauill, or in the armes, or 140 The Surgions Mate

legges, vomitiue Medicines do best, except some especiall hinderances, as Asthma or the like: And to those vses none are so effectuall as those which are of Mercurij truely prepared, for that they do not only duly euacuate, but also di- uert and draw backe the humours from the place offended which in truth is a great helpe to nature. Also bloud letting if occasion be, may be vsed for diuerting and mittigating a stubborne disease, but after the vse of Mercuriall purges it is held of many not to be good to open a vaine, of which opinion I am, without extraordinary reason vrge the contrary. And further if you intend to repell an A- postume you may make vse of this following Cathaplasme of beane meale, or wheate meale boyled with water and vineger a conuenient quantity that it bee not ouer sharpe, adding a little Terebinthine and very warme apply it, with also good close ligature, and shift, renuing the medicine euery sixt or eight houres, but euer obserue as it is rehearsed, that to repell an Apostume slender diet with conueni- [p. 152] ent euacuation of the belly, and phlebotomie are as principalls to be vsed. Also a safe Cataplasme to repell an Apostume in the beginning is, Rp. farina[e] fabarum or beane flower and castle sope, ana unciam j wine vineger as much as will suffice, boyle these one quarter of an hower together, and you may mixe a little water with the vineger for feare it breake the skinne, and apply it warme. Note further that to an Apostume broken by a causticke I commonly vse no other thing then unguentum basilicum warme, from the first to the end of the cure, or my artificiall balme which I much rather commend vpon my long experience, except some dressings now and then I apply to it onely dry lint, and if nature be not beneficiall to incarne and helpe healing to my desire, I vse gentle obstersiue medicines namely a little precipitate mixed with the said bazilicum or else unguentum Aegyptiacum very hot, but that onely for one dressing at one time, and then to my former course againe for certaine daies together, namely, till the esker109 be fallen, and at the least three dressings after which if it giue mee not good content of hope of amendment, then I proceede further one degree, namely, I vse for one dressing of oleum sulphuris per campanam, or oleum Vitrioli,with which I onely touch the vlcer within: I also giue a purge, thereupon if the Patient be strong, and then to my olde forme againe, till nature be at rest, I meane as is said, till the eskar be cleane gone, and yet fiue or sixe daies further: but if then I see it be still stubborne, I proceed to the next step or degree, and craue helpe from my honest olde friend mercurie who if he faile me iudiciously applied, then I confesse I am almost to seeke, but he neuer failed me in my life if my Patient were not the cause, the disease being by Arte curable. The mercuriall medicine I most vse in such cases is aqua benedicta, as is rehearsed in the cure of

109 esker, eschar, see note 85, p. 60. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 141

Fistulaes and Vlcers. If an Apostume be opened by a causticke medicine the Apostume of it selfe being concauous, I meane hauing a great hollownesse, going deepe this way or that way, striue [p. 153] you not at all, either with tents, plegents, or dorssells to fill the said concauitie, and to diuide the parts asunder which desire vnition, but only dresse thou the outward or superficiall part with warme bazillicum, artificiall Balme or the like conuenient medicine, putting it a little within the entrance of the orifice of the apostume vpon a little lint on the end of thy Probe, vntill the first, second, and third dressing after the opening be past, and if thou haue any of thy Cataplasme remaining with which thou did stri- pen the Apostume, apply the same very warme, if not, apply some good Emplaster ouer it, annointing it with balme artificiall, and applying daily thereto a good Balme or bazillicum warme, and feare not if thou make thy applications warme, and vse good rowling and boulstring, which is a principall part of the healing, with likewise good diet and conuenient euacuations of the belly where thou seest cause, but thou shalt heale comfortably, only forget not if occasion be, that sometime thou make iniection in- to the concauitie of the apostume with some fitting mundificatiue or abstersiue medicament, namely, with thy ordinary Lotion it will doe well, but vse it warme, and charge it not often with it, nor at all except great cause, yet vpon due occasion if an Apostume turne to a moist watry concauous vlcer, thou maist also adde to thy Lotion Ae- gyptiacum, but be not too busie with such medicines. It A caution. may be also thou maist thinke how shall a good healing follow where the sore is not searched, and with tents, and like medicines healed first at the bottome: my louing Bro- ther in that thou shalt behold the excellency of Nature in our bodies, which being once eased of the burthen of that vicious and offending humour which was the cause of the disease, it will at first seeme admirable to thee I know, but it is a diuine work, for she forthwith intends healing without thy help, first by little and little daily spuing out the dregs of the disease, and euer as fast within by Gods prouidence incarning new flesh as the quitture is outwardly auoided, not by meanes of they incarnatiues I must tell [p. 154] thee, whereon I aduise thee not to trust, albeit they be neuer so good: experience will shew thee that abstersiue medicines, namely, such as haue vertue to scower and excic- cate or drie, leauing a certaine stipticknesse behind them, doe best incarne iudiciously applied, yea and those medicines which are most causticke of all, are truly most incarnatiue, for I speake this vpon my knowne experience, that vpon the true and iudicious vse of them the vlcer will soon incarne, onely with the vse of drie lint farre more then with any vnctious Medicine whatsoeuer, yea thought it be An infallible rule. Unguentum aurem, for it is an infallible rule in that diuine ministry of healing, who so can drie well can heale well: 142 The Surgions Mate

if thou with thy ouer many caustickes following each o- ther, or by keeping the parts too much asunder hinder it not, for too much exciccation or drying will make worke, not heale, which beware of. Some Artists haue in vse long hard tents, this way, that way, or dorsells, or plegents for perpetuall keeping o- pen an Apostume, for, say they; I will see a good ground, and a sound healing at the bottome ere I take out my tents and then I will beginne to shorten them: I say such are vnworthy Surgeons, yet I deny not an apostume or vlcer may be in such a part of the body, as namely, in the cor- ner of the eye, or in ano, which in no wise will safely suffer healing, till some causticke medicine haue well searched, yea, and as it were seared the bottome, which once effected, go on, in the name of God, with your precedent courses of healing againe, namely with all soft, gentle, and speedy healing meanes, as before said. For Natura naturans naturat omnia, and marke it, for by this reason an old wife oftentimes exceedeth a great Artist in healing, for she wrestleth not with Nature as great ma- An old wifes medicament sters doe, and Nature pleased with her milde and simple better then an unwise meanes is appeased, and by diuine prouidence the disease Artists medicine. often easily made whole: for I know it for a truth, and by too much experience of my owne, as an eye witnesse in other mens worke I haue seen as great harme done, and as [p. 155] grosse faults committed by vnworthy Surgeons for want of mature iudgement in ouer-doing, as by olde wiues, or fooles in vnder-doing. For many Surgeons neuer thinke they haue plaied the workmen till indeed they haue made Errors in Surgeons worthy worke: Some by error for want of iudgement, other for reproofe. base lucres sake, prolonging and agrauating with things not only contrary, but also dangerous of nature oftentimes, laying bare the bones, and by caustickes fowling them with their medicines when there is no neede, pre- saging wickedly before hand vpon vnperfect grounds, bones to be fowle when to their shames they haue made them so themselues, as is said, either for want of honestie, or want of true iudgement to consider: wanting charitable and christian reasons, or not being capable what the benefit and force of Nature is able to effect, whereas if they would proceed mildly, and with sleight Medicines they might oftentimes effect farre more then they do, or can. Nam natura paucis contenta, et sublata causa tollitur effectus: Nature is content with small things, and the cause remoued the accidents or effects cease. I wish rather a Surgeon should heale gently, yea though hee should hazard the breaking out againe of the griefe, which will not easily be if he rationally follow the precedent methode, rather then by keeping the griefe open too long giue occasion of de- formitie, lamenesse, losse of limes, fistulaes or the like, which very many in the height of their great conceited skill procure, which were it but onely the guilt of conscience, if they feared God, they should not dare to doe. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 143

These and the like grosse errors, vnexcusable before God and man, haue brought to the Arte a scandall, & a sensible feeling of want vpon many vertuous professours hereof, so that the guilty and vnguiltie are censured both alike by the common sort, and the one smarteth for the others fault. But those which for gaine or otherwise will prolong the health of those that commit their liues, or limmes to their mercy, or approue of it, the Lord pay them [p. 156] tennefold as much to their shame: and so for this time I conclude concerning Apostumes, onely let mee giue thee this caueat concerning Precipitate mercurie, or of any kinde of Turbith minerall, vse them not much neere any bare bones without very great iudgement, for they will blacke the bones, neither vse any of them in any new wounds as is said, for if you doe they are very apt to procure lamenesse, or shrinking of the sinewes. All swift healing in new wounds I esteeme best, yea without any causticke medicines at all if it may bee, which the Artist neede not doubt of where neither bones broken, nor other iust thing of like kinde hindereth the worke. Thus much concerning the generall curing of tumours, to the praise of G O D.

[p. 157] Of th Cure of Ulcers, and Fistulaes.

For haste I haue mixed Ulcers and Fistu- laes together, for that they are of a affinitie in shew and cure: whose seuerall definitions I also forbeare for want of time, and enter into the Cure at the first. Where- fore note as followeth. If you chance to haue in Cure an Aposteme, that by the malignity of the humors, or other euill disposition of the body chan- geth it selfe into a rebellious Ulcer, concauous, fistulaes, or into any the like height of malignity; or that such an Vlcers Cures. Ulcer come to thy hand from an other Artist, be not out of hope to cure the same. For if nature be not vtterly thy Prognostication. enemy, the member being not pierced through in the ioynt, and so the ligaments rotten, and perhaps the ends of the bones also, or some other apparent token of incurability, proceeding as followeth, thou shalt bee able to cure the disease, by the helpe of God. First therefore entring into due consideration of the age and strength of the Patient, with other reasonable respects had, giue him a dose of scrupula ij. or of drachmam j of puluis Arthreti- cus, and 3 daies after of Diaphoreticon a dose, viz: grains 8. which he shall take whilest he is yet in bed, and couer him 144 The Surgions Mate

warme, and yet but ordinarily, and it will cause him gently to sweat some 2 or 3 houres: then let him wipe himself and rise, and afternoone it will giue him 2 or 3 stooles, but very gently. Then the next day or two daies after apply to the Vlcer a litle Aqua benedicta, that it may come to the bottome and into ech part of the Vlcer, namely with a litle linte on the end of a Probe wet onely therein, and so leaue the linte sticking in the mouth of the orifice [p. 158] for two daies, filling the Esker with more linte, or till the Esker remoue, with also a Minium plaster ouer it, this will cause some paine, and produce a strong Esker110, which being Second dressing. fallen, fill the orifice full with dry linte, for the first and second dressing, putting the same very gently in; for it will be exceeding tender. I am of opinion that it is meere idlenes to aply any medicine soddainely to prouoke the fall of an Esker, as I haue mentioned else-where. For I dare affirme it furthereth nothing good healing: for when the time of nature is come it will fall without thy helpe: thou canst not keepe it on. And I hold it as a hopefull signe of good healing, when the Esker is slow in remouing. Third dressing. Wherefore the third dressing after the naturall fall of the Esker, hauing for two dressings, as is said, vsed onely dry linte, take of the white Aquilla laxatiua a litle, I meane 3 or 4 graines, and mix with it Plantaine or faire water, or an ordinary Lotion, onely that it be as a very thin Unguent, and wet well the wound therewith warmed, and fill it with dry linte, and giue the party in to drinke of Aquillae vitae 4 graines vpon the point of a knife. This will cause him to vomit, and make a strong diuersion of the humors, and then proceede in the cure with drying ordinarie me- Fourth dressing. dicines, namely dry linte onely some foure dressings, and some one dressing now and then, with a litle Aquila Laxa- tiua vpon any linte, onely to touch the Vlcer within: this causeth no paine at all, or a litle some dressings. Also I apply Basilicon, either alone warme, or sometimes againe with a little of the powder of Aquilla Laxatiua strewed thereon. And when I vse this dressing, I let the dressing remaine for 24 houres at the least, and then to my dry linte againe: and perhaps if I perceiue the Vulcer or Fistula to haue any other secret concauities, and that it bee not fully touched in the bottome, I vse once more my Aqua benedicta, and giue a second vomit of Aquila uitae. Other rules for the Also I obserue it for good in the conclusion of ech finishing of the Cure. such cure, to giue such a vomit, where the strength of the Patient will beare it. Furthermore I prescribe the Pati- [p.159] ent a strict drying dyet, where I see good cause, not otherwise. But remember this principall rule, that what day he either taketh vomiting, purging, or sweating medicine, that the same day he forbeare his dyet drinke. Further beware that you prescribe not ouer slender dyet, to him which is already pinched with weake dyet, either at Sea or

110 esker, eschar, see note 85, p. 60. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 145

Land: or whose dyet is of bad nourishment, as too often times it happeneth amongst poore Seafaring men in long voyages. Thus vsing this afore-prescribed medicine iudiciously, you may cure any pockie Fistula, or inveterated Ulcer whatsoeuer, if they by Art are curable. And for any pockie Vlcer on the yard, I meane either vpon glans, or praeputium, or twixt both, onely touch it but once with the aforesaid Aqua benedicta, and giue the party one dose of your Aquilla vitae, and without question you shall cure it afterwards as if it were a greene wound, but remember it will cause Virga to tumifie sometimes much, but be not a- fraid, for by the vse of Lotions mixed with Plantane or faire water dayly warme, and cast it in twixt Glans and Pre- putium, it will soone amend. It cureth also any warts of the yard by onely touching them, and that if they be touched but very gently: for it is a strong medicine, and procureth some paine, but not in warts, yet honest it is and sure, for it will not faile: and if once you acquaint your selues with the parts thereof, you will neuer afterward vse Trossis of minium nor Mercury sublimate againe, and yet let mee speake my Conscience, both Trossis of minum and Mer- curij sublimate are worthy Medicines, their whole force and healing vertue being indeed onely the quicke-siluer and spirits of salt, and no other thing, whose companion was neuer found out for healing and killing. I haue often cured desperate Vlcers, yea and Fistulaes with Trossis of Minium, as also sometimes with onely a Tent made of Mercury sublimated, and put into the orifice. And how excellent it is inwardly giuen being truly prepared, I will for this time forbeare to speake, till I write of the preparation of such medicines, as I haue here divulged vnder [p. 160] strange names. Thus much of Vlcers and Fistulaes to God his glory, and the helpe of the weaker sort of young Practitioners.

The Cure of Fractures. The first Intention in the Cure of Fra- ctures is performed by restoring the bones disioyned, and taking away any loose peeces or fragments of bones if a- ny be. The second intention is performed by keeping the parts together, namely the ends of the bones formerly displaced and fractured by violence. The third intention to bee done, is the curing of the wounds or contusions incident to fractured bones. The fourth, to preuent or remoue the accidents. The first part of this worke, namely the restoring or rather bringing to their places, the fractured ends of the bones is performed by extension, and a skilfull and ready The first worke. hand touching the extention, let it be done paulatim, by 146 The Surgions Mate

little and little, as the tearme is, with euen hands, not by iumps or on the sodaine, and yet with as much force as is requisite, namely till the Artist standing by with his hands vpon the greefe, perceiue hee is able to set the ends of the bones into their place; which done, it is then required that they be kept so. The second curatiue intention of fractures, is performed by keeping the ends of their boanes placed in their right forme and place. This part is cheefely done by good ligature wherein I am willing to impart to young Artists my practise in cu- [p. 161] ring fractures in the thighes and legges, and vnderstand I vse no rowlers at all, but clowts, splints armed and tape, my reason is, it is a great disease and disquiet to my patient, yea though I haue two assistants to holde the member, to come so oft about the member as to rowle it, and endangereth much the disioynting of the boanes againe, and causeth paine. And it is manifest that in simple fractures, the placing of the boanes and keeping them so, is the most worke of the cure, and nothing cureth a fractured boane so much as rest: wherefore when a bone is newly placed, and shall be troubled much with lifting and rowling, it cannot but hinder vnition, and procure some accidents offensiue, my forme of ligatures in fractures is to have next the member one foure double clowt in length, I meane aboue and below the fracture, so long that the ends of the splints I intend to vse, may haue a resting place on the clowt. And if I intend to cure the patient by a Lixiuium or otherwise, I apply it on this sayd clowt, the medicine appoynting it to be next to thee greefe, and haue another like great cloth to come ouer that againe vnder the splints, which being close and smooth brought about the member, I then put vnder the first splint of a good bredth and length well armed with towe, and vnder that I lay foure or fiue strong tapes, then I tie one of the said tapes gently, and thrust all the rest of the splints vnder the same tape, namely, so many as may compasse the fractured member, lying close, but with some small distance, that they touch not one another, then I tie the rest of the tapes, drawing them close, till the party sensibly feele them to beare in all places, the splints I appoynt commonly so long as the member can beare without galling or troubling the next ioynt, these things so done, if either the legge or tigh be fractured, I appoynt him iunckes, as some tearme them, namely, bents rowled vp in canuasse to come aboue his knee, and downe to the foot, yea though onely the legge be fractured, it is fit these bundles of lunckes bee as thicke and [p. 162] thicker then the member fractured, for that they may defend it in bed from wrong, and they are gently to bee bound to the member, that they may turne with it if occasion be, to these iunckes also a cloth may bee fastened, which may be brought vnder the foot to stay the same vp, II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 147

to his due position, which is a great ease to the patient, and beleeue me, if once you be but perfect in this forme of ligature, you will neuer desire a rowler in the cure of a fracture: I vsed rowlers till I saw the sufficiency of this forme of binding, which now I desire not to change. The cure. The third intention is the cure, wherein the inward and outward course of the cure is to be considered of. Touch- ing the regiment of the body: concerning sustenance at sea, the patient neede to haue it no thinner then the Say- lers ordinary, and touching medicine let him haue the benefit of nature, that is onely euery day, or the second day, a naturall stoole or an artificiall helpe by suppositories or glisters, if there bee great necessity not otherwise, and if a feuor happen, giue him a Barley water, with a little oyle of Vitrioll therein, and if that helpe not, open a veine on the contrary side, and if you feare putrifaction of humors, giue him a little Diatesseron Trekell or Mithridate, or the like, if he complaine much of the paine, search the cause, namely, see that the ends of the bones lie right, and that the splints gall him not, also that there be no wrinckles in the clouts applyed, and that it bee not too hard or too soft bound, all these things duely considered. The medicines I vse are as followeth, either I vse a restrictiue stuffe, which The Ingredients of a is as followeth. restrictiue Rp. Bole uncias iij. the manner of Aluminis. composing it. Thus ana unciam ß. Radix Consolidae in powder drachmas ij. Lapis Zabulosus uncias iß. These all made into fine powder, and mixed with the yolkes and whites of two egges together, if they may bee had, adding wine vineger, and mixed as much as will serue [p. 163] to make this medicine into the forme of a cataplasme and in want of egges vse water and veneger onely so much as is needfull, also if comfry rootes bee not to bee had or Thus; They may bee forborne, you may in their places for neede, though not so very well vse beane-meale, I haue done very well many times, onely with Allum, Bole, Egges, water and vineger, though Beane flower is also very good or wheat flower, and as for the medicine called Lapis Zabulosus heere recited it is a medicine found out in the Arch. Duke of Brandenburg his Country, named in the Germane Tongue, Beine broucke, which in our language is a broken bone, being in substance like chalke and in forme like a bone, some peeces like ribs, other like fingers, others like legges or armes, bones of nature so growing. This medicine I know to excell many other in healing fractures both outwardly applyed in cataplasmes,and inwardly taken daily the quantity of drachmam j. in fine powder in wine, beere, or water, the patient fasting for two houres after the taking thereof. In great fractures the Germane Surgions, prescribe this aforesaid medicine daily to be taken for twenty foure dayes, if they see cause so long vse 148 The Surgions Mate

it: The other forme of application to fractures vsed and commendable, as I haue sayd, and from which I am digressed is a good strong Lixiuium made with fresh water & ashes till it be slippery, namely, let the water be made seething hot ere the ashes be put in, adding if they be ready, or may be had in the shippe these hearbes following: St. Johns wort, womewood, centaury, rosemary, sage, chamomile & mellilote flowers, or at the least some of them, also you may adde Lupines therto: but howsoeuer though there be no hearbes: adde salt good store when it is cleered, but not before, and then though you haue neither hearbes nor lupines, it will bee of good force, for it is the salt vegetable in the ashes, which is the best healer, the next best is the minerall or sea-salt, wet the clowt rehearsed therin, and wring it out hard, and apply it to smoothe, close and hot about the member binding it so vp, this second [p. 164] forme is esteemed of most Artists the safer, for avoyding Gangrenes, which fractures are much incident vnto, by reason of great store of contused bloud gathered, that can hardly be discussed on the instant, which thereby causeth obstructions, whereupon followeth inflammation and paine, and consequently a Gangrene, and surely the first is not inferiour to this: for by the meanes of the Allum and the viniger it swageth paine, tempereth well the parts, and yet repelleth and discusseth the bloud gathered, and being once baked to, it fortifieth mightily the member, by sticking close and hard to it, I haue vsed it long without repen- tances and the other sometime: but for that it helpeth of it selfe to keepe the member to his straightnesse, I the rather vse it. Observations for the These things ready, I meane the one or the other form, cure of the great bone suppose then the greater fossil or bone of the legge were of the leg fractured. fractured, make your extention (as is sayd) that both ends of the bones meete together, namely, let one strong man take the one end of the fractured limbe, and another the other end, thy selfe standing free, and let them draw out the member, directly when thou art ready, & not before, neitherby iumps, but leasurely and together, likewise if they beare their hands too high or too low in drawing, they cause great paine to the patient, and likewise cause the bone to lie vnapt to thine hand to reduce it. It is How to know when knowen when the ends of the bones meete, for that not the ends of the bones onely the member is returend to his former beauty again: meet aright. but also by it much of the paine is eased, for it is a sure rule, if the paine abate not, all is not well: The bone, I say, first well reduced, bring your stuffe formerly rehearsed & put it vnder the legge, the parties that extended, not forsa- king their holde, and lap it about smooth and close as you can, without wrinckles, lumps or seames, and that the ends may also foulde smoothe one ouer the other, wrap- ping it double and smooth ouer the shinne bone, the cause why I vse to foulde it double on the shinne bone, leauing it there to be opened, is that if it chance there be a wound II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 149

[p. 165] it may be dressed the better without vndoing all: but if no wound be, yet it fortifieth the bone the better, by the dou- blenesse therof being smoth, then lay your next cloth broder and longer then the first, ouer the first, beeing wet in water and vineger if there bee cause, and wrung out. Let the second cloth, I say, as also the first, bee longer then the splints, that the ends of the splints may rest thereon, and not on the bare legge, placing the splints in their order a- bout the legge, till you haue compassed the legge, laying them (as is said) not too close together, that they ride not one ouer another, neither touch each other, nor come vpon the ioynts, remembring to put all your tapes vnder together, in number it were fit to haue fiue or six, namely, two on each end, and two for the middest. Also if there be a wound, you must so order the matter, that you may daily apply to the wound necessary medicines, whereas otherwise if there be no great cause, namely, through much paine or the like, you may well forbeare six daies, or tenne daies, prouided that you see the legge bee straight and well laid in an euen position or forme, and that it may lie the safer, it were good to bee prouided with the aforesaid bundles of reedes or bents, as thicke as the legge or thicker, to come from the foote, and on hand breadth ouer the knee, which should be wound and wrapped in canuasses and bound to each side of the legge artificially with foure long tapes, and at sea you may take for a shift two billets bumbasted with a little Ocum wrapt in an olde peece of a saile. Further in fractures with a wound, if you vse vnctions and liquid things, as oyles; you hazard putrification of the bone and apostumation: heerein also great care must be had, that the legge must be kept steddy, for disquiet therein will bring apostumation, and mortification, and death also, beware likewise of ouer hard binding, for it bringeth astonishment and hazard of a sudden Gangrene and death, it is a generall fault of diuers young Surgeons, for many thinke they haue neuer bound hard enough, and yet too loose is a fault, but easily may bee [p. 166] amended, and I aduise thee to looke to thy patient often, that his splints gall him not, for that bringeth want of rest, and diuers euill accidents depending thereupon, I speake this of mine owne experience, not to my praise: let him haue no wine except hee be weake, let him once in two daies by Nature and Art haue a stoole, houlding these rules with little trouble, it is not hard for him that will be carefull to cure any fracture, for indeed as is mentioned, the bone restored, rest is the chiefest medicine to cure a fracture, yea it will effect it almost without medicine, the member being onely artificiallie bound, and splinted orderly; the inward medicines for fractures I say need not to be many, onely giue him in beere daily, in wine or water as thy discretion shall moue thee, the mentioned Lapis Zabulosus drachmam j. for tenne or fourteene daies if you haue it: sometimes if need so require, a lenitiue gli- 150 The Surgions Mate

An Aenema. ster may bee giuen: Also the best locall medicine to wounds with fractures in my opinion is good Bazillicum or Arceus Linament being warme applied thereto sometimes as you see cause; Also you may vse an Abstersiue or Corroding medicine, as Allumen combustum: Aegyptia- cum, Ung[uentum] mixtum, or the like: but in these things reason must instruct the Artist more then precepts, but beware of A speciall Caution the ouer-vse of sharpe medicines neere the bone, for thereby often a bone is made foule, which before was cleere, this error is too frequent, both in young, yea and many olde Surgions also, who apply sharpe medicines often without true iudgement, not onely in fractures, but also otherwise, and as for simple fractures I haue cured them often with onely a seare-cloth made of waxe uncias iij rosin and sheepes suet, of each unciam j. dipping a course canvas therein in forme of a sparrowdrope, and so haue wrapped it warm and close about the limme, that it might reach at the least three fingers aboue, and as much below the fracture, with apt ligature, as I haue recited in the manner of the application of the Cataplasme: This in fractures of the armes is a good as any, and from the first to the last this seare- [p. 167] cloth may be vsed. Remember also in any fracture that if eyther by the galling of the splints or heate, or other di- A necessary rule for stemperature of any medicine or itching humour excoria- heat or excoriation of tion or heate appeare, that you apply next the greefe for the member fractured. one dressing Ung[uentum] Triapharmacon spred vpon paper, and your other vsuall medicine thereon, and it will become well with one onely dressing, being taken ere it grow too farre. Thus much concerning fractures, not writ from any mans authority, but truly and plainely as I haue done the like in my practise, for which let God be praised, Amen.

Concerning the Cure of Dislocations. Although I haue seene diuers skilfull men performe good workes in Dislocations, and read somewhat, and for many yeeres practised my selfe, yet know it not in this part of Chyrurge- rie by words to describe ought to the purpose, which might serue at all assayes, or vpon all occasions for the helpe of young men, for as much as so many vnexspected obseruations and strange occurrents happen in and by Dislocati- ons, as would aske much time to explane or but to touch, all yet in a word or two, I hold it not vnfit to aduise them somwhat concerning Luxions or Dislocations. First therefore it is a generall rule that you must vse extention almost to euery Dislocation, especially in the shoulder, in the huc- kle bone, in the knee, and in the ankle, for I may boldly say, where the Artist findeth a member longer then his due forme, hee shall hardly doe good on it, namely if it proceed by euill disposition of nature, or that by the abun- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 151

[p. 168] dance of vicious or viscous humors it haue extended it selfe. Extention is therefore to be carefully made, I meane as I haue said in the cure of fractures, not on the sodaine, not too forcible, but yet with strong and steddy hands, for in the extention is exceeding great respect to be taken, and it is the principall worke, yea and much Charity is to bee had and vsed therein, for too farre extent weaketh much, if not ouerthroweth the true vse of the member, euen so too little extended, produceth not the effect intended, I meane it serueth not to restore the bone dislocated, euen so the extendors raising their hands too high, or putting them downe too low, hinder the comming of the bone into his due place, and cause greater paine to the Certaine rules for the party: furthermore it were good when the Artist taketh cure of dislocations. view of a member dislocated, that the other side also were vncouered, that thereby the true forme and situation of the diseased limme, being well regarded and compared together with the whole ioynt, the better iudgement, and truer indication might be taken: I meane if one shoulder or elbow be out of ioynt, let the Arist make bare the other side also, for that there is often great difference in the naturall proportion or scituation of mens Ioynts, hauing therefore first viewed, and then also sufficiently extended, and the forme of the other side also is as saide, seene and kept in remembrance: then seeke to reduce or place the bone by those meanes, which in thy owne reason seeme fittest considering and well weighing the naturall forme, and true scituation of the dislocated bone, as is said, which in truth is vnpossible in my opinion by letters to explane: this done, for the most part, yea and in very great dislocations, the worke thou maist account is done, and the feare at an end. My selfe haue set diuers strong mens bones, I meane the shoulder bones chiefly, which haue done labour the same day, neuerthelesse I denie not but it is good and very necessary to apply to the place things discussing, anodine, and mollificatiue as reason shall induce the Artist [p. 169] vnto, you may therefore annoint the place with oyle of Roses, Camomill, Dill, or Earth-wormes as you shall see fittest, and apply thereon a Plaster of Minium diacalsiteos, Paracelsus plaster or the like, and so rowle and binde vp the member artificially as shall be most fit, and let it haue rest: if thou feare further accidents thou maist also giue the partie some laxatiue. The bone I haue said is neuer truely restored, if the paine continue. Againe if there be a great tumour in the place dislocated, so that thou canst not therefore well reduce the bone, then maist thou lay the party to rest, and the member also to as good rest as thou canst, and by things mollifying, and discussing seeke to asswage the tumor, in which case a good Lixiuium described in the cure of fractures were good to foment it withall, or a good Cataplasme made of Oate meale and linseeds boiled in beere or water, with a little oyle of El- 152 The Surgions Mate

ders would doe very well, but take this or a rule that if thou be called to any dislocation where a tumour is, if it be but a tumour of one, or two, or three daies gathering, attempt thy best to reduce the bone nothwithstanding the tumour: for if by extention and paines taken thou canst get the bone into his place, thou needest not to feare the tumor, for it wil quickly begone: wheras on the other side if by thy other applications thou canst not in reasonable time dissolue the tumor, a callow or strange substance may be fixed in the place that thou shalt neuer be able to dissolue, also the ligaments and heads of the Musckles will be The sooner extention growne hard and shrunke, and thou maist feare a lamenes is wrought the better. and withering will follow to that member: wherfore with a carefull consideration seeke to reduce any bone, the sooner the better. I vse an instrument in dislocations which I learned the practisce of in Polonia whilst I liued there, which I call by the name of a Commander, for that rightly placed and vsed it will surely command; and I haue vsed that one selfe same instrument to the shoulder, wrist, knuckel bone, knee, and ankell with good successe. I may truely say I [p. 170] haue set with it aboue 100 ioynts at times, and neuer once repented mee of the vse thereof: and to shew thee how I vse it marke a little my words, for I must be briefe: If I see iust cause of the vse thereof and that with my owne hands and some others to helpe me I cannot without much paine to my Patient bring the dislocated bone to his seat, if this dislocation I say be in his shoulder I place the butten of the instrument being somewhat flatte on both sides, not round, iust into the arm-pit, or hollow place, I meane vnder the vpper round end of the adiutory boane, or betwixt the said bone and the body, and directly vnder the os hu- meralis or os Scapula as close as I can, the end of the recited button being well armed with tow bound on with a cloute: which done I put on the Iron ginne which belongeth thereto at the lower end of the Commander, where are certaine holes with one Iron pinne for diuersities of lengths of limmes to bee extended, this ginne hauing a resting place for to stay it to the pinne recited, and an other for to take hold of the end of a soft towell to be tied about the wrest of the dislocated arme, which wrist bound about, and the lower part of the towell, or some strong lether, band, or coard, fastned to the said towell, also fastned to the vpper part or teeth of the Iron instrument, let then some garter also bee gently tied about the party his arme, betwixt the elbow and the wrist to stay the arme to the instrument. It were also good that the instrument, I meane the wooden Commander, were iust of height with the party, I meane from the place where it is to be placed to the ground; but because that cannot alwaies be expected let the partie diseased stand in that order, or so vnder set the instrument that it may fall out so: and vnderstand further that the party for any bone of the II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 153

arme dislocated must be standing whilst it is placing. And for the thigh, knee, or ankell lying. Hauing placed, tied, and fastned the parts together, as is said, let one for thee stoope to turne the extending instrument, and turne it gently till all bee reasonable stiffe, the Commander stan- [p. 171] ding vpright close by the Patient his legge: and let some one strong man stand on the other side of the Patient, with his armes about the Patient his necke to keepe him vpright, to the busines: these things ordered as is said, with thy owne hands seeke to reduce the bone: I haue often found when I haue extended but to a iust length, the bone hath of it selfe returned to his place, thou wilt wonder at the facility thereof, if thou proceede orderly, I nor no man else can teach thee by written words halfe so well, as by practise, which once vsing it, thou wilt finde it out. And when thou wilt vse it to the huckell bone, note the button on the top must be taken off, and a cushion bound on the place thereof; the party must also be so placed lying that his huckell bone, thigh and legge must hange ouer the beddes feete free from the bedde, or so laid on a table that all those parts may bee free, and his legge below the knee must be gently bound to the Commander, as is said of the arme: In all this worke neat ligature, true extention & a carefull industrious hand must performe the busines, and practise must be the meane, for my selfe I haue no time to amplifie further, this which is said is practise, for the which if thou finde profit by it, giue God the praise. ______

Of Dismembring or Amputation.

Amputation or Dismembring is the most lamentable part of chirurgery, it were therfore the honour of a Surgeon neuer to vse dismembring at all if it were possible for him to heale all hee vndertooke; but necessitie hath no law: the Patient will [p. 172] declare in his naturall desire to liue, the comfort that hee hath by it. Since therefore it is of necessary vse, let the discreet Surgeon be euer prepared for it, and to that end let the Dismembring saw be alwaies in a readinesse, well filed, and cleane kept in oyly clouts to saue it from rust, let it also haue two blades wel filed ere you put it into your chest, for that one tooth in a saw may breake. If you be constrai- Certaine rules before ned to vse your Saw, let first your Patient be well inform- the worke to be prac- ed of the eminent danger of death by the vse thereof; tised of the Patient. proscribe him no certainery of life, and let the worke bee done with his owne free will, and request; and not otherwise. Let him prepare his soule as a ready sacrifice to the the Lord by earnest praiers, crauing mercie and helpe vnfai- 154 The Surgions Mate

Other rules which nedly: and forget thou not also thy dutie in that kinde, to concerne the Surgeon craue mercie and help from the Almighty, and that hear- his preparation for the tily. For it is no small presumption to Dismember the worke. Image of God. This done, haue thy other instruments ready, namely, a good Dismembring-knife, a small incision knife, two great square stitching needles armed with very strong thred waxed, which some vse, but may also be forborn, & one needle also and thred of the ordinarie sort to sow rowlers: likwise haue ready long clouts, lesser clouts plegents of tow greater & smaller, dorssels, and buttons of tow, three broad strong rowlers or foure, of foure yards long each, with also a forme conuenient for to place the Patient on, with a large boule and some ashes therein to receiue the bloud, let it be set vnder the end of the forme, then wet your clouts, I meane your restrictiue pou- ders of both sorts: haue also ready strong wine vineger, or other good vineger, and the white and yolke of an egge together mixt if it may well be had, or else vineger only, spread your plegents ready with the restrictiue stuffe or cataplasme following, haue ready the stronger restrictiue powder mentioned, namely, your ordinarie restrictiue unciam j. and of burn´d allome drachmam j. Vitrioll burn´d and [p. 173] of Precipitate of each drachmam jß. all these mixed together: This mixture I haue termed the strong restrictiue powder, for that it forcibly restraineth Fluxes, and maketh an Eskar: haue ready also one plegent made no bigger then the end of the member; let it be spred with this recited strong Re- strictiue, mixed with an egge and a little vineger, which done, strew it thicke with some of the said stronger powder mentioned, hauing another plegent ready, broder then the former spred with the ordinary restrictiue mentioned and mixed with an egge as the former: also, take of the bottons of towe some foure or fiue, wet them in the strong restrictiue to be laid on the great ends of the Vaines and Arteries when they are absized: This done and ready, place the patient on the mentioned forme with one strong man set behind him, and another to stand before him, bestriding his thigh close to his body, compassing strongly with both his hands the member which is to bee taken off, and holding it exceeding fast some two fingers aboue the place where you intend to take it away, and let another hold vp his foote. It were not amisse also to haue ready a swines bladder which hath beene somewhat wette and dried off againe: which after the stuffes the first bed and first long rowler, is to be put ouer the member and to rowle it againe. All these necessaries as is said made ready to the worke, in the name of the Almighty, the sharpe instruments being as neere as you can hidden from the eyes of the patient the two ministers or helpers also being ready, and hauing hold on the member one a- boue, another below, & also one sitting behind, as is saide on whom the patient may leane backward, and rest on: then take your dismembring knife, and with a steddy II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 155

hand and good speed, cut off flesh, sinewes and all, to the bone round about the member, which done, take a smaller incision knife and diuide the panickle called the periosteon, from the bone, it is a tough thin skinne, couering all the bones of the body, also thrust your said incision knife betwixt your fossels or bones, cutting away whatsoeuer is [p. 174] to be found there with like expedition: the party that holdeth the vpper part of the legge with all his strength, griping the member together to keepe in the spirits & bloud: It were also very good that the saide party holding the member, the flesh and sinewes being cut asunder, should immediately draw or strip vpward the flesh so much as he The vse of the Sawe. could, keeping his hold, that thereby the Sawe may come so much the neerer, which would occasion a quicker and better healing, the flesh being thereby made longer then the end of the bone: then if you approue of that course of stitching, as some good men doe, take the 2. strong square needle and threds mentioned, & presently after the mem- The manner of stitching ber is taken away, stitch the skin through on the one side, the stumpe. and iust ouer on the other side, and with the other needle doe likewise as it were crosse ouer the member the other way, and draw the said threds so close as you thinke conuenient, the better to stop and choake the great Veynes and Arteries, then tye them fast, and presently put buttons to the heads of the veines and Arteries, then apply the restrictiue Plegents together, the lesser spred with the strong restrictiue lying on the broder, spred with the ordinary stuffe: this broder plegent must come at the least three fingers ouer the stumpe, and a linnen bed with them presently following, laying a flat hand close on the end of the stumpe, and holding it so till an other standing by draw vp the said plegents with the said bed smooth and close: then let a third man go on with the rowling, till the first rowler be spent, then if you will, draw on a swines bladder, which is no euill course, for being once drie, you need not feare any fluxe of bloud, my selfe haue vsed it and found it good, but your rowling must be very Artificiall in such a case, or all will not serue, for it exceedeth all medicines. And there is a second great care to be had in the houlder that he hold well; also remember euer to keepe a hand to the end of the stump, thrusting vp the medicines close, and keeping them so, excepting euer as the rowler passeth by to make way warily for it, and stay it againe, and euer [p. 175] where you see the bloud springing out, there lay a slender dorsell of towe, and rowle ouer it againe, continuing rowling till the bloud appeare no more: The first dressing being ended, lay the party to bed with the stumpe high, and a pillow vnder it, appoint him a slender diet, namely no flesh: let him haue a comfortable Caudle for the first, if you see him weak; and afterwards Broths and Pannadons and light things, and in small quantity. It shall not bee amisse to deferre the second dressing at the least foure daies, or longer, onely visit the patient daily and 156 The Surgions Mate

ease or take away some one rowler, as you shall see cause: Moreouer, in dismembring the legge, you are to vnderstand that though the foote onely be corrupted, it is best to take off the legge some foure inches below the lower end of the rotule, or round bone of the knee, the paine is all one, and it is most profitable to the patient, for a long stumpe were but troublesome. This worke of dismembring ist best to be done in the morning, doe it not willingly the signe being in the place, neither the day of the full moone, neuer take off any member in the ioynt: yet Pe- trus Pigerius a late learned writer affirmeth it safe & good of his owne practise: and Master Richard Wood a worthy A Caution Father in Chirurgery confesseth the same in small ioynts to be good, but not in the knee. Note also it is conuenient if the occasion of dismembring grow by reason of a Gangrene the body of the party and spirits not wasted before with long sicknes, to let go some reasonable quantity of bloud in dismembring, because it is supposed to be vemous, but in a spent weak body, who hath had a long pi- ning disease, preserue his bloud and spirits as carefull as if they were thine owne, and yet remembring this one rule, which all the London Hospitall Surgeons holde, there is more hope in a weake spent body, then in a full body: note further, that if the legge be taken off aboue the knee, there is the more danger, also there is great care to be had to te great ueine and artery, namely that thou take them vp, and pierce them through, and make strong ligature a- [p. 176] bout them, which must be speedily done, if thou canst do it: but at first I feare thou wilt misse, yet be not discouraged, not stand too long to seeke them, but goe on with like hope: Also if the occasion of dismembring proceede of a Gangrene, by reason of an inward cause, it were requisite to take the member off foure fingers aboue the Gangrene at the least, if the member will beare it, and let the patient haue some cordiall potion: furthermore in dismembring, where there bee two bones, as namely in the legge, it is not amisse to set the saw first on the outward part of the legge, that both the bones might bee cut at once, for the lesse thou shalt shake the member, the better and the more ease to the patient: moreouer con- The composition M. Galles cerning the second dressing, Mr. Galle teacheth this vn- Unguent, and good to guent following if occasion be, as a good remedy to swage vse it. paine and cause the skarre to fall, but for my part, except paine did cause mee, I should neuer respect the hasting of the esker111 to fall, for I am of opinion, as I haue sayd in o- ther places, that is friuolous to hasten the fall of any e- sker whatsoeuer, which esker was forced by causticke medicines, and yet I deny not this or the like vnguent may be found to bee of good vse, to swage paine, therefore I haue set it downe, and it is as followeth, Rp. Terebinthine uncias ij Butyri recentis uncias iiij. Cera unciam iß. UnguentumPopuleon lib.ß. melt these

111 esker, eschar, see note 85, p. 60. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 157

together and it is made, then being warmed, dip plegents therin, & apply them, but in want of this vnguent a good digestiue of Terebinthine and the yolke of an egge is as good, Emplastrum de minio mollified with a little oyle of roses, Ung[uentum] Basilicum or Arceus Linament are likewise good remedies, the rest of the cure differeth little from the ordinary cure of vlcers, onely a great care must be had that all your dressings be warme, and keepe the colde from the end of the stump as much as you can, and cheefely from the end of the bones, to which purpose warme oyle of roses daily applied on the ends thereof, will do well, further to foment it with a good Lixiuium, wherein is strong wine, is good after some foureteene daies, sometimes also it will [p. 177] doe well to make one dressing with Aqua vitae, wherein a stupe hot wrung out of the same, may be warme applyed to the greefe, and then warme clothes and conuenient rowlings, and sometimes also one dressing with dry lint, or of soft tow is likewise good, and sometimes unguentum mixtum, viz. Basillicum & Aegyptiacum ana partes aequal[es]. The composition of the The defensatiue cataplasme or stuffe often mentioned, cataplasme. is made of the ordinary restrictiue powder prescribed in the chest, mixed with the white of an egge and wine vineger: the strongest restrictiue of all is already set downe, but in ordinary fluxes in wounds Bole may serue very well. Thus much for this time touching dismembring, being according to mine owne practise. ______

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Of the Scuruy called in Latine Scorbutum.

The Preface. Mariners most subject This lamentable disease, which hath so long and so to the Scurvy. fiercely assailed Saylers and sea-men of all sorts more then Land-men. It is strange in so many ages past, that no one Surgeon of our country men, hath out of his experience taken in hand sincerely to set downe to posterities, the true causes, signes and cure therof, neither left any instructions, caueats or experiences for the preuention or cure of the same, yet it may bee some may say the cure thereof is common, and wee haue in our owne countrey heere many excellent remedies generally knowen, as namely Scuruy grasse, horse reddish rootes, Nasturtia Aquatica, Worme-wood, Sorrell, and many other good meanes, the truth [p. 178] is wee haue so, but marke how farre they extend only to the cure of those which liue at home, or else it may bee sayd, they also helpe some sea men returned from farre, who by the onely naturall disposition of the fresh aire & amendment of diet, nature her 158 The Surgions Mate

selfe in effect doth the cure without other helps, as daily it is seen. This thing therefore being so, what should I spend my time in teaching that method, or those medicines to the Surgeons Mate, which will not bee had at sea, neither if they could bee had, will suffice for the cure therof, where the disease raigneth fiercely. This Treatise most Hauing therefore very small time, I must constraine my- concerneth seamen. selfe to goe breefely to the businesse in hand namely to en- forme the Surgeons mate how hee should demeane himselfe to comfort his patients at sea in that most dangerous disease, ne- ther will I heere striue to giue the curious Reader other content then thus, that if hee like it not, let him amend it himselfe, which I should heartily reioyce to see any good man doe, knowing mine owne weaknesse. A learned Treatise befits not my pen, and to declare those good medicines, which cannot bee had at Sea, is but time lost.

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What the disease called the Scuruy is. Definition of the The Scuruy is a disease of the spleene, whereby it is Scuruy, and the sometimes wholly stopped, sometimes onely distem- nature thereof. pered, sometimes also appearing with hard scyrros, swellings, beginning and shewing themselues in diuers parts of the body, but more particularly on the thighes and legges, causing them to seeme of a leady colour, the sharpnesse of which infectious humor oft offendeth the mouth and gummes of the diseased, and causeth the flesh thereof to rotend stinke. [p. 179] The names of the disease. The diuers appellations The Scuruy called of some Cachexia uniuersalis, of o- thereof. ther Sceletyrbe, & of some Stomacacen, is is a chronicall disease, not simple but compound of many other diseases.

The causes of the disease. First the disease comes, as is sayd, by obstructions of the spleene, and by the thicknesse of the humour, not the multitude. Some iudicious writers doe affirme this sicknesse to come by the multitude of melancholike humors gathered in Vena porta, by which, it is sayd, the milt doth draw vn- to it melancholly humours, and so transporteth it from the milt into the ventricle. But trueley the causes of this disease are so infinite and vnsearchable, as they farre passe may capacity to search them all out, sometimes wee finde this disease proceedeth to seamen onely, through long being at sea without touch Aire and fresh food of land, as it is seene in East India voyages, our men haue helpeth well this it betwixt England, and the Cape de bon sperance, as they disease in Sea-men. terme it, & at their comming on land there they presently grow strong againe, & are by the very fresh ayre and fresh II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 159

food cured without much other helpe. And likewise twixt the Cape and the Indies, they are touched with it againe, and as aforesayd the fresh aire of that land, the next they come on and good diet together, cureth them with small physicall helps, and the same againe home-ward bound. The cheefe cause whereof is the continuance of salt diet, either fish or flesh, as porke and the like, which is not to be auoyded at sea, as I suppose by the wit of man, another cause is want of sufficient nourishing food, and of sweete water, and also for want of Aqua vitae, wine, beere, or other good water to comfort and warme their stomackes, which by contrary windes men are too much incident vnto in [p. 180] long voiages howsoeuer the Marchants are carefull, pro- uident, and bountifull that point. An other cause of this disease to the ordinarie sort of poore men, is want of fresh apparell to shift them with, which indeed amongst poore Sailers, especially a sort of them that are carelesse and lazie of disposition is too frequent, partly also by the not keeping their apparell sweete and dry, and the not clensing and keeping their Cabins sweete, this also ingendreth and increaseth the infection. Some charge Bisket as a cause of the Scuruie, but I am not of their opinion: Some say inordinate watchings are cause thereof: Some say extreame labour wanting due nourishment: Some also affirme cares and griefe to be some cause thereof, others affirme the very heate of the aire, resoluing the spirits and vapors, and ingrossing the thicke humours, causeth the Scuruy; but what shall I amplifie further, for it is also true that they which haue all the helps which can be had for mony, and take as much cares as men can deuise are euen by the euill disposition of the aire, and the course of nature, strooke with the Scuruie, yea and die thereof at sea and land both: yet this giueth no warrant to the Surgeon, or his Mate to leaue their duties vnperform- ed, for the blouds of those men which either by their wilfulnesse or slothfulnesse perish vnder their charge will surely be required at their hands. But it is plain that this griefe is a lasie foule disease with obstructions of the liver, or spleene, or of both; as also it appeareth that the head is much diseased, and that there is great obstructions in the braine, for that the eies not onely looke euill coulored, but also the gummes putrifie, and the teeth grow loose, and all the sinowie parts of the body beare their part in the disease, for the shrinking and withering of the sinowes with the great paines the party hath declareth no lesse. [p. 181] Of the Scuruie or Scorbutum the signes.

The signes of the Scuruie are many, as namely, a ge- 160 The Surgions Mate

nerall lazinesse and euill disposition of all the faculties and parts of the body, sauing the stomake and the appetite which oftentimes is greater then ordinarie with them along time. A discouloring of the skinne as if it were fouler then ordinarie, with spots darker coulered then the rest, and somtimes also darkish blew spots. A feuer at sea commonly ends in the Scuruie, wherfore by the way beware of too large purging, or phlebotomie, which increase oft the griefe, and make it incurable: I speake this because I haue noted there is a fault in young Surgeons of forwardnesse in taking too much bloud at Sea. Also itching or aking of the limmes are signes of the griefe. Sometimes the legges falling away, and drying the calues of the legges growing hard and drie, as also immoderate swellings of the legges: also the legges and thighes discoullered into frekells, or spots of a durty browne sad couller much like the couler of a gangrenated or morti- fied member. Stinking of the breath. Great obstructions of the liuer, or spleene, or both, and in the exercising of their bodies their limmes, and their spirit failing them. Shortnesse and difficultie of breathing, especially when they mooue themselues, but lying still finde little griefe or paine. [p. 182] Their eies of a leady colour, or like darke violets. Great swellings in the face, legges, and ouer all the body; palenesse, or a foule pale couler in the face. Swellings of the gummes, rottennesse of the same, with the ishew- ing of much filthy bloud and other stinking corruption thence, loosenesse of the teeth: Also some are troubled with an extreame costiuenesse that for 14 daies together they go not to stoole once, wherefore the Surgeon is constrained with an instrument to rake out the excrements to auoide death, after which extreame costiuenesse often followeth a great flux of bloud, and a painefull: also many haue stoppings of the vrine, or at the least making lesse water in two daies then the party drinketh in one day. A coldnesse and stifnesse of the sinowy parts, chiefly of the legges. Some also haue their muskells, yea and sinowes of their Certaine signes of the thighes, armes, and legges so wasted away that there seem- Scuruie by the dead eth to be left only the skinne couering the bones. opened discovered Also it is manifest that diuers of those which haue been opened after death, haue had their liuers vtterly rotted. Others haue had their liuers swolne to an exceeding greatnesse, some the spleene extreamly swolne, others haue beene full of water, others their lungs putrified and stunke whilst they haue liued, these and diuers other signes too many all to be mentioned here, doe afflict poore sea- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 161

men, which often are past mans helpe, in such place and time as they happen, the cure whereof resteth only in the hands of the Almightie. And yet to any man of iudgement it may seeme a wonder how a poore miserable man, comming on land from a long voiage euen at the point of death, namely, swolne sometimes to an vnreasonable greatness not able to lift a legge ouer a straw, nor scarce to breath by reason of strong obstruction, yet in a few daies shall receiue the fulnesse of former health, yea with little or no medicine at all. The cure of this disease, as a famous writer named Io- hannes Echthius in a treatise de scorbuto affirmeth, consisteth [p. 183] chiefly in foure things, namely in opening obstructions, euacuating the offending humors, in altering the property of them, and in comforting and corroborating the parts late diseased. Iohannes Uierius112 another famous writer ascribeth the whole cure of the Scuruie to the herbe Spoone worte. One Olaus Magnus113 a Swedon writer, in his fifteenth booke, and fiftie one Chapter, intreating of this griefe at- Remedies touching tributeth the whole cure therof to be in Absinthio or worm- the Scuruie. wood, namely to drinke much of the infusion thereof, and also of the salt of the same: and one chiefe part of the cure of the Scuruie (faith he) consists in good diet, but the seamen are inioyned to that onely the Ship affordeth, which the better and sounder their prouisions of victualls are, the more their men stand in health; and the contrarie not onely bringeth many diseases, but maketh the diseases which happen very hard to be cured, therefore I may spare labour in writing what broths or herbs serue best where no The Surgeons dutie fresh foode can be gotten: the Surgeon and his Mate must in this disease at sea. therfore, seeing he is at sea depriued of one principall help in that cure, namely, fresh meat and good drinke, be diligent to call for such comfortable things as are by the great care and bountie of the Marchants prouided for sick men, or those which incline thereunto, whereof in each Shippe is a good proportion both of wine, sugar, spices and other comfortable things, and to see they haue it in due time and measure: and likewise so complaine to the Gouernours if they be withheld from the same, or if any man abuse himselfe by misse diet: yea and oftentimes, namely morning and euening to seeke for weake and poore men in their Cabins, or so soone as they are missing at their messes to inquire for them, and to see their Cabins be sweet, and their prouisions according, or to moue and intreat the Ma- ster, or Gouernour of the Shippe for redresse in such cases, for feare of a generall infection. And whereas the first part of his cure is in the opening of obstructions, it is therefore fit in the beginning of the griefe to giue a leni- [p. 184] tiue glister, then the next day if the party be strong open

112 see Weyer, Johannes (Commentary 1: Index of names) 113 see Magnus, Olaus (Commentary 1: Index of names) 162 The Surgions Mate

a veine, but beware, as is said, of taking too much bloud away at once, especially where the liuer is weake or stopped, and where men want good nutriment, for many e- uills ensue thereby. The next day following his bleeding if he can beare it, and if that his disease be with a swelling or fullnesse, giue him a dosse of the pills of Euphorbium or otherwise of pilula ruffi, or of Cambogia, and make him some comfortable spoone meate, such as you can make at sea; namely, an oatmeale caudell would not bee a misse of a little beere or wine, with the yolke of an egge, and a little sugar made warme and giuen him to drinke, or any comfortable broath made with currants and other fruite, or spices moderately taken, or with sugar, or as the shippe can afford, a barley water for his ordinary drinke were not amisse, with some few drops of Cinamon water therein, and also some iuice or sirupe of lemons therein, or a few drops of oyle of vitriole and some sugar, and giue him in his drinke by way of infusion, dried wormewood good store for it is very wholesome. Further the Surgeon and his Mate must not faile to perswade the Gouernor or Purser in all places where they touch in the Indies and may haue it, to prouide themselues of iuice of Oringes, limes, or Lemons, and at Ban- thame of Tamarinds: Also sometime though a man bee well, a comfortable caudell made with some wine, spices, sugar, and the yolke of an egge were very good; for these are helps in that case as well to preuent the disease, as also to helpe it when it comes. And further experience teacheth which I haue oft found true, that where a disease most raineth, euen there God hath appointed the best remedies for the same greefe if it The excellencie of the be his will they should be discouered and vsed: and note Iuice of Lemons, Limes, for substance, the Lemmons, Limes, Tamarinds, Oringes, Oringes, and Tamarinds. and other choyce of good helpes in the Indies which you shall finde there doe farre exceed any that can be carried thither from England, and yet there is a good quantity of [p. 185] Iuice of Lemmons sent in each ship out of England by the The Marchants care great care of the Marchants, and intended onely for the for Seamen. releefe of euery poore man in his neede which is an admirable comfort to poore men in that disease: also I find we Land medicines for haue many good things that heale the Scuruy well at land, the Scuruy bad Sea but the Sea Surgeon shall doe little good at Sea with them, medicines neyther will they indure. The vse of the iuice of Lemons is a precious medicine and wel tried, being sound & good, let it haue the chiefe place for it will deserue it, the vse whereof is: It is to be taken each morning, two or three spoonfuls, and fast after it two houres, and if you adde one spoonefull of Aquavitae thereto to a cold stomacke, it is the better. Also if you take a little thereof at night it is good to mixe therewith some suger, or to take of the syrup thereof is not amisse. Further note it is good to be put into each purge you giue in that disease. Some Surgeons also giue of this iuice daily to the men in health as a preserua- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 163

The iuice of Lemmons tiue, which course is good if they haue store, otherwise it a good preseruatiue. were best to keepe it for neede. I dare not write how good a sauce it is at meat, least the chiefe in the ships waste it in the great Cabins to saue vineger. In want whereof vse the iuice of Limes, Oringes, or Citrons, or the pulpe of Tama- rinds: and in want of all these vse oyle of Vitrioll as many drops as may make a cup of beere, water or rather wine if it may be had, onely a very little as it were sower, to which you may also adde sugar if you please, or some sirups, according to your store and the necessity of that disease, for of my experience I can affirme that good oyle of Vitrioll is an especiall good medicine in the cure of the Scuruy, as also in many other greefes, the which in another place is noted. Further a decoction of Branne and therin Al- monds ground, adding Cinamon and Rosewater a little, and some Suger were very comfortable now and then to be taken to refresh the stomacke. And as touching the Tamarinds brought from the Indies they are to be eaten of themselues as the substance of them is, namely to eat them as you would prunes, and being made into con- [p. 186] serues, eat them as other Conserues on the point of a knife sucking out the substance, and putting forth the stalkes or stones thereof, some dissolue them in wine or water, and worke out the substance of them therein, and cast away the rest taking onely that which is pure: one may vse this medicine so oft as ye please without danger or harme, onely Tamarinds must be vsed if hee feare a fluxe of the belly, or haue a weakenes in the sparingly if a fluxe be raines, let him not eat too much of the Tamarinds. Also feared. the Electuary Diatrion piperion giuen each morning a little Elect. Diatrion piperion. on the point of a knife fasting, and last, namely at the party his going to bed, is a great preseruatiue; for it doth warme and coroborate the stomacke, and preserueth from the Scuruy, and is very comfortable to bee giuen to any one that is diseased with the same, or subject thereto. And the Theriaca Diatesseron is yet better, for it hath an especiall vertue in curing that disease. Also Venice Treakle, Mithri- date, and London Treakle preserue well from this disease daily taken fasting, and so doth conserue of Roses and Ber- beries mixed with a little oyle of Vitriole, and giuen on the point of a knife. Greene Ginger is also very good to comfort the stomacke, and so are all sorts of Myrabolans Condite, and also all sorts of strong Cordiall waters, but chiefly good Rosasolis and good wormwood water, yea and very good Aquavitae helpeth well, Currants and Reysons of the Sun are likewise very good. Also all kinds of Spices moderately taken are good, and so is good wine a very good preseruer of the body from this disease, with also the continuance of fresh diet, which is hard to bee gotten at sea, the excesse of which good things is as dangerous. The principall Laxatiue medicine which I would aduise in this case is pills of Euphorbium wherewith the body 164 The Surgions Mate

being swolne and watery, you my at your pleasure make euacuation thereof: these purge also by vrine very well the dosse being drachmam ß, or at the most scrupula ij. These are the fitter for that disease, because they purge not alone water, but [p. 187] also by their great warmth, they comfort and warme the stomacke and intralls. These I aduise the Surgeons mate to vse, as is said, where the body aboundeth with ouer much cold and crude hu- A caveat for the dose. midity, but let your dosse alwaies respect the strength of the patient for any strong purging is not good in the Scur- uy: all sodaine and strong euacuations are to be auoided. Also Aquilla Laxatiue is a very good purge in this case, namely eight or ten graines thereof taken in a cup of wine. It cureth also all wormes of the body, and killeth them wheresoeuer they be. But if the stomacke onely bee oppressed with the greefe in this disease, I first giue a dose of pills called Pilule Ruffi, namely drachmam j: you shall finde them to be very good. Note further, that if any dose or the whole masse of pils in the Chest, such time as you would administer them be growne too hard, then you may dissolue them with any sirup you haue, or with good honey a very little, namely one onely drop will serue to dissolue one dose at How to compose them once if the masse prooue too liquid, you may roule it in in a fit consistence if some of the Puluis Arthreticus till it be hard enough. Also they bee ouer-soft. the moderate vse of Veriuice, Vineger, or Oximell hath beene found very good in this case. Furthermore, if you see cause, certaine daies after you To sweat is an other haue giuen of any your former Laxatiues, you may giue a singular remedy. sweat to the patient in his bed, namely you may giue him Meanes to procure a scruple of Mithridate, Venice Treakle, or London Treakle or sweat. Diatesseron, and mixe therewith if you haue it eight or ten graines of the Diaphoretice, and being but ordinarily couered, he shall sweat sufficiently if he stirre not too much. Also the sweating in moist baths I confesse to be good medicines in this case, though not well to bee performed at Sea for the ordinary men. And whereas one accident dangerous in this disease is extreme Costiuenesse as is mentioned, with also stopping of Vrine: the remedies for the Costiuenes, is first that you attempt to mooue the belly by a lenitiue glister as is said, made rather of a slimy decocti- [p. 188] on or medicine which might leaue no sharpe Astringent or desiccatiue quality behind it, yea though it purge not much, for the sharp Purgers after their working cause often a more Costiuenes then was before, or by their violence cause a weakenes in the stomacke and intrals, whence followeth a fluxe, wherefore for glisters at Sea in great Co- stiuenesse, where the Apothecaries shop and Cheap-side is not at hand, make a slimy decoction of Altheae rootes or How to make a glister Comfery rootes, or in want thereof, of Linseeds & Feno- in case of necessity for greeke bruised, of each unciam ß: in want thereof, of Bran uncias ij to the Scuruie. the decoction being strained, adde ot species Hiera Pigra drachmas ij of salt halfe a spoonfull, of honey as much, of oyle two II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 165

spoonfulls: all these put together, let the decoction mentioned be so fitted that all may be but one wine pint, and administer it with the Siring, beeing of a iust temper in warmth, but if you intend not to haue it purge much, leaue out the species hiera pigra, and it will giue 2, or 3. stooles. You may for an ordinary glister well also take one quart of the broth from the beefe kettle, adding thereto of linseed drachmas ij, comfry rootes and March mallow rootes if they may be had, a small quantitiy of Aniseed and fennell seed, ana drachmas ij, boyle these halfe an houre, then adde honey and common oyle of each a spoonefull, & giue one wine pint of this for a glister: but if you see it worke not but come a- way without excrement, the former recited will doe well, or make an other stronger, namely ad colaquintida drachmas ij, in the beginning of the decoction to the aforesaid decoction, prouided there be no inflammation in Longanum114, or Intestinum rectum, nor any excoriation, which by the patient his complaint is knowne: this decoction being boyled and ready to be administred, you may yet adde of the species Hiera drachmas 2 thereto, or of the Puluis Arthreticus drachmam j. rather, for it A speciall obser- inflameth not, it were best in my opinion to striue in this uation in giuing these disease by glisters to giue but one or two stooles at one afore said glisters. time, for sharpe glisters offend much. Therefore though I shew what you may doe, yet be well aduised in doing of it. Also of pills of Euphorbium, haue a care you giue them [p. 189] not where there is an inflammation or inward heate in the For beate in the In- guts, in such a case, the Aquilla Laxatiua will be a better testines vse Aquila medicine, which will both temper the inward heate and Laxatiua. help to heale the interalls, and yet wil purge him well, and doth not binde him againe presently, and prouoketh also vrine very well, for Aquilla Laxatiua will often cause natur- rall loosenes, certaine daies after the taking thereof, and will purge water very much both by stoole and vrine; and because as is said, extreme costiuenes is great hurt to the body, the Surgeon must by his best care to the patient, seeke to preuent it, both by teaching him to doe his best for his owne health, & to amend the same by obseruing good customes and diet: by customes, namely that hee faile not daily, once a day at the least to offer himselfe to stoole, and doe his best to vrge some excrement to come, and somewhat to force his body thereunto if occasion be, and to keepe one and the same hower daily as neere as hee can: I know by proofe it helpeth much, and for diet to vse also as neere as he can those things which hee findeth procure an inward slipperinesse and loosenesse in the guts, A caution. pease, oatmeale, and rice doe somewhat thereunto, prouided they be very well boiled, and the adding currants The third rule ceaseth, thereto is the better, and oyle and butter are good helpes, the Mariners on shore. but at land where it may be had, all kindes of fresh diet almost are good in that case, for by the leauing onely Sea diet, the body refresheth it selfe sodainly through benefit

114 Derived from Longanon, onis m. lat., rectum 166 The Surgions Mate

of nature and the fresh aire, and easily becommeth naturally loose, and then the difficulty is ended. The eating of Tamarinds is likewise a good thing in that case. What I haue written here plainly, touching meane and simple glisters; I would not be mistaken, as if I did it out of ignorance of disdaine of better medicines, for I were worse then foolish if would reiect, detract or disswade from the good vse of decoctions of hearbes, seedes, &c. with the additions of Electuaries, Laxatiue Sirupes and the like which I haue in daily vse at home vpon each iust occasion: yet many of the ancient Artists of worthy me- [p. 190] mory which I could rehearse, haue in former ages vsed for glisters only water and salt with oyle, and some others haue added honey, and it is manifest that new milke alone is a good comfortable glister with the yolke of an egge, and a little course sugar added. And you may also many times saue a labor of giuing a glister by a suppository, which is either to be made of a long peece of Allum scraped smooth, or of a candles end, or of a peece of hard sope, or of honey and salt sodden till it bee so hard that it will breake being colde, which being yet hot may be rowled & made vp of the greatnesse of a finger, & administred: of any of these, I say, you may make a suppository as long and bigge as a finger or lesse, and thrust it vp into Ano, & let the party keep this medicine one houre at the least in his body (if he possibly can). Further note this generall rule concerning Glisters, let a Glister neuer ex- The quantity of a glister ceede the quantity of one wine pint, let it rather want one to be regarded. quarter, especially when you giue it to a costiue body, or a ful body, he shal be much the abler & the willingler to keep it the iust time. Further beware it be not too hot nor too The true temper of the colde, for the guts are tender parts, so hot as pisse new glister to be administred. made, or a very little rather warmer is the true temper. But if you perceiue the Intestinum rectum or Arse-gut, to bee excoriated or inflamed, in such a case vse no salt nor salt broathes, not strong Laxatiues, as Euphorbium, Agaricum, Hiera Pigra, Coloquintida, or the like. If you find the Lon- How to deliuer a glister ganum or Arse-gut to be clung, or hard stopped with excre- if the Longanum bee ment, you may put a smal greasie or oily clout on the end stopped. of your glister-pipe only ouer the holes therof, when you put it into the body, and thrust it into the head of the pipe then draw backe a little your hand and deliuer in your medicine, and if you see cause, and that it will not easily deliuer, force it somewhat. Also when your medicine is all in, and that you would draw out your instrument againe doe A glister for inflammation it quickly, and let the party turne him on his backe, and he and excoriation in the shall keepe the medicine in the better. In cases of excori- guts. ations of inflammations of he intrailes, in Glisters vse [p. 191] Deere suet uncias ij. for one glister, and in want thereof, Axun- gia ouina uel porcina, I meane sheep or swines fat, and let the decoction whereof the glister is made, be onely of branne, and without any other addition, and giue now and then such a glister, I meane once a day, for two or three daies, II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 167

after you may adde thereto some small astringent medicines, as Succus Acatiae unciam j. or Gales drachmas ij. or Balustians unciam ß or Myrabolans, drachmas iij. euen as you see cause, for these helpe to heale the guts well.

Of Lotions.

Concerning Lotions to the mouth and throat of the diseased, they must be sharpe and very astingent, I The cure of the gums meane them especially which concerne the cure of the much swolne, stinking gummes in the Scuruie, if the gummes therfore be swolne, and putrified. that they hand ouer the teeth, stinke or be putrified, they must be very well lanced or scarified, and after hard rubbed with a linnen or wollen cloth, wrapped about the fore finger and wet in some strong restringent or Stiptick Loti- on very hot, as is the ordinarie Lotion of Allum, Honey and Hearbes, adding thereto a double quantitie of Allum, and a little salt peeter, or gun-powder for a neede is good, & if it be not sufficiently strong, make a stronger decoction of coperas in water, adding salt peeter with a little honey if you haue it, or Mell Rosarum, with also a little strong vineger, you may also put oile of Vitrioll a little thereto, but that it hath one euill qualitie in hurting and softning the teeth, wherefore beware of it, and if you vse it, do but onely touch the gummes with it once and no more, and it will doe much good: and if you please, also Aqua Fallopij is good, but because it is made with sublimed Mercurie, it is not without danger, and is also of a loathsome taste and smell, and offendeth the stomacke very much, but I know it to be held by many for a great secret, but as for may selfe for reasons rehearsed, I vse it not but aduise rather that which is strong eyther of the Coperas, Allome, or Salt-peeter, [p. 192] for they hurt not the teeth at all as doth the oyle of Vi- trioll, and so doth Aqua fortis very much, or you may make a Lotion thus: Rp. Coperas, white, greene or blew uncias ij. water one pound or thereabout, Honey one spoonefull, boyle these to the consumption of one third or halfe, then take of Lapis Medicamentosus, or salt-peeter unciam ß, and if you haue no honey, take Suger or iuice of Licorice, or Lico- rice boyled therein for to make it pleasant in taste, or without for a need you may vse it, or the Lapis Medicamentosus dissolued into faire water, maketh an excellent Lotion for the putriffed gums. Touching good outward remedies for the cure of this Outward remedies for greefe, bathes, fomentations, with also good oyles, vn- the Scuruy in generall. guents, cerotes, cataplasmes, or emplasters, are each necessary in their due times, prouided they be of comfortable ingredients, namely those which minister warmth and nourishment to the diseased parts, and open the pores ob- structed, all such, I say, are most fit, prouided they bee alwaies applyed very warm, and the party be layd and kept If swelling grow in warme vpon it. Further if it bee a swolne member, then 168 The Surgions Mate

any part a Lixiuium this following bathe to foment the member, will bee is good. good, namely a Lixiuium made of fresh water and a- shes, and being onely but reasonable sharpe, (for too sharp Of what the Lixiuium of the ashes, will ouer heat, yea & excoriate) this done and is made. cleered, boile some hot hearbes, flowers and seedes fitting therein, such are Camomile, Mellilote, Dill, Worme- wood, Balme, Rosemary, Time, Sage, Bay-leaues, Bay- berries, Iuniper berries, Anis-seede, Fennell, Coriander, Carraway, Dill seedes, or the the like: these ingredients, or those of them which may be had, and let them be boyled a little therein, and either stupes of woollen or linnen clothes wet therein or put the ingredients into bagges after the decoction is made with them, and the place well fomented therewith, and so laid to sweat with some of the hearbes in the same bagges well wrung out and hot applied, till the next dressing. But if the disease proceede with stiffenesse and hardnesse of the sinewes, then forbeare the [p. 193] Lixiuium, I meane put no ashes thereto, and make the decoction of the mentioned ingredients, boyled in the broath of the beefe-kettle, in wine, beere, or water for a neede, adding some salt, and likewise, if you haue it, Lin- seede oyle, neats-foot oile, sheepes-foot oile, or oile of almonds, oyle of chamomile, Dill or earth-wormes, of Bayes, of Lillies or some one of them. A bath of bloud Also where you can haue it, a good bathe of the bloud very good. of beasts, either cowes, horses, asses, goats, or sheeps bloud is exceeding good, namely to put the leggs of the pati- The manner how to ent, yea and his body too, if it may bee, into a tub made bathe in this bath fitting, and the blood kept warme, part thereof being still of bloud. kept hot on the fire, and renew therewith the bath still, as it cooleth with the warme blood, for some reasonable time, this restoreth and comforteth mightily the decayed A bath of milke. spirits. Milke of it selfe is also good to be vsed in that kind where it may be had.

Of Oyles thereto. Oyles good outward Oyles good to annoynt, which are Oleum Chamamillae, helpes and what they be. Laurini, Anethi or Lumbricorum, with a little Spike oyle, oyle of Turpentine, oyle of Nutmegs pressed out, Much and hard frica- oyle of Peeter, oyle of Exitor or oyle of Iuniper, or one tion very beneficiall. of the same mixed with them, or some good Aqua vitae, & to vse strong frication with warme soft hands long continued, helpeth much.

Vnguents. What Vnguents are Good Vnguents to help these greefes, in my opinion, heerein helpfull. are euery warme and comforting Vnguent in vse in the Surgeons chest, but I haue had especiall triall of an Vnguent, the composition whereof shall be heereafter de- Two principall Vnguents scribed, which is named Contra Scorbutum, as also of the of soueraigne vertue Unguentum Populeon, I meane the same composition Vale- against the Scuruy. rius Cordus hath described, for I finde it to bee very good: II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 169

[p. 194] but you may well say, how doth hee contradict himselfe, which euen now aduiseth warming Vnguents, and presently reciteth Populeon for one, which is knowen to bee colde, but though I haue haste, let mee I pray thee answer for my selfe in that one poynt, which I know to be a principall Arcanum in healing not looked vnto: many a medicine hath a seeming shew to be colde, & yet doth contrary effect, witnesse Quicksiluer, Iuyce of Lemmons, Vitrioll, Many medicines in oyle of Vitrioll, Salt peeter, Allum, Sorrell, and diuers o- shew that which in thers which I could recite, all which may easily bee proo- effect are not. ued, either hot or colde, by their seuerall strong operations and effects which they performe: as for example, to begin with Quicksiluer, it is affirmed to be extreame cold of infinite writers, and his repercussiue quality sheweth the What Quickesiluer same as also in repelling and cooling hot tumors: with al- is in shew and so the variety of colde diseases and contractions Podagri- in effect. call and Chyrurgicall, procured therby to diuers artificers which worke much therewith, as namely to guilders, Foi- lers of looking-glasses, and the like Tradesmen, which sheweth the same to be cold. It also sheweth it selfe to bee hot diuersly, as namely in that it is so extreame subtill and penetratiue, so inuisible to enter the body (per poros cutis) and being in the body, so volatill and busie, so causticke & corrosiue, so extreame Laxatiue, so diaphoreticke, so dia- ueriticke, so mundificatiue, so incarnatiue and so sigilla- tiue or siccatrizing, as the like medicine by the art or wit The different vertue of man was neuer found out: iuyce of Lemmons was euer of the iuyce of lemons. reputed a colde medicine, presribed and giuen dayly by the Physicians in burning and pestilentiall feuours, and that with great reason, and good successe euen to this day, and yet to that notable, and colde, and terrible disease of the Scuruy, how excellent hath it been approued, how then in these two recited medicines holds the old Axiome Similia conseruantur similibus & contraria contrariorum remedia sunt? euen as true as vox populi vox dei, pepper is hot in the mouth and cold in the mawe; if I would desire truely to coole and temper the boyling [p. 195] of the bloud inwardly, which I my selfe would take, yea were it vpon the safegard of my owne life I would take A singular and approued fiue or sixe drops of good oyle of Vitrioll in a draught of good medicine to temper faire water with a little sugar, a drop or two of Rose-water the boiling fo bloud. and as much wine vineger, marke well my words if thou knowest not these medicines they are worth knowing, or drachmam j of pepper, salt niter, which is also called Lapis prunellae, in the like liquor, and for want of the sugar, rose- water, or vineger of it selfe, or with the water only for a neede: I haue often prooued them so true coolers that they haue staied the Hemoragie or bleeding at the nose, To stop bleeding at the latter whereof shall seldome faile if you by outward nose good rules meanes proceede rationally by applying to the forehead cold and astringent things, as also to the nape of the neck: also a large spung wet in cold water and applied to his secret parts is good, or let him hold or put his members in- 170 The Surgions Mate

to a boule of cold water, also binding hard the armes and legges is very good to stay bleeding at the nose; and one of the surest remedies but last to be attempted in Hemora- gie or bleeding at the nose, is to open a veine in the arme on the same side. Thus it may plainely appeare that two of the recited medicines are cold: now to proue those two hot, I will not spend many words, call to minde that What opposite vertues of Vitrioll and Salt-peeter Aqua fortis is made, which by Vitriol, Salt-peter, and his heate and penetrating force, teareth to peeces and dis- aqua fortis haue. solueth the strongest mettalls presently, deuoureth & vtterly destroyeth cloths woollen and linnen, or put but good oyle of Vitrioll into an vlcer, or to the whole skin and tell me halfe an houre after what a cold feuor the Pa- The like in Salt Niter. tient hat: or put fire to crude salt niter alone and marke the conclusion, namely it will prooue it selfe wholly combustible, and therefore hot: as I suppose likewise the herbe As also like different Sorrell, it is a cold herbe esteemed at least in the first if not operation in Sorrell. in the second degree, and yet consider well if you seeke quickly to ripen and bring to suppuration an Apostume you shall finde it a most excellent speedy remedie: I conceiue therfore that it is not by his coldnesse it doth that ef- [p. 196] fect, for that is not common nor rationall, and therefore to conclude my degression as Ozwaldus Crollius a late learned writer saith in his Preface Admonitorie to his booke A Saying of Oswaldus called Bazilla Chimica Simplicium: qualitates non semper Crollius. considerandae sed earum arcana, The simple and apparant quali- lities of Medicines are not alwaies alone to be respected, but rather their mysteries or hidden vertues. Thus much in defence of the temperament fo some Gods prouidence to be priuate Medicines working strange and seuerall effects, obserued in Phisickes wherein the mysteries of our God in his diuine prouidence operation. farre do excell whatso euerthings else, shewing mans wisedome meere foolishnesse, wherefore to him for euermore be praise, Amen. Where the vnguents The warme vnguents are to be vsed where you see ap- are to be applied. parant neede by reason of the coldnesse of the part, the Populeon where there is paine though no manifest signe of a hot disease appeare, and doubtlesse it will worke good effect to your comfort, yea though you thinke the disease be not cold, and therefore neede a more warming Medi- cine, Unguentum Dialtheae is one of the best vnguents, and Martiatum is another, Oleum laurini is also good, and if you list to adde some more califying oyles, take of oyle of Speeke, of Terbinthine, or Petreolum, but good warme application and strong frication is the meane, and warme What outward medicines keeping. Of medicines to be applied to the Spleene, Li- the liuer and stomake uer, or stomake outwardly, the vnguent pectorale described require. is very good warme to annoint those parts, whose description with the rest you shall finde, and to lay also ouer the whole part agrieued the Emplastrum mellilote prosplene, whose description is expressed in the Dispensatory, for want of which Plaster Emplastrum cumini is good. Also the well annointing with oyle of Nutmegges, or II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 171

Mace adding a few drops of oyle of Cloues Chymicall doth much comfort, keeping the grieued part extraordinary warme. [p. 197] Of Ulcers in those that haue the Scuruie. The Ulcers which happen to them which haue this disease are many waies different from the generall formes and differences of ordinary Vlcers in bodies not touches with this disease, all which I haue here no time to Two strange effects amplifie. But because this disease hath two generall and the Scuruie causeth, the principall differences of appearance, namely some men first an Hydropicall in- deceased with the Scuruie are swollen exceedingly, as in flation of the whole the dropsie: Others their outward limmes withred, con- body. sumed, and dried vp, their sinowes shrunke and growne hard, though the Vlcers in the one and the other should A second is consump- be like in shew, yet doubtlesse the healing of these Vlcers tion of the body. will be found very much different, wherefore for one generall note remember that the Vlcers in the full and hydropicall bodies will require more desiccatiue medicines, as namely the Unguentum diapompholigos, de minio, Unguentum album Camphoratum and the like: And the other kind the Unguentum basilicon incarnatiuum, and the Arceus linament and the like to those. Some sea Surgeons haue commended to me of their practise the vse of Vesicatory medicines, Experience the best namely Cantharides in painfull swolne limmes, which I praiser. leaue to the practise of others further to commend the same, my selfe hauing receiued it as a great secret from a Surgeon my friend, but made no suche experiences thereof my selfe. Obstructions of the And further touching the cure of Vlcers in this disease Liuer must be remoued vntil the obstructions of the liuer and spleene be remoued, before the Vlcers can those Vlcers giue no place to good healing; wherefore be cured. since notwithstanding they must bee carefully attended for conscience sake, I aduise that all sharpe and violent medicines be shunned, and all soft and anodine things [p. 198] applied hat you know or can learne, prouided they bee warrantable medicines, for otherwise they not only striue A caueat. against a streame, but put your patient to needlesse disquiet, and thereby increase this disease. I haue here in part shewed the Surgeons mate my o- pinion concerning the cure of the Scuruie, to which hee may ioyne his owne and other mens experience, where he can gaine instructions worth following, together with his owne daily practise, which, if he be wise, he may likewise set downe, onely let me aduise the young practitioner that How to help the body sometimes (as my selfe haue experienced) the scuruie pro- extremely bound duceth such extreame costiuenesse, as neither suppositorie, through the Scuruy. glister, or any Laxatiue medicine whatsoeuer will auaile, but that the excrements must be drawne out of the Lon- ganum, or the Intestinum rectum with an instrument, for they will be like drie lumps of clay, or hard sheepes trec- 172 The Surgions Mate

kles, as they terme them, the which instrument I haue appointed and is an easie and a fit instrument, called by me Spathula Munda, which instrument being a little warmed, is then to be annointed with oyle, and so gently put into Ano to draw out the excrements, and to make way for the glister-pipe, which, when it hath clensed some sixe inches, or fiue inches, you may assay by a glister againe. Further- more it sometime happeneth, that by the long remaining of the excrements in the Longanum, the gut is either excoriated, or at the least inflamed. In such a case you may take notice that you forbeare salt, as is said, and all sharpe heating things in your glisters, as Coloquintida, Hierapigra, What must be done Scamongy, Agaricum, Euphorbium, and the like: and content for the cure thereof. your selfe to administer for the first, a glister made onelie A glister. of a decoction of Bran alone, or of Mallowes, or of Com- fry rootes small cut, or Linseeds bruised with uncias ij of Deere suet, Unguentum Diapompholigos, or as much popule- Aquilla Laxatiua. on or Unguentum album, as is said, and rather if you finde that helpe not, giue a dose of Aquilla Laxatiua which will purge easily without any offence at all, and helpe to heale the gut, and this course is better then by sharpe glisters to [p. 199] purge, which will offend the gut, and after the said purge it will not be amisse if you see occasion, to giue a like glister The aforesaid glister againe as before, and note that if in the glister some of the repeated. ingredients should be wanting, you may neuer the lesse proceed with the rest with good profit, prouided if you haue better you vse them, neither doe I heere intend strictly to enioyne the Surgeons mate to my rule, but if hee haue better, let him vse it, and forget mine in the name of God. Moreouer, if the patient his disease be in the forme of a The cure if the body be consumption, the body being dried vp as it were, or with consumed by the shrinking of the sinewes: then if you intend to purge the Scuruie. party, giue him pills called Pilulae Ruffi for the first remedie, but if he complaine much of paines in his ioynts, then a dose of Puluis Arthreticus will do best, or purge him with Wherein the chiefest Aquila Laxatiua, it is also a general good purge at al times, vertue of Aquilla and almost in all cases, though best in the French Pox and Laxatiua consists. Dropsie. And though I haue formerly touched the forms of some Cataplasmes, yet for that there hath beene much good found in the application of this Cataplasme made Cataplasmes excellent being of warming, comforting and anodine medicines I in this case. thought good to note it, which is as followeth. Rp. the flow- How to make the ers of Cammomile, Mellilot flowers, Wormwood & Hi- Cataplasme. pericon and Balme, of each M. j, Branne M. j., Linseed, Fe- nigreeke, of each unciam ß. Comfrey and Mallow roots, of each unciam ß, barly meale uncias ij. bruise the herbs, and boyle these in milke, beere, or water, then adde of oyle of Camomile, Dialthae, oyle of Dill, of each uncias ij, Axungiae uncias iiij, apply it warme: note likewise, that where you haue not all these recited ingredients, yet that you take so many of them as you haue, and try their force, for if a few will do the busines, as sometimes it will, it were vaine & wast to vse many. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 173

Sometimes for a need you may make good vse of a decoction of Bisket in wine or beere, which warme applied will wonderfully comfort a weake limme, and asswage the paine, for sometimes the very good warmth with good ligature auaileth much: fatty things must bee forborne in [p. 200] some, cases, namely when the paine is sharpe and quicke, least you cause putrifaction & suppuration of humours a- Soure things better gainst your will, yea and rather vse Acetosous medicines, than fat in this disease. and Anodine sometime, also musslage medicines are to be forborne, for like reasons: in all which cases, confer with other writers: aske counsell of thy Elders, and keepe e- uer in writing thy owne good obseruations from time to time. Counsell directing A word or two to conclude for the young Surgeons what to be done if concerning the cure of this disease, when they come vp- means may be had. on a coast where you may haue some helps, let them vse some one of these following, they shall find them good vpon triall. Rp: Absinthiae, Iuniper Berries of each m. j, Goats milke, lib. 4, boyle this together, the hearbs and berries well brused till a third part be consumed, then straine it, and adde of saffron in pouder drachmam j, stirre it on the fire till it haue boyled a very little, and set it to cleer, and giue the sicke thereof three times a day at the least, viz morning, noone, and night, this drinke hath cured many in great distresse: if you haue no goates milke, sheeps milke, or for a need, Cowes milke will serue.

Another. Another good drinke. Rp: Water Cresses, Sorrell, and Wormewood, of each one handfull, bruise them well, and broyle them in three quarts of Whey or new milke, and adde thereto a little suger and saffron, and let the sicke drinke thereof as often as hee will. Whay drunken of it selfe is very good, but better if, the Whey sodden with iuices of scuruy grasse, sorrell, Coclaria, wormewood, diuers hearbs very Watercresses, the greater or lesser sort, Brooklime, Scor- profitable. dium, Spoonewort, water Iermander, or of some of them be mixed therewith, for that they are all approoued good medicines, and doubtless some of them are to be found in other Countries and coasts, as well as in England. [p. 201] Also an infusion or gentle decoction of the roots of the hearbe Raphanae siluestres, or horse-reddish in vineger, or mixed with beere and drunke, is exceeding good, or eaten of it selfe with bread. Bay-berries also and Bay berries, and Iuniper berries are also wholsome boy- Iuniper-berries are led in whay against this disease, for they open obstructi- good. ons: likewise from these former hearbs may many other good compound medicines be made. And generally note, that bitter and sower medicines preuaile most to the cure of this greefe, amongest which sower medicines you haue that are approued good there- Sowre medicines to, these that follow as cheefe, Iuice of Lemons, of Limes, 174 The Surgions Mate

very good. Citrons, and Oringes. Oyle of Vitrioll, oyle of Sulphur, spirit of Salt, vineger of Wine, and the Spirit thereof: also the Sirups thereof, so many as are in vse, and the rather, for that they cut away the tough and grosse flegme, and haue power also to open obstructions. In like manner, the iuice or pulpe of Tama- rinds hath a great acetosity, and is found a precious remedy against this disease, the vse whereof is noted al- readie. Also: note further that there are few diseases at sea happening to Seam-men, but the Scuruy hath a part in them, An obseruation. the fluxes which happen chiefly proceed from the Scuruy, and I suppose if Seamen may be preserued from that disease, few other diseases would indanger them.

The conclusion. These recited medicines for Christian charity I thought not amisse to publish, admonishing young men to be wise and carefull to make right vse of them, and as neere as they can, to respect in the vse thereof, Time, Place, Age, What is bad in a Surgeon quantity, quality, temperament, strength, climate, cause, and ought to be and what else is fitting to be regarded for the good of the auoyded. sicke, and credit of themselues, and let them auoide slothfulnes, auarice, enuy, feare, pride, or what else may hinder [p. 202] these duties, that God may giue a blessing to their labours and then the praise and comfort shall returne to themselues, which God grant. And for the elder sort of graue Artists, I craue their charitable censures of my weake or vndigested instructions, which I no way meane to them, but to babes in Surgery, and so I conclude to the honour of the Almighty, concerning the Scuruy for this time.

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Concerning the Fluxes of the bellie.

The principall Fluxes of the belly by a common con- sent of diuers ancient writers, are chiefly referred to three kinds, namely: Leienteria. Diarrhoea. Disenteria. What Leienteria is. Leienteria ist distinguished to be that Fluxe which either passeth the sustenance taken, wholy vndigested, and that without any bloud at all, and without great paine, or as it were halfe digested. The true causes of Leienteria proceede chiefly through imbecility and weakenesse of the The causes of Leienteria. stomake, which may be occasioned many waies, whereby the vertue retentiue is weakened; yea and sometimes the II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 175

stomake reseruing apostumation is either wholly weake- Cruditie a cause. ned, and cold and broken, or sometimes by crude humi- dities is oppressed, and must be strengthned, both inwardly and outwardly, by things that corroborate and warme the same, as is sirupe de absinthio, or oleum absinthij, Chi- [p.203] mice three or foure drops thereof in wine, or beere for neede, and I haue found it good to a strong body, at first, namely in the beginning of the disease to giue him a vo- A vomit at first. mit of the infusion of stibium, or rather of Sal uitrioli, ten graines if it may be had, or of aquila vitae foure graines, or of Cambogia twelue graines, and so the medicine hauing done working, let him presently sleepe fasting, if hee can; To coroborate. if not, giue him a little Cinamon-water, or a little sanguis prunellorum, if you haue it, or a draught of good aligant, or conserue of sloes, or quinces; and shortly after, namely three houres, if he cannot take his rest, giue him three An opiate. graines of Laudanum in a pill, and so appoint him to rest; but if you conceiue, or feare the disease to proceed of a- postumation in the stomake, the beware of giuing any vomit before perfect supppuration of the same, for it is deadly, but ouwardly you may apply to the stomake a Stomake comforted. bag, with wormewood, mints, or sweete marioram, and warme being sprinkled with rose water and vineger, or else a bisket bedued well with rose water and vineger, being sleeped, must be applied to the stomake; or annoint the stomake with unguentum pectorale, or with oyle of nut- Pectorall vnguent. megs made by expression: also Theriaca andromachi, or theriaca Londini drachmam ß, is very good giuen him vpon the Cordialls. point of a knife, or Marmalad of Quinces is also good: Methridate is very fit and approued, or grated Nutmegs is very good, and Cinamon in pouder taken in meats or drinkes is good likewise, if these things answer not thy de- Astringent medicines. sire, thou maist proceede to medicines more astringent, such as follow in the cure of Disentery, one very familiar and good Medicine is sanguis prunellorum aforesaid, the dose is unciam j or uncias ij with Mint or Wormwood, or Carduus water, taken going to rest, or taken of it selfe. But your mentioned Laudanum in all Fluxes iudiciously admini- Cordiall waters. stred is the only sure helpe, neuerthelesse in this griefe trie other good things: first all Aromatized strong waters are conuenient in this case, moderately vsed as well to auoide further Fluxes, as also in these Fluxes to comfort the sto- [p. 204] make, stiptike wines serue well for it: likewise, Theriace diatesseron drachmam j now and then, also electuarium diatrion piperion dr. j Diatrion piperion. or drachmas ij on a knifs point giuen is very good, for it mightily warmeth and strengthneth the stomake. But sometimes it happeneth that not onely the meate passeth away by stoole, but also other vndigested matter with it, in which case Petrus Bayrius in his Veni mecum folio 273, aduiseth to vse things sowre with meate as Veriuice, or the iuice of sowre Pomgranats and the like, in want whereof the iuice of Lemons is good, or rather sirupe of Lemons, or sirupe Sirupe of lemons. de Agrestis, or oyle, or spirit of Vitriole taken in some fit- 176 The Surgions Mate

ting drinke, as Carduus water, or faire water, wine, or Bar- Spirit of vitriole. ly water, the oyle of Vitriole. 3. droppes taken with conserue of Roses is also good in this disease; outwardly keep warme the region of the stomake and liuer, and inwardly as is said, namely vse all good comfortable helpes that warme.

Of Diarrhoea. Diarrhoea is a Flux of the belly which is either meerely watrish, or with humors and with slime mixed, for the signes of the disease are manifest, the causes too many for my leasure to note vnto you, concerning the cure of Diar- rhoea if you see that the Patient be strong, there is not great Stope not at the first. hast of stopping this disease, for that it is many times a benefit of Nature, whereby she auoideth superfluous, venemous, or otherwise vicious and offensiue humours: but when you shall perceiue that it hath continued certaine daies, and that the party is weakned thereby, then begin A purge. the cure as followeth: First giue him scrupula ij of Rhubarb dried as they vse to drie Tobacco, and poudered either in wine or Carduus, or faire water, or the infusion thereof without the substance, and after the working thereof, a gentle glister will doe well, which may likewise leaue a stipticke quality in the guts, but not too strong, such as hereafter shall be mentioned, and let the party belaid to rest very [p. 205] warme couered, and warme clothes applied to the belly and fundament of the party, and if that helpeth, not you Warmth is very good. may giue him within three houres three or foure graines of Laudanum, and let him againe incline himselfe to rest and by Gods help he shall be cured: but if he haue a feuor Laudanum. giue him an opiate first, I meane the Laudanum. Good helpes to the cure of this disease and all Fluxes of the belly, are these following, first to refraine and resist as much as is possible the motions of going to stoole, not to straine or force the body being at stoole, not to sit long being at stoole, in rising ro remember to put vp the fundament Worth the obseruing. with a clout, and that if it may be with a warme soft clout: to sit as hot as the party can, namely if it may be often to sit vpon an oken bord hot is very good, hot trenchers, or peeces of bords heated and applied to the belly are very Manuall help. good, and to take the fume of wine vineger sprinkled on a hot bricke, or iron, and sit ouer the fume of Francken- To sit hot. cense or Amber with a chafing dish, and a few cooles in close stoole is likewise very good, this disease in our climate for the most part by skilfull Phisitions and Surge- ons is well and speedily cured, but in the Indies it is very hardly cured, in so much that many haue died of it, partly by the great wilfulnesse and disorder of the Patient, and A fume. by your leaue also by the ignorance of the Surgeon being a thing they had not beene warned of before, nor practised in, and by not hauing good remedies and instruments Care to be bad. fit at hand to giue men helpe, wherefore let young Artists II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 177

haue a care to these afore mentioned rules and medicines, not scorning them. And among other needfull instruments for poore Sea- men in fluxes, neuer be vnfurnished in the shippe of one or two close stooles with doores to them, and brasse pailes, that poore miserable men in their weakenes may be eased thereon; and not be constrained to goe to either the beake head, or shrouds (as they terme it) for that not onely increaseth the disease, but also causeth the falling downe of [p. 206] the Arse-gut, a fearefull accident, except the Surgeon be very carefull, diligent, and ready handed, in which cases, A dangerous accident. all nicenes, lazines, and disdainfulnesse (too much cleauing to some young men) must be laid aside, for the very omitting of his duty in reducing the gut fallen, may easily Admonition to young be the death of the patient; whose blood will cry to God Artists. for reuenge: Wherefore young Artists that professe to feare the Almighty, be compassionate to the meanest creature in this disease, euen as you would others should do to you in the like case, and not otherwise. Petrus Bayerius an ancient learned writer, alleaging Ga- len in his second booke, de locis affectis, defineth this dis- sease as followeth: It is, saith he, tearmed Disenterium, whereas variety of substances are sent out with the excrement, producing excoriation with dolor and paine, as if somewhat were shauen from the small guts, and that shauing, faith he, proceedeth from choller and turneth to vlceration of the guts, and is compleat in two weckes, or proceedeth of a glassie coloured substance, and hath his termina- tion in foure weekes: or proceedeth of a Melancholy humour, and is in perfection in forty daies: first beginneth the fluxe, then followeth the excoriation, &c. But to trouble the reader much, or my selfe with long definitions, eyther of the causes or signes of this disease, my leisure will Ambiguity impertinent. not permit me, and the rather will I not insist thereon, for that in reading I finde diuers learned and reuerend writers that haue entred into long discourses of the signes & causes of his griefe, prescribing diuers methodicall rules, and yet they conclude of the cure of Disentery, for the most part of them with a kinde of Empericall forme of curing, namely some reciting one, some another medicine for the generall cure of this disease: many of them ending without any rationall, or methodicall forme at all, which argueth in my opinion, that it is impossible eyther to finde out Aduise to the Artist. all the causes thereof, or to prescribe any one true forme for the generall cure of the same, but the discreet Surgeon must be armed with iudgement in these following princip- [p. 207] ples, namely that if he perceiue it to proceed by fulnes of bloud or humours, to seeke the health of the Patient by sundry the most rationall and fittest euacuations; as namely bleeding, purging, and slendernesse of diet: then also, to proceed to medicines which take away the acrimony, and heale the inward parts, then to those which are Ano- dine, and causeth rest. A learned French Surgeon na- 178 The Surgions Mate

Guillimeau his med Guillemeau, writing a Treatise of this disease, in his opinion. conclusion saith as followeth115: "The Emperike Medica- ments which the methodicall Physitians so disdaine and esteeme of little worth, are those which wee through our experience and through the diuturnall vse of them, haue found to be most excellent, which being vsed with Iudge- ment, are not to be disdained, seeing that Gallen116 himselfe testifieth, that the Physition must be established on two Ground of Arts. foundations, to wit, reason and experience, whereof reason is as it were the soule of the same, which measureth and pondereth all things, and the experience the body, as a pro- uident, tutor and schoolemaster, wherefore seeing that ex- Rubarb praised. perience teacheth vs that Rubarb in what manner soeuer we administer the same, (but especially the infusion thereof) is very commodious and profitable in this disease, as likewise is Spiritus vitrioli with Rose-water, and Plan- tanewater, and also being administred with Cinamon-water", saith Guillemeau, "there is a suger like dulcor or sweet- nes extracted out of leade, which neuer deceiued the hope of the Right Worshipfull Master Duion a very learned Phi- Saccarum Saturni. sition, whereof I haue attained the best of these discourses: the tincture of Corall and of yellow Amber, extracted with Aquavitae, is in operation admirable, also Crocus Mar- tis, or flos Sulphuris being in season administred with the conserues of Roses, Marmalet, Citron rindes, with other such like things are very commodious, because among naturall things I know nothing exsiccateth more, and op- poseth it selfe more against all corruptions. To conclude, there are innumerable sorts of remedies which wee must so compound, that they may haue one similitude, or [p. 208] one Analogy with the disease: finally we must in extreame Disentery for the last remedy indeuour to mittigate the pain with narcoticall things, as is the Oleum Iusquiami, mandragorae, the cold seedes, the Philonium, requies Nicolai, and many other such like compositions which are vnto this disease vsed, and which may not be administred except great Iudgement and aduise had thereon". Thus much out What people most of Guillimeau. This disease chiefly afflicteth Souldiers in subiect to this disease, warres, and Sea-men in long voyages, and namely in hot and where. countries, chiefly when after short and hard allowances they shall happen on the sodaine to get great change of pleasant dyet, in which cases reason and Iudge- ment, as the principall helps are to be vsed, as for instance this disease is incident much to such as change the place of their abode for a farre hotter or a farre colder country, but chiefly into hotter, witnes the mortality through that disease which hath often befallen our Souldiers in the warres in France, &c. As also now at Bantham, how much doth it afflict them that liue there. Moreouer as is said, if it proceede of repletion, euacuation, and thinne dyet, is

115 the following text is a quotation out of Guillemeau´s work (1598) fol. 49v 116 Galen, the ancient physician, is meant. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 179

the meane to proceed in the beginning of the cure thereof: if it proceed of an acrimonious fretting humor, then one of your first helps must be a present purge, if strength will beare it, namely of Rubarbe, as is said in the cure of Diarrhoea, or a Decoction of myrabalans and also a good Barly water: the second good help is a Glister, which may be proper against sharpe humors: and after to conclude the cure with a dose of Laudanum Paracelsi, but if the party If the Patient want be in great weakenesse and want of rest, giue him some rest, giue him a Glister. comfortable glyster first, next that an Opiate, I mean the Laudanum one dose: you may begin in weake bodies first with opiate medicines, in that there is most need of ease, and if you find after rest it help not, vse a Glister or a purge as you see cause, for though the Laudanum at first cure not, yet it giueth rest, whereby the party afterwards, it is likely, will bee the stronger to indure cure by other reasonable [p. 209] medicines, which done, if that answer not thy desire, thou mayst returne to Laudanum againe and againe, The oft repeating of alwayes remembring, as is sayd, there bee four houres at Laudanum requireth this the least distance, betwixt each dose, and if the disease pro- caution. ceede of heat, seeke to coole the bloud by a decoction of Plantane and colde hearbes or seedes if they be to be had, or at sea with such medicines as are vsed to quench heate, and are not meerely sharp, and yet oyle of Vitrioll is much commended to be taken certaine dayes together in any kinde of distilled waters either Plantane, Sorrell, Straw- beries or the like, whilst the sayd waters are good and sweete, or with Aqua Sparnolae, if it be at hand, also a barley water with a little Allum or Galles in powder is singular good, so is Bole, but the finer Bole the better, and Terra Sigillata, and Sirupe of Quinces is good also in that case, add so are all the medicines made of sloes, after some due euacuation, as in thy discretion thou shalt see reasonable, Laudanum laude but to conclude, a dose of Laudanum opiat, is best to finish dignum. the worke for that goeth before, or rather exceedeth all o- ther medicines in fluxes, for that swageth all paines and causeth quiet sleep, which often euen alone is the true perfection of the cure. And further, if it shal appeare, that this disease haue so gotten the vpper hand that the patient is How to restore the growen very feeble, his bloud being wasted, appoynt him patient very weake a diet that may warme and comfort the stomacke, namely, by Disentery. at land if it may be had, Brothes of Chickings or the like, with some spices therein, and egges and sugar, and a little rose water, but not honey, for that increaseth gripings, and cawdels with egges wine and spices, according to good discretion will doe well, if they may be had, and giue him, if thou see cause, a glister, if there be feare of excoriations in the guts, namely a decoction of Barley or Bran, or of A glister against Bran onely with Deere suet uncias ij let not your decoction be excoriation. too slimy of the Bran, and adde if you can get it, the yolke of one egge, for egges comfort much and swage paine, the yolke of the egge must be well beaten with the decoction by little and little, so taken very warm, or if the party haue 180 The Surgions Mate

[p. 210] gripings in his guts, make this glister following, and for want of Bran take a little wheat-flowre, and with Camo- A glister for griping mile, Sentaury, Worme-wood, St. Johns wort, or some of through Dissentery. these, make a decoction adding also Anis seede, Fennell, Dill or Cummin-seedes, or the like, or some of these at the least, adding after the boyling, some two or three spoonfuls of Rosa solis, or good Aqua vitae, or some strong cordiall waters, if you see there bee cause to comfort and warme, and adding also, as is sayd, Deere suet unciam ij. with waxe unciam ß. An other glister. Also glisters of milke and egges onely are very good to swage gripings and paines, where they may bee had, also as is sayd, warme clothes to the belly and fundament applyed are very good, and note still that rest procured is a principall helpe in curing all fluxes. An other glister. For excoriations of the guts, make a glister with a decoction of dry Sentaury, Hipericon, Worme-wood or Balme, with Barley adding of Deere suet uncias ij. and a little dried Galls in powder, or cut in slices, or succus acatiae or Cortices granatorum, or dried red roses, if you haue them, of Balausties, which are flowers of Pomegranets: Note what powders soeuer you giue in glisters, let them bee exceeding finely powdered, otherwise they are very dangerous, and feare not to administer an opiat, as I haue said, prouided that there bee foure or fiue houres distance of time twixt each dose, also you may giue a dose of Ru- barbe, namely scrupula ij or drachmam ß parched and powdered fine, for so it doth best, taken either alone, or with Sanguis prunellorum one small spoonefull in wine, and a little Cyna- mon water, or in any other conuenient drinke, as the present state of the sicke shall cause thee, or for want of wine, beere or water, you may giue the sicke also conserue of roses or quinces, after which, if cause bee to giue the Lauda- num againe, you may safely doe it. Furthermore in this case, as also in all kindes of fluxes, fumigations are very good medicines, namely sitting ouer a close stoole, prouided the sicke bee very warme kept, and not too hot, to [p. 211] which purpose a well burned bricke heat very hot and put vnder the stoole, laying two colde brickes vnder it, for burning the stoole, and then sprinckle often the hot brick with vineger if the disease be hot, or with vineger and A- aqua vita mixed if it be colde, and for want of brickes some great peeces of olde iron will serue, as it is already rehearsed, also decoction of cynamon or cloues, or both together, or nutmegs set vnder the stoole, that the warm steam of the spices may come vp into the body of the patient, is In a fluxe of the bellie very good. Note further, that where you feare a fluxe of auoyd purging medicines. the belly may follow, that you purge not the party with Coloquintida, Trochis de Alhandall, Agaricum, nor Dia- gredion. And remember euer when you giue Rubarb, that you giue cinamon, or ginger, or Anis seedes, a little therwith, which correcteth the flatuous disposition thereof. If this disease of the fluxe shall shew it selfe to proceede of II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 181

any contagiousnesse of the aire, as sometimes it doth, this is certainely the most fearefull of the rest, for although all All diseases proceed diseases haue their originall from the hand of the Almigh- from God. ty, yet then we haue all reason to call to our remembrances, the words which the Prophet Dauid speaketh in the God must be sought vnto. Psalmes, Whither shall I flie from thee O my God? when therefore the aire which we are forced to receiue into our bodies shal threaten vs, then if euer, it is high time for Sur- geon and patient to crie vnto God for his helpe and mercy, and yet not to mistrust, but to vse all artificiall meanes, referring the successe to the Almighty. Wherefore in this case I holde nothing better then a good purge of Rubarb, and then to to take three or foure graines of Laudanum Pa- The cure of a flux racelsi, then after there may bee giuen him one scruple of through the contagion the best Treakle or Mithridate, or London Treakle, or of the aire. meerely Laudanum alone. You may giue the party also a little Cynamon water, or Aqua Theriacalis, or Carduus water laying him to rest: It were also to be considered whether the body standeth in neede of bleeding, purging, or a glister: but when as the disease proceedes from contagious and venomous aire and is fierce, I holde it the safest [p. 212] course to forbeare bleeding or purging, for feare of drawing backe the venome to the principall parts, and rather If the flix bee fierce and to flie to Alexipharmacons or Preseruatiues, as Venice sudden what to be done. Treakell, Mithridate, Diatesseron, London Treakell, or the like: And presently after, or immediately with it, as is said, giue a dose of Laudanum, which of it selfe is a perfect cordiall, and a good preseruatiue. The flix through the Many learned writers are of opinion that this disease is aire is infectious. infectious, and that the breath and excrements of the sick man may easily infect a sound man, affirming also that from putrified and diseased bowels, infectious vapors doe ascend and descend, and partly the rather by a kinde of sympathy our bodies haue each with other, but lest that o- pinion of mine vttered may perhaps offend the courage of young Artists, whom I seeke by all possible meanes to em- bolden, let them take this rule from mee, in the feare Infection should not daunt of God, I holde no disease infectious to mee, in that I haue Surgeons called lawfully a lawfull calling, and I am therefore bound to visit the dis- to the cure of any disease eased, which who so neglecteth, God will finde him out what soeuer. with that disease or a worse. Now a word or two of such medicines as are belonging to the chest found in the ship, or at the vtmost may be found in the East Indies, or that are likely to be found there I intend to set foorth some instructions for the Surgeons Mate: and first note I haue cu- The cure of Disentery red many, both in Desenterie and Lyenterie, with burned at sea, & of Lyentery. Harts-hore, or in want-hereof I haue found that onely the hard bones of Beefe or Porke calcined or meerly burned till they be white, for so they must be, and it may easily be done in any wood or coale-fire, being not a fire of sea-coale, and then being powdered fine, and giuen continually in the ordinary drinkes, during the time of the sicknesse it helpeth much, and you may assure your selfe, 182 The Surgions Mate

that if you take much or little of it, it can do no harme to be taken, and with some few drops of Cynamon water, if it may be had, it is the better, or al little Nutmeg and Cy- namon in powder therein, also I haue giuen it sometime with Rosa solis and faire water mixed, of each two spoon- [p. 213] fuls and drachmam j of the powder of bones.

Another secret which hath cured many of the flixe.

Rp. Wheat flowre, and thrust it very close together into an end of a clowt, and so binde it vp hard, and close like a bullet, and put it into boyling water, and boile it three houres and more, and you shall finde it wil bee very drie and hard as chalke, and powder it, and giue of this powder drachmas ij. or more in any liquid substance fitting, and it is a very good medicine for any flux of the Belly, either white or red, this medicine hath been often prooued, and found sure at sea and land, yet it helpeth the vertue of the medicine well, if the vehicle or menstrum you giue it in be also good, namely if you giue it with some liquid medicine proper to the greefe, also Crocus Martis scrupulum j. giuen in red wine, Aligant or French wine, or with beere or water for a neede, adding certaine drops of Cynamon water, it is a very good medicine. The same also is giuen with Ve- nice Treakell, or London Treakell, or good Mithridate is likewise very good, but to a weake person giue it alone with Sugar, it will please his taste better then with other strong medicines. The cure, if the disease But if you perceiue the disease proceedes of wormes, as proceede of wormes. often it doth, then giue the patient a glister of a decoction of Althea roots, with a little worme-wood, adding Colo- A Glister. quintida drachmas ij. where there is no great acrimonious paines in the guts, but where there is great dolour in the guts, rather put some Bay-berries, namely drachmam ß in your decoction, which decoction you may also make meerly of the bran, if you please, and make it not too slimie, I mean, put not too much bran or rootes therein, then adde, if you haue it, of Aquila Laxatiua, 12. graines, Deere suet uncias ij. or three ounces, and giue it stirring well the powder therein, this Aquilla Laxatiua, certainely will kill anie wormes, and The meanes to kill giue present ease: also almost all bitter things kill wormes, wormes. as Alloes, Agaricum, Coloquintida, Worme-wood, and the like but principally Aquilla Laxatiua doth it sure, and is safe to be giuen, the dose by waie of glister is to 10. graines. [p. 214] r M . Edwards his medicine for the Fluxe.

Rp. red-rose water ij spoones-full, Cinamon uncias ij, Al- mons of vallence uncias iiij vnblanched, the Cinamon is to bee brused and boiled in iij pounds of water till ij pounds bee consumed, then reserue that decoction and adde three pounds more of faire water to the former Cinamon, and II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 183

boile it as afore, reserue both the waters together, then beate or rather grind well your Almons, and being well ground and beaten adde thereto some little quantity of the water mentioned, grinding the Almons therewith: and againe beate the said Almons, and so often beate and straine them with more of the said liquor or water till all the substance of them be in the decoction which will bee in the forme of an Almon milke, then adde rose-water ij spoonfulls, and as much sugar as to sweeten the said drink, giue the Patient thereof to drinke so oft as he please. Gluttonie a cause of Let such as feare the flixe not ouergorge themselues, for the Fluxe. the ouercharging and straining of the stomake oft bringeth this sicknesse, chiefly when the body is weake, as also if the foode taken be crude or not well boyled or rosted, and meerely fresh without any salt. Also the vse of eating Tamarindes brought from Bantham if you vse them ouermuch by their acrimony may easily cause a fluxe, although their vertues in preseruing from the Scuruie, are vnre- proueable and very good in deede. The signes of the places The higher toward the stomacke the disease hath his affected with the Fluxe. beginning the more dangerous it may bee adiudged. By the complaint of the sicke you shall know partly in what part of the body the disease is, though not alwaies: if the small guts be in the fault there is alwaies great paine about the nauill, but if it be in the gut Duodenum colum, or rectum, then the chiefe paine is in the lower parts of the belly, ac- The cause of the Fluxe cording to their places. with the signes of death. This disease proceedeth sometimes by Apostumation of the guts, and then it is exceeding painefull before it [p. 215] come to a Fluxe, neither can any anodine glister preuaile at all to giue ease till the full suppuration of the guts bee perfected, and that it be broken. If this disease proceede from a former great obstruction either of the Liuer, of the Lungs, or the Spleene, there is small hope of life to be had. Also when convulsions of the sinewes, hickett, and vomiting, or any one of these signes, especially the two first appeare, then commonly death is at hand. One learned Writer rehearsing Hyppocrates for his Au- thor, saith, that vsually before death in this disease a black or blewish spot will appear behinde the left eare of the sicke, which I also haue seene obseruing it of late: you shall finde Plantaine water to bee very good liquor to giue any Plantane water, and seeds, drie medicine in for the flixe, especially where there is any and roots are very good complaint of heate, or excoriation, Plantane seedes are al- for the Fluxe. so good, and so is a decoction of the roots of Plantane very good for that vse, or for Glisters where it may be had. The purging medicines which are called Diaureticke, or that prouoke vrine are also praised by Writers: but I leaue them to be done with great iudgement, onely if you vse any medicine to cause vrine, the pouder of yellow Amber is a sure one, and without any manifest hot or offensiue qualitie, so is the pouder of the Seahorse peezell and the 184 The Surgions Mate

morse tooth, of any of which if you giue drachmam j for one dose you may safely do it, but a drachma is sufficient at once. Oyle of Terebinthine and of Amber are good diaureticke medicines, and much more forcible then the former, but not so fit in this disease, but rather good to driue grauell from the kidnies, and serue well touching the cure of many cold and slothfull diseases, as the Dropsie, Scuruie, Ly- thargie and the like. A vomitiue medicine is not amisse The giuing of vomits require in Fluxes whilst the party hath strength, but the young Ar- great care and a good tist may easily make an error, small in shew, which not- iudgement. withstanding may quickly cost a man his life, wherefore if he attempt in such cases to cause vomite, as one principle let him haue great care to the true dose of his medicines; [p. 216] but first let him haue good consideration, whether it bee conuenient to vse any such medicine, or no, for where easier remedies will cure neuer attempt greater, but mistake mee not, I speake these things of loue onely to children in Art, and not to graue Artists, from whom I would gladly learne my selfe. Further I aduise the younger Artists, not to striue to stay a Fluxe, as is said, in a full body, till nature be first vnburthened, partly by the disease, and partly by medicines fit. But as concerning Phlebotomie rehearsed as necessarie in the cure of this disease, doe it not without great discretion, and iudgement; for the Patient wakened formerly with so terrible a sicknesse, and his spirits spent bleeding by a vaine, not aduisedly done may suddainly ouerthrow and kill him, yet againe I must confesse that rule holdeth not generally.

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C E R T A I N E S I G N E S, P R O G- nostications, and instructions which I hope will not be unprofitable for Y O V T H concerning Fluxes.

The signes preceding The Signes of the disease are alwaies manifest of them- the Flixe. selues, the signes afore-running or demonstrating of the instant disease are these following: Paine and torture of the intestines, or ventricle. Galen testifieth cap. 2. locorum affectorum, in the very beginning of a Fluxe, saith hee, sharpe cholen is sent foorth, wringings, and as it were off-scouring, or off shauinges of the intestines appeare, then afterward there followeth a little bloud, and then beginneth the disease Disenterie, and by the relation of the Patient it will often appeare if the paine be aboue or below the Nauill. A painefull slow expulsion of the excrements of the belly with small fragments bloudy and fatty [p. 217] do argue the higher intestines to bee affected, but if the griefe be lower, a paine below the nauill shall torment the II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 185

The excrement Patient, then you shall see much fatnesse with fragments, in fragments and and those fragments of the lower intestines will be more fat therewith. grosse and lesse mingled with the excrements. A Disen- terie slaying popularly and killing many, may be adiudged contagious, and is thought to follow a pestilentiall constitution, and if in the times of a generall infection by the disease Disenterie, or Leienterie, a white Fluxe called Di- arrhaea with Tenasmus appeare in the Patient, that party a little after shall bee afflicted with the Disenterie. The Vlcers of the small intestines are more dangerous then the vlcers of the greater. Difficulty of the intestines, if it proceede from a blacke choller is held mortall: Aph. 24. Sect. 4.117 Mortall signes Long difficulties of the intestines, hunger and weari- in the Disenterie. nesse are euill signes, and it is so much the worse if it bee with feuor: Aphor. 3. Sect. 6. Euery Fluxe especially if it be Disentericall, happening after a long sicknesse is mortall; but chiefly if it bee suddaine, because it argueth a suddaine corruption of humors and great debilitie. A Fluxe drawing to a languishing dropsie is mortall. If in Disenteria a blew spot appeare behind the eare, the Patient shall die. The Fluxes that are from the beginning waterish and afterwards like an vnguent are euill. In all Fluxes of the belly, and in all other diseases, of weaknesse of the appetite, inconstancie of the minde, hea- uinesse in sleepe, imbecillity of the legges, a hoarse and barking voice, a weake pulse, beating often, paines ouer the whole body, chiefly about the belly, blacknesse of the face, or of a deadly of leadly coulor, and coldnesse in all the extreame parts: these aforesaid signes foretell euill, but the signes contrary to these aforesaid are healthfull. The Hicket after an immoderate fluxe of the belly is mortall. [p.220]118 Belching following a fluxe of the belly is good, because A good signe. it is a signe that nature hath receiued, or againe begun concoction. A bad signe. A fluxe of the belly which is not appeased by fit remedies is pernitious. A pestilent fluxe of the belly beginning with Henteria Dearrheae, or Tenasmus is worse in children then in ancient men, as experience teacheth. If that by the difficulty of the Intestins, the excrements come forth like peeces of flesh, it is a deadly signe, Aph. 26. Sect. 4119. Another good signe. In fluxes of the belly, changes of the excrements is a principall good signe, vnlesse the change be made worser, Aph. 14. Sect. 2.

117 see Galen (Commentary 1: Index of names) note to p. 217 118 p. 218-219 are lacking als page numbers, the text immediately passes into p. 220. 119 see all aphorisms of the page on Galen (Commentary 1: Index of names) note to p. 220 186 The Surgions Mate

In perturbations of the belly and voluntary vomiting, if such things are purged thereby that ought to be purged, it is good: but otherwise the contrary, Aph. 25. Sect. Aph. 3. Sect. 4. A Disenterie which proceeds from yellow choller is not altogether mortall, as Gallen affirmeth in his second booke of naturall faculties that many are cured of it120. Lienterie af- Generall rules for the cure ter desenterie is mortall: these Canons following belong to of the fluxe. the particular cure of any fluxe of the belly. 1 No fluxe of the belly before the fourth day if the patient be strong, is to be restrained. 2 The vlcers of the higher intestines are to be cured with medicines taken at the mouth, but those of the lower with Glisters chiefly: and if vlcers be in both, then are they to be cured both waies. 3. To such as cure a Disenterie, let adstringent things be giuen before other meates that they may the better be retained. Hot stipticke things are good in fluxes proceeding of a 4. cold case: And on the contrary, if the concocting faculty shall be weake, the vse of hot things is likewise good. 5. If there be a cough with the fluxe of the belly, the pati- tent shall absteine from all sharpe stipticke things. [p. 221] Sweating medicines and frications with oyle of Camo- 6. mile and Dill, by opening the pores, and plucking backe the matter to the opposite part are good in fluxes. 7. Cupping glasses saith Avicene applied foure houres to the bellie stay the fluxes of the belly. 8. All stipticke frutes by the counsell of Auicene are to be auoided in fluxes of the belly, notwithstanding Chestnuts hurt not, as the same Author affirmeth. 9. Sleepe among other things is good for a fluxe, and so is any quietnesse and rest good vnlesse the fluxe proceede from some Catarrhe or rheume. Touching the particular cure if the disease come of a hot cause, let there be a lenitiue glister administred before A Glister. the fourth day, which is this. Rc. Aqua hordei uncias 12. Mellis rosati uncias ij. mingle it, and let it be made a Glister, twise reite- rating it afterwards, let the chollericke matter bee purged A purge. thus: Rp. Rosarum rubearum uiolarum, a[n]a. unciam j. let them boile onely one walme and in the straining, infuse by the space of six houres following these things: Rp. Cortices mirabal: cit: unciam j. tragac. drachmas ij. straine the medicine, and let it be giuen: but nothwithstanding warily, for indeed many of our ann- cients did absteine altogether from purging medicines in fluxes: whereupon Auicene 41. capite 3. saith, that it is dangerous to loose the belly vpon a former loosenes. If the matter be sanguine, and the sicke of reasonable strength, you may let the lower veine be opened, to re- press the acrimony of the humour, to plucke backe and coole the boyling of the liuer, witnesse Auicena 4. primi

120 see Galen (Commentary 1: Index of names) note to p. 220 II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 187

chap. 20. Phlebotomy dothe binde the belly very much, and amongst many is held for a great secret: for a certaine man of 70. yeares of age labouring with the Dissenterie the space of a month, when no other meanes would helpe him he was cured by letting of bloud, yet I confesse my selfe should not easily doe the like. If the excrements begin to grow thicker, & the gripings begin to cease, the token is good: if in the excrements scraping as it were of the guts seem to appear, it is not token of death. [p. 222] I reade that the anciens vsed causticke Glisters of Arse- nicum, aes ustum, Alumen and Calx uiva, but these latter Physitions vse rather astringent and narcotice medicines as thus, Cortices Thuris, Mastichis, Boli Armeniae, Sarcocollae, and the like. The vlcers of the small guts are worse to receiue healing then those of the great guts, for the greater are fleshie and therefore they receiue consolidation so much the easier. The vlcers of Ieiunum, or the hungry gut are of all the worst, because it is smaller then the other, and because sharpe choller doth sodainly happen into it, it hath more vaines in it then the rest, and is next to that noble part the Lyuer, and further one reason of doubt is, for that medicines taken to bind and consolidate, cannot long remaine therein. In the Tenasmus and the Disenterie comming after it, In the Disenteria what the patient must abstaine from all sharpe, salt, and bitter must be refused. things; because by vsing of such things, the excrements become sharpe, and cause excoriation. Hott things restraine the fluxe of the belly because they make the meat digest penetrate, cause vrine and prouoke sweat, which is found in the drinking moderately of pure wine, as Auicene witnesseth, besides that, it prouokes sleep and helps digestion, notwithstanding it is to be abstained from in feuors, and when the fluxe proceedes from hote and chollericke humors. A Disenterie proceeding from obstructions will neuer be cured with Astringent medicines, but rather with penetrating medicines, by adding a little vineger which openeth more forcibly then wine, and mollifieth obstructions: for if Astringent medicines bee mingled with Operatiue medicines, they increase the obstruction. Although some say that in the Lienterie the meat taken in doth come forth in the same colour and quantity as it was when it was taken in: this notwithstanding is to be vnderstood that the form and colour of it is of necessity changed, but it doth not wholly alter it, for they are alte- [p.223] red, somewhat accordin go the maius & minus, because it is an impossible thing that the nourishment being con- ueied through so many intestines, should come forth without any alteration at all. There are some also which iudge the Disenterea and the Tenasmus by motion of the pulse, that the patient hath 188 The Surgions Mate

a feuor if the pulse mooue swift; yet it seemes to me the contrary, although there is an ouer-heating or boyling in the bloud by reason of the hott humours, the great motion of the body, want of sleepe and abstinence: yet with the fluxe onely stayed, the feuor hath an end. It is formerly saide that the vlcers of the great intestines are to be cured with Glisters, and the vlcers of the small intestines to be cured with medicines taken at the mouth: notwithstanding it profiteth to take fit medicines at the mouth for vlcers of the great intestines, and in vlcers of Remedies for Vlcers in the small guts to iniect glisters, which sometimes ascend the intestines. to both the ventricles, as experience teacheth: and so also are vlcers in the great guts sometimes cured by medicines taken at the mouth; wherefore let no convenient helps be omitted in case of necessity. And though Auicena saith, it is dangerous to purge the belly vpon a loosenes therof, yet the same Auicena, Ge- rardus, Cremo, Serapio, Iordanus de Turra and other latter Phisitians of sound iudgement prescribe in the cure of fluxes Purgatiue medicines; therefore they appoint things according to the patients strength, when a Disenteria pro- Galens rule if the ceeds of many humours; or hauing an ill quality, the cure Disenteria proceed as Galen witnesseth, hath one cheefe and most common from homours. intention: to that which is contrary to the disposition to betaken away: Therefore let there be giuen Myrabolans, which in this case are most excellent, for they correct the acrimony of the humors, and strengthen the ventricle, and the intestines; in want whereof Rubarb may be as well giuen, being dried a little. But if the fluxe be pestilentiall, let the matter be purged presently, as is said, not res- pecting the concoction of humors.

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[p. 224] Of Laudanum Opiat Paracelsi, and the Vertues thereof. There are many diseases which can hardly be cured without Anodine medicines, therefore in the cure of such diseases, I meane where want of rest through extreame paine or other the great disquiet of nature doth foretell an imminent danger of death, if rest be not speedily procured, in all such cases A- nodine medicines may doubtlesse with great reason and good warrant be inwardly giuen. To procure therfore safe and quiet rest, sheweth great skill in the Artist, and to the patient is more precious in his grieuous infirmity then much treasure, but in no one infirmity haue such medicines more shewed their admirable vertues, then that no- The cheefe vertue of ble medicine called Laudanum Opiat Paracelsi hath done Laudanum. in the cure of that lamentable disease called Dissenterie, or the bloudy fluxe, as witnesseth diuers of our nation com- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 189

ming from the East Indies vpon good proofe, as also being no lesse approued of, not onely by auncient and moderne writers, but by euery expert Surgeon comming from those countries out of their owne, too many experiences thereof haue bin made. The vertues of this precious Anodine to be, I meane heere recited, as they are noted and set downe very learnedly by that famous writer Oswaldus Crollius, late Phisiti- on to Matthias the third Emperor of Germany in his Ozwaldus a writer of the booke called Bazillica Chimica, and not by him onely, but vertues of Laudanum. also by diuers good Authors of credit, which haue written of the same medicine before, which vertues being very many, may seeme almost incredible, though many of [p. 225] them my selfe an witnesse to be true, out of my daily practise onely, they are ment by the true composition, according as Theophrastus Paracelsus hath prescribed it, and is the same composition which the sayd writer mentioneth.

Touching the vertues of the medicine. Ozwaldus concerning This Laudable medicine (saith Ozwaldus Crollius) de- Laudanum serueth rightlie his name, although thou call it Lau- danum, for in all sharpe paines whatsoeuer hot or colde within the bodie or without the bodie, yea, euen when through extreamitie of paine, the parties are at Deathes doore, or almost madde with the vehemencie of the same, Laudanum more efficacious this precious medicine giueth ease presently, yea and quiet if the body be soluble. sleepe, and that safely, but much better the bodie being first, soluble, either by nature or art, and you may giue it safely, prouoking first onely one stoole by a suppositorie, or a glister were better: in the collicke with Mint-water, it easeth the gripings foorthwith. In the paines and grauell of the kidnies, likewise it giueth present ease. In the pl[e]uresie it presently and safely giueth ease. In paines of the ioynts it is very good. In the staying of rheumes, as tooth-ach and other like defluxions in their beginnings, it is a singular good medicine, as namely in the tooth-ach, dissolue foure graines thereof in Plantane water, and put it into the eare on the aking side, and take three graines into the body, and lie to rest, it is a sure helpe. In all fluxes of the belly, whether they proceede of sharpe or slippery humors, or whatsoeuer else offending cause taken with masticke, Terra Si- gillata, fine Bole, or with any other appropriate good medicine, it is exceeding sure, for it fortifieth the other medicines, and doubleth their forces, adding his owne also thereto. In extreame watchings and want of rest, either inwardly or outwardly taken, it is profitable, if outwardly you would vse it, take foure or sixe graines, with three drops of oyle of nutmegs, which is pressed out mixed together, and binde it in two little clowts, and put it into the [p. 226] nostrils, it will maruellously asswage paines in the head, and cause quiet rest. In the extreame bleedings of the nose called Hemoragie, it is an approued secret, that sixteene 190 The Surgions Mate

graines thereof diuided into two pils, and thrust vp into the nostrils, into each nostrill one part, helpeth the same. In all kindes of feuors it is good to bee giuen with water of worme-wood, or pill-wise alone, and if the heat remaine after sixe houres, you may giue the second time, and after that againe in like time safely, not exceeding the dose: yet let your owne experience lead you, that where you see three graines will not cause rest, in the next potion you giue one graine more, and so increase paulatim, but increase not but vpon good deliberation. In burning feuors it asswageth thirst, and prouoketh sleep cheefely in those feuors, in which the party seemeth to haue some shew of rest, with tedious dreames and flum- brings mixed. In the disease called Asthma, and in the Tysicke121, if it be vsed in water of Isope, it will preserue the diseased patient a longtime. It conserueth the naturall heat, strengthneth the spirits, repaireth strength lost: It is also effectuall to bee giuen to melancholly people which are voyd of reason, and are troubled with the passions of the heard. It is likewise vsed with good effect against vomitting, and the hickocke proceeding of winde, faintnesse or debility of the uentricle. In the superfluous defluxions of the excrementall or menstruall bloud, it is an excellent remedy with Crocus Martis, or red corrall. In phrenesie or madnesse, both inwardly and outwardly it is good mixed with Aqua vitae, and the temples annoynted therewith. In the falling sicknes with spirit of Vitrioll, or the quintessence of Camphire, with also oyle of Almonds, it is v- sually taken. The dose of this opiat medicine, is two, or three, or foure graines, if there be loosenesse of the belly, [p. 227] as is rehearsed, it worketh much the better. Note that in some parts of the world this medicine in the mentioned dose will doe not ease, wherefore when you finde that by experience, in the next patient giue more, but not to the same patient without great reason. It is best giuen in any The best way to admini- occasion accompanied with waters or other medicines, ster it. which are most appropriate to the diseases and parts diseased, and yet may very well bee giuen alone in a pill, which I willingly do, for that the patient then is least, troubled with the taste thereof. A caution remarkable. But beware you vse not this medicine to any, which are feeble through a great cough being oppressed with tough phleagme and shortnes of breath, for there it is not good: if the disease be violent, as I haue sayd, one dose may bee giuen after another, with sixe houres at the least distance, very safely, but Ozwaldus Crollius saith, within foure how- ers, as is said in the cure of Disentery.

121 Phthisis II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 191

In a word this Laudanum passeth all other medicines in The cause of this the cure of Disentery, for which cause I haue published it to description of Lau- the benefit of the yonger sort of Surgeons, which aduen- danum. ture their liues toward the East Indies; I know it is presumption in my selfe and deserues blame, that I should handle medicines of this nature so copiously, for which I craue pardon from that graue and learned Society of Phy- sicians of London, whom of right I ought to reuerence, and do: excusing my selfe that I haue done it meerely for the behoofe of young Sea-Surgeons in the remote parts of the world, where they otherwise haue vsed opium in common, without vnderstanding the danger or dose thereof, to the losse of many mens liues. It behooueth young men to bee carefull to carry with them such ballance, as the beame will turne at one halfe of a graine, with waights & graines fitting, and to keepe them warily and alwayes ready at hand for all occasions, for he is an vnworthy Surge- on, which is at any time vnready with such needefull instruments. This Laudanum I esteeme so sufficient a medi- Note. cine truely prepared in all causes, where an opiat medicine [p. 228] is required, that if I were vpon my life tomorrow to vndertake a voyage to the East Indies in any great shippe, I would renounce all other compositions of that kinde Laudanum excelleth whatsoeuer, rather then misse it: yet am I not ignorant of all other Opiats. diuers other good compositions of opiat medicines in daily vse, as namely Philonium Persicum Romanum, nic.& mes. Roman. seu Tarcenci, Athanasica magna, Aurea Alex- andrina, Trifera magna nic. Diacodion, Diascordion, and Because of his duration. many more, for all which I onely would take the true Lau- danum opiat Paracelsi, for when the rest had fully fermen- ted at sea, and were voyd of all their supposed vertues, which their preparers had challenged them to haue had: yea and had beene turned to crawling Animals, euen then and twenty yeeres after their deathes, may any man relie vpon the aforesaid Laudanum, as a true medicine, which medicine notwithstanding, I know it is vnpossible for the Surgeons Mate to prepare at sea, yet for that he should be the better satisfied, when hee hath occasion to vse it, I thought it not amisse to set downe the ingredients, with also the true forme of the preparation thereof in haec uerba, out of Oswaldus Crollius being one of the best I euer found or read.

Laudanum Paracelsi Laudatissimum, and the true preparation thereof.

Rp. Opij Thebaici uncias tres. Succi Hyoscyami debito tempore collecti, & in Sole prius in- spissati unciam unam & sem. specierum Diambrae et Diamo- schi fideliter, dispensatarum, ana uncias duas cum dimidio mum- miae transmarinae et selectae unciam sem. Salis perlarum. Corallorum ana drachm. iij. 192 The Surgions Mate

Liquoris Succini Albi per Alcohol Vini extracti. Ossis de corde Cerui ana drachmam j. Lapidis Bezoartici. [p. 229] Unicorni animalis uel mineralis drachmam unam. Moschi. Ambrae ana scrupulum j. In defectu genuini auri potabilis nullis corrosiuis inquinati addantur, Oleorum Anisi. Carui. Arantiorum. Citrorum. Nucistae. Cariophillorum. Cinamomi. Succini ana guttae 12. Fiat ex his secundum artem chimicam, massa, seu extractum, ex quo ad necessarios usus, possint pillulae efformari.

------

Observations in the preparation of this medicine.

Rp. The roots and rindes of the younger Hemlocke, casting away the inward woody part thereof: the time of The time of gathering the gathering thereof is the Summer, the Moone being in them. the signe Aries or Libra, and before the full of the Moone, and if it might be done it were best to bee gathered in the very houre the Moone is entered into one of the said signes: this obserued, let the Iuice thereof be pressed out, The preparing of the and filtered, and coagulated, then set in the Sunne to har- iuice expressed. den, which done, extract the tincture thereof per spiritum uini: the opium ought to be purged in some distilled water, as of Isope or the like, as Aloes is vsed to bee purged, and The preparation of the after, the tincture therof to be extracted per spiritum uini, Species Diambrae. the tincture of the Species Diambrae is to bee extracted also per spiritum uini. The iuyce of Hioscyami, or Henbane with the extract of Opium mingled, together with the spirit of wine, wherinto they are extracted before, is to be euaporated from them ere that they bee mixed with the rest of the ingre- [p. 230] diences. Also the opium and iuyce of Henbane must bee digested in chymicall manner for a month at the least, that thereby their sulphurous, venemous, and dangerous vapours they haue may be well corrected, which vapours haue a yellowish froth or scumme seene in the superficiall parts of them, and are very obnoxious and dangerous, which I thought not amisse to aduise the studious and industrious Chymist of. A speciall obseruation. Let all the extractions be done in the true spirit of wine well rectified, and then the longer the extract remaineth in the digestion, the better will be your medicine. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 193

Hee that intendeth any part of this composition for women, must forbeare the muske and ambergrece, and A digression. vse with it rather foure graines of good castorium, I meane in that one dose he intends to giue the women; but in this I digresse from my scope ot the Sea-practise, where women in long voiages are rare creatures. Wherefore to the busines in hand: the feces of the opium, hioscyami, specierum Extraction. ambrae etc., after their tinctures are extracted from them, are to be calcined and brought into salt; namely by infu- Calcination. sion in some fitting liquor, after calcination, with also due filteration, euaporation, and coagulation with Cohobs conuenient, and added to the rest of the composition. And concerning the tinctures mentioned to be extracted in spiritu uini, after one monthes digestion the spiritus uini is per balneum mariae to bee euaporated till the resi- Euaporation. dence be almost of the thicknesse of honey: which done and gathered cleane into one conuenient glasse, porringer, or the like instrument, then adde the salt corallorum, perla- The manner to finish rum, Mumia beaten fine, and also the Bezer, and the cornu the composition. cerui, muscus and ambra all in fine pouder, and well mixed with the said extracts, then adde the aforesaid salts of the recited feces, and also the former recited oyles, all of them first mixed together with the Liquorice and Succini sha- ken well together in a glasse violl with a few drops of spiritus uini, for that the said spirit of wine causeth the recited oyles well to incorporate, which done, and that they are [p. 231] mixed all in one and added to the former, the Laudanum is ready, onely if you could forbeare your medicine so long that it might afterwards stand in a small Alimbecke of glass, with a blinde head one month, it wold be much the better. To compose this Opiate This medicine though it would put many that professe aright is hard to much knowledge in the Arte of the Apothecary to their a Bungler. trumps truly to prepare it, yet to an Artist which is a true Preparer of medicines it is plaine and pleasant to be done, and once done, it is for his whole life a sure medicine, and will do the worke-master credit that vseth it. I haue the rather explained this medicine for that so many grosse and dangerous compositions are daily hatch- ed vp, and vttered abroad for currant vnder the name of Laudanum Paracelsi opiats to the extreame hazard of the liues of very many, and to the great preiudice of the common-wealth, from the danger whereof God deliuer each honest Christian. And for that the younger sort of Artists Markes to discerne should not easily bee deceiued with false compositions, the false from the though I confesse it is not possible to espie some cunning true Laudanum. deceits which may passe in farre plainer compositions then this is, yet take these few notes following when you would buy it, for remembrances. First note, that the medicine is false if it be vneuen, I meane if it haue any course or grosse thing in it, so that it will not all clearely dissolue as a iuice of Liquorice well made will. For this is an infallible rule, extracts are the pure parts 194 The Surgions Mate

of things, and will wholy dissolue, or be dissolued. Fur- ther note, that if either hony or sugar be found in the medicine, it is false. Also if it be more liquid then the ordinary balls of Li- quorice made vp in London, it is false or foolishly made, and will not keepe. Also if it retaine the lothsome smell of Opium, it is not to be trusted. Also if it be not meerely of one coulor, so that you see nothing of the ingredients appeare at all, it cannot be good. [p. 232] For assure thy selfe this composition truly made must be smooth, and well smelling of such an indifferent hard- Notes of the true nesse that without additions you may roule it into pills, Laudanum and is not greatly ponderous or heauie, but it is of an vn- pleasant taste, I must tell thee, and therefore I vse to giue it, as I haue said, in a pill, except necessity by weaknesse of the Patient when he cannot swallow a pill, vrge the contrary, or that I vse it in outward griefes, as toothach &c. ------

Iliaca Passio. Ileos or Illiaca Passio is a most painefull disease, proceeding from an obstruction of the small guts, which suf- A fearefull visitation fering nothing to passe downewards causeth a great wringing and paine, so that many which are oppressed with this disease doe perish, and die a very miserable death, ending their daies with their feces, or their owne excrements issuing out at their mouths, and it is many times noted for a disease infectious. This wofull kinde of belly ach or Illiaca passio, differeth Illiaca and Colica from the collicke in the situation, in that it hath his place, differ in place. and being in the small guts, and the chollicke only in the great guts, so that a vomit sometimes giueth ease herein; but glisters seldome or neuer giue any helpe, for that seldome any thing will be brought forth downwards though the glisters be neuer so strong: but herein the help that is to be hoped for by glisters is farre better effected by the glister siring, then by the glister bagge, for one may deliuer it with that instrument with as great force as you please.

Causes. The causes of this disease are almost one with the chollicke, both which are obstructions in the small or [p. 233/333] great guts, and proceede chiefly of three causes as saith Dominicus Leo: namely 1. The drinesse of the ordure, or excrements. 2. Abscessus, a bile, or a botch in the guts. 3. Thicke and drie humours. Also this disease sometime commeth by distemperature of the ayre being very cold, also by a blow or bruise vp- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 195

on the gut Ileon, the inward causes may be very many, namely by drinking of poyson, or cold water, meates of hard degestion, binding of the belly, and such like.

Signes or tokens. The signes or tokens whereby this disease is knowne, are as Galen affirmeth, 7. Aphoris. 19. is an intollerable paine and wringing in the vpper part of the guts, and no A fearefull vomiting. excrements descending downward. Sometimes it moo- ueth heauy and sore vomits, so the the very feces are vomited vpward, of which disease or greefe scarce any in that kinde doe escape, as Galen witnesseth lib. 6. cap.2. I haue seene the like in a Rupture by reason of a part of the gutte Illion that was fallen through the Peritoneum into Scrotum that could not bee reduced, the sicke vomited his excrements, and died the second day. Also much watching sometimes causeth great paine in the smal guts or Illeon, vnrest, strong Conuulsions, cold in the extreame parts, and of any feces be gotten forth of the fundament by any Note. meanes they being put into water will swimme aloft. Item if this griefe come of poyson drunke, then the Patient will suffer Tremor Cordis, soundings, debility of the faculties of the body and vomit, doe commonly goe before the pangs, and all these aforesaid signes are vsually more vehement and stronger then in the Collicke.

Prognostica. When the Illiak commeth with distilling or drop- ping of Vrine, the party dieth within seuen daies, [p. 234] Galen aphoris. 44. except an Ague happen so that in the meanetime sufficient quantitiy of vrine doe come. Item, vomit the Hicket, foolishnes or idle conuulsions are euill signes, Auicen[na] vpon the 7. aphor. 10. The vomiting vpward of the excrements, are deadly, A deadly signe. yet young folkes escape in this disease sooner then olde folkes. The Ileos, where the paine doth change from place to place, is of least danger: because it dependeth or proceedeth A good signe. of winde, which is easily resolued. The breaking of winde vpward or downewards, and Another. stinking much, is euill and deadly: as also the excrements much stinking is the like.

Cura. In the cure of this disease no Phisitian or Chirurgion, re- specting his Credit, will take vpon him absolutely the cure thereof, especially if the Scuruy be confirmed in the Promise no cure. patient, but with protestation of death if the patient doe vomit the faeces or excrements vpward, but if the Scuruy be not yet confirmed in the Patient, then the cure of this disease differeth little from the cure of the Collicke, and 196 The Surgions Mate

may be differently vsed, and is all one, but that onely the stronger medicines, and greater diligence is to be vsed in this Illiak, then in the Collicke: which if it were on shore or land, much more good might be expected, where aire, Observations. diet, place, and many other helps, obseruations, and con- siderations according to the quality of the disease, with aduice also of the learned Phisitians obserued, all which the Sea affordeth not.

Certaine breefe and speedy notes for the Chirurgeons mate at his neede, when neither Doctor, Chirurgion, nor Apothecary is to be had. Iliaca of poyson. First, if the disease come of poyson exhausted, a vomit with warme water, and then warme oyle, or some fat broth is to be administred, and after a day or two some good trekle to be vsed. [p. 235] If the cause come of crude meates remaining in the stomacke, or that the disease come of crude and raw meates, a vomit is to be vsed. But if there be no crude meates yet remaining in the Stomacke, then all meanes must be vsed to disperse the Of potions and glisters. winde, and to draw the excrements downward, eyther by potions, glisters, and such like: and first with glisters to supple the guts, and to euacuate the obstructions of the lower parts: make therefore a glister of common oyle, or Lin-seed oyle, and giue him, or a decoction of March- mallow rootes, Comfrey rootes, Linseedes & Foenigreek, adding Bay berries & oyle of Dill, and Puluis Arthreticus, or species Hierae Pigrae drachmas ij, giue this glister with the great siring, and put it vp with good force, remembring to adde salt, one small spoonfull thereto. Also you may vse suppositories, and all other helps which are proper in the cure of the Collicke: or a mixture of honey and salt-Peeter, Fomentations. or Niter to anoint the fundament therewith, and vse foments with spunges, &c. as in the Collicke. Also Phlebo- tomy may be vsed, especially in young men, and that in Sommer, or warme Countries, especially where the dis- sease commeth of an Apostume, or botch: Purging potions are also good, as Puluis Arthreticus drachmam j, in wine or beere, or Aquila Laxatiua 12. graines in a pill or in beere dissolued. Moreouer, Resolution of the matter is to be made with foments, with cloth or wollen stupes wet in oyle, wherein Dill, Chammomel, Rew, Hollyhocks, &c. haue beene boyled, and applied very warme. Also Cataplasmes made of Barleymeale, Cummin, Rew, Linseed, Fenigreeke, Dill seeds, Anniseeds, Fennellseeds, Bayberies, and the like, are very conuenient. Also the patient is to sit in a Bath made of oyle and wa- Cataplasmes. ter, wherein are boyled Cammomell, Mellilot, Dill, Al- thea, or Hollyhocke, Rew, Bayberries and the Like, are good helps. A strange medicine. Nota Stercus Lupinum is a remedy in the Illiacke passio, II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 197

euen as album Graecum is in the angina. [p. 236] Also old Treakell and Mithridate are good helpes for those which cannot hold their meate, and you must giue them to drinke the powder of Thus or Frankensence, and Cummin seedes in warme oximell. To conclude these breefe notes, I wish the young Ar- tist in this miserable disease, to try by strong glisters and purges, and euery other good meanes which is warrantable, and not strictly to rest vpon these short instructions, in cases difficult and dangerous.

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Collica passio. Collica passio is called in English the Collicke, and it is The paine described. called a passion, because the paine thereof is so great and vehement, that many times the patient desireth rather to die then to liue in that vehement paine. This disease hath his name of a gut called Colon, and happeneth very often when the excrements are retained beyond their naturall times and Customes. How it happeneth. This infirmity is engendted of ventosity, or winde in the gut Colon, and cannot get out, sometimes it proceedeth of collericke humors, and vntemperate heat which drieth vp the ordure, & hindreth the egestion of man: also it commeth sometimes of cold and dry distemperatures with increase of fatnes, making strict the passages of euacuation of the excrements, and by weakening the expulsiue faculties. Also this paine proceedeth sometimes from the humors of the stomacke, gathering winde from the liuer and milt, sometimes from the raines of such as haue the stone. Also from an Apostume in the wombe, and sometimes it proceedeth from all the parts of the whole body of man, as in feuers, where the humors are expelled from the vains to the guts, and proceedeth of hot and dry, or cold and dry distemperatures, but neuer of moist, as saith Dom. Leo. [p. 237] Signes The signes or tokens of this passion are both generall and speciall. Vomiting a signe. Generall signes are vomiting, lothing of meates, great paine, retention of the excrements, vnrest, greefe or paine in the fore-part of the belly, constipation so great, that Costiuenes a signe. it will goe neither vpward nor downward, the Vrine tin- cted, &c. The speciall or proper accidents that doe alweies ac- Continual thirst. company the Collicke are continuell thirst, vomiting of choler, watchings, by lose or chollericke excrements, a straining or wringing paine, though not long enduring, and young persons in the Sommer are most subiect to a loose chollicke: but the tokens or signes of the state of a cold body in old age, are slownesse and lazinesse, much 198 The Surgions Mate

desire after grosse and cold meates, rawnesse, Nausea, or quesinesse of the stomacke, ready to cast, but cannot, Pi- tuosity or slimy vomits, little thirst, the paine more remisse but longer continuing. Rumbling of the belly, desiring Beware of cold drinke. to drinke cold water, or small drinke. Longing after all manner of fruits and white meats. The paine changing from place to place, and the feces to swimme, being put in water, and very many such like signes too tedious to Authority. trouble the Surgeons mate withall at this time. Auicena saith, that amongst outward signes of this disease, if the patient sicke of the Collicke haue certaine small whelks or pustles arising vpon his belly, about the bignes of a beane, vlcerating and continuing aboue two daies, it is a signe the patient will die of the disease: Also when the Chollick doth not giue place to Glisters, Foments, Motions, Cata- plasmes, and such like good remedies: you may then with 2. Authority. Galen 12. Methodi Medendi, iudge that biting humors doe possesse the tunickles of the guts, but if the disease yeeld or giue way thereto, then the matter of the disease is contained in the cauity or hollownesse of the guts. [p. 238] The Collicke still continuing with vomiting, cold sweats, often sobbing or the hicket, and not giuing way to remedies administred, is deadly. A pestilentiall Collicke, or contagious Collicke, doth almost alway[s] kill. A Collick with feces voyding slimy substances, though an Apostume be in the greatest guts, yet it is curable. A Collicke proceeding of winde is easily cured. An easie or good breathing, or taking breath is a good signe in the patient that he may be cured, but difficult breathing sheweth the contrary.

The Cure. Method of the cure. The maner of curing the Collicke is effected by re- newing and taking away the cause, and then the paine vanisheth: But to remooue the cause, many things are to be put in practise, as preparing the humours euacuation, remission and resolution, all which require some long time, and therefore other meanes are first to be vsed to take away the paine, or at least to mittigate the Anodines first. same with Anodine medicines, and the due application of conuenient helps of warm and moist temperatures, which not helping, you must againe haue recourse to Narcoti- Narcoticall medicines call and Stupifying things, which indeed are not bo be v- if neede. sed, but in great extremities to giue the patient some present ease. Anodine medicines are to be administred so well inwardly as outwardly, as first inwardly, namely in glisters consisting of moist and fat substance, as the decoction of Chamomell, Dill, Linseed, Mellilot, Mallowes, Holli- hocke, Faenigreeke, Bayberries, or some of these, with one ounce of the new extract of Cassia, and some sugar, with II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 199

linseed oyle and butter administred. Outwardly, these are to be applied, eyther Vnctions, Cataplasmes, Fomentati- ons, Baths, or some such like conuenient medicines, as time and place best fitteth. [p. 239] But if these should not helpe, then in great extremities, you are to flie yet againe to Narcoticall or stupifying medicines, as namely Laudanum Paracelsi, which exceedeth all Narcoticis: or Philonium Romanum is also a good medicine: these are only to be vsed in causes proceeding of heat, and neuer of cold causes; for in cold causes that were rather to confirme the disease, and yet in the iudging whether the cause be hot or cold, sometimes a good Artist de- ceiueth himselfe. If the Collicke come of winde, then you must apply warme resoluing medicines, I meane dissoluing and dispersing medicines. ______

Notes to be considered of the Surgion in beginning the Cure of the Collicke. 1. First, whilest the meat is yet crude in the gut, I meane A caueat. before it be digested and turned into excrement, no loosing medicines are to be ministred, but rather a small and spare diet, and in the beginning to begin with mollifying glisters, and then afterwards to proceede with more Glisters and vomits. sharpe and stronger. But before all things, if the patient haue a full stomack, and withall queasie, after a glister, then a vomit is principally to be administred. 2. Repletion or ouer-fulnesse, as well as too much fasting is to be auoided. 3. Thirdly, no Agarick is to be vsed in any of your medicines for the Collicke, because that cleaueth to the guts, Beware of Agaricum. and bringeth most terrible paine and torsions, yet Stokinus a learned Germane writer, doth highly extoll the same to be put in Glisters to giue present ease. 4. Fourthly, you must by cordials haue a care to preserue the Liuer, heart, and head, least they be hurt or offended by the vapors, and ouer much heat of the oyntments ca- [p. 240] taplasmes, and fomentations which are vsually applied to the parts agreeued. 5. Fiftly, in the beginning ouer vehement warmings are A caveat. to be auoided, especially, if the Collicke proceed of the dry feces; for thereby they be the more dried. 6. Sixtly, cold water is to be auoyded, and not any waies A second caueat. to be permitted to be vsed to quench thirst withall, but rather let the patient vse some stewed prunes, Iewlip of Vi- olets, conserues, and such like; or a barly water, with a few drops of oyle of Vitrioll and some licoras are good. Specificall things that cure the Collicke are very many, as horse-dung drunke in wine, hares dung or hennedung drunke in Oxicratium, where such may be had. Also the Specificall remedies. pouder of Harts horne, corrall, cockell shels burnt, or 200 The Surgions Mate

swines hoofes burnt or Calcined till they be white, and such like, according to the diuersity of the causes. Further in the particular cures of this disease, there are very many things obserued by the learned Phisitians, according to the diuersitie of the causes, which were too much to trouble the Surgeons mate withall at this present, as the ayre, diet, and diuers other good helps to the cure of this greefe, which cannot be obserued at sea, onely fish and water- foules are to be auoided as much as may be. The Care. To cure the Collicke which commeth by meanes of the feces remaining, and being dried vp, which happeneth most commonly at the Sea in long voyages, and especially in hot countries: there are three sundry intentions to be ovserued. The first, to mollifie the feces, and supple the guts. Secondly, In Euacuating, to discharge the belly. Thirdly, to remoue or take away the cause of exsiccation, or drying vp of the feces or excrements. The first is performed with glisters made of common oyle and butter, with the decoction of Mallowes, Violets, Beetes, &c. and by drinking oyle of sweet almonds, or a decoction of Polypodium. The second thing which doth bring forth the mollified [p. 241] feces or excrements is Cassia fistula, or Manna, or Diaphe- nicon or Hiera, or sharpe glisters. The third intention curatiue, if it could be attained to at Sea, were to remoue first the externall causes of the disease; as ouerwarme ayre, ouersalted dry meates, and small quantity of foode, fasting, watching, melancholy, and the like, and inwardly to helpe the weakenesse of the expulsiue faculty, with Treakle, Mithridate, Conserua rosarum; or the like cordiall helps, helping also the expulsiue facultie with glisters and such like good things: For further inward remedies you may vse the aforesaid glisters, or halfe a drachme or drachmam j. of Sulphur viuum drunke in good warme wine, and the belly well applied with warme clothes helpeth somewhat. Item, Carawaie seedes made warme in wine, but not boyled therein, being drunke helpeth. Item, a glister made of Sope and Hony is a present remedy. Item, a bagge stuffed with branne and made very warm sprinkled a little with vineger, and applied to the belly is good. Item, Goates milke, or other milke, boyled with hony, and applied to the belly with a spunge, or cloth warme, in manner of a foment, healeth the Collicke, and driueth a- way wormes, and ceaseth the paine. Item, the gall of a bullocke, Salgemm, Aloes, common oyle, ana partes equales, mingle them, and make an oyntment thereof, wherewith annoint the fundament before the fire, that loseth the belly, and bringeth forth the hard feces. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 201

Tenasmus. Tenesmus or Tenasmus, as Hypocrates calleth it in his The definition of Tenasmus sixth Aphorisme and in the seuenth booke, is a disease, intention, or straining about the right gut called intestinum rectum, being opilate or stopped, and of some English wri- [p. 242] ters it is called Costiuenesse. This disease as Galen saith in his second booke De methodo medendi is when a man hath an extraordinary prouocation, lust, or desire, and a vehement straining to go to the stoole, but cannot voide anything at all, except sometimes some small quantity of slimy matter, which now and then is mixed with bloud, or a bloudy substance, and the extraordinary desire of egestion or going to the stoole not ceasing. The causes of Tenasmus This disease proceedeth of diuers causes and accidents, outward and inward. both outwardly, and inwardly. Outwardly by cold, comming accidentally to the hin- Outward as Colde. der parts, or arsegut, as the long sitting vpon a cold stone, Heat. vpon iron, a bord, vpon the cold ground, or any hard Drought. thing, whereby the Sphincture, or round muscle compassing the straight gut is pressed, or brused. It commeth al- A corrupt aire. so by intemperate heate, and drought, and corruptnesse Bathing in cold water. of the aire and weather: sometimes by long bathing in Narcoticall oyntments. cold water, and sometimes by much vsing narcoticall ointments, and such like. Also inwardly this disease procee- Inward as salt humors. deth of salt biting humors abounding throughout the whole body of man: also by meanes of some hot or colde Impostume; or after a Disenterie; or Fluxe; whereas some chollericke matter remaineth behinde in the right- gut yet vneuacuated. And sometimes it happeneth here in our Countrie, as some English Writers affirme, by little drinking of beere or ale, and sometimes it commeth by Too much drinking of wine. drinking too much wine, and by eating of costiue meats, and superabundance of choler adust. This disease is of Nature of Tenasmus. the nature, or disposition of a disenterie of Fluxe, but that the Disenterie paineth the Patient with grieuous tortions through all the guts, but Tenasmus paineth the Patient v- sually in the right-gut only, as appeareth by Galen in his Gal. de causis & sympt. third booke De causis Simptomat. And Traianus in his vj. lib. 3.; Traian. cap. 8. lib. 6.122 Chapter, and viij booke, who affirmeth the same, saying, The signes of Tenasmus. Tenasmus recti intestini est effectus etc. The signes and tokens of this disease are chiefly to bee knowne by the Pati- ents relation of the temperature of the body, slender diet, [p. 243] and egestions, whether it be hard or costiue, or else thinne or liquid. The paine described. In Tenasmus the paine doth not ascend so high as the nauell, but is chiefly felt with heate, pricking, and burning with a desire of egestion in the end of the sphincture, the Another signe. excrements being of a yellowish coulor in young men (like their starching now adaies) but in old persons the ex-

122 description of chapter and book are wrong, it must be called: Lib. 8, cap. 6 202 The Surgions Mate

crements are of more pituosish slimie and bloudie substance. If the disease proceede of an Impostume, the Patient will feele a continuall paine, and the more augmented and grieuous when he goeth to the stoole.

Prognostica. Necessary obseruations. Tenasmus after a Disenterie is most harde to bee cured. Tenasmus in a woman with childe causeth oftentimes abortion, sobbing, yexing, or the hickoke is very pernitious, and betokeneth much drinesse. Tenasmus long continuing, bringeth the Collica and Illiaca Passions: Sounding and diseases of the head. Tenasmus is not numbred amongst long nor sharpe diseases, for that it is soone cured, and if the Patient do eate and drinke well there is no danger.

The cure. Tenasmus is cured by taking away the causes thereof, How to cure Tenasmus from whence it doth proceede, as if it come by outward proceeding from cold. cold, then let there bee applied to the Osepecken, and hippes warme, resoluing fomentations and applications, as bagges of millium with salt, being rosted or fried, or sackes with branne sodden in wine, or water, and so applied as hot as may be suffered, and the fundament and parts annointed with oiles of Rew, Lillies, Bayes, Vnguentum martiatum and such like: Alexander in his 6. Chap: and 8. [p. 244] booke saith, Tenasmus is cured with foments of Faenigreke and the roots of Altheae, being boiled and iniected into the belly, and also the Patients hinder parts well suffumi- gated with the same decoction, the Patient being compassed about close with clothes, and so set ouer it, and then the fundament afterward annointed with oyle of Roses, fresh-butter, or goose-grease, with wax dissolued, Beares and Capons-grease and such like. Item, A fume of Frankensence and pitch, being cast vpon burning coales, and the Patient set close ouer the fume, helpeth presently. Item, To giue present ease to that paine, let two bags be filled with wheaten-branne, and steeped in boyling vineger, and the Patient to sit thereon so hot as may be suffered, and to change them continually, as the one cooleth to take another. Note that in this disease of Tenasmus, no colde things are to be applied at all. A speciall instruction in Item such glisters as are vsed in this disease should not administring a glister for exceede halfe a pound, and the glister-pipe to be put into Tenasmus. the gut not aboue two fingers bredth at the most in length within the gut.

Concerning exitus, uel progressus, uel procidentia Ani, in En- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 203

glish, the falling of the fundament. This disease for the most part is accidentall to our nation in hot countries, and that cheefely after or in the time of a great fluxe of bloud or humours, although it is manifest it also happeneth in all countries and places, both Children more subject to young and olde, but cheefely to children vpon diuers to this disease then seuerall occasions, which I list not heere to amplifie, ha- old people. uing no intent to set out my worke in painted phrases, for I would onely arme the Surgeons Mate how to proceede in the cure therof at sea, and yet I know the same will take good effect also at land where that disease happeneth. [p. 245] The Causes. Cause of the falling of The causes of this greefe are too many to bee named, the fundament. the signe thereof is manifest, that it is a resolution or a relaxation of the muscles of those parts: whereby the gut slippeth or slideth downe lower then the naturall place therof, namely out of the body. The cure of this greefe is for the most part short, and likewise if the patient at sea be carefull & goe not out to the shrowdes or Beak-head of the ship to stoole, neither in going force the expulsiue vertue of his body ouermuch, it will not easily fall downe againe. The Cure. It is cured as followeth, namely at the first going out, vse no other remedie then a warme soft clowt and thy hands, and gently returne it into his due place, and let the party after it is reduced, sit on a hot board, or haue a very hot napkin doubled and applied to his fundament, and The Cure if it proceed another to his belly: but whereas this disease for the most of the fluxes of the belly. part proceedeth from the fluxes of the belly, in such cases you must proceede to the cure of such fluxes, and that effected, you shall heare no more of this accident, but if it The Cure if it vseth vsually fall out, it is the more dangerous, then you may often to fall downe. proceede as followeth, set the party ouer a close-stoole, and fume the place as warme as hee can suffer it, with a fume of Thus, masticke, amber, rosin or pitch, or any one of these, and being fumed well and very warme, bestrew the gut fallen downe with Album Grecum well powdered, and fine, for this is precious though a homely medicine, but therewith this disease is cured, and many other infirmities also, but there is a great care to bee had to the pow- dering and well searsing of the same, for that it is often full of sharpe peeces of bones very dangerous: I say there- The putting of it vp. fore this being carefully prepared, and applied with The Patients help warme soft clowts and warmed hands put it vp, and let the required. party as it were endeauour to draw in his breath in the doing therof, for it will with ease be brought vp: & being [p. 246] thus put vp into his place it falleth not easily out againe, the same effect hath burned Harts-horne powdered, or a- ny other hard bones burned into white powder, are very good, powder of Gall apples or Gals is thereto a good medicine strewed on as the former, Pomegranate Pils pow- 204 The Surgions Mate

dered doth the like, and Balausties or Sumach is also A Fomentation. good, being powdered and strewed thereon. Also a fomentation very warme of stiptick drying things are good, as for example. Rp. fresh water, heat and quench pec- ces of iron or steele often therein, if it can conueniently be done: if not, only faire water, a conuenient quantity about a quart, boyle therin the quantity of one large Gall, put to it a little Allum about drachmas ij. a little Succus Acatiae some unciam ß or lesse, cynamon if it may be had unciam ß. or pomegranate rindes drachmam j. if you haue them, or Baulausties a little, and therewith foment well the part, and after fomentation let it be very gently put vp to his place, but French wine or Aligant were better then water for the fomentati- A speciall caution. on. Further, haue a great care that whatsoeuer you vse by way of fomenting or otherwise, each thing be actually very warme you apply, or they will endanger him. It will likewise not be amisse, if you adde a little good Aqua vitae or Rosa solis to your fomentation after it is boyled, especially if your decoction be water. Beane flowre is also good to strew thereon when you goe to put it vp, but Album Grecum is the best thing you can vse, masticke in powder is also a very good medicine to strew thereon, vse as little force, as may be, in putting it vp, and haue euer ready a Chaffendish with fire, when you goe about that worke, to The Patients helpe very warme clowts, and your hands also. And if you finde it needfull and profitable difficult to be reduced, let the pasty be set on his head and to himselfe. hands, with his legges abroad, and it will helpe somewhat, but beware hee stand not so too long, but rather let him rest and beginne againe, or kneeling on his knees and el- bowes is also good, onely let him remember that he draw Let the patient beware. in his breath, as I haue said, for that auaileth much, and let him not seeke to close or draw together his fundament as [p. 247] little as he can, till the gut be reduced to his place. If vpon How to preuent it in occasion of the flixe you bee constrained to vse conforta- the time of the flix tiue or restringent glisters, which also your Laudanum afflicting. you shall not neede to feare, but it will keep vp: or if these things helpe nothing, I feare he ist hardly to be cured, but they haue neuer failed me, and so I conclude to the honor of the Almighty concerning this disease.

Of the Callenture. What the Callenture is. The Callenture by all my experience, or what I can gather from others, is no other thing then a contagious feuor, for the most part suddenly assaulting Sea-men, The quality of it. sometimes it is with paroxismes, sometimes continuall, and hath fits hot and colde in some, and that very violent, euen to the losse of sences and life also.

The Causes. The causes thereof. The Causes thereof are diuers, as namely the intemperature of the Climate, or degree of the world causing II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 205

an euill habit in the bodies of men, when they come in- to such contagious aires, The euill nutriment the Sailers haue at sea strong obstructions, the abuse of them selues in diet and customes, and diuers other reasons too long to insist vpon.

The signes. The Signes. To be breefe, the signes are a strong feuor, a generall and sudden distemper of times, both of body and minde at one instant, or an inclination thereto.

The Cure. The curation whereon The Cure consisteth cheefly in cordials, Alexipharma- it consisteth. cons or preseruatiues, that the animall, vitall, and na- [p. 248] turall parts may be defended from the venomous danger of the disease in euacuation, and in regiment of diet, all these being as sodainely put in practise as time will serue, the disease being sodaine and fierce in it selfe.

Of Cordials. A Cordiall potion A Present Cordiall medicine fitting to be giuen in the for the Callenture. Callenture is Venice Treakell or Mithridate scrupulum j. or London Treakle, or Diatesseron drachmam ß with Sirupe Limoni- orum unciam j. Plantane water or faire water, uncias iij. oyle of Vitrioll six drops, or so much as to make the drinke tart, and one hower or two houres after giue him another dose thereof, and foorthwith also let him haue suppository or glister giuen him, and so soone as he hath had one stoole therwith, let him bloud reasonable largely if his strength will beare it, let him also haue for his diet no other thing for two or three daies but thin broathes, pannadaes or the like, and if it be thought fit to take it, after the suppository, a glister were not amisse to bee giuen him, namely a decoction of march mallow roots in water, adding in the end of the decoction of salniter drachmas iiij. of species Hierae drachmas ij. Oleum Sam- bucae uncias ij. these will coole him well and clense him. And if further neede of purging be, giue him a dose of Aquilla Laxatiua or Aquilla uitae, a dose, which in this disease hath been approoued very good. The Aquilla Laxatiua is vsually giuen in Plantane or faire water uncias iij with syrupe of violets or lemmons unciam j. the Aquilla vitae with Conserua Rosarum, with Diatesseron, Li- quorice powder or alone. If you see these courses reasona- bly put in practise, doe not giue content. I meane the body being open, then in the name of God giue him a dose of Laudanum, you shall finde it often to procure perfect His ordinary drinke what health without further help. For his drinke let him haue a it must be, and of what decoction of French or common Barley, whereunto so it is made. much Liquorice, or Succus Liquoricae may be added, as to make it of a gratefull taste, as also for the smell, a small [p. 249] quantity of Rose or other vineger, & Rose water a little, & 206 The Surgions Mate

therto so much oyle of Vitriol, as to giue it a taste somwhat tart, but not too much: Sirupe or iuyce of lemmons is also very fitting to bee put thereto if it bee to bee had in any plenty. But let mee aduise the Surgeons Mate in all the Good Surgeon take precedent courses, that he vse good discretion and mode- notice. ration, for ouer purging, bleeding, and much thin diet will be very dangerous at sea, and will surely turne your Two principall obseruations. patient into the Scuruy: For note this for a generall rule, that almost euery sicknesse at sea ends in the Scuruy, and 1. the Scuruy oft times vnlades her selfe by a flux with death 2. attending thereon, without Gods mercy, and the Christi- By Gods mercy miseries an commiseration, diligence and skilfull hand of the Sur- are preuented, and geons Mate, which that he may the better be ena- art in curing blessed. bled in all difficult cases to practise and performe his duty, the God of all glory assist him with his grace. Amen.

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[p. 250] A TREATISE OF SALT in generall: And first of the Antiquity thereof.

Salt sure in vegetables. Salt was created with the world in the beginning, for that it is easie to be prooued, that neither hearbe, bud, nor tree whatsoeuer groweth, which containeth not in it selfe a proper and peculiar Salt, which is easily and apparently by art to be separated from the other substances thereof, and through the wonderfull prouidence of our Almighty Creatour, each Health from salt by Gods salt hath some needefull vertue contained in it for the be- prouidence. nefit of his creatures. A further testimony of his antiquity, the sea which tooke his beginning, as Scriptures testi- Scriptures testifie. fie, before mankinde, doth produce the substance thereof The sea and all creatures being wholly salt. And not onely the sea, but also all o- containe salt. ther creatures of God whatsoeuer vnder the whole heauens, whether they doe consist of Animall, Vegetable or Minerall parts, cannot, nor euer did subsist without a naturall inbred salt in them, whose nourishment and increase proceedeth from the earth, water, or aire, where the sayd creature breedeth and groweth. Therefore since it chal- lengeth a place with the most ancient and first creation of all things, I neede vse no more demonstrations, but conclude, that the Antiquitie thereof, is as vndeniable, and as cleere, as the sunne-shine is at mid-day: thus much of the Antiquitie thereof. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 207

[p. 251/271]123 Of the kindes and difference of Salt. To intreat of all the kindes and differences of Salt, is a worke so difficult and long, that no man whatsoeuer Friuolous to write of in the whole time of this short life, can make sufficient re- all salts. lation thereof, wherefore to auoid tediousnes, I will take a shorter course: namely, I meane to doe somthing therein, and leaue the rest for others of better capacity; that shall come after. Note therefore that there are three kindes of Three kinds of salt. Salts in generall, to wit, animall salt, vegitable Salt, and minerall Salt, and ere I digresse or goe any further, let me interpret my selfe in plaine tearmes, to young practitioners in Art, whom alone I desire to benefit. The animal salt is vnderstood to be that salt which pro- The three salts ceedeth from creatures that beare life, and haue sence and explaned. feeling, or moouing, whatsoeuer, vnder which are comprehended all beasts, fish, foule, and worme, &c. vnder the name of vegetable salts, are comprehended the salts of trees and hearbs, and whatsoeuer else may grow by sow- ing or planting, or any other industry of man, as well the seed as the fruit, or the plant it selfe, or any part thereof. And vnder the name of minerall salt is comprehended the salts of all mettals, as of Saturne, Iupiter, Mars, Sol, Venus, Mercurius or Luna: as also the salts of all stones, with also all earths and their iuices and extractions, as likewise all other Minerall and Terrestriall salts whatsoeuer, without name. Thus much in breefe for explaning the three principall kinds of Salts, each of which haue a three-fold seuerall substance contained in them, viz: A volatile salt, a fixed salt, and a Caput mortuum, named also Terra Damnata, otherwise it may be tearmed to containe a Flegme, a spirit, an oyle, which againe is called, Sal, Sulphur, and Mercury, each deuidable, plainly, and easily by Art: Some may heere obiect, they will draw more then three substances, each being a good medicine from any one subiect, eyther [p. 272] Animall , Vegetable, or Minerall, as for an instance from Mercury, you may extract infinite seuerall medicines, inwardly, & outwardly seruiceable, as namely you may haue from Mercury Laxatiue, Vomitiue, Diaphoretick, Diaure- ticke, cordiall, preseruatiue, and sundry other needfull medicines to be ministred with great safety & comfort to the diseased, as elsewhere of Mercury is notes: which speech may seem very strange to some that all these, yea & many more varieties & diuersities are found in any one mineral: Answer. but though one substance make many medicines, yet it confoundeth nothing the tria principia, for euey medicine is not one principall, neither is there any principall tied to make but one medicine. But to returne being digressed, I say the kinds of mineral salts vsed at tables & for seasoning

123 The page numbers directly change from 250 to 271 without loss of text. 208 The Surgions Mate

Salts good in meates meates, are to be esteemed three in number: one kinde is are of three sorts. the Bay or Sea salt, dryed meerely from salt sea-water by the heat of the Sunne. The second sort is that salt which we haue from the Sea coast, or from salt springs at home, made by decoction. The third is the salt that groweth concrete, hard and pure in the bowels of the earth, such is the Sal Gemm, and this last is held the best, both in meate and medicine, it is in colour like Christall transparent, and groweth in great quantity in Polonia, neere the City of Cracouia.

Of the necessity of salt, and of the generall utilities thereof. The necessity of Salt No one thing which the Almighty Creator hath made in all things. for mans vse, excelleth Salt: as well for the sundry and most necessary vses it hath, as also for the aboundant vertues thereof, without the which, nothing which is created vnder the sunne, as is said, could subsist in his kinde, beauty or vigor, as for example, man the excellentest of Example. Gods creatures, without salt presently putrifieth, or at the least falleth into some extreame disease, yea small distemper in the Animal salt of man is able to kill the strongest man, which the simplest may in his owne reason compre- [p. 273] hend and know. And who liueth which at some time or other hath not tasted his owne bloud, eyther from his How to discerne salt gums or his nose bleeding, or otherwise, whereby he is a- in man. ble to affirme the same bloud to be salt. I thinke none will deny it, but if any will be so simple or obstinate, then let him taste his owne vrine, and there questionles hee need not doubt to finde it salt: but without contradiction, the whole masse of mans body is full of salt, and if thou wilt not by all this reason be perswaded to beleeue it, then search artificially, and thou shalt finde, yea two kindes of salt in mans bloud, and so in all other creatures which beare life and haue bloud as well as man, namely a Vola- tiue salt, and a fixed salt, which salt I say wanting in the body, that liuing creature which wanteth it presently putri- Certaine euils befalling fieth. Some also wee see that by a salt rheume in their man wanting salt. eyes lose their sights, some by a sharpe saltnes in the vrine, dangerous accidents ensue: some fall into the Scuruy, some haue the dropsie, some the Leprosie, with infinite o- ther the like offences hapning by the distemper or want of the Animall salt: the examples are very common: Nihil sale & sole corporibus hominum utilius, saith Paracelsus; nothing is more profitable for mans body, then the Sunne Salt preserveth and salt. It is the most precious Balsam for mans life in from putrifaction. health, it maintaineth health and keepeth mans foode from putrefaction in sicknesse, sores and aches, few medicines to be compared to it: Minerall salt being brought to an examen in the fire, first from it is by Art exhausted a thin Minerall Phlegma, called the Mercury or fleagme thereof: which past, then there ariseth a most fragrant spirit which openeth minerall bodies, and breaketh vp gold and II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 209

siluer to make them potable, or otherwise according to the will of the discreet Artist, in which spirits is comprehended the cheefe medicine: the residence whereof, containeth the fixed salt, & the feces thereof: the feces are meerely good for no vse at all, that I know, and therfore of chi- mists are called Terra Damnata. Paracelsus speaking of the necessary vses of common minerall salt affirmeth it to be [p. 274] the true correcter of all kinds of meates, and saith further, that meat, though being of meane nutriment, yet if it bee well salted, nourisheth much: for hee is of opinion, that whatsoeuer meat is eyther eaten without salt, or but mean- ly salted, turneth for the most part to the offence of man, and breedeth diseases, as the falling sicknesse and other Salt helpeth digestion, great greefes: for, saith he, salt mightily helpeth digestion, and comforteth. and concoction, and likewise comforteth all the faculties of mans body, it is the Balsam of the earth, wherby mens bodies are preserued aliue, and so of all creatures which Salt the Balsamum conteyne bloud in them, yea and all insensible Creatures of the earth. also, as Vegetables and Mineralls haue their peculiar salt, which keepeth them in their vigor & strength from common p utrefaction. Josephus Quercitanus affirmeth salt to be a spur to all medicines, both outward and inward, with which it is mixed, stirring them vp and quickning them, the better to performe their offices, and the longer to retaine their vertues, by preseruing them from outward putrefaction of the ayre.

Temperature of salt in generall. The temperament Common salt by the most opinions of the learned wri- of common salt. ters is hot and dry, some affirme in the second degree, some in the third, this being spoken concerning common salt as it is vsed in meat and medicine without any further preparation: but let no man attribute to all salts one temperament, which I suppose none which is discreet will, because then he should mistake himselfe; for without al con- Diuers salts diversly tradiction, no temperature can be named, but some salt qualified. may easily be proued of the same temperature, wherefore is is said concerning ordinary salts for meat vsed, whether they come from the Sea, or from salt water by decoction, or from the ground without mans Art as salt Gemm doth, or from the salt springs within the land, as our Worcester shire salt doth: yet all those haue no manifest differences in their temperature, but may be said to be hot and dry, [p. 275] and yet according to the strength of them, they may one exceed another more or lesse in degree. But salt-Peeter which is of excellent vse for medicine, as also for very many needfull occasions otherwise, whose The quality of substance and qualities are wonderfull being considered, Salt-peeter. yet it is apparent that the temperament thereof is cold by the effects, for it doth coole the violent boyling of the bloud, no otherwise then if a man should coole fire with The substance of water, and yet his chiefest substance is spirituall, volatile, 210 The Surgions Mate

Salt-peeter. and combustible, if it be pure: but in truth all mineralls shew themselues in operation to be specificall, and not truly to be distinguished by their heat or cold, & as for the spirit of common salt, the medicinall effects thereof are cooling the bloud, quenching thirst, coroborating and refreshing the stomack, &c. the taste thereof being almost like the oyle of Vitrioll, or rather like good iuice of Lemons. Further, the salts of animal and vegetable creatures may very well be said to haue their seuerall temperaments and differences, each according to his owe kinde, as the salt of wormwood is esteemed hot and dry like the hearb, and so of many other hearbs in like manner may be vnderstood.

Somewhat of the healing vertues of common Salt. Common sea salt, boyled in the strongest beere to the consumption of three parts of the same beere and be- Good for the Gout. ing made salt as Brine, is an excellent bath to ease the pains of the gout, as my selfe haue proued often. It is also good to cure the Serpigo of the hands, Tetters of hard curation. Serpigo. Paracelsus speaking of the vertues of salt, saith as followeth. Tetters. All those which are vexed with any disease, proceeding of grosse crudity, or vnnaturall humidity, as rheumes, itch, scurfe, ring-worms, or the like noysome greefes: let them make a bath of common sea salt, and strong beere boyled together to a third part, and as warme as they can possible indure it, sit in it and sweat therein, and after go to a warm [p. 276] bed and sweat againe, and doing so sundry times, they shall feele helpe thereby. I haue credit by it when diuers greater medicines haue failed me, especially in the Good for cold aches. paines of the gout and other aches, I haue done much good with it. And further, it is so harmles a thing, that none need to feare the vse thereof: whereas many other kindes of bathing, although they be good in one kind, yet The body to be purged hurt in another, but this is meerely harmelesse to any, pro- before it be with a salt uided withall, before the vse of this bath, a due preparati- bath bathed. on and purgation of the body be thought vpon. Moreouer, this is an ordinary Lixiuium, made by expert Chirurgions, for the healing of Vlcers, which is Mun- dificatiue, Abstersiue, Discussiue, and very Sanatiue, performing much in Chirurgery, the chiefe ingrediences whereof is vegetable and minerall salts, made by decoction with vulnerary herbes in faire water to a iust consistence, this The vertues of this Lixiuium in Tumors, Vlcers, Fractures, Dislocations, as Lixiuium. also in great Contusions, Obstructions, Gangrenes, and many other like infirmities, is a most fure and ready medicine, the description whereof is set downe in the cure of Fractures. The Causticke stone Also the Causticke stone, called commonly Lapis In- is made of salt. fernalis, is no other thing, then meerely a Vegetable salt the vertues and making whereof, is not proper in this place to be spoken of, but shall in an other place be mentioned. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 211

Thus much at this time concerning common salt. ______

Of Vitrioll or Copperas in Generall: And first what is Vitrioll. Vitriole, called in Latine, Calcanthum, in English Cop- peras or Vitriole: but more commonly called Cop- peras, is a minerall salt, which for the worth and Vertues thereof doth farre excell many other kinds of salts, so that not without great reason, that worthy Theophrastus Para- [p. 277] celsus, who had truly anatomized that salt, affirmed and often repeated, that the fourth part of Phisicke was contained in this Minerall salt, from whence the same author also, not vnfitly, doth compare it to wood, of which diuers A comparison between formes may be formed, and diuers instruments also may Copperas and wood. be made for diuers operations and effects: for out of this salt many substances may be extracted and prepared, and many good medicines may be compounded, quite contrary in operation, and vtterly disagreeing in effects from The diuers vertues each other, as for example out of this Minerall salt, medi- of Copperas both cines of great efficacy may be made, as well in purging, as inward and outward. also sudoriferous or diaphoreticks, Cordialls, Anodines, Narcotick, Stupefactiue, Stipticke, Corosiue, Abstersiue, Repercussiue, Mundificatiue, and Sanatiue medicines, as also against the Epilepsie, or falling sicknesse and suffocati- ons of the Matrix, good medicines are to bee prepared thereof, and how these or some of them may be made by Art, and of their vertues, as time shall serue by Gods helpe I haue determined briefly to declare hereafter. But I confesse I am not able to discouer the fourth part of the great vertues of this worthy salt, for I daily meet with some new medicine therein worth the noting.

Of the different kindes of Vitrioll. Vitriole or Copperas we may haue heere in England of fixe, or at the least of fiue kindes, namely, Vitriolum veneris, or Copperas made of Copper, which in diseases of the head farre exceedeth others, as writers affirme, and this kinde may easily be prepared and cheape, as hereafter shall be set downe. The next thereto in vertue is that kinde of Copperas which growes in Hungaria, which to may knowledge wee cannot well haue in England, though some will affirme they haue of it. The third sort of Copperas that is praised is the Roman Vitrioll or Copperas, in place whereof we doe buy a kinde [p. 278] of blew Copperas in London, which is not the true Ro- man Vitrioll. The fourth kinde is brought from Gosler, a Towne in Germany neere to the City of Brunswicke. 212 The Surgions Mate

The fifth kinde is commonly brought from Dansk and is somewhat yellowish. The sixth and last, or worst, is our owne common Eng- lish Copperas. These are all the sorts ordinarily to bee bought. Though indeed many waies, and of many colours cop- Coppras of diuers colours. peras may be made, yea and of many substances, as well Animall Vegetable, as Mineral, which if time would serue, and that it were to the purpose, should be further shewed, but to bee short, the Copperas I would chuse for my vse, is that which commeth from Gosler in Germany, it is to be had in London, and is not dear, and is sufficiently good to draw a spirit or oyle from, or to make any medicine for in- What Coppras for outward vses, but for outward ordinary vses, the common sort ward vses best. of Copperas will serue well, and so it will doe reasonable well for oyle, but not yeeld so much. Note that the best Coppras as is said, is made of Cop- per, or of the Minerall of Copper. Note further that all copper and brasse will wholly be conuerted into Coppras, yea and turne againe into his owne first substance, namely into copper or brasse againe, though with losse. Also iron and siluer will make good Coppras, so will diuers sorts of stones and earths be conuerted into good Coppras, and springs neere Copper mines they doe make Coppras of, much after the manner that salt peeter is made.

The way to make Vitriolum Veneris, or Coppras of Copper, is as followeth. Rp. Thin plates, or rather filings of copper, what quantity you please, and Brimstone of each a like quant- tity, powder the Brimstone, and mixe it with the Copper, put these into an earthen pan vnglazed, and place them in [p. 279] a Char-cole fire in a Chimny, and let them gently heat together till the Brimstone take fire. Then with an iron stirre it a little to and fro till all the brimstone bee consumed: then take it from the fire, and being cold, cast it into a gallon or lesse quantity of faire water, and it will make the water greene, and in taste like Coppras, poure off that greene water, filter and keepe it, and set the same Copper to be made drie againe on the fire, which done, mixe it with more Brimstone, and burne it, and quench it as before, continuing such worke, till all the copper bee consumed and turned into a pleasant blew or greene water: then mixe and boyle the waters till halfe or more be consumed, and set them to coole, and being cold, if it be sufficiently A note of the true height boyled, you shall finde Coppras therein; if not, boyle it of the decoction. more, and the Coppras will appeare: then take away the said Coppras which you finde, and lay it to dry, and boile the remainer of the water againe, and there will be more Coppras: take still the Coppras each time out, laying it to dry, and doing so till all be made into Coppras. This is the best kinde of Coppras, it is in colour of a pleasant II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 213

blew, and is easily to be made, and will yeeld a good quantity, namely one pound of copper, if it be artificially prepared, will make three pounds of Coppras.

Of Phlegma Uitriole, or of the first water drawne from Coppras. The rules in this worke. Phlegma Vitrioli is made as followeth: Rp. Coppras, put it into an alimbecke, and place it according to Art in the highest degree of B[alneum] M[ariae] namely in a boyling water, drawing thereby from it all the humidity which by B[alneum] M[ariae] will be exhausted, prouided you fill your alimbecke but 2. third parts full of Coppras, when ye put it to distill. This The vertues of Phlegma liquor as Angelus Salus a late Italian writer affirmeth, is Vitrioli. good against paines of the head, proceeding of heat, namely the dose being two dragmes taken fasting for certaine daies together. It swageth also the burning and boyling [p. 280] of the bloud. It strengtheneth all the bowels. It confirmeth the braine weakened with superfluous heat by the daily vse thereof in the springtime, the stomacke being purged a littel before. Also it maketh a moist braine temperate. This first medicine of Coppras was by the Aunci- ents not knowne: my selfe I must confesse haue made no great vse of this medicine, onely I haue vsed it as cooling water against the heat of the stomacke, and sometimes The Author his experience haue found it good, as also to foment warme with it for a- thereof. ny sudden inflammation in any outward part of the body, due Euacuations first considered of. The said Author ascribeth many more vertues to this first Phlegma, or water of Coppras, which, for that I would be loth to wast time, I will not trouble the Reader with.

Of the preparation of the second water of Vitrioll, commonly called Spirit fo Vitrioll. Rules in the worke. This first recited water being well rectified, separated, and kept apart: then take the glasse, Alembeck mentioned, containing the Vitrioll, from out of the B[alneum] M[ariae] and place it in Arena, or a furnace with sand according to Art, the Vitrioll within being first made into fine pouder, and distill it therein so long till all the rest of the Humidity shal be drawn form it which the B[alneum] M[ariae] had not force to exhale. This second water, you shall perceiue to be a cleere and o- doriferous water, onely remember that thou force not the water ouer strongly, but doe it by a gentle fire. The effects. This liquor is good to purge the reynes: it appeaseth inward fretting and gnawing paines, taking one drachme thereof in the morning fasting with flesh broth. It also causeth store of vrine, & moderately prouoketh sweat. It ceaseth the inflammations proceeding of blows or stripes taken in warm broth, & mittigateth the paine therof, but if your fire be too strong, your liquor wil come ouer A Caution. so strong, that your dose must not exceed scrupulum j, at the most: 214 The Surgions Mate

wherfore be wary thereof, for a good medicine euill hand- [p. 281] led, may do much hurt, and so will this if you want iudgment to vse it. In times past they were wont to calcine Vi- How the Ancients trioll till it was red, whereby it was depriued, not onely of prepared this Vitrioll the first, but also of this his second moist and most sprirt- for the spirit. full substance, but that was vsed by them cheefely, when only they intended to prepare the sharpest spirit, or strongest oyle of Vitrioll, which strong oyle of Vitrioll hath all the vertues heereafter recited and many more.

The vertues of the strongest oyle of Uitrioll. It helpeth the infirmities of the lights, with the water of fennell or fumitory. It cutteth away the melancholly humors from the stomack, with Balm-water, and comforteth the stomack after a wonderfull maner, & doth defend the whole body from inward apostumes & inflammations, & therfore it is vsed with good successe in the pleuresie, as also in vulnerarie drinkes it is approoued good, for it attenuateth the bloud wonderfully, and defendeth the parts greeued from feare of Gangrene or putrefaction of the bloud. It conglutinateth ruptures as well of bones as veines, and doth exceedingly corroborate and comfort all the parts of mans body, and may well bee numbred as a principall amongst cordiall medicines. It is also a very It helpeth the Scuruy. good medicine not onely in preuenting the Scuruy taken inwardly, but also in the cure of the Scuruy many wayes, both inwardly taken with any comfortable wine, or with beere for neede, or to make a Beuerage therewith, and daily to vse it in small quantity, namely foure drops for a Callenture. dose. In the Callenture it excelleth all other medicines taken in Plantane, Sorrell, or any other good cooling water, or onely in faire water. Other conuenient courses iu- A Caution. diciously held, as namely to procure to the party by suppository, glister or potion some loosenesse of body, with also phlebotomie in due season, and quantity according to iudgement. And likewise obseruing that a dose of Laudanum is in [p. 282] such cases a fit helpe, laying the party to rest: a loosenesse of belly, I say, first had by nature or art. Moreouer, for the ouergrowings of the gummes in the Scuruy, Vitrioll or Coperas hath no fellow, namely, a strong decoction The gummes ouergrowen. of Vitrioll, with a little mell, or mell rosarum, and the gums after they are let bloud well rubbed therewith very hot, helpeth well. Also if a stronger lotion bee required, you may touch the rotten gummes warily once with the oyle it selfe, but beware you touch not the whole skinne with A Caution. the oyle recited or strong spirit, for if you onely but rubbe the teeth therewith, it is hurtfull, for it will offend and much decay them, although I confesse it maketh them white, I haue had the experience thereof, as well by making blacke teeth white, as also in lotions for the teeth: wherefore I know that the much vse thereof consumeth II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 215

the teeth, in vlcerations of the throat or mouth that resist Vlcerations of the mouth ordinary cure, by other good lotions vsuall, touch the vlce- and throat. rated part warily but once therwith, and then the vlcerations wil heale very fast afterwards with any ordinary medi- A Caution. cines & helps, remembring as cause shall require to vse due euacuations or phlebotomy. Also this strong spirit is good Inflammations of the for inflammations of the throat, namely against Squinan- throat. cie or Angina vsed certaine drops in a fit Gargarisme or Lotion, namely to make it somewhat sower, and then gargarize warme therewith, for it mightily quencheth inflammations, and tempereth well the bloud, and being likewise a little thereof giuen to drinke, namely, six drops A Caution. in such a case, it is much the better, alwayes remembring that all such diseases require loosenesse of the belly, and sometimes phlebotomie. Vlcers and fistula´s. Moroeuer in vlcers and fistula´s scarce a better medicine is found, to enlarge a strict orifice, remooue a callow, or truely to correct and prepare any inueterate vlcer to good healing, onely by touching it with lint on the end of a probe, thereby putting the medicine to the place where the cause is. This strong tart spirit or oyle of Vitrioll is al- Purging medicines. most generally in all purgatiue medicines, a notable cor- [p. 283] rectiue, and, as it were, a good helpe to them to doe their office, for it comforteth the whole body, and it giueth a gratefull taste almost to any medicine. It is also good to a weake stomacke oppressed with A bad appetite. phlegme or slime, and helpeth appetite taken in conserue of roses, it hath infinite other vertues too long heere to re- late, and indeed aboue my reach to search out. Pestilentiall feuers. There is no medicine more precious in pestilentiall feuors, then this strong oyle or spirit is, my selfe haue often vsed it to others in that case, and taken it my selfe with good successe. The true and vtmost dose is onely so much thereof, as may make the vehicle or medicine wherein you giue it somewhat sower, but not too tart, for no man can say iustly, giue fiue, six or seuen drops, for that one sort is fiue times stronger then another, but when either your purge or other medicine is ready to be administred, adde certain drops thereof to alter onely verie littel, the taste sower like, but in the Callenture, strong feuors, or pestilentiall feuors, a greater dose may well be taken, according to discretion iudgement but take this caueat for a fare-well in the vse thereof: note that if you put it into a medicine liquid, it will sinke downe to the bottome, so that when you giue it shake it, otherwise you may leaue the most of it in the glasse behind, and when you mix it with a quantitie of Barlie water or Iulep, whereof you intend to make manie doses, deceiue not your selfe, for if you neuer shake and stirre it, the last dose will be vnreasonable to be taken, and dangerous.

Of white Coperas. 216 The Surgions Mate

Whereof and how White Coperas is easilie made of other kinds of co- it is made. peras, it is generallie called Vitriol, or white Vitriol in English, as if it were worthy a higher or more particular name, or respect, when in truth, as white wax is made of yellow wax, by the bleaking it in the aire, and washing it [p.284] oft, so is white Coperas made of greene Coperas, and is White Coperas weeaker thereby, in my conceit, the weaker, onely the superflous then greene. humiditie is thereby euaporated, and it begetteth a new kinde and shape, in all lotions it may serue in place of the other kindes of coperas, but to draw spirits from, it is weaker then anie other coperas that I know. The vertues therof, for The cheefe vses I haue made thereof, is for Collyriums the eies excell any other or Lotions for the Infirmities of the eies, namelie, against medicine. itchings, akings, smartings, defluctions, and opthtalmia´s of the eies, wherein I finde it to exceede either Lapis Cala- The Salt is vomatiue. minaris, Tutia, or Camphire. The salt thereof maketh also a singular vomitiue medicine, which I first learned out of the daily practise of that worthie and famous Physician Dr. Peter Turner dwelling in St. Hellens, who highly commended it to mee, and I haue found it worthy his com- mendations in many great infirmities, the dose is from scrupulum ß to drachmam ß and to drachmas ij. it is safely giuen. The effects of the Salt are It may verie well bee taken in Betony-water with sugar, for the falling sicknesse or in want thereof, in faire water with Rose-water, one spoonefull. It is good against the falling sicknesse, and in diuers occasions of purging the head, also in feuors pro- Feuers. ceeding of crude and vndigested humors. It prouoketh Stomach appetite. One receipt of my experience for outward infirmities of the eyes, I will heere bestow vpon the Surgeons Mate made of white coperas, which is as followeth. Rp. A receit for the eies Vitriolum Album in powder drachmam j. one new laid egge, or ill-affected. sound egge, boile the egge hard, shell it, and cleaue it through, and take out the yolke, and in place thereof put the powder of coperas mentioned, and let it so remaine closed together two houres or more, then put it into a cleane soft ragge, being still so closed together, and straine it hard, and a water will come out which is greene in colour, keepe it in a glasse close stopped, and when occasion is, drop one drop or two at once into the greeued eye. It is good in many infirmities of the eyes, and it will keepe seuen yeeres without putrifying, It cureth all itchings smartings, immoderate rheumes, the Opthalmia´s in their [p. 285] beginnings, with many other infirmities happening to the eyes, and it strengthneth well the sight. Thus much for this time of white Vitrioll or Coperas.

Of Burnt Vitrioll. This is made as burnt allum is, of any sort of coperas, and is of great vse in Surgerie, namely, to abate spun- The vse of it. gie flesh in vlcers, and also in all restrictiue powder for staying of fluxes, and it helpeth well with other simples fitting to siccatrize, and also in Lotions and Gargarismes, II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 217

as is sayd, it is of good vse.

Of Liquor, or rather Mel Vitrioli. This Liquour, or rather honey prepared from Cope- ras, so called, because it is in thicknes and colour not vnlike honey; It is an excellent remedie against any la- The vertue. chrimous or weeping vlcers, or fistula´s, to stay defluxions of humours in them, for it is very astringent, and doth Whereof it is made. well fortifie a weake member, it is made of clacined Vitriol infused in spirit of wine, and the tincture of the coperas thereby drawen out, and then the spirit of wine euapora- Other Effects. ted per B[alneum] M[ariae] and so it is excellent for to cure rotten gums or any putred or corrasiue vlcers of the throat or mouth, or elsewhere, and hath many other speciall vertues, which when I set down the preparation and vse of my other chimicall medicines shall be further handled.

Of Colkethor or Dead-head. For want of time I heere come to the last medicine of Vitrioll ere I haue touched the fourth part. This Colkethor is of two different kindes, the one is from the The kindes. feces of Aqua fortis, and the other from coperas, after the strong oyle is extracted from it. The first is most in vse amongst Surgeons, and indeede is most forcible, be- [p. 286] cause therein is a great part of the fixed salt of Salt-peeter, and of Allum mixed with the coperas, it is a medicine a- stringent by reason of the coperas and allum, and abster- The force or effect siue by reason of the Salt-peeter, and therefore it is good of Colkethor. for to prepare stubborne vlcers to siccatrize. Thus for this time I conclude of Coperas.

Sal Absinthij. Salt of worme-wood is a cordiall medicine, and is very necessary in the Surgeons chest. It is very good against the heat of a burning & contagious feuor, drachmam ß. therof ta- The dose for a pestilent ken in a decoction of Sentaury best, or in Plantane, or feuer. faire water, to which for to amend the taste, you may adde sugar a little: giue the party at the least three doses of the medicine at seuerall times, and sweat thereon, you shall finde it an excellent helpe also in the dropsie or swellings The dose for the Dropsie. of the Scuruy, scrupulum j thereof giuen first and last on a peece of tosted bread for fiue daies together. It is good and fit to adde a few graines thereof into e- The quality. uery cordiall, for it is Diaphoreticke, Diaureticke and partly Laxatiue. It is a very good medicine against a quo- The dose for a Quotidian. tidian feuer, drachmam j. thereof taken in Sentaury-water, or rather in a deoction of Sentaury & sweat thereon. In all stop- Good for stopping of pings of vrine, it is a sure good medicine taken in wine. the vrinall passages. Thus much for this time for Sal Absinthij.

218 The Surgions Mate

Sal Gemmae. Search in the differences and kindes of common Salt for Sal Gemmae.

Sal Nitri. The purity. Is the Christalline salt purified from grosse Salt-peeter known to be pure by that it doth containe no common The Nature salt therein, being also wholly combustible of tempara- [p. 287] ment it is either hot or coole, as is plainly seene by his office and vertue: doe I say vertue? yea and vice both, I may say, for in truth for wounding and killing salt goeth bee- yond Mercury, this is the dangerous part of gun-powder, which giueth it the force of piercing to the heart, which God deliuer all Christians from feeling it, and accursed be Germane Monkes Europes that hellish Germane Monke which taught it first in Eu- Doctors. rope. This or Salt niter is either animall or vegitable, or Sal Nitri of two sorts. both, and may also not vnfitly bee tearmed minerall, growing in mines, and it is euery where, for euery creature liuing may bee sayd to haue a part thereof: man and The spacious Kingdome beast, I am sure hath a great part of it. It is a most medici- of Sal Nitri. nable subiect as any is in the world, and no man can liue without it, for our bloud and vrine hath it in it, yea, and our very excrements are mixed therewith, it is also in caues, in mountaines and plaines, and where not? But to leaue such discourse, whereto I haue not appointed this little time, I say, Sal niter in the Surgeons chest is The inward vertues of a worthy medicine, and the purer it is, the better it is for Sal Nitri. all vses: Touching the inward vses thereof, it is good a- gainst Hemoragia, or bleeding of a veine, whether it bee The dose for Hemoragie. by the nose, or any inward vaine of the body, taken drachmam j. dissolued in Plantane or faire water. Helpeth the Callenture. In the Callenture it is approoued good to coole the boyling of the bloud taken as aforesayd, the dose for a neede, if the heat bee great, may bee giuen euery foure houres, or the party may haue a barley water rather made, wherin two dragmes or more may be dissolued to drinke The dose. at will, it will not offend him, onely if hee take too great a dose at once it may cause him to vomit, but it will not hurt him. It is the best thing I doe know for the furring of the Clenseth the mouth mouth and the throat in feuors, the place gently washed furred, vsed in water. therewith dissolued in water, it presently bringeth away all the whitenesse & furring, without offence. It is not vn- The mouth clensed gratefull of taste: but so soone as you haue taken such fur- a Lotion needfull. ring away, I aduise that you haue readie some gentle sanatiue lotion to iniect, to take away the acrimonie therof, [p. 288] for it is abstergent, and yet without violence or danger, you may vse therefore the ordinary lotion one part, faire water two parts, and so iniect to cleanse the mouth after the vse thereof. I haue expressed other vses of Sal Niter proper in the cure of the Scuruy, to which I referre the Reader. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 219

C E R T A I N E P L A I N E Verses for the vse of young Sur- geons by the Author gathered, In praise of Salt.

Salt with the world did beginne, /whose end exceedeth time: In it lie hidden secrets rare, /which no tongue can define.

Our Sauiour his Disciples deere, /to salt did oft allude: Who by their blessed voices fill´d /the earth with spirituall food.

Salt many iewels farre exceedes, /salt guideth health and life: Salt Author is of all increase, /´gainst salt there is no strife.

Salt and his force, his place, his time, /his power in life and death: His choyce, his change, his actions strange /admire we may on earth. [p. 289] What liuing creature can want salt, /what plant or tree may grow: What mettal perfect doth endure /if salt it doe forgoe.

His severall kindes are infinite, /his vertues without number: His quantitie so large in all, /as to man seemes a wonder.

The aire, the earth, the Ocean deepe, /with salt are seasoned so: As wanting it fowle, beast, nor fish, /nor man could breath I know.

And for one instance doe but note, /in bloud what taste you finde: Note vrine eke how salt it is, /if it digresse not kinde.

Yea sweat and spittle though they be, / but excrements indeede, Haue store of salt, which thing we find /by nature to decreed.

The earth produceth salt in all / her creatures more and lesse: Yet different each in some degree, /experience doth confesse.

Both hot and colde, yea moist and dry, /is salt in temperament: Yea volatile and fix also /obseruing each intent.

Some sowre, some sweet, some sharp is found, /some bitter eke in taste: [p. 290] Yea liquid, solid corrasiue, /and purging salt thou hast.

All colours strange in salt are seene, /true healing therein stands: And poyson strong abounds in salt, /salt looseth mettals bands.

The spirit of salt makes liquid Sol, /and Luna at thy willL That potable they may be wrought, /a worke of worth and skill.

By salt are cured many greefes, /though hidden and profound, Yet the exceeding vse thereof, /is certainely vnfound.

Salt doth preserue the food of men, /that trauell farre by sea, 220 The Surgions Mate

And seasoneth well our meats at home, /which else would soone decay.

Of gaine that doth thereby arise, /all people haue a part: It maketh barren land beare fruit, /which cheeres the Plow-mans heart.

The Marchant is enricht thereby, /and all that fish in lakes: Great store of food is gain ´d by salt, /all things it sauory makes.

In Physicke and Chirurgerie, /it hath the greatest part: It doth containe an essence true, /which glads the fainting heart. [p. 291] It causeth appetite at neede, /it quencheth thirst at will: It ceaseth paine of raging gowts, /it feuors hot doth still.

Thereby are bleeding wounds made /and that without delay: Yea, sordid vlcers it makes sound, /and tumours takes away.

For meat and medicine there´s not oug´ /with salt compar´d may be. Wherefore Ile cease to praise a thing /aboue capacitie.

God grant we all may seasoned be, /with salt deuoyd of strife, That while we liue we may doe good, /and gaine eternall life.

______Sal metallorum, est lapis Philosophorum. ______

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[p. 292] O F S U L P H U R

Svlphur is generally taken for euery fatty, oilie, or any way combustible part of any Sulphur is taken in creature, whether it be Animall, Vegita- generall three manner ble, or Minerall, namely in Animall it of waies. comprehends Adeps, Axungia, Pinguedo, and what else is combustible. In Vegeta- bles it includes Rosine, Terebinthine, Gum, Oyle, Waxe, Vi- num Ardens, or Aquavitae. Touching Mineralls or Met- tals, it includes all sorts of Bitumens, with also the oyles of Metals, as of Gold, Siluer, Iron, or any other, together with all sorts of Brimstone. Also it comprehends all sorts of Minerall salts, I meane their Oiles, as the oyle of Vitriole, of Allome, or of common salt, &c. And further A speciall obseruation. it is to be considered, that euery Animall, Vegetable, or Minerall substance whatsoeuer, is said to containe his own Example. peculiar and different Sulphur, as for example, in wine or A generall rule. beere, or any other liquid thing vegetable, that spirituall part which is combustible, though it be liquid, is termed the Sulphur therof, viz. Aqua vitae is the Sulphurous part II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 221

of Wine, and so also of beere is to be vnderstood.

Of Sulphur in particular. Svlphur in particular is that vsuall Sulphur or Brimstone What it is. which with vs is common, of which Artists make diuers excellent medicines viz: Flos, Oleum, Lac, Arcanum, and Balsmum Sulphuris, as also Essentia Sulphuris, with many other profitable preparations. [p. 293] This Sulphur or Brimstone is tearmed the Balsam of The diuers impellations the Earth, of some others it is tearmed a Minerall Terbin- of Sulphur. thine, of other some a Rosin or Gum of the earth, and is plentifull in all the world, for if you but note for one The plenty of Sulphur. meane instance, the sea-coles, as we terme them, which we burne, euen they are full of Brimstone, whereby they kin- dle so soone, and burne so noysome, that were they not burned in Chimnies, none could liue and indure their sulphurous fume. As also the Turfes in some places vsed for fuell, and generally, all the earth is replenished with brimstone. Moreouer note, that there is no mettall, whatsoeuer it be as is said, but containes a naturall Sulphur in it, o- therwise it were not mettall, for intruth many of the ancient writers doe affirme that Sulphur is the Father of all Sulphur the Father of metalls, and notwithstanding all mettals containe a part mettals. of Brimstone or Sulphur in them; yet wee see Sulphur or Brimstone also to be an ordinary substance of it selfe without the helpe of any mettall to it. Further it is apparent that Sulphur or Brimstone is of many different kinds as is said, and thus much breefly of Sulphur or Brimstone.

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In praise of S U L P H U R or Brimstone. This Sulphur from the Horrid deepe, /dame Nature did ordaine A fearfull scourge for sinne to be /as Scripture doth explane. [p. 274/294] A taste whereof we may perceiue, /for his infernall fire Hath millions slaine in towne and field, /by Mars his furious ire.

Yet though it seeme most mercilesse, /our God will haue it so, That from the selfe-same subiect shall /great choice of medicines flow.

Yea it one chiefe mongst three is held / in all that liue and breath, And Vegitables it maintaines, /yet burne in Caues beneath.

A Father it is of Mineralls, /Philosophers say so, By help whereof they´re made concreat /from Chaos whence they grow.

The Sulphur that´s in Animals, /in fatnes cheefly stands, Each order be it good or bad, /is linck´t in Sulphurs bands. 222 The Surgions Mate

The Vegent Sulphurs many are, /each answering to his kinde, Some Gummy, Oylely, watery /and Ayry eke inclin´d.

Yea Suphur vini glads mans heart, /his courage it doth whet, And many a strong man it puls downe, /it can inebriate.

I meane the sulphrous spirits of wine, / sir Barly-corne also [p. 295] Hath shewed himselfe a man at Armes /each plow-man that doth know.

But to returne being wide digrest /from what I haue in hand, The minerall Sulphur was my scope, /well knowne at Sea and Land.

Which Brimstone crude gainst itches tri´d /in country and in towne, And to kill wormes in man and beast /is vs´d of euery clowne.

The oyle of Sulphur well prepar´d, /a iewell is of price: His balsam precious is also, /these are no new deuice.

The quintessence thereof is pure, /and cheeres each vitall part, Yea being prepared faithfully, /it doth reuiue the heart.

The flowres serue ´gainst pestilence, /´gainst Asthma and the Murre, ´Gainst Feauers and ´gainst P[e]urisies /to appetite a spurre.

Vnto the Lungs a Balsam ´tis, /the Collicke it doth cure, From falling sicknes it defends /and is both safe and sure.

In Phisicke and Chirurgerie /great helpe it doth produce, To him that hath it well prepar´d, /and rightyl knowes his vse. [p. 296] But Chimicke medicines are to fooles /like swords in mad mens hands, When they should aide, oft times do kill, /such hazard in them stands.

Let Surgeons mates to whom I write, /be warnd´d by me their friend, And not too rashly giue a Dose, /which then ´s too late to mend.

For many a good man leaues his life, /through errours of that kinde, Which I wish young men would auoid /and beare my words in minde.

Though Sulphur, Sal, and Mercurie, /haue healing medicines store, Yet know the´have poyson and can kill, /prepare them well therefore.

****************

II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 223

[p. 297] [Illustration 3: Alchemical illustration of mercury see p. 337] .

My shape and habit strange you see, /my actions best can witnesse me: About the world I take my way, /with Sol in circuit once a day.

From earth to skie with oft returnes, /from substance to a blast: From good to bad and good againe, /hence winged, I flye in hast.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: [p. 298] O F M E R C V R J E in Generall. Mercurie is generally taken by Chymists for one of the three principles whereof Mercurie commended each compleat creature is framed by na- and dispraysed. ture, and it is also the first which forsa- keth his fellowes, being assailed by Vul- cane, it is in truth a fugitiue and vagrant substance, which in the preparing of diuers simple medicines, is scarce to be esteemed worth the glasse which containes it, it being also the faintest and weakest part of the three, for performing any good thing of it selfe, yet if you passe higher in Art then to a simple worke, and that you would make a true essentiall medicine, in such a case it is worthy of equall respect with the rest: namely either with the Salt or Sulphures part of the medicine. It is of some Artists tearmed a Flegma, a water or a dew, as being the most watrish part of a medicine, it is so easie to be exhausted from his fellowes, that the very warmth of the Sunne will raise it, yea warme aire without fire or other helpe in some simples is sufficient to dry their humidity, though not alwaies wholly: but note this that all the humidity in A speciall obseruation. medicines is not to be tearmed Mercuriall or Mercury: for any humidity, though it be not oyly, yet if it be combustible, it is tearmed, Sulphurious, to wit, Aquavitae as is faide, euen so much thereof as will burne is held Sulphur vinj. Thus much of Mercury in generall. [p. 299] Of Mercury in particular. Mercury taken for Mercury is a special name which wise Philosophers of Quickesiluer. ancient time haue thought meet to grace quickesiluer withall, the reason whereof in my opinion was, for that quickesiluer is an vnstable or vncertaine Metalline substance fugitiue, and not well any way to be made fixe or faithfull, as triall will teach thee to know. And yet of Quickesiluer very medi- quicksiluer is made many seuerall sorts of medicines, each 224 The Surgions Mate

cinable. in their names and operations much differing, according to their vertues, seuerall vses, and effects which they per- Mercury sublimate forme: Sublimed Mercuy is called onely by the name of white Mercurie. Mercury, & by the vulgar speech, some call it white Mar- Whereof it is made. cury & Markry. This corosiue medicine is made of quicksiluer, salt, and the Colcother of Vitrioll only by sublimation or distilling them together with the quicksiluer, which The subtle quality of quicksiluer flieth vp to the top of the helme or head of the Quickesiluer. Still, together with the spirits of salt, leauing the substance of the salt, as also the Colcother in the bottome of the glasse which is therby said to be sublimed, yet neuertheles though it seeme easily to be made, let none attempt to make this medicine without good direction or experience, for there is no small danger in the working thereof, and yet it is a good medicine well vsed, and hath much helped the Surgeon in the outward cures of desperate diseases as namely fistulaes and rebellious vlcers.

Of Precipitate. How Precipitate is made. Precipitate is also Quick-siluer distilled in Aqua fortis, which by reason of the strong spirits contained in the said Aqua fortis or strong water, it is coloured red, or glistering, or yellowish, as experience sheweth, the vapors proceeding from this kind of preparation are also dangerous and so are the medicines made therewith beeing often without due respect administred, yea drachmam j of Praecipitate or [p. 300] more often Pill-wise. But some Artists, And againe, some others which would be esteemed more excellent for in- uention haue this medicine a littel remooued. And then they stile it Turbith minerall, attributing thereto the perfect cure of the Pox, perswading themselues none can doe like wonders to themselues, but they are children in vnderstanding, and know it not, onely they are opinionated The subtilty of Mercurie. and bold, and more often kill or spoile, then heale, as their consciences know; for Mercury is a fox, and will be too crafty for fooles, yea and will oft leaue them to their disgrace, when they relying vpon so vncertaine a medicine, promise health, and shall instead of healing make their Patient worse then before.

Of Sinaber. Sinaber which is vsed in fumes for the pox, is a deadly Whereof Sinabrium is medicine made halfe of quicksiluer, and halfe of brim- made, and the vse and stone by Art of fire: I meane by distillation. I know abuse thereof. the abuse of these three recited medicines hath done vnspeakeable harme in the common-wealth of England, and daily doth more and more, working the vtter infamy and destruction of many an innocent man, women, and child, which I would my wits or diligence knew to helpe; for euery horse-leech and bawd now vpon each trifle will procure a Mercuriall fluxe, yea many a pittifull one, wher- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 225

by diuers innocent people are dangerously deluded, yea perpetually defamed and ruinated both of their good names, goods, healths and liues, and that without remedy. Me thinks I could spend much time if I had it, euen in setting downe the good and bad things of quicksiluer, and yet I confesse I am too weake to describe the tenth part of his wonders. There are also from Mercury of late yet diuers other The medicines that good medicines in vse, which for their forces and vertues are made of Mercurie. are admirable, as namely Mercury water, which is made of sublimed Mercury, and called Lac Mercurij, Mercu- [p.301] rius dulcis, Mercurius vitae. There ist also both Diaphore- ticke Mercury, yea Diaureticke, Vomitiue, and Laxatiue medicines of diuers sorts out of Mercury both safe and good to be made, the preparations and vses of which, when time serues I meane to publish. ______::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Jn Laudem Mercurij: O R I N P R A IS E O F Quicksiluer or Mercurie.

Whereto shall I thy worth compare? /whose actions so admired are, No medicine knowne is like to thee, /in strength, in vertue and degree.

Thou to each Artist wise art found, /a secret rare, yea safe and sound: And valiantly thou plai´st thy part, /to cheere vp many a dolefull heart.

Yet makest thy patient seeme like death, /with vgly face, with stinking breath: But thou to health him soone restores, /although he haue a thousand sores.

The perfectst cure proceeds from thee, /for Pox, for Gout, for Leprosie, For scabs, for itch, of any sort, /These cures with thee are but a sport. [p. 302] Thou humors canst force to sublime, /and them throw down when thou seest time, Yea from each end diseases flie, /when thou art prest thy force to try.

Sweat to prouoke, thou goest before, /and urine thou canst moue good store, To vomit for diuersion best, /in purging downe thou guid´st the rest.

Mans body dry thou canst humeckt, /performing it with due respect, And being too moist thou mak´st it dry /who can that secret cause descry.

Quid non men terme thee, wot´s thou why? /thou canst be faithfull yet wilt lye: Thy temperament vnequall strange, /is euer subiect vnto change.

For thou art moist all men may see, /and thou art dry in th´highest degree: Thou´rt hot and cold euen when thou please, /and at thy will giu´st paine in ease.

226 The Surgions Mate

Yet thou hast faults, for I dare say, /thou heal´st and kilst men euery day, For which I will not thee excuse, /nor hold them wise that thee abuse.

But for my selfe I doe protest, /as trusty friend within my brest, Thy secrets rare most safe to hold, /esteeming them as finest gould.

And why? thou art the Surgeons friend, /his worke thou canst begin and end: [p. 303] For tumors cure, yea hot or cold, /thou art the best, be it new or old.

For recent wounds who knoweth thee, /hath got a peereles mysterie: A Causticke thou art strong and sure, /what calous flesh can thee indure?

In Maturation where t´is dew, /thou art the best I euer knew: For repercussion thou win´st praise, /by dissolution thou giu´st ease.

What´s virulent thou do´st defie, /and sordid Vlcers dost descry: Yea fistulaes profound and fell, /thou searchest out and curest well.

No vlcer can thy force indure, /for in digestion thou art sure: Mundification comes from thee, /and incarnation thou hast free.

To sigillate thou do´st not faile /and lest strange symptoms should assaile The greefe late heal´d, thou canst conuay, /th´offending cause an other way.

The Alchymist by Vulcan sought, /from volatile thee fixt t´haue wrought: But thou defiest his trumpery, /and changest him to beggery.

Had I but all thy healing Art, /it would so much aduance my heart, I should not doubt equall to be /in wealth to Lords of high degree. [p. 304] But from thy venemous vapours vile, /thy corosiue sting that bones defile, Thy noysome sauors full of paine, /God giue me grace free to remaine.

For when thou ragest Bird, nor Tree, /nor fish, nor fowle can withstand thee: What minerall so stout can say, /she can withstand thy force one day?

In Saturns brest thou seem´st to dwell, /by Iupiters foyle thou dost excell, Thou Lion like surprisest Mars, /rich Sol thou mak´st as pale as ash.

Thou Venus beauty canst allay, /thou Hydrarge dost Elipse Luna: And though thou seem´st to wrong all sixe, /not one without thee can be fixe.

Thou art their Mother, so saies Fame, /which giues them cause t´adore thy name: Ready thou art as women be, /to helpe poore men in misery.

Humble; to dust, and ashe at will /water and oyle from thee men still: Tost vp and downe in fire thou art /yet subtill Mercurie plaies his part.

Meeke as a Lambe, manly eake, /soft as the Wool, Tiger like: Millions in one, one in a Million, /Male and Female in thy pauillion.

Thou Hermaphrodite as Fathers know, /seeming solid, truely not so: [p. 305] Thoul´t be in all, none rests in thee, /thy boldnes brings Calamity. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 227

Thou Idoll of the Chymists ould, /who shall thy secrets all vnfould? Swift is thy tongue, none can thee stay, /when thou seem´st dead thour´t flowne away.

If thour´t in all things as men say, /daily produced and fled away, Vp to the skie, downe to the graue, /a wonder like thee, where shall men haue?

Bud mend thy faults or thou shalt heare, /I´le blaze them out another yeare: For many a guiltles man thou hast lam´d, /and many a modest wight defam´d.

And yet t´is sinne to wrong a theefe, /th´Impostures fault therein was cheefe: For he that would be bold with thee, /´twere meet he knew Philosophy.

For thou to such art knowne and true, /but hatest fooles that men vndoe, Handling thee without due cause, /thou being not subiect to their lawes.

Now to conclude, one boone grant mee, /I will requite it gratefully: If th´old wife kill thee with fasting spittle, /suruiue to make her patient cripple.

For well I know it is in thee /to cause disgrace effectually: His throat and nose see thou defile, /for thou thy Fasther canst beguile. [p. 306] Force out his teeth, close vp his iaw, /and leaue scarce entrance for a straw: Yea deafe, or dumbe see thou him make, /with ache and woe with palsie shake.

Regard not thou though he should curse, /whose greefes th´hast chang´d from ill to worse: It´s knowne by thee ther´s many sleepe, /for whom it is too late to weepe.

I´le leaue thee lest thy anger rise, /thy fauours let no man despise: For as sword drawne, I know thour´t prest, /men to offend, or yeeld them rest.

To any mou´d at these meane rimes, /I answer ´twas my idle times, And loue to youths in Surgery, /vrg´d me t´vnmaske olde Mercurie.

If Zoylus deeme I stretch too wide, /in praising thee what heeres descri´de, I nothing doubt to proue each line, /to him that quarrels in due time.

______

The conclusion touching Sal, Sulphur and Mercurie. Many learned writers haue through their whole vo- Whereof mans body lumes, left to future ages as a trueth ratified, that consists. next the Almighty hand which createth all things, Sal, Sulphur, and Mercurie, are the three principles whereof euery naturall body is composed, whether it be Animall, [p. 307] Vegitable, or Minerall. The Sal, Sulphur, and Mercury are by the Ancients diuided out as followeth: they affirme Example. the thin Volatile and watery part or substance of any thing whether it be animall or not; to be the Mercuriall part 228 The Surgions Mate

thereof; the fatty, oilely, or any way combustible part to be the Sulphurious part of the same medicine, and the ashes remaining after combustion is esteemed the Salt part thereof. Each of these three substances are well to be diuided A Paradoxe for Artists. from the other by Art, and to be reunited, the pure part being separated from the impure. But in this part resteth the whole Chymicke Art, the artificiall effecting whereof sheweth great perfection in the Artist, these things are talked of by many, but performed truely by few, for in this it may be truly said: Aliquid Latet quod not patet: hic labor hoc opus. Also the diuision of Animall, Vegitable, and Minerall What creature in creatures is as followeth. All whatsoeuer hath life, whe- Animall. ther it be in Sea, Land, or Ayre, liuing it is esteemed an Animall. All whatsoeuer groweth vpon the vpper face of the What the vegitable earth by nature, or mans industry; whether it be Tree, creature is. Plant, Hearb, or what thing else so euer from the Cea- der to the Thistle, eyther branch, barke, or roote, is ac- counted for a vegitable creature. And all whatsoeuer is meere earth, stone, iuice, or li- What a minerall quor of earth, as Salt, whether it be of the Sea, or Land, to- creature is. gether with all mettals or mineralls whatsoeuer, are reputed for the Minerall part.

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[p. 308] O F T H E S E V E N P R I N - cipall Metalls ascribed to the seuen Planets.

There are seuen principall Mettalls in Chymicall, Phisicall and Chirurgicall vse, and they are by many famous writers which are delighted in the preparation of medicines, named and noted downe vnder the vsuall names or Cha- The names and racters of the seuen Celestiall planets, Characters. as namely Lead is tearmed Saturne, and noted by the Character of Saturne. Tinne is ascribed to the planet Iu- piter, and marked with the Character of Iupiter. Iron is marked out with the Character of Mars. Gould is set downe by the Character of Sol; Copper by the Character of Venus: Quicksiluer by the Character of Mercury: Siluer is deciphered according to Luna. Which A reason of these things the learned haue thought fit so to doe, no doubt for Characters. many good reasons; one of the least of which is for a more breefe distinction in their writings at all times. Theophrastus Paracelsus in a treatise of sulphur, as Mi- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 229

chael Toxites sometimes of Stransburge, Doctor of Phi- sicke noteth, hath these words of the seauen Mettals and their vertues: saith he, the Sulphur contained in the seuen Mettals, inricheth or endoweth each of them with medicinall vertues, appropriating them to seauen principall members of mans body for the curing the seuerall greefes [p. 309] of the same members, as namely. The medicines prepared artificially from Gould, are Seuen peculiar effects noted cheefly to respect and cure the diseases of the heart. in these 7. Mettals. Those of siluer to respect the braine cheefly. The medicines from Copper to respect the kidneyes. Lead and the medicines thereof to the milt. Iron to the Gall. Tinne to the Liuer. Quickesiluer to the Lungs. But note further that notwithstanding these mettals are How farre generally said to respect these principall members mentioned, yet the effects extend. from any one of them may be made medicines that doe respect all the parts of mans body, as namely, Aurum potabile, and so of others: for in truth these mineralls can do wonders both in Physicke and Chirurgery, being righthly prepared and applied, and the contrary being abused. Thus much in breefe touching the seauen principall Mettalls. A worde or two touching the foure Elements. The foure Elements are Fire, Ayre, Water, and Earth. But the diuision which the Chymists of these times pleade for touching the Elements, Iosephus Quercitanus, expresseth in these words following: saith hee, the whole world is diui- The whole world con- ded into two Globes, to wit, into the superiour Heauen, tained in two globes. which is Aetheriall and Ayrie, & into the Inferiour Globe which containeth the water, and the earth. The superiour Globe which is Aetheriall, hath in it fire, lightning, and What is comprehended brightnesse, and this fiery Heauen is one formall ad es- in the superiour globe. sentiall Element; the water and earth are the other two What the inferiour con- Elements: so he concludes, there is but three, and with taineth. him all the Chymists of latter times subscribe, affirming that number most perfect which agreeth with the euerla- sting Trinity. Paracelsus in a treatise of his, called Meteorum, cap. 1. mentioning the difference betwixt foure and three Elements, haths these words. Touching fire; saith he, fire which is esteemed one of the foure elements, can stand [p. 310] with nor reason so to be: but as touching the Earth, the Water, and the Ayre, they are truely elements; for they giue element to man, but as touching fire, it giueth no e- lement, it hath no part in the breeding of man-kinde, for it is well possible for a man to be bred, and to liue without fire; but neyther without ayre, water, nor earth can man liue, for in truth from the Heauens, by helpe of the other two elements doth proceed sommer and winter, cold and heat, and all nourishment and increase whatsoeuer without the helpe of fire. Therefore are the heauens the fourth 230 The Surgions Mate

element, yea and the first, for the sacred worde sheweth vs that in the beginning God made heauen and earth, shewing that heauen was the first made, and in the outward heauens are included the water and earth, which saith Pa- racelsus may be compared to wine contained in a vessell for wine is not gathered and prepared without a vessell first had and ready, prouing also man waies that the fire is included within the Element of Ayre, & is no Element of it selfe. To proue the like opinion, touching the foure elements, I could rehearse the names of many famous writers if I had leisure, and that the occasion were worth it, but the question little concerneth the cure of diseases by young Surgeons, wherefore I will conclude this point my selfe, intending neyther to quarrell for to proue three, nor foure, let there be foure or three, eyther of both shall content me.

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[p. 315 = 311] A P R E F A C E T O T H E Treatise of the Characters and tearmes of Art following.

Cvrteous Reader, considering with my selfe that young men in long voyages are full of leisure, I thought it not lost labor to adde these treatises to the former, for that they not onely containe profitable instructions for youth, but by their nouelty and varieties doe partly refresh the minde of those readers as delight themselues in that part of practise. It was part of my gleanings in the time of eight yeares trauell by land in forreine regions. If the matter and forme thereof be not worth thy acceptance, yet I pray thee accept the good will of the giuer. J. W. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

[p. 312] CHARACTERS AND THEIR INTERPRETATIONS.

______And first of the seuen Planets. ______

Saturnus. Lead. Cold, desiccatiue sweet, II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 231

Plumbum discussing, mollificatiue, anodine, sanatiue, laxatiue, mundificatiue, and yet full of deadlie vapors.

Iupiter. Tinn. Diaphoretick, laxatiue Stannum desiccatiue, sanatiue, etc.

Mars. Iron or The greatest shedder of bloud a sure Ferrum Steele. medicine for fluxes of bloud, and a great opener of obstructions.

Sol. Gould. A great and sure Cordiall, for it com- Aurum forteth the heauy hearted, and is reputed the best medicine.

Venus. Copper. Maketh sundry needfull medicines Cuperum for mans health, Physicall and Chirurgicall, viz: oleum, spiritus, & terra cum multis alijs.

[p. 313]

Mercurius. Quick- Is hot, could, a frend, a foe, healing, Siluer. killing, expelling, attracting, corroding, et quid non?

Luna. Siluer. A medicine neuer too often Argentum taken, a good restoratiue, a comfortable, and an anodine medicine, &c. ______

Other Characters Alphabetically.

Acetum. Vineger Good against inflammation, of Beere. discussiue, defensatiue, comfortable, anodine, &c.

Acetum Wine A discusser, a cooler, a heater, Vini. Vineger. a piercer, anodine, a consumer, 232 The Surgions Mate

a causticke, and a vesicatory medicine, &c.

Acetum Distil´d Is a vehicle that openeth Distillatum. Vineger. mineral bodies and extracteth tinctures, &c.

Aer. One of the Without the which no crea- 4 Elements. ture subsisteth.

Alumen. Allum Desiccatiue, astringent, corosiue, Crude. mundificatiue, sanatiue, refrigeratiue, &c.

Alumen Allum An easie and a good corosiue Combustum. Burnt. medicin, which also induceth a good sicatrix.

[p. 314 = 316]

Alumen Allum A secret in restoring a withered Plumosum. Plume. member by a certaine hidden specificall vertue it hath.

Albumen Whites Cold, defensatiue, mollificatiue, hea- Ouorum. of Egges. ling, & good in restraining fluxes, &c.

Amalgama. [Amalgam] A putting things together, or a terme aaa of Art for putting together, viz: fiat Almagama, but more particularly it is meant of Mercury, with any other mettall.

Antimonium. Antimony. Vomitiue, laxatiue, sanatiue, diaphoretike, diaureticke, anodine, causticke, and full of deadly vapors, if it be not preuented, yet exceeding precious in healing, being discreetly vsed.

Antimonij Glasse of A forbidden medicine, and yet of doctors Vitrum. Antimony or vsed, and praise-worthy, if not abused. Stibium.

Antimonij Antimony This is but halfe a medicine, which after- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 233

Regulus. precipitate. ward is vsed to be conuerted to Flores, Tincture, or some other good medicines.

Annus One yeare. From March the 25. till the return of the same.

Aqua. Water. One of the foure elements of quality could and moist. [p. 315 = 317]

Aqua Strong Made by Uulcans Art of Copras, Allome Fortis. Water. and Salt-peeter, and diuerse other waies.

Aqua A water to This is made as the former, adding Regis. diuide gold. common salt, or rather Sal Armoniacke.

Aqua Aquavitae Aquavitae distilled out of wine is of Vitae. of Wine. excellent vse for healing, and the cheefe cordiall in cheering the heart of man.

Arsenicum. Arsnick. In taste not vnpleasing, in triall deadly, yet a good outward healer many waies.

Auripig- Orpiment. In tast deadly, yet vsed of some inward- mentum ly for the cough, by fume with amber mixt, and outward in many medicines profitable.

Autumnus. Haruest. Or as it were an entrance to the winter quarter.

Auricalcum. A chalk that Also gold calcined into pouder being containes an entrance to Aurum Potabile. gold

Aurum Potabile A Principall cordiall medicine, but Potabile. Gold very often adulterated, which being true, is precious.

Aestas. Sommer This character is somtimes vsed for sommer and sometimes for heate. [p. 316]

Aes. Brasse This is but copper mixed with Lapis Calaminaris, and prepared Vulcans 234 The Surgions Mate

Art

Balneum Balnea Is an Artificiall distilling by a glasse Mariae. Mariae Stil set into a furnace in a kettle of water, by the boyling of which, the subiect contained in the glasse is distilled.

Bolus Fine bole Is cordiall, desiccatiue, restringent, sa- Armenus natiue, refrigeratiue, &c.

Bolus Common Imitating the former, but farre weaker. Communis. bole

Borax Borax This is a great opener of obstructions Venetiae. of young women, and is excellent to lute glasses, and as a second hand to Goldsmiths.

Calidus. Or rather Neither hot nor cold. Warme

Calx. Lime Is abstersiue, desiccatiue, causticke, sanatiue.

Calx Lime of Is sometimes vsed in strong restrictiues, Ouorum. Eggeshels &c.

Calx Vnslaked Chiefly vsed in Causticke medicines. Viua. Lime

[p. 317]

Chalibs. Steele The most valiant Sonne of Mars, it openeth obstructions, and stayeth the fluxes, &c.

Calor. Heate This Character serueth not only for fire, but also for great heate.

Calcinare. To calcine Sometimes to burne to powder, & sometimes to prepare by fire to a certaine height and colour.

Cementare. To Cement Is by a mixture corrasiue to adde to II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 235

any mettall pure, as Gold or siluer, a higher tincture, and also to purifie the same yet further.

Cerussa. Venice One of the ofspring of Saturne, sana- Venetiae Ceruce tiue, cooling, anodine, desiccatiue, &c.

Cera. Waxe A blessed medicine outwards & inwards, of a temper neither exceedingly too hot, nor too cold, molificatiue, sanatiue, &c.

Cinnabrium. Cinnabar Found naturall & also compounded of Sulphur and Quicksiluer, and vsed in Fumes, is spoyleth many, and healeth by chance some one in killing tenne.

Cineres Ashes Hereof are prepared many different Ligni of Wood medicines of value, in Physicke and Chirurgery, amongest which the causticke stone, the ordinary Lixi- uium, &c. [p. 318 = 320]

Corallus Corall Is Cordiall, cooling, drying, and Corallus Albus. white beeing prepared Chimically, hath wonderfull vertues comfortatiue.

Corallus Redde This is as the former, but in vertues Rubeus. Corall it farre exceedeth it. Paracelsus ascribeth vertues infinite and wonderfull to red Corall, if it be perfectly red.

Colcothar. Burnt Ve- A good caustick medicine, and also coo- trioll, or ling, exsiccating, sanatiue, mundifica- Colcother tiue, &c.

Crocus Safron Good against disenterium, Gonoroe, Martis. of Iron Diarrhoea, & generally all fluxes.

Crocus Safron Or refined Verdigrease, and sometimes Veneris. of Copper taken for refined Aes Vstum, it expelleth, drieth, mundifieth, and healeth.

Decoctio Boyling Is the boyling or decocting any medicine.

236 The Surgions Mate

Digestio. Digesting Good digestion presageth good healing, but Chymicall digestion, est gradus spagyricus similis ventriculo per quem gradum materia coquitur melius ut puri ab impuro separatio fieri possit.

Dies Daie Containing 24. hours. Et nox. and Night

Distillatio. Distilling Is the separation of the pure from the vnpure, performed by sublimation, and precipitation, but after many kindes and fashions. [p.319]

Elementa. Not one of But a pure medicine made by Chymi- the foure call Art, out of any good thing eyther Ani- Elements mall, vegitable, or minerall, quere Libauij, lib. 2. Alchym. chap. 49.

Filtrum. A felt This filtring with a felt, is a kind of preparation of medicines liquid, to purge them from their terrestriall parts.

Fimus Horse Chymists vse to fet their medicines Equinus. dung. in Horsedung to putrifie, and is an ancient and worthy worke rightly vsed, Vicarius eius est, MB.

Fixatio. Fixing This is that al good Chymickes desire or perfecting in their workes, but few truly attaine it, but in stead of fixatio, they find uexatio satis.

Flos Verdi- Called commonly viride aes, and Aeris. grease Vardigrece, being the rust of Copper, it is a good astringent disiccatiue, and corosiue medicament.

Gradus. A degree first, second, or third, as you see them described with their seuerall figures.

Gummi. Gumm Of any kinde is so described, but the single Character is most vsed. [p. 320] II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 237

Hyems. Winter This Character is also vsed for cold by some writers.

Jgnis. Fire As well natural as artificiall, actuall as potentiall, but the first is most in vse.

Lapis The Load A iewel pretious, for value farre ex- Magnetis. stone. ceeding the Diamond of the tribe of Mars, in quality attractiue and sanatiue.

Lues The veneri- This is a Catholike plague containing Veneria. all disease almost al diseases in one, being seldome perfectly healed.

Luna Moone Or the first and second quarter of the Crescens. increasing Moone.

Luna Moone Of the two last quarters of the Moone. Decrescens decreasing

Lapis A stone This is good against toothache and in- Prunella made of flammations, and for sores of the Salniter mouth and throat, and also against hot feuors inwardly taken.

Lapis Chalamint Is a stone which chaungeth Copper Calaminaris. stone into Brasse, it is desiccatiue, and excelleth in Lotions for the eyes, &c. [p.321]

Lapis Bloud This stone is vsed to stench bleeding Hematites. stone inwardly & outwardly, and hath many other vertues medicinable.

Lapis This is a great secret in curing a fracture beeing daily Sabulosus giuen the party, drachmam j. and also mixed with the outward medicine and applied to the greefe.

Lapis The granat This is a Iuell pretious in medicine, but Granatus stone not commonly vsed.

Lateres Stones Or brickes for farnaces or other waies. 238 The Surgions Mate

Lateres Pouder of It is often vsed in preparing medicines Cribrati. Brickes as well to make good Lute, as also for diuers other needfull vses.

Lixiuium Lye made This is many waies vsed very profi- Lixiuium. of Ashes table in healing outwardly and inwardly, and for causticke medicines it is the best.

Limatura Filings Vsed for the making of Crocus Martis. Martis. of Horne

Lutum Lute used Some suppose that the pinching of Sapientiae. of the Phi- glasses together is it, but it is taken for losophers a man, and so meant by diuers learned men.

Lutum Lute Made of good Clay, with flakes of wool, Communis. Common & salt commonly, but there is as many seuerall Lutes as Chymists vse. [p. 322]

Lythargirus Litharge One of the sons of Saturne, & is part- Auri. of Gould ly so tearmed, for that the tests which refine gould through leade, after are made into Litharge, I meane the Sa- turne into them.

Lythargirus Litharge One of the sons of Saturne, supposed Argenti. of Siluer to proceed of Luna as aforesaid, but indeed these and the first are sent daily from Holland, made onely of Lead.

Lythargirus Litharge One other of the sons of Saturn, & is Plumbi. of Leade made by euery Plumber out of that part of Saturne which wasteth to a hardnesse in melting.

Marchasita. Vnprepared Of any kind, as we vulgarly say siluer MInerals oare, or lead oare, &c.

Mercurius. Quicke- The hottest, the coldest, a true healer, a Siluer. wicked murderer, a pretious medicine, and a deadly poyson, a friend that can II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 239

flatter and lie.

Mercurius Quickesil- This fellow hath deserued much praise Sublimatus. uer sublimed. & dispraise, as till more scope I omit, for hee hath done me both credit and shame.

Mercurius Quickesil- A worthy medicine of true Artists with Praecipitatus. uer praeci- praise vsed, of Empericks shamefully ab- pitate. used, for healing and killing he is knowne. [p. 323]

Mercurius Mercury Hic Labor, hoc opus: quod supra Solis. of Gold me nihil ad me, true Philosophers onely are capable of this mystery.

Mercurius Mercury This & the former haue one way of pre- Lunae. of Siluer paration, or not greatly different, but are past my reach.

Mercurius Mercury I haue heard many brags of this me- Veneris. of Copper dicine, and to be precious, but I neuer could see it, &c.

Mercurius Mercury It is said that with this medicine, the Martis. of Iron vertue of the Loadstone is strengthened aboue measure.

Mercurius Mercury This is reported able to make of lead Iouis. of Tinne. tinn; but I haue not seene it.

Mercurius Mercury This is easily drawn from Lead in a good Saturni. of Lead quantity, per se, onely by Art of fire, as writers affirme.

Mensis. One month. Containing 28. daies, and 28. nights, or foure whole weekes.

Minium. Or red Is one of the sons of Saturne, cooling, Leade drying, repelling, healing, mollifying, discussing, &c.

Minutum. One The sixtieth part of one houre. Minute 240 The Surgions Mate

Mell. Honey Honey is Laxatiue, mundificatiue, mollificatiue, sanatiue, &c. [p. 324]

Oleum. Oyle of And sometimes taken for Sulphur, is as any kinde if you would say, take from Guaiacum his Sal, Sulphur, and Mercury, by his Sulphur you must vnderstand his oyly part, &c.

Phlegma. A Flegma It is vsed for any distilled water which is void of Spirit, as rose water.

Piger Slow An instrument for distilling, so called, for Henricus. Hemicke his exceeding slownes.

Plumbum Philoso- This preparation is mysticall, & aboue my Philosophorum. phers Leade reach, the same Character is also vsed for the Philosophers stone.

Puluis. Pouder Any fine powder, and sometimes it is of any thing taken for subtill flores, and fine spirits of any medicine.

Purificare. To purifie Eyther by sublimation or by precipitation, or any kinde of purifying or clensing.

Putrefactio. Putrifie Is dissoluing or opening of mixed mineralls bodies by a naturall, warme, and moist putrefaction, namely by fimus equinus, uel eius Vicarius, MB.

Quinta Quinta A permanent Essentiall well digested Essentia. Essentia medicine, without grosse superfluities, drawne from any subsistence eyther animall, vegitable, or minerall. [p. 325]

Quinta The quint- This is also called Aquavitae, & Aqua Essentia vini. essence of Celestis, & Alcole uini, and Aqua Ardens, Wine with many other names.

Realgar . A kinde A thing seldome vsed in healing, though of Ratsbane sometimes vsed in Alchimy. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 241

Reuerberatio A preparation Chymical by fire.

Retorta. A retort of Glasse

Sublimare To sublime Or to cause to ascend by fire or Art of distilling very many waies.

Sulphur. Brimstone Discussiue, sanatiue, desiccatiue, anodine, repercussiue, &c.

Sulphur Perfect Sul- A true essential, perfect, and vniuersall Philosophorum. phur vix cog- medicament out of Sol. nitum

Sal Common Discussiue mundificatiue, sanatiue & Commune. Salt most precious for the life of man

Sal Pretious A Christaline Salt, naturallie growing in Gemmae. Salt like mines in Polonia, neere the city of Christall Cracouia, &c. [p. 326]

Sal Salt A salt of a wonderfull kind and breeding, Petrae. Peeter with effects admirable both good and euill.

Sal Salt Growes naturally in Turky, but is com- Amoniacum. Amoniack monly made of Sal Alkali, common Salt, Vrin &c. Teste Andrea libauio.

Sal A Salt of an A kinde of vegetable Salt, but Para- Alkali. heard called celsus tetmeth euery vegitable Salt Kali Alkaly.

Sal A salt out A salt drawne from the Caput mor- Colcotharis. of Dead- tuum, and commonly called Dead head, head which is exceeding astringent and drying.

Sal A Salt of The Salt of Tartar or wine Lees a medi- Tartari. Argall cine of many great vertues, both of it selfe, and also for making other medicines. 242 The Surgions Mate

Succinum White Commeth from Prutia and is a Cordiall Album. Amber medicine, diaureticke, diaphoretike, laxatiue, and generally opening all obstructions.

Succinum Yellow Like the former, but not so good, yet Citrinum. Amber from this is an excellent Oyle drawne, seruing for many especiall medicines inward and outward.

Spiritus Spirit A pure and essentiall substance, cor- Vini. of Wine diall, and of infinite other vertues Liquid, yet wholy combustible.

Sopo. Sope A good medicine attractiue, mollificatiue, &c. [p. 327]

Stratum Two medi- A terme of Art often vsed viz: fiat Super Stratum. cines laid stratum, super stratum, that is, first one or other put in of the one, and then of the other till all bee in.

Solutio. Opening The opening of minerall bodies diuersly by Vulcans Art.

Sigillum Hermes A kind of Luting or sealing of Glasses Hermetis. his Seale by a more excellent manner.

Terra. Earth Commonly taken for potters earth to make Lute of.

Tigillum A melting A pot wherwith Gold-smiths & other pot Artists vse to melt mettals or medicines in, called also a Crucible.

Talcum. Talke This minerall is scarce well known yet, the oyle therof is much extolled for beautifying the skinne.

Tutia. Tutty A medicine commonly knowne, and is made of the scumme of copper, or of Copper by combustion.

Tartarus. Argall Is the Lees of wine dried, which maketh many profitable medicines, artificially prepared. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 243

[p. 328]

Tumores Tumors And also any Apostume or swelling, whersoeuer in mans body.

Turbith Turbith This with some additaments artificiall, Minerall. Minerall well prepared, is precious in the cure of the French pox.

Vlcus. An Vlcer This is the ancient character for an Vlcer, & some Authors haue vsed the same for a wound.

Vitriolum. Coppras It is best which is made of copper.

Vitrum. Glasse It is vsed for a Glasse Still, and also for any other kinde of glasse.

Vrina. Urine Mans vrine or Childrens vrine, it is commonly vsed in Alchymy, and some vse it in fomentations, and otherwise in Chirurgery and physicke.

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[p. 329 = 229] C E R T A I N E C H I M I - C A L L V E R S E S, O R G O O D will to young Artists, from the Author.

Some verses plaine at vacant times, /I fram´d and layd aside: Intending youths which leaisure haue, /might view what I haue tride.

And as occasion them should leade, /might search, yea finde and know: The principles which follow heere, /from which great treasures flow.

Three principles the Chymists hold, /Each creature doth con aine, And foure the Methodists haue taught, /an learnedly maintaine.

Three must I needes confesse I finde, /confirmed all by reason: And yet from foure to vary ought, /I doubt ´tis petty treason.

Vpon this Theame two schollers might /Well seuen yeeres good time spend: 244 The Surgions Mate

Continuing still in argument, /vntill the time had end. [p. 330] Wherefore ambiguously to wade, /within a sea of strife: I like it not for feare of knockes, /I loue a quiet life.

All worthy Artists I adore, /and duty bindes me so: Yea thankfully Ile learne of each, /the thing I doe not know.

And ere Ile seeme once to contend, /my will shall be so euen: I know there´s three, I yeeld ther´s foure /to make the summe vp seuen.

But will you know why Chymists cal /their principles but three? With heauenly number it agrees, /from all Eternitie.

A Trinity in Deity, /most sacred and most sure: All should confesse in vnity /is, was, and shall endure.

From which as from a perfect guide, /each man his worke should frame, And in his conuersation true, /alwaies respect the same.

In honour of which Deity, /true Chymists daily finde A tripart substance for to be /of all things following kinde.

Which in the earthly spheare are found, /each one in his degree. [p. 331] And these by Artists stiled are /Sal, Sulphur, Mercurie.

Who calling vnto reckoning all /that Animals doe seeme, Of Vegitables in their kindes, /They make no small esteeme.

Likewise from minerals each one, /great medicines they deriue: Which do root out inueterate greefes /and keepe men long aliue.

The Mercurie that´s volatill, / The Sulphur burnes like fire: The Sal in fundo doth remaine, /as christals their desire.

Each of these three to three againe, /The Artist can produce, Which done & ioyn´d the medicines pure, /and fit for each good vse.

Thus haue I in one Period /anatomized plaine: True medicines how thou maist prepare, /if thou wilt take the paine.

But if that any further seeke, /in true Philosophie: The Minerals fix and pure to make /that is no worke for me.

I to my Latchet will returne, /and rest me in a meane: Good medicines onely to prepare, /I holde sufficient gaine. [p. 332] II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 245

And vnto young men that haue minde, /in Alchymie to venture: Ile shew them to the Labyrinth, /which who so list may enter.

Fowle hands and face he must not scorne, /If ought good he would finde: With coales and fime to be besmeerd, /it is the Chymist kinde.

The trowell, bricke, with hammer oft, /and shouell he must vse, The cliffes, the rongs, and bellowes eke, /he no way may refuse.

His grates of iron he must fit, /his rings to cut his glasse: With pots of iron, brasse or clay, /his furnace he must passe.

The Retort and the Alembicke safe, /with lute he must defend: And vaprous ventils haue in care, /those must he often mend.

And why, in vaine he makes a fire, /which cannot rule the same: For therein resteth all the art, /the pleasure, gaine, and fame.

Yet thats not all he ought to know, / that would a Chymist bee. A thousand things are yet behinde, /as he shall finde and see.

But hee that takes delight in ought, /regar deth not the paine: [p. 333] So he may haue the thing he seekes, /although it be but vaine.

A Chymist that would duely worke, /must readily define The characters, which he shall reade, /and spels of ancient time.

Each Minerall he ought to know /his malice, force, and might, Or he may soon beshrew himselfe, / if he mistake the right.

The twelue signes of the Zodiake, /he ought to know by heart, Conunction, Opposition too /of planets, though in part.

The sextile, Trine, and Quadrile eke, /the Dragons head and taile, The planets orders how they raigne, /and where their force may faile.

In termes of Art which diuers are, /instructed he must bee, Amalgamate, alcolizate, /and cohobate must he.

To calcine and for to cement, /to circulate also, To colliquate, coagulate, /and congelate I trow.

To colorate, to corrodate, /conglutinate llikewise: Coagmentate, coadunate, /whereby to win the prize. [p. 334 = 304] Sometime digestion needefull is, /and deliquation too, Diuaporation is a worke, /the Alchymist must doe. 246 The Surgions Mate

Where distillations doe preuaile, /Distraction takes the head, Then by Elaboration, /wise men may be misled.

Election needefull is in all, /euaporation too, Expression and extraction are /two things that he must doe.

In exhalations he must striue, /and Ebulitions make, His fermentation often rimes /will cause him to awake.

His filterations many are, /His fumagations eke, And most in his fixations, /the good man is to seeke.

Gradations then are thought vpon, / and granalation more, Incorporation hath his time, /Ignision pincheth sore.

And Leuigation hath his place, /and Liquefaction vse: Then to Lutation haue a care, /therein be no abuse.

For all mortification /can doe, or else can say. [p. 335] I hope multplication, /the cost and paines will pay.

He suffers Masaration, /and Maturation both, Embracing putrifaction fowle, /which many a man would loth.

Precipitation was forgot, /purgation goeth before, And by proiection he shall finde, /if he be rich or poore.

But if his hopes yet chance to faile, /Reduction thought vpon, Restrinction, Reuerberation, /and Resolution strong.

Then Repurgations often had, /with Segregations fine. Some Sublimations duely vs´d, /may well become the time.

Stratifigations in due place, / Solutions eke in time. Subduction neuer wanting is, /a Chymist to define.

Of Torrefactions he hath store, /Viuifications hope, But findes vitrification, /or vanisht all in smoke.

What shall I say? this is not all /the Chymist must abide This Labyrinth out, his glasse then breakes, /his patience there is tride. [p. 336 = 344] Yet grant to this although twere more /there´s no man neuer knew, A worke so slight and cheape as this, /such rare effects to shew.

In gaining health to sicke and sore, / preseruing men from woe: II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 247

Yea sundry waies expelling greefes, /which in mans body grow.

By true Elixers of much price, /by Quintesenses high, And many famous medicines more, /which I for haste passe by.

Though once a Galenist ill led, /deuis´d a slanderous rime, Which he in Latin verse put foorth, / I know not well the time.

And this it was that followeth next, /which if it prooue a lie, Ile no way seeme him to excuse, /you haue´t as chepe as I.

Alchimia est ars sine arte, /cuius subiectum est pars cum parte, Proprium eius probè mentiri, /et ultimò mendicatum iri.

But lest I should be deemed one, /´mongst birds that file their nest, Ile leaue this doubtfull verse as ´tis, /and haste to end the rest.

Common it is with Chymists true, /their house, doues them withstand: [p. 337 = 345] Fearing all will be spent in smoke, /time, goods, yea house and land.

A noyse domesticke shrill I heare, /and I dare stay no longer: Good friends adue till further time, /I must obey the stronger.

You Chymists wise that wiued are, /be warned heere by mee, Search not into this mysterie, /except your female gree.

For I haue found to my great smart, /when she list to contend, Then downe goes pot, yea glasse and all, /and I vow to amend.

And neede sayes yeelde, there´s fault in him, /that stubbornely stands out, Till breech and iacket all be torne, /by searching secrets out.

Vale.

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[p. 338] T H E T E R M E S O F A R T R E C I T E D F O R - MERLY IN VERSE, ARE heere againe repeated Al- phabetically and more plainely interpreted.

Albation is the abstraction of dust moths, gret, adhering to a thing with an hares foot, feather, spather, 248 The Surgions Mate

knife, or the like. Ablution is exaltation, cleansing vncleane things by often infusion, reducing them to purity. Alcolismus is an operation by calcination, cribellation, and other meanes, which reduceth a matter into Alcool, the finest powder that is. Amalgamation is the putting together, solution, or calcination of familiar mettals, by Argentum uiuum, etc. Aromatization is an artificiall manner of preparation, whereby medicaments are made more suaueolent and odoriferous for the oblectation and strength of the palate, and vitall faculty. Attrition is a certaine manner of preparation, like grinding on a conuenient stone with some humidity, wherby Lapis Iudaicus, Collyria, and the like are prepared. [p. 339] Buccellatio is diuiding into gobbets, or by peece-meale. Calcination is solution of bodies into Calx or Alcool, by desiccation of the natiue humidity, by reuerberate Ignition, by Amalgamation, by Aqua fortis, the spirit of Salt vitrioll, Sulphur, or the like. Calfaction is a certaine manner of preparing simple and compound medicaments, not by boyling or burning but by the moderate heat of the sunne, fire, fimus equinus, uel eius vicarius. Cementation is gradation by cementing. Cementum is a minerall matter like lute, and penetrating, wherewith mettals spred ouer are reuerberated to cement. Ceratio is the mollification of an hard thing, vntill it be like wax at the fire. Cinefaction is ignition conuerting Vegitables and Animals by a very vehement heat into Cineres. Circulation is the exaltation of pure liquour, as spirit of wine by circular solution, and coagulation in a Pelican, a moderate heat forcing it. Clarification is the expurgation of sordide grosse matter from liquid medicaments. Coadunation (sometimes termed by the name of a more excellent species, Coagulation) is a perfect and skilfull working, whereby disgregate things are vnited. Coagmentation like to glutination, is by liquate things, on which dissoluing powders are cast, and afterwards are made concrete by laying them in a colde place, or by euaporating their humidity. Coagulation is the coaction of things agreeing in nature from a thin and a fluid consistence into a sollid masse, by the priuation of moisture. Coction is the alteration or commutation of a thing to be boyled. Cohobation is frequent abstraction of liquour oftentimes affused vpon a dead head or drie feces by distillation. [p. 340 = 348] Colation is the transmission of that which is humid thorough a strainer, that the liquour may bee had separated from the drier substance. Colliquation, or Colliquefaction, is the coniunction of many fusils or liquables to make one compound by eliquation on the fire. Coloration is, whereby the perfect colour of golde, siluer, Philosophers lead, &c. obscured by any sulphurious vapour, is renouated and illustrated by maceration, frequent ablution, in sharpe liquour of Salt, Argal, spirit of wine, wine vineger, or by an acute paste layd on the sayd mettals. Combustion is ignition, conuerting bodies by burning them into calx. Comminution is the reducing of any matter into such fine powder by delution, fileration, exiccation, contusion, calcination, cribration, or any other meanes, that no roughnesse or corpulency be felt, as Alcool. Complexion is the nature of a part hot, colde, moyst, or drie. Composition is the coadunation of diuers things. Concretion is diuaporation of humidity in fluid things, by gentle decoction on fire. Confriction is a certaine light Attrition, by which puluerable things, with the rubbing of the fingers, or a more solid body, are quickly leuigated, as Cerusa Amylum, etc. Confusion is properly a mixture of such liquid things as are fluid, and of one and the same nature (as of diuers waters by themselues, and so of oyles) liquid things (as wax, rosin, pitch, &c.) may likewise bee confused, but by Eliquation. Coagelation is often performed by a precedent decoction of things to a certaine height or iust consistence, II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 249 which after set into a celler or colde place, doe congeale into a transparent substance, not vnlike ice, as is seene in the making of Coperas, Salt-peeter, or the like. Conglutination is the ferrumination or compaction of [p. 341 = 349] mettals, iewels, glasses, &c. by gummes, glue, whites of egges, and the like, the nature of the con- glutinated remaining. Contusion is the beating of grosse bodies into smaller or very subtill part. Corrosion is calcination, reducing things coagulated, by the corroding spirits of salt, sulphur, wine-vineger distilled, Aqua fortis, &c. into calx. Cribration is the preparation of medicaments by a siue, or searce. Deliquation is a preparation of things by melting on the fire. Deliquium is the liquation of a concrete (as salt), powder calcined &c. set in an humid and frigid place (externall humidity, resoluing the siccitie) that it flow, hauing a watery forme, as is apparant in the preparation of salt of Tarter. Descension is when the essentiall iuyce dissolued from the matter to be distilled, is subducted and doth descend. Despumation is when spume or froth floating on the top, is taken away with a spoone, feather, or by colation. Distillation is, whereby an essence is extracted in the forme of liquour, and being coagulated, is carried by the stellidium, translated out of the vessell of the matter, into the excipulium sublocated. Difflation is, when through heat, spirits arising, are with a kinde of folles blowen into the aduerse camera, and there are found coagulated. Digestion is simple maturation, whereby things vnconcocted in artificiall digestory heat (as food by a naturall heate in the stomacke) is digested. Dissolution is a preparation of medicaments simple, and compounded by some conuenient humidity to a certaine consistence. Distraction is a certaine diuulsion or disunition of diuers things before vnited & agreeing together (no respect of one existing or comprehended in another had) euery one remaining in his own nature. [p. 342] Diuaporation is exhalation by fire vapour, remaining in liquid substance, till all aquosity bee consumed or in more drie, but fumed by torrefaction. Dulcification is the correction of minerall medicaments by ablutions, and the like. Duration is either when things mollified at the fire are set in a cole place to harden: or by boiling to an high consistence or admixtion of dry powder with them, doe wax hard. Elaboration is a manuall operation, whereby we extract from a substance the most excellent matter, the ignoble parts remooued. Election is of simples according to time & season wherin they are gathered, and according to the region wherin they grow, that so the best may be had, and their vigor appeare in vse according to expectation. Eleuation is subtiliation, when spirituall parts from the corporall, subtill from the grosse, the not fixt from the fixed, like smoke by the force of fire are eleuated, and adhering to the colde concaues of the Alymbecke, doe thicken and conuert into water. Elixation is coction in humido by a moderate heat. Elution is the preparation of common Bole, Talcum, Crocus Martis, Terra Lemnia, &c. by puluerization, calcination, lotion, &c. Euaporation, See Diuaporation. Exaltation is an operation, whereby a medicament changed in his affections by gentle dissolution, is produced to an higher dignity of substance and vertue, and a greater degree of purity. Exhalation is when the spirit of anie matter sollid, or in powder (being put into a platter, or any other conuenient vessel set on coales) is eleuated through heat, and vanisheth into the aire. Expression is extraction by a presse, wherein hearbes, amigdales, &c. compressed, powre foorth their substances (as iuyces and oyle) in a liquid forme. [p. 343] 250 The Surgions Mate

Extinction is the suffocation of a matter fiery and hot into some humidity. Extraction is a segregation of an essence from a corporeous concretion, by digestion in Balneo his feces, left in fundo, as Rhabarbarum in spirit of wine infused, manifesteth. Fermentation is the exaltation of a massie substance, by the admission of Fermentum, which doth penetrate it wholly (his vertue distributed by a spirit) and inuerteth it into his owne nature. Ferrumination is the ioining together of a fracture in one & the same mettall, or of diuers mettals by a minerall flux. Filteration called percolation, by Filtrum a chymicall colum is subduction of thin aquosity in humid things, the thicke and oyly substances resisting. Fission, see Section. Fixation is the assuefaction of volatill and spirituall bodies to fire by calcination, gentle and continuall decoction, frequent sublimation, solution, and coagulation often iterated, or by addition of a matter fixed, that so they may endure fire and not flie away. Fraction is the breaking of some matter with ones hand or with an instrument, Frixion is the preparation of some medicaments, with oyle, butter, wine, vineger, &c. in a conuenient vessell, for the correcting of bad qualities in them. Fulmination, deriued of fulmen a Lattin word, signifying fire breaking out of the clowdes, causing a sudden light great and bright, is a metallicall gradation, with excoction to an absolute perfection in Cineritio, whose purity is declared by an effulgent splendor. Fumigation is calcination of mettals, by the sharp corroding vapour of Mercury, Philosophers leade, &c. boyling in a crucible, the mettals cut into plates, & either laid ouer the Orificium of the crucible, or hanged ouer the fume. Fusion is liquation by heat violent or moderate, for the separation of the pure from the impure. [p. 344] Gradation is an exaltation of mettals in the degree of affections, whereby waight, colour, and constancy are brought to an excellent measure, but the substance vnaltered: so golde is rubified, fixed and purified. Granulation proper to mettals, by infusion on fire, and effusion into water is their comminution into granula, or very small drops like Grana Paradisi. Humectation, see Irrigation. Ignition is calcination, the fire reducing violent bodies into calx. Illiquation is the commistion of terrene bodies with metalline (as of Lapis cadmia with cuprum) but so as each retaines his owne substance. Imbibition, a philosophicell operation is ablution, when liquour adioyned to a body is eleuated, and not finding vent, doth fall backe vpon the same, and often washeth it with humectations, so long as it being coagulated, can no more ascend, but remaineth wholly fixt. Imbution, see Infusion and maceration. Inceration is the mixture of humidity with that which is dry, by a gentle and not hasty combibition to the consistence of mollified wax. Incineration, see Cinefaction. Incorporation is a sudden addition of so much humidity to siccate matters as is required in the true consistence of a mixt body, past, or a masse. Infection is the giuing of a tincture or colour to a medicament by immersion. Infusion is the preparation of medicaments, cut or bruised in some humidity conuenient for the purpose, a little or longer time, whether it be an houre, one day or many, a weeke or a moneth, &c. Inhumation is the setting of two pots (the head of the vppermost being very well couered and luted, but his bottome boared full of little pin-holes), and sure fastened to that which is vnderneath in the ground, and burying them with earth to a certaine depth, hauing a circular fire made [p. 345] for distallatory transudation per descensum. Insolation is the preparation of simple compound things by the heat of sunne in the summer, a gentle fire in the winter, in Balneo, or in fimo equino. Irrigation not much vnlike immersion is an aspersion of humidity vpon things that are to be dissolued, that so they may the more easily deliquate. II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 251

Leuigation is the reduction of any hard and ponderous matter by comminution, and diligent collision into fine powder, like Alcool. Limation proper to mettals (as steele, iron, brasse, leade, &c.) is a preparation with a file, whereby they yeelde dust for diuers vses. Liquatton is when as that which shall bee made into one body, is dissolued, that it can flow abroad like waues. Liquefaction is the dissolution of a minerall body by the force of a very gentle fire. Lotion is a preparation of medicaments in water, or some other liquour to remooue some euill and hurtfull, and to procure some good and profitable quality in them. Lutation right worthy the name of Sapientia is a medicine thin or thicke according to the heate and con tinu- ance of the fire, which stoppeth most exactly the orificium of the vessell, if no vapour must passe out. Maceration is preparation of things not vnlike to Humectation in the manner of working, but in time, for some are infused 3. 4. or more moneths, and some a shorter space. Maturation is exaltation of a substance, rude and crude to that which is mature and perfect. Mistion is such a composition of bodies, as inceration, incoporation, colliquation, and confusion doe declare. Mollition is the beginning of liquation, yet some things are mollified (as onions, conchae, corrall, iuory, vn- gulae, &c.) which cannot liquate. Multiplication by proiection, is of a body amalgamated from 7. to 10. from 10. to 50. from 50. to an 100. &c. according to the force and quantity of the tincture. [p. 346] Mundification is the purgation of any matter by few or many operations from that which is sordid & vicious, that onely the most excellent may be admitted to the worke in hand. Nutrition is the permistion of humidity by little and little, for the alteration of the quality of the medicament. Precipitation is when bodies corroded by aqua fortis, or aqua Regia, and dissolued into water, Salt Armo- niacke or Mercury cast vpon then, either by the abstraction of the corroding vapour, are reuerberated into calx. Probation is the examination of any matter, whereby we discerne what is excellent and perfect, and what corrupt. Proiection is an exaltation cheefely in mettals, by a medicine cast vpon them which will suddenly penetrate and transfigurate, giuing them another tincture. Prolectation is extraction by attenuation of subtill parts, so that by the inclination of their rarified nature, they may be carried from the more grosse parts into a contrary place and there consist. Purgation like to separation, is the clarification of impure liquour, hauing a thicke sedement and spume by decoction. Putrifaction is the resolution of a mixt body by a naturall putritude in callido humido, or fimo equino, &c. whereby it may be made more excellent. Quartation is the separation of golde and siluer mixt together by four vnequall parts. Quinta essentia is an absolute, pure and wel-digested medicine drawen from any substance, either animall, vegitable, or minerall. Rasion is the scraping or paring of a thing, either for expurgation of that which is vnprofitable or for easier puluerization. Reduction common to many operations doth restore a thing changed to his former estate and condition. [p. 347] Repurgation is, whereby mettals and other substances are purged from superfluities of another nature, adhering to them. Resolution (the way to most excellent operations of Alchymie, causing both elements and coelestiall essences to separate from their elementarie composition) of things commixt, is when the parts one with another (the vessell wherein they are, being very close stopped) depart; heat working, and resoluing them by moisture. Restinction is a gradation, whereby mettals or the like, candefied by fire, are restinguished in liquor of exaltation, and thereby made more noble, by how much a more excellent tincture and glosse is set vpon them. Reuerberation is ignition reducing bodies (the fire quick reuerberating and reflecting) into a very subtill calx. Section is the cutting of things great into lesser parts, for the present occasion. Segregation is the solution of that which was whole and perfect into parts diuided, which flow not together 252 The Surgions Mate

as colliquables dissolued. Separation is, whereby parts distracted are separated euery one alike hauing his seuerall being in himselfe. Siccation is the drying vp of excrementall humiditie in bodies, before the fire, sunne, in the shade, or the like conuenient place. Solution, a principall part of chymicall practice, wherby the incorporation of things coagulated, is dissolued and attenuated. Subduction is an abstraction of iuyces, oyles, and other liquid matters downeward by percolation, filteration, and the like. Sublimation is when that which is extracted is driuen to the sublime part of the vessell, and there subsisteth, or when as betweene that which is sublimed, and the dead head an aëry space doth intercede. Subtiliation is dissolution, separating the subtill parts from the grosse. [p. 348] Stratification, or stratum superstratum well knowen to Chymists, and vsed in cementation, is strewing of corroding powder, or the like, vpon plates of mettall by course. Torrefaction like siccation, but more violent, is an operation drying, speedily, parching and scorching that which is to be dryed before, or ouer the fire. Transmutation is the mutation of a thing in substance, colour, or quality. Transudation is when in descensory distillation, the essence prouoked, sweateth through, and is carried guttatim into the receiuer. Vitrification is Combustion, conuerting calx and cineres into transparant glasse. Ustion is a preparation of things for easier puluerization, mutation of colour, faculty, &c. by burning them in a crucible, or in the fire.

The Epilogue.

Gentle Reader, I had intended much more in my loue to young men, to haue written by way of instruction, namely, a Dispensatory touching the precedent particulars, with somewhat also concerning the cure of the French Disease, with symptomes thereof, namely the Go- norea, the Bubo veneria, the Hernia Humoralis, &c. But time hath ouertaken mee, so that now I am forced to pawse a little, and to see what acceptance this first part hath in the world, and accordingly I will haste to the next.

Thine in the Lord,

J. W.

F I N I S

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T H E T A B L E II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 253

A Aqua Cardui benedicti 038 Aqua Caelestis 054 Ablution. 338 Aqua Cinnamomi 055 Absinthium herba. 120 Aqua Doctoris Stephani 055 Acetum Rosarum. 064 Aqua Falopij 060 Acetum uini. 064, 065, 313 Aqua Fortis 061, 195, 317 Acetum commune. 313 Aqua Odorifera 060 Acetum distillatum. 313 Aqua Plantaginis 060 Aer. 313 Aqua Regis 317 Aes. 316 Aqua Rosarum Damascen. 059 Aes viride. 114 Aqua Rosarum Rubrarum 059 Aestas. 317 Aqua uiridis 062 Agaricum 094 Aqua uitae 317 Albation 338 Album Graecum 122 See more waters vnder Album Ouorum 316 the title waters. Alcolismus 338 Aloes 094 Argentum uium 114, 194 Alumen 132, 313 Aromatization 338 Alumen Combustum 313 Arsenicum 114, 317 Alumen plumosum 316 Attrition 338 Amalgama 316 Aurea Alexandrina 087, 088 Amalgamatio 338 Aurum Potabile 317 Amigdala Amara 102 Auri Calcum 317 Amigdala Dulces 102 Auri Pigmentum 317 Amputation, vide dismembring Autumnus 317 Amylum 103 Axungia Cerui 053 Angelica water 057, 058 Axungia Porcina 052, 053 Anniseed water 057 Antimonium 316 Antimon: uitri 316 B Antimon: regulus 316 Baccae Iuniperi 117 Annus 316 Baccae Lauri 117 Apostumes of the mouth how Bags 037 opened 002 Balme-water 057 Apostumes incised by cau- Balneum 316 sticke 068 Balsamum artificiale 071 Apostumes and matter must Balsamum naturale 074 not be sodainely forced A Bason of Brasse 034 out, nor kept in by Bdellium 105 tents 068 A Bed-panne 037 Apostumes what it is 147 Belzom or Beniamin 107 Apostumes times 147, 148, 149 Benedict, Laxatiua 091 Apostume how to repell 151, 152 bleeding at nose, how Apostume broken by a cau- to stopp 195 sticke 152 Of bloud-letting, certaine Apostumes cures, natures instructions 028, 029, 030 benefite 153, 154, 155 Bloud what quantity is to

be taken of 029, 035 See more in tumors A Board to spread plasters on 037 Bolus Verus Armeniae 111, 116 Aqua 316 Bolus Communis 111, 116 Borax 316 254 The Surgions Mate

Brickes 039, 211 Coagulatio 347 Buccellation 339 Coctio 347 Burning by Gunpowder 145, 146 Cohobatio 347 A Burras pipe 030 Colatio 348 C Colcothar 285, 286, 318 Collica Passio what it is 236 Calcanthum 112 the causes 236 & vide Vitrioll signes 237, 238 Calcinare 317 cure 238, 239, 240, 241 Calcinatio 339 Colliquatio 348 Calfactio 339 Colophonia 107 Callidus 316 Coloratio 348 Callenture what it is 247 Combustio 348 The causes 247 Comminutio 348 the signes and 247 Complexio 348 the cure 036, 247, 248, 249 Compositio 348 Calor 317 Concretio 348 Calx Viua 316 Confecto Hamech 082, 083 Calx Ouorum 316 Confectio Alchermes 084 Cambogia 096 Confrictio 348 Camphora 110 Confusio 348 Cantharides 110 Congelatio 348 Carduus benedictus 120 Conglutinatio 348 Cariophili 104 Conserua Anthos 082 Carunckle in the necke of Conserua Citoniorum 082 the bladder 023, 024 Conserua Luiulae 082 Cassia Fistula 097 Conserua Prunellorum 082 A Cathetor 023, 033 Conserua Rosarum rub: 080 A Catling 002 Contusion 349 Causticke white 067 Convulsion 130 Causticke liquid 063 Copperas, uide Vitrioll 112 Causticke stone 063, 067, 068, 276 Copper uide Venus Cementare 317 Corallus Albus 318 Cementatio 347 Corallus Ruber 318 Cementum 347 Cornu Cerui 095 Cera 317 Corrosio 349 Ceracitrina 108, 109 Cortex granatorum 098 Ceratio 347 Costiuenes 014 Cerussa 112, 113, 317 Cribratio 349 Chafing-dish 027 Crocus 097 Chalibs 317 Crocus Martis 318 Characters usuall with Crocus Veneris 318 Chymists 312, 313 etc. Crowes bils 011, 017 Cinefactio 347 Cupping glasses 033 Cineres ligni 317 Cupping 033, 034 Cinnabrium 115, 300, 301, 317 Cups for Physicall potions 037 Cinnamomum 103 Circulatio 347

Clarificatio 347 D Clouts 037 Decoctio 318 Close stools 038, 039, 205 Deliquatio 349 Coadunatio 003 Deliquium 349 Coagmentatio 347 Descension 349 II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 255

Despumation 349 signe 068 Dens Elephantinus 086 Eskers fall must not be hastned, Diacodion 087 where nature has Diamoron 080 breathing 068 Diapennum simplex 082 Esker cannot by Art be kept The fluxe Diarhoea, and cure in an Apostume 068, 069 204-206, 217-221 Euaporation 342 Diascordium 086 Euphorbium 095 Diatrion piperion 083 Exaltation 342 Dies 318 Exhalation 342 Diet pot 035 Expression 342 Difflation 349 Extinction, Extraction 343 Digestion 318, 349

Dislocations 167-171 F Dismembring 171-177 Dissolution 349 Farina Fabarum 117, 118 Distillation 318, 349 Farina Hordei 117, 118 Distraction 349 Farina Tritici 117, 118 Diuaporation 342 Farina Volatilis 117, 118 A Drinke for the Callenture 036 Fermentation, Ferrumination 343 A Drink for the Laske 036 Feuer and the cure in generall Dulcification 342 129, 130 Duration 342 Files with their uses 014, 015, 017 Disenteria and cure 207-213 Filtrum 319 216-222 Filteratio 343 E Funus 319 Fission 343 Eare pickers 017 Fistulaes and the cure 157-159 Elaboration 342 Fixatio 319, 343 Election 342 A medicine for the fluxe Electuarium Diacatholicon 082 approued 039 Electuarium Diaphenicon 082 Flos 319 Electuarium De Ouo 084 Flores Anthos 115 Electuarium De succo Rosarum 083 Flores Balustiarum 115-116 Elementa 309, 310, 319 Flores Centauri 116-117 Eleuation 342 Flores Chamomeli 116 Elixation 342 Flores Hyperici 117 Elution 342 Flores Melliloti 116 Emplastrum Callidum 043 Flores Sambuci 117 Emplastrum De lapide Cala- The Fluxes of the belly, vide Lien- minari 043 teria,Diarrhaea, Dys- Emplastrum De Minio 043 enteria Emplastrum Diacelsitheos 041, 042 The signes and causes of the Emplastrum Diachilon cum Fluxes of the belly, 216-218 gummis 041 Folia Sennae 093 Emplastrum Diachilon Paruum 041 Forcers 014, 015 Emplastrum Meliloti et splene 042 Forceps 026 Emplastrum Oxicroceum 042 Fraction 343 Emplastrum Stipticum The cure of Fractures, 161- 167 Paracelsi 040, 041 Frixion 343 Esker when to be pricked Fulmination 343 in an Apostume 068 Fumigation 343 Esker lying long, is a good The falling downe of the Funda- 256 The Surgions Mate

ment, 244 Iliaca passio, what it is 232 the causes 245 the causes 232, 233 the cure 245-247 the signes 333, 334 A Funnell 037 the cure 334-336 Furfur Tritici 118 Illiquation 344 Fusion 343 Imbibition 344 Imbution 344

G Incarnatiue medicaments 131 Gallae 111 Inceration 344 Ginger vide Zinziber Incineration 344 Glasses 037 Incision 001, 002 A Glister pot 019 Incision by Causticke 001 A Glister, how to prepare and The forme of Incision by a administer it 019-020, 190 causticke stone 068 Gould, vide Sol Incke 037 Goose bils 011 Incoporation 344 Gradation 344 Infection 344 Gradus 319 Infusion 344 Granatorum cortex, vide Cortex Inhumation 344 Granatorum The delivery of an Iniection, Granulation 344 into the yard 021, 022 Grauers 014, 015, 017 Iniections of Mercury not Gray paper 037 good for the yard 022 Guaicum lignum 098 Insolation 345 Guaici cortex 098 What intemperature is 129 Gummi 320 Iron, vide Mars Gummi Ammoniacum 105 Irons to Cauterize 010 Gummi Galbanum 105, 106 Irrigation 345 Gummi Guaici 104 Iupiter 312 Gummi Opoponari 104 K Gummi Sagapenum 105 Gummi Tragacanthum 107 Kniues for dismembring 002 Gums ouer growen and rotten, Knives for incision 001, 002, 031 their remedies 282 Guttigamba, vide Cambogia

L Laudanum 106 H Lanthorne 037 Hamules 017 Lapis Calaminaris 320 Haemorrhagia 129 Lapis Granates 321 & vide bleeding at nose Lapis Hematites 321 Hermodactilis 095 Lapis Magnetis 320 Hookes 017 Lapis Prunellae 320 Hordeum Commune 099 Lapis Sabulosus 321 Hordeum Gallicum 099 Lateres Integri 321 Humectation 344 Lateres Cribrati 321 Hyems 320 Laudanum Opiatum Paracelsi 086, 228, 229 the vertues 225, 226

I the dose 226 Ignis 320 the way to admini- Ignition 344 ster it 226- 227 How to prepare the in- II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 257

grediences of it 229- 231 Mercurius Saturni 323 how to discerne the Mercurius Solis 323 true from false 231- 232 Mercurius Sublimatus A Launcet 028 115, 298-299, 306, 313, 322 Lead vide Saturnus Mercurius Veneris 323 A Leuatorie 007, 032 Mercuries praise in generall Leuigatio 345 301-306 Limation 345 Mithridatum Damocratis 084-085 Limatura 321 The 7. principall Mettals Limon iuice 185 with their proper Limon-water 036 vertues 308-309 Limentum Arcei 051 their Characters 312-313 Liquation 345 Minium 113, 323 Liquefaction 345 Mint Water 058 Liqueritia 099 Minutum 323 Lixiuium Forte 063, 321 Mistion 345 Lixiuium Commune 063, 321 Mollition 345 Lotion commune 063, 345 Morter and Pestell 037 Lues Venerea 320 Mullet 017 Luna 313 Multiplication 345 Luna Crescens 320 Mummia 109 Luna Descrescens 320 Mundification 346 Lupini 109 Myrabolans 096 Lutation 345 Myrrha 106 Lutum Commune 321 Lutum Sapientiae 321

Lyenteria a fluxe, the cure 212-221 N Lythargirium Argenti 113, 322 Lythargirium Auri 113, 322 A crooked necke, belonging Lythargirium Plumbi 113, 322 to the glister Siring 018 Nippers for Dismembring 008 Nutrition 346 M Nux Moschata 104 Macis 103 Maceration 345 O At Mallet 008 leum 324 Marchasita 322 O Manna 312 Oleum Absynthij Communis 073 Masticke 106 Oleum Absynthij Chymici 077 Maturation 345 Oleum Amigdal. Dulcium 074 Mel simplex 053, 323 Oleum Amigdal. Amararum 074 Mel Saponis 047, 048 Oleum Anethinum 069 Mel Rosarum 079 Oleum Anisi 076 Melissa 120 Oleum Antimonij 077 Mellilotum 119 Oleum Agarici 071 Mensis 323 Oleum Chamomelinum 070 Mentha 119 Oleum Gariophilorum 075 Mercurius 322 Oleum Hypericon Simplex 070 Mercurius Iouis 323 Oleum Hypericon cum gummis 071 Mercurius Lunae 323 Oleum Iuniperinum 076 Mercurius Martis 323 Oleum Laurinum 071 Mercurius Praecipita- Oleum Liliorum 070 tus 115, 299, 300, 306, 322 Oleum Lini 072 258 The Surgions Mate

Oleum Lumbricorum 070 Proiection 346 Oleum Macis 075 Prolectation 346 Oleum Origani 077 Pullicans 014, 015 Oleum Ouorum 072 Pulpa Tamarindorum 089 Oleum Papuerinum 073 Puluis 324 Oleum Petrolei 073 Puluis Arthreticus 092 Oleum Philosophorum 075 Punches 014, 015 Oleum Rosarum 069 Purgation 346 Oleum Sambucinum 072 Putrificare 324 Oleum Scorpionum 073 Putrefaction 324, 346 Oleum Spicae 076 Oleum Succini 077

Oleum Sulphuris 075 Q Oleum Terebinthinae 076 Quartations 346 Oleum Vitrioli 074, 281-283 Quickesiluer his different opera- Opium 097 tions 194 Oximell simplex 079 vide Mercurie Quils for stitching 027, 037 P Quinta Essentia 324, 346 Quinta Essentia uini 325 Paces 014, 015 A Pale of Brasse 039, 205, 206

Philonium Persicum 087 R Philonium Romanum magnum 087 Radix Althea 121 Philonium Tarsense 087 Radix Angelica 122 Phlegma Vitrioli 279, 324 Radix China 097 Phlemes 015, 017 Radix Consolida 122 Piger Henricus 324 Radix Piretheum 121, 122 Pilulae Aggregatiuae 089 Radix Raphanus siluestris 122 Pilulae Aureae 093 Rasion 346 Pilulae Cambogiae 091 A Rasor 003 Pilulae Cochiae 090 Rauens bils 011 Pilulae Euphorbij 090 Realger 325 Pilulae Ruffi 091 Reductio 346 How to malaxe Pils hardned Repurgation 347 and driued up 187 Resina 108 Piper nigrum 103 Resolution 347 Pipkins 037 Restinction 347 Pix Burgundia 107 A Restrictiue 162 Pix Graeca 107 Retortum 325 Pix Naualis 108 Reuerberation 325, 347 A Plaster boxe 026 Rhabarbarum 094 Plumbum Album 113 Rob Berberum 081 Plumbum Philosophorum 324 Rob Citoniorum 081 Plumbum Ustum 113 Rosa solis 055 Polypodium 095 Rosae rubrae 116 Porringers for bloud 034, 035 Rosemarie 119 Gallypots 037 Rosemary water 056 Praecipitation 346 Probation 346

Probes 012, 013, 026 S Procedentia Ani vide the falling Sabina 121 down of the fundament II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 259

Saccharum 102 Sheeres for incision 012 Sal Absinthij 069, 286 Siccation 347 Sal Alkali 326 Sigillum Hermetis 327 Sal Amoniacus 326 Sikes 017 Sal Colcotharis 326 Silke 027 Sal Communis 325 Siluer vide Luna Sal Gemmae 069, 272, 325 Sizers 026 Sal Nitri 069, 195, 286, 287, 289 Skellet 037 Sal Petrae 275, 326 Sol 312 Sal Tartari 326 Solution 327, 347 Salt, the antiquity 250 Sapo 326 the kindes 271 Sorrell 195 What Salt is good in meates 272 Spatulaes 013, 026 Salts necessity and utility 272-273 Spatula Mundani 014 Salts temperature 274-275 Speculum Ani 009 Salts healing vertues 275-276 Speculum Linguae 009 Salts praise 288-291, 307 Speculum Oris 008 Saluia 119 Spiritus Terebinthinae 066, 067 Saluatorie 024, 025 Spiritus Vini 065, 066, 326 Sarsaperilla 097, 098 Spiritus Vitrioli 066 Sassaphras water 056 Splints 033 Saturnus 312 Spodium 110 A Saw for dismembring 007 Spunges 037 Sawe for the head 007 Stercus caninum 122 Scammonium 094 Stibium 112 Scuruie what it is 178 Of Stitching 027 the names of it 179 How to finde out the stone in the the signes 181-182 bladder 023 the cures 183-191 Storkes bills 011 the cure by lotions 191-193 Strainers 037 the cure by oyles 193 Stratification 348 the cure by unguents Stratum super stratum 327 193-194, 196 Styrax Calamitae 106, 107 the cure for the ulcers Styrax Liquida 106, 107 of the Scuruie 197-201 Subduction 347 Searces 037 Sublimare 325 Section 347 Sublimation 247 Segregation 347 Subtiliation 247 Semen Anethi 201 Succinum 108 Semen Anisi 099 Succinum Album 326 Semen Carui 100 Succinum Citrinum 326 Semen Cumini 100 Succus Absinthij 088 Semen Foeniculi 099, 100 Succus Acatiae 088 Semen Foenigraeci 100 Succus Glicirrhizae 088 Semen Lini 100 Succus Limoniorum 089, 194 Semen Papaueris 101 Sulphur 112, 325 Semen Petroselini 100 How diuersly Sulphur is Semen Plantaginis 101 taken 292 Semen Quatuor frigid. ma. 101 the divers names Semen Quatuor frigid. min. 102 thereof 293 A Sering Large 018, 019, 020 the praise of S. 293-297 A Sering Small 021 Sulphur Philosophorum 325 Separation 347 uide Ol. Sulphuris 260 The Surgions Mate

Sumach 110 What Ueines must be opened, What Syrupe is 129 and the causes why 030 Syrupus Absynthij 078 How to open a Veine, 029 Syrupus Cinammomi 078 Vitrification 348 Syrupus Limonum 078 Vitriolum 112, 328 Syrupus Papaueris 078 what it is 276 Syrupus Prunellorum 080 the kindes of it 277 Syrupus Raphani Siluestris 080 the colour of it 278 Syrupus Rosarum Simplex 080 How to make Vitriolum Syrupus Rosarum Solutiuarum 080 Ueneris 278-279 Syrupus Uiolarum 080 and spirit of Vitrioll with his vertues 280-281 uide ol. uitrioli

T Vitriolum album, or white Talcum 327 Copperas 112 Tamerinds 185, 186 what it is, and how it Tapes 037 is made 283-284 Tartarus 327 and vertues of it 284 How Teeth are to be Vitriolum ustum, how it is made drawen out 015-017 and the use thereof 285 Tenasmus what it is 241-242 Mel Vitrioli whereof made, and the signes 242-243 the vertues thereof 285 the cure 243 Vitrum 328 Terebellum 011 The cure Vlcers 157-159, 197 Terra 327 Vlcus 328 Theriaca Andromachi 085 Vlula Spoone 032, 033 Theriaca Diatesseron 085, 086 Vnguentum Aegyptiacum 045 Theriaca Londinensis 083, 084 Vnguentum Apostolorum 044 Thred and Needles 037 Vnguentum Aragon 052 Thymum 120 Vnguentum Aureum 044, 045 Tigillum 327 Vnguentum Bazilicon 044 A Tinder-boxe 037 Vnguentum Dialtheae Simplex 049 Tinne, vide Iupiter Vnguentum Dialtheae Com- Torrefactio 348 positum 048, 049 Towe 019, 037 Vnguentum Diapompho- Transmutatio 348 ligos 045, 046 Transudatio 348 Vnguentum Contra Ignem 048 Trapan 003, 004, 006 Vnguentum Martiaton 052 Trochisci de Absinthio 092 Vnguentum De Mercurio 049-051 de Alhandal 093 Vnguentum Pectorale 046 de Minio 093 Vnguentum Populeon 047, 194 de Spodio 093 Vnguentum Potabile 049 Tumors not to be incised 001 Vnguentum Rosatum 046 A Tumor defined 129 Vnguentum Contra Scorbutum 048 The cure of a hot Tumor 149-151 Vrina 328 Tumores 328 Ustum 348 Turbith 328 Uuae-Passae 102 Turpethum 096 Tutia 114, 328 W V The immoderate use of hotte- waters hurteth 098 Venus 312 To whom hot waters Veriuice 061 II. John Woodall: The Surgions Mate (1617) 261

belong 058-059 & contused Wounds 142 The common dose of How to preuent putrefaction hot waters 059 in wounds 143 The fittest time to take hotte waters in 059 Z The divers manner of taking Zinziber 104 hott waters 059 Hot Waters may bee used in Glisters 059 ______Waxe lights 022-024, 027 ______Weights and scales 037, 038 White paper 037 Worme-wood Water 057 Viue, uale, Lector. Si quid scis rectius istis, New Wounds must auoide Candidus imperti: si non his vtere gratus. corroding medicines 031 ______How to siccatrize and cure ______new wounds 031 Wounds pentrating are not to be kept open long 032 What a Wound is 125 F I NIS The diuers names of wounds 125 The diuers formes of wounds 125 How to finde out a wound 125-126 The symptoms of wounds internall 126-127 The cure of wounds 128-129 The accidents common to wounds 129 The cure of wounds in the braine with the symptoms 130 The cure of wounds contused 130-131 of wounds uene- mous 132 Of Wounds in the Arteries 131-132 Nerues and ligaments 133-134 and Head 134-136 Face 137 Nose, Eares, Eyes, Necke, Shoulder, Armes 138 Hands 138-139 Thorax 139 Belly 139-140 Scrotum, Hippe, Knee, Anckle, Foote, and Soale of the foote 140 The cure of Wounds by Gunshot 140-145 The difference betweene wounds by gunshot,

III. A. Commentary 1: Index of Names

The index of names contains the list of cited persons with short biographical and bibliographical information [Lit.:]. The page references concern the page number of Woodall’s original version (1617), which is marked at the margin in brackets. Where the count of the original copy is irregular, the first number stands for the numerus currens, the second quotes the cipher of the original text.124

A. List of Abbreviations

1. General Reference Books

ADB: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, hrg. durch die historische Commission bei der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Bd. 1- 56, Leipzig 1875–1912.

BioLexÄ: Hirsch, August: Biographisches Lexikon der hervorragenden Ärzte aller Zeiten und Völker, 2. Ed., suppl. by Wilhelm Haberling, Franz Hübotter and Hermann Vierordt. Vol. I-V, Suppl. Vol. Berlin and Wien: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1929–1935.

DSM: Dictionaire des sciences medicales. Vol. 6. Paris, C. L. F. Panckoucke. 1824

DSB: Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. Gillispie, C. C., Vol. I-XVIII, NewYork: Scribner, 1970–1990.

EnzyklMedGesch: Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. Ed. by Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage and Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegener. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter 2005.

Gurlt: Gurlt, Ernst Julius: Geschichte der Chirurgie und ihrer Ausübung. Volkschirurgie - Alterthum - Mittelalter - Renaissance. Vol. I-III. Berlin: August Hirschwald 1898 [Reprint: Hildesheim: Olms 1964].

LexMA: Lexikon des Mittelalters. Vol. I-X, München, Zürich: LexMA-Verlag, 1980–1999.

LexAnt: Der Kleine Pauly. Lexikon der Antike; auf der Grundlage von Pauly’s Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Ed. Konrat Ziegler and Walther Sontheimer. Vol 1 - 5, Stuttgart [etc.]: Druckenmüller, 1964–1975.

124 The irregular count of the original text concerns the following page numbers (the numbers in brackets point out the numerus currens): p. 44 (= 58); p. 41 (= 59); p. 130 (= 122); p. 131 (= 123); p. 134 (= 126); p. 135 (= 127); p. 218 -219 and p. 251-p. 270 are lacking; p. 315 (= 311); p. 316 (= 314); p. 317 (= 315); p. 320 (= 318); p. 229 (after p. 328): printing error: = 329; p. 345 (= 337); p. 348 (= 340); p. 349 (= 341).

NDB: Neue Deutsche Biographie, hrg. von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin 1953ff.

Pharmacopoeia Pharmacopoeia Augustana. Iussu et Auctoritate Amplissimi Senatus A Augustana 1613125: Collegio Medico rursus recognita [...]. Augustae Vindelicorum (Augsburg), Lucas Kilian 1613.

Schneider: Schneider, Wolfgang: Lexikon zur Arzneimittelgeschichte. Sachwörterbuch zur Geschichte der Pharmazeutischen Botanik, Pharmakologie, Zoologie. Vol. I–VII. Frankfurt a. Main: Govi, 1968- 1975.

Schröder: Schröder, Gerald: Die pharmazeutisch-chemischen Produkte deutscher Apotheken im Zeitalter der Chemiatrie. Bremen 1957 (Veröffentlichung aus dem Pharmaziegeschichtlichen Seminar der TH Braunschweig).

Wecker 1588 Wecker, Johann Jacob: Antidotarium speciale. Basileae, Nicolai frat. haeredes, 1588.

Wecker 1595 Wecker, Johann Jacob: Antidotarium Geminum, Generale et Speciale. Basileae, per Conrad Waldkirch 1595.

2. Measures and Medical Signs

pound (lb), ca. 360.0 g (medical standard was the pound of Nürnberg: 1 lb ca. 357.66 g) 1 pound = 12 ounces

ounce (oz), ca. 30.0 g 1 ounce = 8 drachmae

drachma (dr), ca. 3.65 g 1 drachma = 3 scruples

scruple, ca. 1.22 g 1 scruple = 20 grains

ß a half (1/2) ss (semis) a half (1/2) aa ana partes aequales, equally

125 Woodall himself refers to the Pharmacopoeia Augustana as the right source of his information, see p. 46, p. 86. III. Commentaries 265

m manipulus, maniple

Recipe (Rp.): indicates the beginning of each medical praescription (“invocatio”); it means the request to the apothecary to take of the relevant remedy a, b, c etc. (the parts of the prescription are listed in genitivus partitivus). Then the order follows what should be done with the components (for instance: misce fiat pulvis, solve, or: da ad ollam etc.); finally the “signatura”, the instruction, indicates how the remedy must be taken by the patient: twice a day, with water, in the morning or something like that.

B. M. Balneum Mariae (lat.), bain-marie, water bath (see also p. 316)

3. General Signs

&c. et cetera (lat.): and so on

SC001-SC160 The symbols stand for the place of the drugs in the Surgeons Chest: the numbers refer to the relevant place of the drugs in the box. For the schema of the division see Woodall’s sketch and the diagramm on the illustrations 2a, b. viz: videlicet (lat.): namely

B: Index of Names

Ajax was the most powerful under the ancient heroes next Achill, but he was defeated by Ulisses (Odysseus) in quarrel about the arms of Achill, cf. Ovid, Metamorphosen, XII, 624- XIII, 398. [p. II]

Alexander the Great (356–323 BC), King of the Greek Kingdom of Macedon; Woodall alludes to the botanical explorations and spendid gardens in the unknown Eastern countries. [p. II] Lit.: Bretzl (1903) - About the history of Alexander’s activities and the varying assessement of his achievements cf. LexMA, vol. 1, col. 354–366; - cf. also Demandt (2009).

Alexandros of Tralleis (Alexandros Trallianus) (sixth century AC); after Galen he was the most eminent Greek physician, but he lived mainly in Rome. His chief work, the “Therapeutiká” in 12 books, is compiled largely of the works of Aetius of Amida (lived about the end of 5th and beginning of sixth century AC). p. 242: citation “Tenasmus recti intestini est effectus etc.” see Alexandros Trallianus (1556, Lib. 8, cap. 6, fol. 421); - p. 242–243f: see Alexandros Trallianus (1556, Lib. 8, cap. 6, fol. 422): “Curatio: Tenesmus curatur fomentis, et foenugraeci, altheaeque radicum decocti iure in aluum dato. Quin etiam anus huius uaporem ex uase supposito pannis circumdata suscipiet. 266 The Surgions Mate

Vtimur etiam olea rosaceo, butyro & adipe anserino cum modica cera solutis, et anum interius inungimus. Item ex pice brutia suffitum ei accomodamus.” Lit.: Alexandros Trallianus (1556, fol. 421, 422); - LexAnt, vol. 1, col. 253–254; - DSB vol.1, p. 121 (Kudlien, F.); - Langslow (2006).

Andromachus (fl. first century), Emperor Nero’s private physician. Andromachus improved the famous antidote against poison, named “Mithridatum”; the new composition was used under the name “Theriaca Andromachi” till eighteenth century as universal panacea. p. 85; - p. 203. Lit.: Nutton (2004) p. 177–178; - Griffin (2004) 317–325.

Arcaeus (de Arc), Franciscus (1493–1573?), a famous Spanish physician and surgeon; about his life is little known. He wrote two treatises, one about the wounds of the head and one about the fever, which are united in one volume. Arcaeus invented a liniment, which was in use as “Balsamum Arcaei” or “Arceus Liniment” (= Unguentum Elemi - Elemi is the resin of Boswellia- or Canarium-species) for a long time; it served especially as remedy for fractures and gangrene; Woodall called it “the cheafest Balme” (p. 143). pp. 25; - p. 51; - 124/132; - p. 136; - p.143f; - p. 166; - p. 176; - p.197. Lit.: Arcaeus (1574; 1588); - For recognition of Arcaeus` services in surgery see Gurlt Vol. III (1898) p. 384–391.

Augustanus, the term was not clearly to ascertain, perhaps it meant Pharmacopoeia Augustana, (see below). p. 124.

Avicenna (Abu Alia al-Husain ibn Abdullah ibn Sina) (um 980 - 1037), Persian physician, naturalist und philosopher; he has influenced the development of medicine decisively. As philosopher he connected Neo-Platonism with philosophical movements based on Aristotelian thoughts. The Qānūn at-Tibb (Canon of medicine) is Avicenna’s best known book. It is divided into five parts: 1. General principles (theory of medicine), 2. A list of drugs and their effects, 3. Diseases attacking specific organs, 4. Disorders extending to the whole body, 5. Production of drugs (Antidotarium). The treatise, which was translated in Latin in the twelfth century, was printed 1470 for the first time; the compendium was considered to be an important textbook of medicine untill the seventeenth century. p. 41: some think that Avicenna invented the emplastrum Diachilon; - p. 44: unguentum apostolorum was devised by Avicene; - p. 45: unguentum album camphoratum was invented by Avicene; - p. 85: Theriaca Diatesseron Mesuis had beginning from Avecine and Mesues, or one of them; - p. 123 = 131: Avicenna is listed as one of the authors which Woodall had used;- p. 147: about apostume as Avicenna says (Avicenna, Canon (1500), Lib. I, Fen. IIII, cap. 25); - p. 221 (cupping glasses of Avicenna (Avicenna (Canon (1500) Lib. I, Fen. IIII, cap. XX: Phlebotomia; XXI: De ventosis); - p. 221: about purging medicines in fluxes: Avicenna (“Canon” (1500) Lib. I, Fen. IIII, cap. III:ad sciendum qualiter et quando oportet euacuari); - p. 222f: about the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 234, p. 237: Avicenna about the signs of colic see his “Canon” (1500), Lib. III, Fen XVI, Tract. III, de doloribus intestinorum, cap. VIII and IX). Lit: Avicenna (1500); - (Avicenna (1507/1998); - Avicenna (Life of Ibn Sina, 1974); - Gutas (1988).

Bairo, Pietro [Bayrius, Peter] (1468–1558), Physician at Turin and private physician of Charles II, Duke of Savoy. III. Commentaries 267 p. 204, 206: [concerning the fluxes of the bellie, see Bairo (1563) p. 273ff, Lib. XIII, cap. III: “De fluxu ventris”, and cap. IIII, p. 276: “De Dysenteria et excoriatione”]. Lit.: Bairo (1563); - see also Brüggemann (1829) p. 265.

Clowes, William (1543/44–1604), outstanding military and naval surgeon; since 1576 member of the surgical staff of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital in London; he served in the fleet which defeated the Spanish Armada 1588; henceforth he practised in London successfully, his “work and outlook were progressive and up to date” (Keevil (1957) p. 131). Clowes trusted more to his own observations than to ancient authorities and published 1588 the first book in English about gunshot wounds in a naval context; in 1596 his major work “A profitable and necessarie book of observations”, a compendium of his own surgical and medical experience, came out. p. 50: Woodall refers to Clowes for the appropriate use of mercury in his book of Surgery. There Clowes says (1596, p. 169): “mercury [...] is as a sword put into a mad mans hand”, but “he truly affirmed that quecksilver is most profitable for the cure of Lues Venerea”. Lit.: Clowes (1588; 1596, p. 140ff: Illustrations of the “Surgery-Chest” and instruments); - Keevil (Vol. 1, 1957, p. 129–137); - McCallum (2008) p. 83.

Clusius, Carolus (L’Écluse, Charles) (1526–1609), Flemish doctor and important botanist. Clusius studied at Montpellier medicine, but he did never practise the profession as physician; at first he worked as prefect of the imperial medical garden in Vienna. In the late 1580s he changed to Frankfurt. 1593 he get an appointment as professor at the university of Leiden, where he created one of the earliest botanical gardens in Europe. Clusius translated several botanical works, which informed about the new plants of the newly discovered regions, from Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch into Latin. Clusius’ most important study about the exotic flora and fauna appeared 1605 under the the title: “Exoticorum libri decem” (1605); - see also Harvey, William, p. 91. Lit.: Clusius (1605); - Hunger (1927–1943); - Ogilvie, (2006); - Gelder (2011).

Cordus, Valerius (1515–1544), physician, botanist and pharmacist. His most important work was the “Dispensatorium pharmacopolarum”, which he presented 1546 to the council of the imperial free city Nürnberg. This Dispensatorium was the first official pharmacopoea and became a model for other towns and countries. p. 123: Valerius Cordus belongs to the list of authors, which Woodall used after his own statement; - p. 193ff: Woodall valued his own “Unguentum contra scorbutum” and “Unguentum Populeon” (see Woodall (1617) p. 47f) with the composition of the same name in Valerius Cordus’ Dispensatorium (1598, p. 218f); Woodall described it as an excellent remedy against scurvy. He explains with reference to Oswald Croll (see there), why the healing principle “Similia conservantur similibus et contraria contrariorum remedia sunt” not always alone to be respected, “but rather their mysteries and hidden vertues”. So Woodall will stick to the old axiom regarding the lemons as example and will use these for the hot fevers and also for the cold scurvy. Lit.: Cordus (1546; 1559; 1598); - Ferchl (1934); - Schmitz (1958); - EnzyklMedGesch, p. 272 (Fritz Krafft).

Crato von Krafftheim, Johannes (1519–1585), German humanist and physician. At first he studied theology at Wittenberg, where he lived together with Martin Luther (1483–1546) several years. 1546 Crato changed the course of studies and turned to medicine. He went to Padua, where Johannes Baptista Montanus (1498–1551) was his teacher. 1550 Crato came back to Breslau, where he practised as physician, specially for the poor. 1560 he was 268 The Surgions Mate appointed as private physician of the emperor Ferdinand I. (1503–1564) and afterwards of Maximilian II. (1527–1576). see Wecker, p. 55.

Crollius, Oswaldus (Croll, Oswald) (c. 1560–1609), Professor of medicine at the University of Marburg, but he stayed mainly in Eastern Europe. From 1593 until his death he practised in Brno and Prague, where he became acquainted with the circle of occult scientists around Rudolf II. and alchemical writers. Crollius studied especially chemical medicine or “iatrochemistry” and belonged to the leading Paracelsians of the seventeenth century. As summary of his studies he published 1609 his main work titled “Basilica Chemica”, which is a compendium of his researches and experimental studies into chemical reactions. p. 92; - p.123/131; - p. 196; - p. 225; - p. 227; - p. 228. Lit.: Croll (1609); - Kühlmann/Telle (1996–1998); - Wels (2013) p. 63–85.

Damocrates (first century), Greek physician at Rome; his works are testified only by Plinius (23/24 - 79 AC) and Galen (129 - ca. 201/215 AC). Galen called some extracts of his works and praised his medical knowledge: “Damocrates, praestantissimus ipse quoque medicus factus, integrum librum de antidotum confectione versibus eleganter complexus”; especially he described the composition of “Mithridatium Damocratis” in verse. p. 84: Methridatum Damocratis. Lit: Galen, ed. Kühn, Vol. 14: “De theriaca ad Pisonem”, c. 12, p. 260; “Peri antidoton”, c. 2, p. 115–126 (De Mithridatica antidoto ex Damocratis traditione); - LexAnt: Vol. 1, p. 1375.

Dioscorides (Dioskurides) (first century), famous Greek physician and botanist at Rom. He wrote a comprehensive book about Materia medica, which stayed the competent standard work for pharmaceutics till seventeenth century. His method of describing plants and animals was the model to present plants in the medieval herbals. p. 53; - p. 54; - p. 124. Lit.: Berendes (1902); - Dioscuridis (Ed. Wellmann, 1906–1914, Reprint 1958); - LexAnt, Vol. 2, p. 90–92; -EnzyklMedGesch, p. 308–315 (Stoll, U.)

Dodoneus, Rembertus (Dodoens, Rembert) (1517–1585), Flemish physician and botanist; he studied at the University of Leuven. After a short stay in Basel he acted as court physician of King Philip II. of Spain and of the Austrian emperor Rudolph II. in Vienna, then he returned to Leuven, where he became Professor in medicine 1582. His most important work was his herbal “Cruydeboeck” (1554, in Latin 1583), which was influenced by the botanical research of Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566). p. 123/131. Lit.; Dodoneus (1583); - Dodoneus (2005).

Dorucretius (= Dorncrellius)126, Dornkreill, Tobias (1571–1603), physician at Lüneburg; he published a Dispensatorium (1603) about the preparation and application of drugs for the use at Lüneburg and the surroundings. He wrote a treatise also about the plague (1604) and the “Rothe Ruhr” (1599). p. 123/131. Lit.: Dornkreill (1599); - Dornkreill (1603; 1604); - Biographical note in: Ernsting (1770) p. 1075.

126 The name ist corrected as “Dorncrellius” in Woodalls Surgion’s Mate of 1639 III. Commentaries 269

Duion, Physician p.207 f.: Duion, a very experte and learned physician, is cited by the french surgeon Jaques Guillemeau (see Guillemeau (1597) fol. 49v).

Echthius, Ioannes (1515-ca. 1545), physician in Cologne; his main work concerned the scurvy (1585); the treatise was reprinted 1624 by Daniel Sennert. p. 182: Echthius recommended to take four measures against scurvy: opening obstructions, evacuating humors, altering the property of them, comforting and corroborating the parts late diseased. Lit.: Echthius, Ioannes. In: Ronsseus [...] de scorbuto epitome (1585, S. 98–114; Reprint (1624) p. 299–310); - see also: Lind (1753, p. 2–3, 10); - Hughes (1990); - Mayer (2012) Vol. 1, p. 18–21.

Edwards, Mr. [?] p. 214: medicine for the Fluxe

Fallopius, Gabrielus (Falloppio or Falloppia, Gabriele) (1523–1562), Professor of anatomy in Ferrara, Pisa and of anatomy and surgery at the University of Padua (1551); he made many discoveries about the anatomy of the head; the “aquaeductus Fallopii” is named after him. Also he described for the first time the connection between the ovary and the uterus, the so-called Fallopian tube (Tuba uterina Falopii); beyond this he was an early expert on syphilis. p. 60: Aqua Fal(l)opii see Fallopius (1574, p. 133–135: De praecipitato quod exhibent per os), main constiutent is “Mercury sublimed” (Mercurius sublimatus, HgCl2); - p. 191: Aqua Falopii against scurvy Lit.: Fallopius (1574); - BioLexÄ II, 475; - DSB, IV, 519–521; - EnzyklMedGesch, 391–392.

Fernel, Jean (ca. 1497–1558), French physician, one of the most important physicians in sixteenth century. He published the first methodical and systematical work about pathology and physiology. p. 124/132. Lit.: BioLÄ II, 505; - Rothschuh (1970); - Rothschuh (1978, p. 199–204); - DSB, IV, 584–586.

Gale, Thomas (1507–1567), English surgeon. Gale served as surgeon with the army of Henry VIII at the siege of Montreuil 1544 and under Philip II of Spain in the battle of St. Quentin 1557. He was closely associated with the London Company of Barber-Surgeons and published 1563 a most profitable, for his time remarkable book; it comprised four writings: “1. An Institution of Chirurgerie. 2. An Enchiridion conteining the cure of woundes, fractures, and dislocations. 3. An excellent treatise of the wounde made with gonneshote, in whiche is confuted the grose opinion of Jo. Vigo, Brunswicke, Alfonsus Ferrius, and others. 4. An Antidotarie conteyning the principall and secrete medicines, used in the art of Chirurgerie.” The work was one of the first books about surgery printed in English and includes the first mention of syphilis in the English literature. By means of this compendium Gale intended to improve the insufficient knowledge of the surgeons, which he all the time lamented. p. 43: about the cited “Emplastrum de minio [...] of the composition [...] by Master Galle in his dispensatorie” see Gale (1563) Pt. 4: An Antidotarie conteyning the principall and secret medicines used in the art of Chirurgerie, p. 47v-48r: “Emplastrum de Minio. Rec. Olei rosacei, one pound and a halfe; Unguenti populei, Olei myrtyllorum ana foure vnces; Pingued. Caponis two vnces; Sepi vitulini, Vaccini ana halfe a pounde; Axungie seven vnces; 270 The Surgions Mate

Lithargyri auri, Argenti ana three vnces and a halfe; Minij, Cerusae, Terebinthine ana foure vnces; Cere that is sufficient. Let all these be boyled together, tyll it be blacke, and make thereof a plaster accordyng to art.This plaster is good for old sores, and is the experiment of Ioannes de Vigo.”; - p. 44: “Unguentum Basillicum [...] is ascribed to haue beene deuised by Gallen” see Gale (1563) Pt. 4, 12v: “Unguentum Basilicon maius Mesuae Galeni Enneapharmacum est: Rec.Cerae albae, Resine pini, Sepi Vaccini, Picis graecae, Picis nigrae, Terebinthine, Thuris, Myrrhae ana j unce; Olei communis s. q.; Fiat unguentum.”; - p. 147: “The times of Apostumes are also at large handled learnedly by M. Gale [...]”: see Gale (1563) Pt.1, p. 19v (Definition), p. 40ff; also Pt. 2: An Enchiridion of Chirurgerie, conteyning exacte and perfect cure of woundes fractures and dislocation, chap. II: Of inflammation and apostemation, p. 34ff.; - p. 148: “The declination of Apostumes [...] I referre you, as before, to Mr. Galles Institution of a Surgeon”: see p. 147: Gale (1563) Pt. 1, p. 40ff. Lit.: Gale (1563); - Satchell (2004).

Gale, William (d. 1610), master (1595) of the Barber-Surgeons of London and examiner of surgery within the city of London as well as seven miles around (Young (1890) p. 6, 7, 206; Bloom/James (1935) p. 19). p. 344 (see Wood, Richard). Lit.: Young (1890); - Bloom/James (1935) p. 19.

Galen of Pergamon (ca. 129 - ca. 201/216), besides Hippokrates (ca. 460-ca. 370 BC) the most important physician of the Ancient World; he remaind the authority in medical theory until the eighteenth century. Born in Pergamum he practised medicine mainly in Rome. One of the most influential doctrines was his theory of the four Hippocratic humours (phlegm, blood, black bile and yellow bile), each of these four humours he related to principal organs of the body: head and phlegma, heart and blood, blackbile and liver, yellow bile and gall bladder; these four humours were the basis of a comprehensive system of Health: the harmonious balance of the four humours meant health, the disturbance of the balance as a result of the predominance of one humour caused disease. p. 41f: “Diacalsitheos” (analgesic plaster): see Galen (ed. Kühn XIII: De compositione medicamentorum per genera, Lib. V, 803). Galen did not call himself, he quotes Asclepiades, who devised the Emplastrum; - p. 65: “euen by Galen himselfe, Teste cap. 6. lib. prim. simpl. med. etc.”: see Galen (ed. Kühn XI, De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus, Lib. I, cap. XX, 416); - p. 123 = 131: Galen is named in the list of “The Authors, Woodall have used”: - p. 146: “Ceratum refrigerans Galeni”: see Galen (ed. Kühn, XI, De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus, Lib. I, cap. VI, 391); - p. 206: “Galen in his second booke, de locis affectis”: see Galen (ed. Kühn, VIII, De locis affectis, Lib. II, cap. II, 85f). Woodall did not cite the original text, but he referred to Baier (see at the top); - p. 216, “Paine and torture of the intestines, or ventricle, Galen testifieth cap. 2. locorum affectorum”: as p. 206; - p. 217: “Aphor. 24. Sect. 4”: see Hippokrates (ed. Littré, vol. IV, p. 511); - p. 217: “Aphor.3. Sect. 6”: see Hippokrates (ed. Littré, vol. IV, p. 565); - p. 220: “Aph. 14. Sect. 2”: see Hippokrates (ed. Littré, vol. IV, p. 475); - “Aph. 25. Sect. (1)”: see Hippokrates (ed. Littré, vol. IV, p. 471); - “Aph. 3., Sect. 4”: see Hippokrates (ed. Littré, vol. IV, p. 503); for the quotation: “Galen affirmeth in his second booke of naturall faculties” see Galen (ed. Kühn, II, De naturalibus facultatibus, Lib. II, cap. IX, 131f); - p. 223: “Purgative medicines [...]when a Disenteria proceeds [...]the cure as Galen witnesseth”: Galen describes the diseases in “De loco affectis”, Lib. II, p. 85f, Lib. IV, p. 247 and VI, p. 383f (see below p. 242); about the therapeutical principle “contrary to the disposition” [contrariorum contraria esse remedia] see Galen (ed. Kühn, X, De methodo medendi, Lib. VIII, p. 557 and Lib. XI, p. 761, 767–773); - p. 233: “Galen affirmeth 7. Aphorism”: see Galen (ed. Kühn, XVII B, Galeni commentarium I. in Hippocratis aphorismos, p. 372–375); - p. 233: “Galen III. Commentaries 271 witnesseth, Lib. 6, cap. 2.”: see Galen (ed. Kühn, VIII, De locis affectis. Lib. VI, p. 383–389); - p. 233f: “the party dieth within seuen daies, Galen aphoris. 44”: see Hippokrates (ed. Littré, t. IV, Aphorism. sect. 6, 44, p. 575); - p. 237: “with Galen 12. Methodus medendi judge”: Galen (ed. Kühn, X, De methodo medendi, Lib. XII, p. 857); - p. 242: “this disease (Tenasmus) as Galen saith”: In the quoted second Book of “De methodo medendi” only could be found the short remark: “Dysenteria id est intestinorum tormina. Subinde ab ipso symptomate ut Ileos, hoc est volvulus. Tinesmus (!) id est desidendi assidua cupiditas” see “De Methodo Medendi”, Lib. II, p. 321. In: Galen: “Epitomes Omnium Galeni Pergameni operam universam ...Sectio Tertia. Per Andream Lacunam ...collecta”. Venetiis, apud Hieronymum Scotum, 1548. In greater detail the disease is described in Galen’s “De locis affectis”. In: Galen (ed. Kühn, VIII, Lib. VI, cap. 2, p. 383f): “Atque ulcera quae in recto intestino oriuntur, tenesmum vocant, vehementes tensiones et promptas dejiciendi cupiditates invehunt paucis admodum sequentibus excrementis, quae quidem ab initio pituitosa et pinguia, progressu vero temporis etiam ramentosa dejiciuntur”; - p. 242: “Tenasmus paineth the patient”: see Galen (ed. Kühn, VII, “De Symptomatum caussis”, Lib. III, 247). Lit.: Galen (ed. Kühn, Bd. 1–20, Leipzig 1821–1833); - EnzyklMedGesch (2005), p. 448–482 (Nickel, D.); - Johnston (2006).

Gerardus Cremonensis (Gerard of Cremona), thirteenth century, Italian translator of medical texts from Arabic into Latin, especially he translated the Arabic “Almansor” of al- Razi and Avicenna’s Arabic “Canon of Medicine” in Latin. p. 223: “Gerardus Cremo”. Lit.: LexMA Vol. 4, p. 1317f; - Grant (1974) p. 35–38.

Guillemeau, Ja(c)ques (1550–1630), surgeon and obstetrician, disciple of Ambroise Paré (see there); he was one of the most important surgeons of the Hôtel-Dieu in Paris, moreover he was the surgeon of the kings Charles IX, Henry III. and Henry IV. His major work was “The Frenche Chirurgerye” (1598). p. 207–208: The passage: “The Emperike Medicaments which the methodicall Physitions so disdaine [...]” till “[...] except great Iudgement and aduise had thereon” [p. 208] is quoted from Iaques Guillemeau (1597, fol. 49v); - p. 208: Philonium requies Nicolai see Nicolaus Alexandrinus. Lit. Guillemeau (1597); - Gurlt, Vol. II, p. 861–890; - BioLÄ II p. 904–905.

God Woodall appeals to God many times, he requests support to be successful with healing, emphasizes “the mysteries of our God in his divine providence” (p.196) and praises God’s charity; especially before amputation he urges the patient to pray just as he himself implores for God’s help, because “it is no small presumption to Dismember the Image of God” (p. 172). p. III (preface): Woodall confesses that God enabled him to be a talented surgeon; - p. VII: Woodall begins his introduction to the reader with an expression of modesty: “I imboldned my selfe thereunto in discharge of Christian duty to God and my Country, being appointed by the Honourable society of Merchants trading to the East Indies, to furnish with medicines [... ]”; - p. VIII: Woodall announces: “I purpose, God willing, as soone as I can haue time to publish [...]”, - p. IX: “The office of the Surgions Mate [...] the first concerneth his duty to God”; - p. XIII: “good seruice to God, his Countrey, and himselfe, is the condition for a good reputation in the world; the want of the service of God makes the young surgeons ready for all vnprofitable, idle, und vnseemly actions”; - p. 1: where incision is not possible: “let him proceed in the name of God”; - p. 5: Woodall assures, that he “will touch (God willing) more largely the cure of the head”; - p. 11: Woodall concludes: “since experience and reason 272 The Surgions Mate maketh an Arte, if thou haue reason be carefull to aske counsell both of God and man”; - p. 14: “by God his mercy”; - p. 16: “Gods mercy in working that which arte cannot”; - p. 17: “the cure whereof (God willing) shall in another place be spoken of”; - p. 20: “and if he [the young surgeon] know more then my selfe, thank God for it, and let him impart some to others”; - p. 38/39: admonition, “in the feare of God not to be fine fingered, slothfull, or scornefull”; - p. 50: Woodall hopes to explaine many worthy medicines: “as I shall haue time, God willing”; - p. 129: “Syncope [...] whose remedy is Cordialls, if God haue appointed life”; - p. 139: in desparate situations, if there is some hope of cure or not, the surgeon should “neglect not thy duty, nor despaire, for God is mercifull”; - p. 153: about the cures of apostema: “it is a divine work [...] and euer as fast within by Gods prouidence incarning new flesh”; - p. 154: likewise about the cure of apostema: “go on, in the name of God, with your precedent courses of healing againe”; - p. 155: about errors in surgeon’s cure of apostema: “if they feared God, they should not dare to doe. These and the like grosse errors, vnexcusable before God and man”; - p. 156: the chapter “Of Apostumes and their Cures” ends with the words: “to the praise of GOD”; - p. 157: despite of some token of incurability of ulcers and fistulae the surgeon “shall be able to cure the disease, by the helpe of God”; - p. 160: Woodall closes the chapter about rules for the cure of wounds with the words: “Thus much of Vlcers and Fistulaes to God his glory, and the helpe of the weaker sort of young Practitioners”; - p. 167: Woodall closes the chapter concerning the cures of fractures with the self-confident words: “Thus much concerning fractures, not writ from any mans authority, but truly and plainely as I haue done the like in my practise, for which let God be praised, Amen”; - p. 171: Woodall closes the chapter of dislocations and their cures with the words: “this which is said is practise, for the which if thou finde profit by it, giue God the praise”; - p. 172: Woodall asks the patient to say a prayer before amputation is practised because “the eminent danger of death by the vse of the saw [...] Let him prepare his soule as a ready sacrifice to the Lord by earnest praiers”. Also Woodall advises the surgeon to request “help from the Almighty, and that heartily. For it is no small presumption to Dismember the Image of God”; - p. 184: about God’s providence to appoint the best remedies in those regions where certain diseases spread out: “true, that where a disease most raineth, euen there God hath appointed the best remedies for the same greefe if it be his will they should be discouered and vsed: and note for substance, the Lemmons, Limes, Tamarinds, Oringes, and other choyce of good helpes in the Indies which you shall finde there [...]”; - p. 196: opposition of God’s providence and mans foolishness: “the mysteries of our God in his diuine prouidence farre do excell whatso euerthings else, shewing mans wisedome meere foolishnesse, wherefore to him for euermore be praise, Amen”; - p. 199: if the surgeons mate has a better rule than Woodall, he should use them “and forget mine in the name of God”; - p. 201f: conclusion of the chapter about the Scurvy; Woodall admonishes the surgeons mate to be wise and carefull, wishing “that God may giue a blessing to their labours and thenn the praise and comfort shall returne to themselues, which God grant”; - p. 205: cure of diarrhoea: “and let him againe incline himselfe to rest and by Gods help he shall be cured”; - p. 211: Woodall confesses: “all diseases haue their originall from the hand of the Almighty, yet then we haue all reason to call to our remembrances, the words which the Prophet Dauid speaketh in the Psalmes, Whither shall I flie from the O my God? when therefore the aire which we are forced to receiue into our bodies shal threaten vs, then if euer, it is high time for Surgeon and patient to crie vnto God for his helpe and mercy, and yet not to mistrust, but to vse all artificiall meanes, referring the successe to the Almighty”; - p. 212: Woodall tries to encourage the young surgeons to treat the infectious diseases too: “let them take this rule from mee, in the feare of God, I holde no disease infectious to mee, in that I haue a lawfull calling, and I am therefor bound to visit the diseased, which who so neglecteth, God will finde him out with that disease or a worse”; - p. 249: a general rule for the good treatment of scuruy: “almost euery sicknesse at sea ends in the Scuruy, and the Scuruy oft times vnlades her selfe by a flux with death attending thereon, III. Commentaries 273 without Gods mercy, and the Christian commiseration, diligence and skilfull hand of the Surgeons Mate, which that he may the better be enabled in all difficult cases to practise and performe his duty, the God of all glory assist him with his grace”. In the margin: “By Gods mercy miseries are preuented, and art in curing blessed”; - p. 250: about health from Salt by Gods prouidence and the antiquitiy of the mineral: “[...] not onely the sea, but also all other creatures of God [...] cannot, nor euer did subsist without a naturall inbred salt in them”; - p. 272: “man the excellentest of Gods creatures”; - p. 277: Woodall will declare the great virtues of mineral salts “as time shall serue by Gods helpe”.

Harvey, William (1578–1657), English Physician and physiologist; he studied medicine at the Universities of Cambridge and Padua, where he became a disciple of Fabricio d’Aquapendente and received the degree of M. D. After his return to England 1602 he was elected as Fellow of the College of Physicians and practised as physician of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital in London, where he carried out his duty till 1643. Woodall met him there. In 1618 Harvey was appointed as physician to the Court of James I., a function, which Harvey continued under King’s successor Charles I. as well. Harvey’s fame is based on his epoch-making treatise demonstrating the circulation of the blood, which was 1616 already completed, but first published in Latin in Frankfurt in 1628 under the title “Excercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus”. With the animal experiments and his explanations of the physiological facts Harvey changed fundamentally the conceptions of the functions of the heart and blood vessels. In 1651 Harvey published another outstanding work on embryology and obstretics: “Exercitationes de generatione animalium”, which revolutionized the conception of the living organisms. p. 91: “Pilule Cambogiae”: remark by William Harvey to their application as laxative in St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, Harvey called his saffran-colored preparation “Crocus purgans”. The plant (Garcinia species/Clusiaceae), which contains a dark yellow gum resin with drastic purgative effect named “Cambogia” (Gummi gutti, Gummi guttae) after his habitat Cambodia, was brought to Amsterdam by the East India Company 1603; the flemish doctor and famous botanist Carolus Clusius (Charles de l’Écluse, 1526–1609), who get an specimen of the drug, described the new remedy in his famous book immediately: “Exoticorum Libri decem: Quibus Animalium, Plantarum, Aromatum, aliorumque peregrinatorum Fructuum historiae describuntur”. (Leiden (1605), p. 82). How the exempel of Harvey shows, the application of the drug spread very quickly, the resin was frequently applied until the nineteenth century. p. 96: Cambodigiae, or Guttigambe, see p. 91. Lit.: Clusius (1605); - Harvey (1628); - Harvey (1651), the book revolutionized the conception of the living organisms.; - Bylebyl (1979); - Keynes (1989); - Fuchs (1992; 2001).

Hippokrates (460–375 BC), is considered as one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. In antiquitiy ca. 70 writings were attributed to him, but probably the greater part of the books was compiled in the third century BC in Alexandria. Among the many editions of his works there is the fundamental “Oeuvres complètes d’Hippocrates”, a bilingual edition par E. Littré in ten volumes [1839–1861], still in use as a result of 22 years of continous labour. The writings were not intended alone to serve as sources of the ancient medicine, but also as basis for actual medical instructions. p. 148: “Hypocrates lib. 47 cap. 2 hath these words, that whilest Pus is in making, paines and feuers doe afflict”: see: Hippocrates (1554, fol. 29v); see also Hippocrates (ed. Littré, Vol. IV, Aphorismes. Deuxième section, p. 483): “Les douleurs et les fièvres surviennent plus vers l’époque de la formation du pus qu’après qu’il est formé”. Tagault quotes the latin translation of the aphorism: “Duritia longa pulsus dolor [...] pars et acuta” (Tagault (1549) p. 27), which 274 The Surgions Mate

Woodall has cited; - p. 215: remark about the signs of the death, which are written in: Hippocrates (ed. Littré, Vol. II, Le Pronostic, p. 113ff): “Dans les maladies aigues, le médecin fera les observations suivantes: il examinera d’abord le visage du malade [...] et plus elle s’en [l’apparence la plus favorable] éloignera, plus le danger sera grand. Les traits ont atteint le dernier degré d’altération quand le nez est effilé, les yeux enfoncés, les tempes affaissées, les oreilles froides et contractées, les lobes des oreilles écartés, la peau du front sèche, tendue et aride, la peau de toute la face jaune ou noire, ou livide, ou plombée”; - p. 241: Tenasmus: “Hypocrates calleth it in his sixth Aphorisme and in the seuenth booke, is a disease, intention, or straining about the right gut”, onely one citation of tenasmus is to be finde in the aphorism, see Hippocrates (ed. Littré, Vol. IV, Aphorismes. Septième section, p. 585). Lit.: Hippocrate (ed. Littré. vol. 1–10. Paris, J. B. Baillière, 1839–1861); - EnzyklMedGesch (2005) p. 597–600 (Keil, G.); - Boylan (2006).- Nutton (2013).

Jordanus de Turre (fourteenth century), master of medicine at Monpellier. We don’t know anything exactly about his birthplace and life. He wrote several medical works especially about the finding of degrees in medicines, lepra, the treatment of fevers, dropsy and epilepsy. p. 223: Jordanus de Turre is mentioned as one, who cures the flux of the belly with purgative medicaments against Avicenna (see there). Lit.: Prioreschi (2003) p. 424–427.

Leoni, Domenico (gest. 1592), Professor of medicine at the University of Bologna, he taught medicina practica from 1561 until 1591. p. 233: Woodall took the informations about the Causes, Signes and Prognostica of Illiaca passio from Leonus’ chapter “De Ileo” (Leoni (1585) p. 572f), which he summarized; - p. 236: the causes of Collica passio are quoted from Dominicus Leonus (Leoni (1585) p. 572f): “De Colico affectu, Causae: [...] Per consensum autem vel a ventriculo humores, et flatus generante: ab hepate, et liene materias ad intestina expellente: a renibus calculo laborantibus: a vesica ab utero Apostema patiente: a toto, ut in febribus ubi humores ex venis ad intestina truduntur”. Lit.: Leoni (1585); - Calabritto (2006) 63–83.

Libavius, Andrea (1555–1617), German doctor and chemist. Libavius was born in Halle and studied philosophy, history and medicine at the universities in Wittenberg and Jena and obtained the magister artium in 1581. After a short time as a teacher in Ilmenau and Coburg he went to Basel, where he got his doctorate in medicine 1588. That same year he was appointed as Professor in Jena, where he gave lectures on history and poetics. 1606 he was elected as headmaster of the reestablished “Casmirianum Gymnasium” in Coburg, where he lived until his death. Libavius wrote more than 40 works in the field of theology, physics, medicine, chemistry and poetry, his most important work however was the treatise “Alchymia”, published in 1597, which is the first systematic presentation of the chemical art. p. 319: “about a pure medicine made by Chymicall Art, out of any good thing eyther Animall, vegitable, or minerall”, see Libavius (1597): Lib. II, Tract. I. cap. 49: p. 228: De elementis substantiae; - p. 326: Sal ammoniacum, “growes naturally in Turky, but is commonly made of Sal Akali, common Salt, Urin, etc.” see Libavius (1597): Lib. II, Tract. II, cap. 38, p. 381: Sal ammoniacus. Lit.: Libavius (1597; 1964: German translation); - Libavius (1599); - NDB Vol. 14 (1985) p. 441 f. (Rex, Friedemann).

Magnus, Olaus (1490–1558), Swedish historian, cartographer and catholic ecclesiastic. His most famous work was the “Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus”, printed in Rome in III. Commentaries 275

1555, which was translated into German 1567 and into English 1568. Just as important as those was his earlier written “Carta marina et Descriptio septemtrionalium terrarum [...]”, printed in Venice in 1539, which included a detailed description and accurate maps of the Northern Land. p. 183: Woodall refers to Olaus Magnus’ description of the scurvy, which he described as “morbus castrensis [...] vulgari lingua gentis schoerburch, Graece Cachexia, forsitan a subcutanea mollitie putrescente, quae videtur esu salsorum ciborum nec digestorum nasci [...] Insuper si diutius grassatur iste morbus potu absynthiaco continuato illum arcere [...]” (Magnus (1562) Lib. XVI, cap. 3, p. 130v). Lit.: Magnus (1562).

Manardi (Manardo), Giovanni (Manardus, Iohannes) (1462–1536), physician and humanist, one of the leading physicians in Italy at the beginning of the sixteenth century. In 1513 he was appointed to Vladislas’ II., King of Hungary-Bohemia, as his personal physician. After his return to Ferrara (1518) Manardus was called to the University of Ferrara as professor and successor of Nicolò Leoniceno in 1526. Manardi’s major work are the “Epistolae medicinales”, which appeared first 1521. They were enlarged in 1532, last in 1535, when they were published in 20 books. p. 73: Oleum Scorpionum: Woodall refers the recommendation of the oil against pestilence and poison, which he found in Manardi’s “Epistolae medicinales” (Manardi (1549) p. 602). Lit.: Manardi (1549); - Palumbo, Margherita: Manardi, Giovanni. In: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Vol. 68, Rom, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 2007.

Manlius de Bosco, Johannes Jacobus, physician, who lived in fifteenth century; he wrote a Dispensatorium for pharmacists with the title “Luminare majus omnibus medicis necessarium sive interpretatio super Mesue jun. Antidotarium et Practica”, which was printed first 1494 at Pavia. Woodall considers whether Manlius or Martianus was the inventor of Unguentum Martiatum, but rather thinks that it was Martianus (see Martianus). p. 52: Unguentum Martiatum. Lit.: LexMA Vol. VI, 1 (1992), p. 196f.

Martianus, unknown physician; he was considered to be the inventor of the famous “Unguentum Martiatum”, a composition, which contained more than 50 drugs; the Unguentum Martiatum was specified in the so-called Antidotarium Nicolai, which a Salernitan physician named Nicolai had compiled in the twelfth century. Nicolai’s medical and pharmaceutical work was one of the most important medieval dispensatories and was first printed 1471 (see Goltz (1976) p. 192). The indications of Unguentum marciaton in the edition of 1471 correspond to Woodall’s description completely. p. 52: Vnguentum Martiatum. Lit.: Goltz (1976); - LexMA vol. I (1979) p. 708–710 (Antidotarium Nicolai, Keil, G.); vol. VI, 6 (1993), p. 1167 (Nikolaos Myrepsos, Keil, G.).

Mattioli, Pietro Andrea (1500–1577), Italian physician and naturalist. He practised medicine at Siena, Rome, Trento and Gorizia and became personal physician of Ferdinand II. and Maximilian II. Mattioli tried to coordinate Dioscorides’ medical botany with the botany of his time and added descriptions of new plants which were not to be found in Dioscorides’ materia medica. Mattioli fitted the text with woodcuts of high standard, so he made the identification of the plants a lot easier. p. 54: (aqua coelestis), as Ruland (1612, p. 48) and Johnson (1657, p. 24f ) explained, “aqua coelestis” means “vinum rectificatum”; the term “aqua coelestis” is to be found onely in one chapter of Mattioli’s “Commentarii in sex libros...” (Lib. I, cap. 51, p. 80f: “Susinum”), where 276 The Surgions Mate it serves as solvent. Probably Woodall meant the surprising antidote, which is described in the sixth book of the commentaries and was composed of more than 50 drugs (p. 1406f). This antidote could be prepared also as a potion including “libras quinque aquae vitae vocatae ex optimo, odoratoque vino confectae, totiesqu vitreis organis repurgatae, ut quintae essentiae speciem prae se ferat”; - p. 55: referring to Mattioli (“Mathiolus”), who also described Cynamon Water as excellent remedy (cf. Mattioli (1565) p. 44–51: “cinnamomum”); - p. 132: with the name “Matheolus” under the authors, which Woodall had used. Lit.: Mattioli (1565); - Ruland (1612); - Johnson (1657).

Mesue (Pseudo-) Junior (Johannes Mesue of Damascus), unknown author of the early thirteenth century, who compiled a kind of pharmacopoeia (“Grabadin”). The apothecary’s manual gained soon importance as compendium of Arabic therapeutics in medieval Europe, some of the prescriptions entered the Antidotarium Nicolai since the fourteenth century. p. 41: Diachylon magnum cum gummis and Diachylon parvum (Mesue (1549) p. 128v); - p. 42: Emplastrum melilotum per splene and Emplastrum Melilotum simplex (Mesue (1549), p. 131r); - p. 45: Unguentum aegyptiacum (Mesue (1549) p. 127r); - p. 46: Unguentum rosatum (Mesue (1549) p. 126r); - p. 85: Theriaca Diatesseron (Mesue (1549) p. 82r):“Summa medicinarum est iiij res excepto melle [...] reperiuntur enim theriacae due famose descriptiones[...]. Prima est quae dicitur fuisse Galeni, quam ponit Nicolaus in suo antidotario, et Avicenna, vide canon tractatu primo et denominatur ab eis, quia ipsi fuerunt inuentores illarum descriptionum, commendatur et praeparatur [...]”; - p. 89: Pilulae aggregatiuae (Mesue (1549) fol. 118v); - p. 90: Pilulae de Euphorbio (Mesue (1549) fol. 120r); - p. 92: Trochisci de absinthio (Mesue (1549) p. 114r-114v): “trochisci absinthii obstructiones ventriculi et hepatis, et ab his dolorem, et febres antiquas tollunt”; - p. 93: Trochisci de Spodio (Mesue (1549) p. 113v): trochisci de spodio “sunt ultimi ad febres acutas, et inflammationem stomichi (!) et hepatis et sitim vehementem”; - p. 93: Trochiscus de Alhandall (Mesue (1549) p. 115v, also said “Trochisci de colocinthide”; - p. 123 = 131: List of the authors, which Woodall used after his own statement; - p. 129: Ceratum refrigerans rosata Mesue (Mesue (1549) fol.126v: ceratum Galeni valentius refrigerat). Lit.: Mesue (1549); - Vandewiele (1962); - LexMA, Bd. 6, p. 567–568 (G. Keil); - EnzyklMedGesch p. 979f (G. Keil).

Monardes, Nicolás Bautista (1493–1588), Spanish physician and botanist. Besides his medical practice Monardes workes as a businessman in Sevilla. He collected from the pilots, sailors and traders returning from the New World all reports about the medical plants of the unknown territory and published one of the earliest treatise about the drugs of Central America. The title of the original works was: “Dos libros. El uno trata de todas las cosas que traen nuestras Indias Occidentales”. Sevilla, S. Trugillo, 1565. A second part appeared in 1571, and the third (together with the first two) was published 1574. An English translation by John Frampton appeared 1577 under the title: “Joyfull newes out of the newe founde worlde”. London, Willyam Norton, 1577. The work was translated into Latin by Charles de l’Écluse (Clusius) (1526–1609). p. 56: reference to Nicolás Monardes; he was one of the first, who described Radix Sarsaparillae -parilla as new plant of the West Indies (Monardes 1574, p. 37–44); - p. 124: belongs to the list of the authors, which Woodall used after his own statement. Lit: Monardes (1574; English Translation 1577); - Boxer (1963).

III. Commentaries 277

Monte, Giovanni Battista (Johannes Baptista Montanus) (1498–1551), Professor of practical medicine at Ferrara and Padua; he was one of the leading humanist physicians of Italy and became a friend of the eminent anatomist Andreas Vesal. p. 124: Montanus belongs to the list of the authors, which Woodall used after his own statement. Lit.: Monte, Giovanni Battista da/Donzellini, Girolamo (1559).

Nicolaus Alexandrinus (Nicolaus Myrepsus), Byzantine physician and pharmacologist of the thirteen/fourteenth century. Under his name there were many prescriptions in circulation till seventeenth century (LexMA,VI, p. 1167). p. 42: Emplastrum oxicroceum Nicolai: The ingredients are cera, pix, crocus and various resins (Pharmacopoeia Augustana (1613), p. 282); - p. 45: Unguentum diapompholigos Nicolai: the composition of the preparation is described in the Pharmacopoeia Augustana (1613, p. 267); as main constituents are named: Oleum rosaceum, Cera alba, Succus fructus solani, Cerussa, Plumbum, Pompholygos (mainly ZnO), Thus (incense); - p. 47: Unguentum populeon Nicolai: main constituent are the buds (“oculi populi”) of Populus nigra (Salicaceae), which are squashed and mixed with Axungia (lard) by adding among other things Mandragora, Folia Hyoscyami, and Folia Solani (see Pharmacopoeia Augustana (1613, p. 268); - p. 48f: Unguentum Dialthea compositum (Nicolai)/Unguentum Dialthea simplex: cf. Pharmacopoea Augustana (1613, p. 257–258), both compositions are similiar: The main constituents are Radix Altheae and Semen Lini, but the Unguentum De Althaea compositum, which Woodall prefers, contains in addition Bulbus Scillae, Gummi Hederae, Galbanum and Colophonium; - p. 52: Unguentum Martiatum Nicolai: The onguent is made of more than 50 drugs (Pharmacopoea Augustana 1613, p. 262–264), as Woodall emphasizes too. Woodall’s recommendations agree with Nicolaus’ indications on the whole. As Woodall assumes the name “Martiatum” is derived from the inventor of the preparation, “a most skilfull Phisition”; - p. 91: Pilulae Aureae, which were first made known by Nicolaus Alexandrinus, see Pharmacopoea Augustana (1613, p. 77f: Pills prepared of Aloe, Diagrydium, Rosae rubeae, Semen Apii, Semen Anisi, Semen Foeniculi, Mastix and Pulpa Colocynthidos. Effect: “Caput expurgant, sensus omnes praecipue oculorum aciem exacuunt, flatus ventriculi et intestinorum dissolvunt”); - p. 124: Nikolaus Alexandrinus belongs to the list of the authors, which Woodall used after his own statement; - p. 208: Philonium requies Nicolai: see Pharmacopoeia Augustana (1613, p. 200), where is listed “Philonium maius sive Romanum, Nicolaei Myrepsici” as effective medicine against “dolores [...] totius ventris, et colicam [...]”. The main constituents are Semen Hyoscyami, Opium and Castoreum besides Pyrethrum, Zedoaria, Pyrethrum, Nardus Indicus and Euphorbium. Lit.: LexMA,VI, p. 1167.

Paracelsus, Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493/1494–1541), named Paracelsus, physician, alchemist and natural philosopher. Born in Einsiedeln/Switzerland he studied medicine in Basel and afterwards he travelled many years as surgeon through Europe. In 1524/1525 he settled at Salzburg. In 1527/28 he stayed as medical doctor at Basel, where he did lecturing at the university in German instead of in Latin, and he burnt the ancient medical wirtings of Galen and Avicenna in open session. As a result of the civil disturbance and of his violent criticism of the medical profession he had to flee. After many years of travelling he moved to Salzburg finally, where he died 1541 in the age of 47 years. In his time Paracelsus was both a celebrated and also a controversial physician. He splitted the medical profession with his mordant criticism against the prevailing school of thought and the bookish knowledge of the academics. Paracelsus was a pioneer in using chemicals and minerals in medicine. He was a skillful experimentator and developed many new chemical remedies, which were based on his 278 The Surgions Mate theoretical conception of the “tria prima” sulfur (sulphur), mercury (mercurius) and salt (sal). They embodied the immediate constitutents of all material substances: sulphur typified the fire as inflammable principle, mercurius the air as volatile principle and salt as incombustible, the solid principle. He visualized his theory with the image of the burning wood, which developped flames and went up in smoke and left ash behind. Besides the doctrine of the three principles sulphur, sal and mercury Paracelsus favored the doctrine of the four aristotelic elements fire, water, air and earth, which represented the ultimate parts of the matter, of which the tria prima itself were composed in the same way. p. 13: Woodall uses Emplastrum stipticum Paracelsi for the preparation of tents for the treatment of wounds; - p. 25: Emplastrum Stipticum Paracelsi belongs to the three emplasters, which should be at all times ready in the plaster box aboard; - p. 40f: Emplastrum stipticum Paracelsi (copy out of Paracelsus (1605) p. 673); - p. 43: Paracelsus Plaster may serve in want of Emplastrum stomachi or calidum described by Iohannes Iacobus Wecker (see Wecker); - p. 71: Emplastrum Stipticum Paracelsi as medecine instead of Balme Artificall; - p. 86: Laudanum Paracelsi Opiatum see the treatise of the fluxes of the belly; - p. 88: recommendation of Laudanum opiale Paracelsi on East India voyages instead of Philonium, which did not keep for a longer time; - p. 82: Pulvis Arthriticus Paracelsi, made of four vegitable ingredients and one animal simple. Woodall esteemded the preparation, which he used as general purging medicine; - p. 109: recommendation of Paracelsus emplaster or external use together with Sperma Ceti; - p. 123: Paracelsus belongs to the list of the authors, which Woodall used after his own statement; - p. 131: use of Paracelsus plaster for the treatment of contused wounds; - p. 136: use of Emplastrum stipticum Paracelsus for the treatment of the wounded head; - p. 138: recommendation of Paracelsus plaster for the cure of the arme; - p. 144: for the dressing of gunshot wounds Woodall applied Arceus linament to annointe the edges or parts neare the wound therewith; when the wound gently filled with lint, then a Paracelsus plaster should be spread over it; - p. 150: Paracelsus Plasters applied thicke spread, will do well; it belongs to Woodall’s important remedies; - p. 169: Paracelsus plaster to cure the dislocated shoulder; - p. 208: Laudanum Paracelsi against Dysentery; the invention of the opium-based preparation shall go back to Paracelsus himself; - p. 211: Laudanum Paracelsi for the cure of the fluxe; - p. 224: the vertues of Laudanum opiatum Paracelsi; also Oswald Croll (see Crollius) is full of praise for the preparation in his “Basilica chimica” (p. 225); - p. 229–231: Woodall’s eulogy to the Laudanum opiatum Paracelsi with information about the composition; - p. 239: Woodall strongly advises to take Laudanum Paracelsi against “Colica passio”; the preparation “exceedeth all Narcoticis”; - p. 273: want of salt gives rise of many diseases, salt preserves from putrescence. Therefore Woodall cited Paracelsus with the sentence: “Nihil sale et sole corporibus hominum utilius - Nothing is more profitable for mans body, then the Sunne and salt”. The sentence is taken of Plinius, Naturalis historia, Lib. 31, cap. 45 (IX): “Totis corporibus nihil esse utilius sale et sole”; - p. 273f: referene to Paracelsus, who explained the necessary use of common mineral salt; - p. 275: Paracelsus recommends to make a bath of common salt together with strong beere boyled against rheumatic diseases, scurvy and scabies; - p. 276f: Paracelsus’ high estimation of vitriol called copperas in English; - p. 308: Paracelsus and with him Michael Toxites say, that the sulphur is contained in the seuen metals (Paracelsus (1590), vol. 7, fol. 165f; - Paracelsus, ed. Sudhoff, vol. 2, p. 126f); - p. 309f: about Paracelsus’doctrine of three and four elements in his treatise called “Liber Meteororum”, cap. 1. (Paracelsus, 1590, vol. 8, fol. 177–183; Paracelsus, ed. Sudhoff, vol. 13, p. 127–133); - p. 318 = 320): Paracelsus admiration of red Coralls; - p. 326: Paracelsus called every vegetable Salt “Alkaly”.

Lit.: Paracelsus (1590a; 1590b); - Paracelsus (1605); - Paracelsus ed. Sudhoff (1931, Bd. 13).

III. Commentaries 279

Paré, Ambroise (ca. 1516–1590), French surgeon, one of the greatest of the military surgeons. He served as surgeon for several kings: Henry II., Francis II., Charles IX and Henry III. Paré is considered as one of the fathers of surgery and as a pioneer in the treatment of wounds, replacing the conventional cauterization by a mixture of egg white, oil of roses and turpentine and using a simple dressing afterwards. Apart from this the development of artificial limbs and the reintroduction of the ligature of arteries, which already Galen had used, count to his excellent results. p. 147: Paré, together with Thomas Gale (see there) and Giovanni de Vigo (see there), is introduced as a very good example to heal the apostumes (apostema, -atos gr. abscess, ulceration). Lit.: Paré (1594).

Pharmacopoeia Augustana, Iussu et auctoritate Amplissimi Senatus A Collegio Medico rursus recognita [...], nunc sextum in lucem emissa. Augustae Vindelicorum: excudebat Christoph Mangus, 1613. As “pharmacopoeia” were called compilations of remedies, which become law and were approved for one place or town. The first Western pharmacopoeia was published 1546 by Valerius Cordus (see there) in Nürnberg. Twenty years later two other pharmacopoeias appeared in Augsburg (1564) and Cologne (1565). The Augsburg edition continued for 200 years as the most important pharmacopoea and run into many revised issues. (see also Nicolaus Alexandrinus as author of many prescriptions in the Pharmacopoeia Augustana). p. 46: Unguentum Pectorale: Ointment with Ol. Amygdalarum dulcium, Ol. Chamaelini and Ol. Violati as main constituents (Pharmacopoeia Augustana (1613) p. 266f), a remedy against chest pains and cough and is good for expectoration also; - p. 85f: Theriaca Diatesseron Mesuis (Pharmacopoeia Augustana (1613) p. 180), an ancient composition, whose invention is ascribed to Avicenna and Mesue (see there). This electuarium is prepared of four ingredients: Radix Gentianae, Baccae Lauri, Myrrhae and Aristolochia rotunda. Woodall recommended the composition against poison, spasm, obstructions of the liver and spleen, and also against scurvy. Lit.: Pharmacopoeia Augustana (1613).

Quercetanus (= Duchesne), Josephus (ca. 1544–1609), French Paracelsian physician; Quercetanus had studied at Montpellier and at last in Basle, where he get his doctorate in 1573; as convinced Calvinist he began to practise medicine mainly in Switzerland. In 1598, after the Edict of Nantes, which offered specific concessions and tolerance in religious faith, Quercetanus went to Paris, and in the same year he was appointed as physician to Henry IV, the first French protestant King, who had arranged for the edict. In 1604 Quercetanus changed to the court of Maurice of Hessen-Kassel where he gave scientific demonstrations in a laboratory specially equipped for him. In his books Quercetanus defended the chemical interpretation of nature and followed the Paracelsian construction of three principal things mixed in euery natural bodie: Salt, Sulphur and Mercurie. As Paracelsus also Quercetanus compared Mercury with spirit, sulphur with soul and salt with body. p. 44f: Woodall took over the composition of Unguentum aureum from Quercetanus, whose good use he had made trial of; - p. 123=131: Quercetanus belongs to the list of the authors, which Woodall used after his own statement; - p. 274: for confirmation of the essential implications of salt which protects against putrefaction safely, Woodall refers to Quercetanus; - p. 309: the text “the whole world is diuided into two Globes ...two Elements” comes from Quercetanus’ work: “The Practise of Chymicall, and Hermeticall Physicke [...]” 1605, Lib. 1, cap. IIII; Quercetanus developed the concept of five “principles”: water and earth as well as sulfur, sal and mercury. The two other components of the traditional theory of the elements, 280 The Surgions Mate

Air and Fire, Quercetanus rejected as true elements. Woodall itself would not get involved in the debate, because “the question little concerneth the cure of diseases by young surgeons” (p. 310). Lit.: For Duchesne’s element theory see Hooykaas (1937) 1–18, and Debus (1965) p. 87–101; - Duchesne’s demonstrations at the court of Maurice of Hessen-Kassel discusses Moran (1990), 95–116; - Debus (1991; Paperback 2002); - About Duchesne’s matter theory see Hirai (2001) 9–37; - Hirai (2010); - The debate about Duchesne’s new alchemical theories discusses also Kahn (2007).

Reade, John, surgeon, he translated Francis Arceus’ Latin work into English under the title: “A most excellent and compendious Method of curing woundes in the head, and in other partes of the body [...].” London, Printed by Thomas East, 1588. Above all Reade is known for his attacks on quacks and efforts to combine physic and surgery as one subject of medicine. p. 51: Reade is cited as translator of Arceus Treatise of Surgery. Lit.: Keevil (1957), p. 129f, 137.

Renou, Jean de (Renodaeus, Ioannes) (1568–1620). Renou studied and graduated at Paris. He became Royal Physician and worked especially in pharmacy. p. 123: Renou belongs to the list of the authors, which Woodall used after his own statement. Lit.: Chaumeton;Vanmartoise, de: (1824) p. 574f; - Wall (1963) p. 304.

Rhazes (Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn-Zakariya ar-Razi) (865–925/935), Consiliarius of several royal courts, he wrote more than 100 or 200 works. Together with Hippokrates and Galen Rhazes is considered as one of the founders of clinical medicine, sometimes he was called the “Galen of the Arabs”. The most important translations in Latin are the “Al-Hawi or Continens”, a kind of encyclopaedia of medicine, first printed 1486 in Brescia, and the “Liber ad Almansorem” (Mailand 1481), named after the prince Almansor, to whom the book was dedicated. Moreover he worte the first treatise about smallpox and measles: Liber de variolis et morbillis. p. 90: Pilulae Cochiae: as Woodall pointed out, the inventor of the prescription was Rhazes indeed; he recommended the pills to purge the venter with the remark: “cum pillulis cochijs [...] quas ego feci” (cf. Rhazes (1497), Tractatus IX, cap. 1, p. 40v). Lit.: Rhazes (1497); - Skinner (1970) p. 355; - Ullmann (1970) p. 128–136; - LexMA, Bd. 7, p. 780–782 (H. Schipperges).

Riolan, Jean (the Elder, 1538–1606), father of Jean Riolan the Younger (1580–1657); both were French professors of anatomy in Paris. The name “Riolanus” is cited on the list of authors, which Woodall used after his own statement, but there is no further reference in the text. So it is not clear, whom Woodall meant. Riolan is not mentioned elsewhere. p. 123/131.

Rufus of Ephesos [Ruffus] (ca. 100 AC), Greek physician, one of the most important physicians before Galen; there is not much known about his life, later physicians as Galen, Oreibasios, Aetius or Razes praised him very much, but only a few fragments of Rufus’works have survived, especially about the anatomical nomenclature of the parts of the body, about the bladder complaints and kidney diseases, the medical examination and questioning of the patients. [p. 13]: Pils Ruffii = Pilulae Ruffi, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana (1613) p. 88: Pilulae pestilentiales Ruffi, made of Aloe, Ammoniacum, Myrrha and Succus Limonum. At the comment of the prescription is referred to Paul of Aegina (625–690), the most important III. Commentaries 281 physician of his day. In the latin translation of J. Winter of Andernach the prescription “De pestilentia ex commentariis Rufi” is recorded (see Paulus Aeginetus (1567), p. 174–176; Sideras (1994) p. 1184f). p. 91; - p. 184;- p. 187; - p. 199. Lit.: Paulus Aeginetus (1567); - Pharmacopoeia Augustana (1613), p. 88; - LexAnt, Vol. 4, p. 1467–1468; - Sideras (1994); - EnzyklMedGesch, p. 1274–1275; - Nutton (2013).

Ruland(us), Martin the Elder (1532–1602), and Rulandus, Martin the Younger (1569– 1611). German physicians. Ruland the Elder became private physician of the Count Palatine Philipp Ludwig and was professor of medicine at the Gymnasium illustre in Lauingen. Like the father the son practiced medical treatments with alchemical remedies and wrote an important “Dictionarium Alchymisticum” (Lexicon Alchemiae), which 1612 appeared the first time. Woodall did not notify, which of the physicians he meant. p. 123 = 131: Rulandus (Rolandus) belongs to the list of the authors, which Woodall used after his own statement. Lit.: Biedermann (Vol. 2. (1986) p. 375); - Neumann, Ulrich: “Ruland, Martin der Jüngere”, in: NDB 22 (2005) p. 244.

Sala, Angelus (1576–1637), physician and chemiatrist; born in Vicenza/Italy, but worked at first in Zürich, then in Oldenburg, Hamburg and Güstrow. p. 279f: Woodall’s remark is related to Sala’s work (1617, p. 2): “Valet adversus ardentes capitis dolores sumptum, pro re nata duabus drachmis continuatum aliquot dies stomacho jejuno adustionem sanguinis mitigat, omnia item viscera corroborat, cerebrum superfluo calore et siccitate debilitatum confirmat, humidum etiam radicale restaurat diuturniore usu [...]”. Lit.: Sala (1617); - For his life and work see Gantenbein (1992).

Serapion junior (Serapius), thirteenth century, unknown author of an Arabian pharmacopoeia, which Simon of Genua translated ca. 1290 into Latin under the title “Aggregator” or “Liber Serapionis aggregatus in simplicibus medicinis”. The importance of the compendium shows, that the work appeared also in many national languages since the fourteenth century. p. 41: after Woodall the plaster “Diachilon Magnum cum gummis” (plaster made of lead) was first devised “by a certaine ancient Artist named Serapis”, but others thought that Avicenna or Mesue was the inventor (see Schneider, Vol. 6, p. 89–90); - p. 124: Serapion junior belongs to the list of authors, which Woodall used after his own statement; - p. 223: reference to Serapion by the treatment of dysentery. Lit.: Serapion (1550) cap. XVII, fol. 30r-30v: - Schneider, Vol. 6, p. 89–90; - LexMA 7, 1775–1776 (Keil, G.).

Smith or Smythe, Sir Thomas (c. 1558–1625), first governor of the East India Company, which was formed in October 1600. Smythe invited 1604 Woodall to accompany him on an embassy to Russia. This association led to Woodalls appointment as surgeon-general of the East India Company (Keevil I, 225). [p. 1]

Ste(e)vens (Stephens) Dr., Inventor of Dr. Stevens water, see p.287, aqua Doctoris Stephani/ Dr. Ste(e)vens water. 282 The Surgions Mate

Stokinus, “a learned German writer” [?]. p. 239: Stokinus praised the “agaricum” against the “Collicke”, whereas Woodall warned about it.

Tagault, Jean (Tagautius, Iohannes) (d. 1545); he get the doctor of medicine at Paris in 1522 or 1523, but mainly he taught and practised surgery. Although Tagault based strongly on the works of Guy de Chauliac (ca. 1298–1368), he corrected many of his faults in the medical practice referring to the Greek and Latin sources of the medical texts. p. 147: see Tagault (1549) Lib. I, cap. 1, p. 1–4: “Apostematis definitio vulgaris”; - p. 148: see Tagault (1549), p. 27; the quotation “Durities longa pulsus dolor..” comes from Hippokrates (see Hippokrates, p. 148). Lit.: Tagault (1549); - Gurlt (1898, vol. II, p. 624–646).

Toxites, Michael (1514–1581), physician and editor of alchemical treatises. He studied first in Tübingen, Pavia and Wittenberg, where he get the Master’s degree in 1542. Afterwards Toxites worked as teacher in Strasbourg and and get a reputation as poet. 1562 he was awarded the doctorate in medicine at Basel. Toxites knew very well the Paracelsus followers Adam of Bodenstein, Gerhard Dorn and Alexander of Suchten and took part in the edition of Paracelsus’ works. p. 308, Toxites is mentioned as Paracelsus’ successor. Lit.: Soukup (1997); - Soukup/Mayer (2007); - Kühlmann/Telle (2004) p. 41–66.

Traianus see Alexandros of Tralleis

Turner, Peter (ca. 1542–1614), medical physician in London. p. 284: as Woodall emphasized, he got to know the vomitive salt of vitriol (Sal Vitrioli vomitativus, made of copper-, iron- or zinc-sulphate) from Dr. Peter Turner, “a worthie and famous physician”. Lit.: Schneider, Vol. 3 (1968) p. 58; -Pelling/White (2004).

Vigo, Giovanni de (1450? -1525?), he practised as surgeon in Genua and Savona; in 1503 he was appointed to the personal surgeon of Pope Julius II. Vigo’s most important work, which was written in Latin and comprised the first complete system of surgery after Guy de Chauliac’s (1298?-1368) presentation, appeared in 1514 first time. It was translated in French, Italian and English and was published in more than 40 editions. As Gurunluoglu [et alii] have demonstrated, Vigo had a broad spectrum of knowledge in ancient Greek and Arabic medical literature, but he invented quite a few new instruments too. p. 93: Trochisci de Minio after Vigo’s prescription: see Vigo (1586, p. 327r), who recommends “Trochisci of Minium, which mundifieth all euill and hard fleshe [...] and cure fistules and fleshie ulcers.” Main components of the remedy are “sublimate” [Mercurius sublimatus, HgCl2] and “minium” [Mennige, Red lead, Pb3O4]; - p. 123 = 131: Vigo is named under the authors Woodall has used; - p. 147: “The times of apostumes are also at large handled learnedly by [...] Johannes de Vigo”: here Woodall follows Vigo in the description of “Four times in an Apostume”, see Vigo (1586, p. 20r); - p. 148: Woodall’s differing von Vigo, who will cure the apostumes by incision, whereas Woodall tries to open the apostume, when it is ripe, by a potentiall causticke medicine. III. Commentaries 283

Lit.: Vigo ( 1514; Engl. transl. 1586); - DSB XIV, 27–28; - Gurunluoglu, R./Gurunluoglu, A./Piza-Katzer (2003) 616–623.

Wecker, Johannes Jacob (named “Wikerus or Wekerus” by Woodall) (1528–1586), Swiss physician; about his life and medical activity there is little known. He studied Medicine, besides he became professor of philosophy in 1557. 1566 he went as a city physician to Colmar, where he died in 1586. He published many books about natural philosophy (Books of the secrets), Medical practice (Medicinae utriusque syntaxes, 1576) and Antidotaria (Antidotarium generale et speciale, 1574, 1595, 1601, 1617 and more often), which he mostly compiled from different authors. At the Internet (5.6.2014) Simone Zweifel (University Basel, Luzern) has posted a report about her project “Vermehren und verbessern. Zur Produktion von Kompilation im späten 16. Jahrhundert”. She referred to Wecker’s remarkable correspondence with Theodor Zwinger and Wecker, which is held at the University Library Basel. Zweifel rather thinks, that the publications of Johann Jacob Wecker were not a product of one person alone, but a result of several writers. p. 43: The Emplastrum calidum or stomachi, “a needfull Emplaster in the Surgeons chest”, is taken over from Wecker (1588, p. 375); - p. 48: Unguentum contra ignem (“you shall finde in Iohannes Wikerus his dispensatory, pag. 1174”), see Wecker (1595, p. 1174), where is noted “Unguentum ad partes igne affectus”, composed of Calx nova, Aqua rosarum, Succus rosarum and Succus plantaginis against burns; - p. 51f: Unguentum Aragon: Woodall recommended the preparation to annoint the body against quartan feuer, falling sickness and the pains of the joints. With reference to Wecker (“Wickerus” (1588) p. 353) as witness, saying that the ointment keeps only one year, Woodall did not take this composition in the surgeon’s chest; - p. 55: Cynamon Water: reference to Johannes Jacobus Wecker (“Wikerus”), who described the preparation detailed in his “Antidotarium speciale” (1588, p. 158); the instructions for the production Woodall took over from Ioannes Crato; - p. 123 = 131: Wecker belongs to the list of authors, which Woodall used after his own statement. Lit.: Wecker (1588); - Wecker (1595); - ADB vol. 41 (1896) 372; - Kühlmann/Telle (2004) p. 138, 194, 746, 756, 771.

Weyer, Johannes (Weier, Wier(us)) (1515/1516–1588); Weyer, born in the Netherlands, was a disciple of the physician, philosopher and theologian Agrippa von Nettesheim; in 1545 Weyer became a physician of the town Arnheim; in 1550 he moved to Cleves where he was appointed to court doctor of Duke William the Rich of Jülich-Cleve-Berg. Weyer was one of the first, who fighted against the witchhunting; in 1563 he published a rebellious work under the title: “De praestigiis daemonum” (About the deceptions of the demons); in this description he tried to demonstrate, that the alleged whitches were mentally ill women, who were fallen into melancholy, so they needed human attention and not any torture or punishement. In addition he wrote several medical treatises about other diseases as scurvy, syphilis, phthisis, pest, pleuritis etc. p. 183: referene to Johannes Weyer, who published one of the first accounts about scurvy, against which he recommended Cochlearia officinalis (spoon wort, scurvy-grass) as special remedy (see Weyer (1567) p. 30–34). Lit.: Wierus, Ioannes (=Weyer, Johannes (1567) p. 7–34: De scorbuto); - Weyer (1586); - Binz (1896/1969 and New York 1975); - Midelfort (1992) p. 53–64.

Wickerus see: Wecker

Wnerritanus, Josephus p. 123/131: see Quercetanus, Josephus 284 The Surgions Mate

Wood, Richard p. 175: the said Richard Wood was together with William Gale (see there) examiner of the surgeons of London, he was appointed in this function 1607 (Young (1890) p. 6, 7, 324, 329; Bloom/James (1935) p. 19). Lit.: Young (1890); - Bloom/James (1935).

III. B. Commentary 2: List of Remedies

The Latin and English names of drugs are listed in alphabetical order, the modern botanical or zoological terms and likewise the chemical compositions follow in brackets; the page number refers to Woodall’s original text of “The Surgions Mate”; annotations about the mentioned drug and references to literature are also added in brackets. The entire text is quoted in Woodall’s original language and spelling, which is not standardized. The signs SC001 till SC160 refer to the drugs of the surgeons chest, listed in the table between p. 40 and p. 41.

absinthium, absynthium/worm(e)wood [Artemisia absinthium, Asteraceae]. p. 57: (water) breaketh winde mightily, killeth the wormes, hindereth vomiting, is very cordiall; - p. 73 (oleum): corroborate the stomacke, raiseth appetite, killeth wormes, taketh away obstructions; - p. 77 (oleum): is good to strengthen the stomacke, to stay vomiting, to kill worms, asswageth the paine of the teeth; - p. 78 (sirupus): corroborate the stomacke, helpeth concoction, moues urine, kill worms; - p. 88 (succus): is good for digestion, killeth the wormes; - p. 92 (trochisci): takes away the obstructions of the stomacke, liuer, and intermitting feuers sprung thereof; - p. 120: the herb is bitter, sharpe and astringent, purging the stomake, liuer and reines from chollericke humours, cureth the iaundice, resisteth pestilent infections, helpeth the dropsie and spleneticke; - p. 151: healing apostumes; - p. 163: to cure fractures; - p. 177: one of the excellent remedies generally knowen to cure scurvy; - p. 183: the infusion thereof is wholesome against the scurvy; - p. 184: dried wormwood is very wholesome against scurvy; - p. 186: (water) is good to comfort the stomacke and helpeth against the scurvy; - p. 192: part of a lixivium against scurvy, if swelling grows ; - p. 199: part of a cataplasme against scurvy; - p. 200: the iuice mixed with many other drugs for the cure of scurvy; - p. 202: (oleum, sirupus) against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 203: part of an astringent medicine against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 210: part of a glister for griping through dissentery; - p. 213: for the cure of fluxes of the bellie if the disease proceede of wormes; - SC052 (sirupus); - SC062 (oleum); - SC067 (aqua).

acacia, acatia [Acacia spec., Fabaceae]. p. 36 (succus): for the treatment of calenture; - p. 88: is a forraine medicine for which we use the iuyce of slowes (see sanguis prunellorum), it stayeth all fluxes of the belly, healeth excoriations of the intralls, healeth ulcerations in the intralls; - p. 191: as astringent for the cure of the scurvy; - p. 210: against diarrhoe; - p. 246: part of a foment against the falling of the fundament; - SC031.

acetum distillatum/distilled vineger [acetum purificatum: CH3COOH, ca. 6 - 8 %]. p. 313: vehicle that openeth mineral bodies and extracteth tinctures.

acetum rosarum/vineger of roses [acetic extract of roses, Rosa spec., Rosaceae; see Schneider vol. V/3, p. 181ff]. p. 64: against vomiting or imbecility of the stomacke; - SC063.

acetum vini/wine vineger [acetum vulgare, acidum aceticum: CH3COOH, ca. 6%]. p. 64f: cureth the fluxes of the stomacke, good against vomiting, dissipateth violent hot tumors, against the falling downe of the fundament, against the hotte goute, is a precious help in all inflammations and ignis sacer (“Saint Aontonies fire”); - p. 313: anodine, causticke and vesicatory medicine.

III. Commentaries 285 aerugo see: aes viride. aes/brasse [aes rubrum, cuprum, also Cu-Zn-alloy]. p. 316: copper mixed with lapis calaminaris. aes ustum [cuprum oxidatum, Cu2O and CuO]. p. 222: the anciens used causticke glisters of aes ustum against the fluxes of the bellie. aes viride, flos aeris/verdigrece, verdigrease [aerugo, viride aeris, Cu(CH3COO)2 · Cu(OH)2 · 5H2O]. p. 114: corroding and abstersive, eateth the callous hard flesh of fistulaes, good against ulcers and ophthalmies of the eyes; - p. 319: a good astringent, disiccatiue and corrosiue medicament. agaricum/agarick [Laricifomes officinalis (Syn: Polyporus officinalis, Fomes officinalis, Agaricum officinale) Polyporales/Basidiomycetes]. p. 94: purgeth phleame, freeth from obstructions, helpeth all diseases which spring from grosse, cold and raw humors; - p. 190, p. 198: scurvy; - p. 211, p. 213: against the fluxes of the belly; - p. 239: not to be used for the cure of the collicke; - SC121. agresta, sirupus de/sirupe de agrestis [Vitis vinifera, Vitaceae]. p. 204: against fluxes of the bellie. album graecum, stercus caninum [dried dung of dogs]. p. 130: astringent, cureth the squinancie, hemorroydes, helpeth disenteria, driveth away fevers; - p. 235: remedy against the angina; - p. 245f: remedie against the falling of the fundament. albumen ouorum/whites of egges. p. 314: mollificatiue, healing and good in restraining fluxes. allium see: garlicke. althea see: march mallow. aloe [the condensed juice of Aloe ferox and other species, Asphodelaceae; it is a strong laxative] p. 91: main constituent of pilulae Ruffi (see that); - p. 94: a soveraigne medicine for the stomake; - p. 131f: useful to cure wounds; - p. 229: constituent of laudanum opiatum; - p. 241: is good against colica passio; - BC127.

alumen/allom(e), allum [alum: KAl(SO4)2 ⋅ 12 H2O]. p. 62: used in lotions compounded of vulnerary herbs; - p. 112: astringend and purging; curing the scab, profitable in lotions for ulcerations of the mouth and throat; - p. 130 (allom water): to cure the wounds in the braine with desiccation; - p. 132: astringent simple to make compounds; - p.160, p. 163f: for the cure of ulcers and fistulaes; - p. 191: cure of the gums much swolne and putrified in the scurvy; - p. 194: discussion about the temperament of allum and other medicines; - p. 209, p. 222: against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 246: component of a fomentation to cure the falling of the fundament; - p. 286: mixed with coperas it is an astringent medicine; - p. 292: sulphur comprehends all sorts of minerall salts and their oiles among other things, also the oyle of allome ; - p. 313 (allum crude): it is desiccatiue, astringent and corosive; - p. 315 = 317: ingredient of aqua fortis. alumen (comb)ustum/allom (allum) burnt [alum dehydrated: KAl(SO4)2]. p. 31: causticke medicine; - p. 166: cure of ulcers and fistulaes; - p. 172: component of restrictive powder for the preparation of amputation; - p. 313 (allum burnt): is desiccatiue and corosive. alumen plumosum/allum plume [in German “Federweiß”, ammonium alum or iron alum, in many cases mistaken for asbestos]. p. 314: =316: a secret in restoring a withered member.

286 The Surgions Mate

amalgama/amalgam [mixture of mercury with other metals]. p. 314 = 316: a terme of art for putting together, particularly it is meant of mercury with any other metall.

ambra grisea/ambergrece, grey amber [ambergris: secretion of the intestines of the sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus, Physeteridae/Cetaceae, it can be found floating upon the sea and on the shore; see also diambrae, species]. p. 215, p. 229f: against dissenterie; - p. 245: fume of amber against falling of the fundament.

amigdalae amarae/bitter almonds [Prunus dulcis var. amara, Rosaceae]. p. 74 (oleum): open obstructions, healeth deafnesse, the paine of the eares, it makes the face and hands faire; - p. 102: purge the lungs, liver, spleene, kidneis, urinall passages, is good against spitting of blood; - SC040 (oleum).

amigdalae dulces/sweet almonds [Prunus dulcis var. dulcis, Rosaceae]. p. 74 (oleum): lenifies the roughnesse of the brest and throat, the hardnesse of the ioints, is good against the consumption of the lungs, hecticke feuers and iliaca passio; - p. 102: purge the bowels, draw spittel from the breast and lungs, cleaneth the skin from spotes, stop spitting of blood; - SC041 (oleum).

ammoniacum/gum ammoniac [gum resin exuded from the stem of Dorema ammoniacum, Apiaceae]. p. 105: dissolveth tophoes (hard stones grown in the flesh), healeth the spleene hardned; - p. 132: for external use against venemous wounds to extinguish the venemous vapour.

amylum/white starch [Amylum tritici spec., Poaceae]. p. 103: effectuall against the defluxions of humors into the eyes, against pustles and ulcers, stoppeth spitting of the blood, easeth the cough, against the fluxes of the belly.

anisum/anise [Pimpinella anisum, Apiaceae]. p. 57 (anis-seedwater): excellent against winde in the stomack and against asma; - p. 76 (oleum): helpeth against the collicke, against the tympanie, inflation and crudity of the stomacke; - p. 99 (semen): stoppeth the bloudy flixe, moueth vrine, breaketh the stone, helpeth the obstructions of the liuer, is good for the falling sicknesse; - p. 188 (semen anisi/aniseed): component of a remedy against scurvy; - p. 210 (semen anisi/aniseed): against gripings in the guts through dissentery; - p. 211 (anis seedes): against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 192 (anis seede) against in the cure of the scurvy; - p. 229 (oleum anisi): component of “Laudanum opiat Paracelsi”, a remedy against dissenterie; - p. 235 (anniseeds): component of a cataplasme for the cure of iliaca passio.

antimonii regulus/antimony precipitate [regulus antimonii: Sb, see Schneider/vol. III, p. 57]. p. 314: this is but halfe a medicine, is used to be converted to flores, tincture, or some other medicine.

antimonii vitrum/glasse of antimony or stibium [Emeticum, including Sb2O3 and Sb2S3]. p. 314: a forbidden medicine, and yet of doctors used, and praise-worthy, if not abused.

antimonium/antimony [antimony is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite Sb2S3]. p. 314: vomitiue, laxatiue, diaphoretike, anodine, causticke and full of deadly vapors, if it be not preuented, yet exceeding precious in healing.

aqua absinthii see: absinthium/wormwood.

aqua angelicae/angelica water [Angelica archangelica, Apiaceae, see also radix angelicae]. p. 57f: a preservative against the plague or any infectious aires, is also very stomachicall and cordiall; - SC068.

aqua benedicta [main component: antimonii vitrum (see there)]. p. 152, p. 157–159: against healing ulcers and fistulaes. III. Commentaries 287

aqua cardui benedicti/carduus benedictus water (Cnicus benedictus, Asteraceae; see also carduus benedictus). p. 58: analgesic, confirmeth the mememory, cureth a quartane; - p. 203f: part of an astringent medicine against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 211: to cure the fluxe caused through the contagious and venomous aire; - SC073. aqua cinnamomi/cynamon water [Cinnamomum spec., especially Cinnamomum ceylanicum and Cinnamomum aromaticum, Lauraceae; see also syrupus cynamomi]. p. 36: supporting drink in the cure of calenture; - p. 55: strengthens the stomacke, livor, milt, lungs, heart, braine und sinewes; - p. 142: against poison; - p. 184f: part of a remedy for the cure of the scurvy; - p. 203, p. 207: part of a remedy against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 210: part of a glister against excoriations of the guts; - p. 211: for the cure of a flux caused through the contagious and venomous aire; - p. 212f: part of a drink against dysenterie; - SC066. aqua c(o)elestis/heavenly water [After Woodall’s remark Matheolus in his Commentaries vpon Dioscorides setteth downe this excellent water, but the preparation cannot be found there (see Mattioli 1570), although many remedies against poisons are stated (p. 887ff); however in the Pharmacopoeia Londinensis is quoted “Aqua coelestis, Matthiolus”, see Pharmacopoeia Londinensis (1653) p. 68f. The preparation contains many precious aromatic drugs distilled with the best spirit of wine. p. 54: a principal antidote against all poysons; - p. 325: aqua celestis is characterized as the quintessence of wine; - SC038. aqua Doctoris Stephani/Dr. Ste(e)vens water [Dr. Stephens water, see Pharamcopoeia Londinensis (1653) p. 69: a compound water of 18 aromatic plants]. p. 55: a notable cordiall water for comforting the head and heart. aqua Fal(l)opij [water of Gabrielus Fallopius (see Index of names; main constituent: Mercurius sublimatus, HgCl2]. p. 60f: Woodall refers to Fallopius’ treatise “De Morbo Gallico” and explains, why he has not put the composition ready made into the surgeons chest, but quotes only the ingredients; - p. 191f: for the cure of the scurvy when the gums much swollen, but Woodall warns against the dangers. aqua fortis/strong water [made of vitriol and salpeter, chemical: Acidum nitricum, HNO3, ca. 50%]. p. 61: Woodall put this water into the surgeons chest, to satisfy some surgeons, but he did not know any chirurgical use it has, he thinks it is better performed by oil of vitriol (H2SO4, acidum sulphuricum); - p. 191f: use against scurvy; - p. 195: about the opposite vertues of vitriol and saltpeter on the one hand and aqua fortis on the other hand; - p. 315 (= 317): is made by vulcans art of coppras, allume and salt-peeter. aqua hordei/barley water [Hordeum vulgare, Poaceae]. p. 36, p. 248, p. 287: decoction of barley to cure the calenture; - p. 38: means as a weight: a full barley corne makes one graine; - p. 141, p. 162, p. 184, p. 209: ordinary drinke for wound healing; - p. 210: as glister for wound healing - p. 221: ingredient of a glister for the cure of the fluxe. aqua limoniorum/limon-water [Citrus medica spec., Rutaceae; see also citrus]. p. 56: this is the tincture and chiefe essence drawn by spirit of wine from the rindes of limons; precious cordial anhealing balsam to all the inward parts of the body; iuyce of limons for the cure of the scurvy; - SC069. aqua menthae/mint water [Mentha spec., Lamiaceae; see also mentha]. p. 58: strengthen the stomacke, liuer, spleene or milt, stayeth the vomit, is very cordiall; - SC074. aqua odorifera/sweet water [without any exact description of the composition, only there is the remark: “being well composed of true aromaticke ingredients”; see Wecker (1588) p. 443f: de aquis 288 The Surgions Mate

odoratis: several recepts with moschus, zibeth, lavandula, cinnamomum, rosae and other fragrant ingredients]. p. 60: is profitable to aromatize the body and refresh the sences.

aqua plantaginis/plantane water [Plantago lanceolata, Plantaginaceae]. p. 60: good against the consumption of the lungs, in a dropsie oder against the bloudy flixe, quartane ague; it cures the ulcers of the reines, and blader; - p. 146: axungia porcina washed in the iuyce of plantane is good for the cure of wounds; - p. 158: for the cure of ulcers and fistulaes; - p. 209: distilled water of plantane is commended to be taken when the use of laudanum is often repeated; - p. 215 (water, roots and seeds): very good against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 225: laudanum dissolved in plantane water is a sure help against tooth ach; - p. 248, p. 281: good medicine against callenture; - p. 286: sal absinthii in a decoction of plantane is good against burning and contagious feuor; - p. 287: sal niter dissolued in plantane water is good against hemoragia; - SC072.

aqua regis/water to divide gold [mixture of hydrochlorid acid (HCl) and nitric acid [HNO3], contains Cl2 and NOCl]. p. 315, = 317: is made as aqua fortis adding common salt or rather sal armoniacke.

aqua rosarum damascenarum/dammaske rose-water [Rosa damascena, Rosaceae]. p. 59: refrigerates and comfort the heart, causeth sleep; - SC039.

aqua rosarum rubrarum/red rose water [Rosa spec., Rosaceae]. p. 59: corroborate the vitall and animall faculties, is good in inflammations and profitable against dissentery; - p. 64: rose-water instead of acetum rosarum; - p. 195: part of a remedy to temper the boiling of the bloud; - p. 284: white coperas is taken with rose-water; - SC071.

aqua sparnolae [probably is meant “aqua sparniolae”; as “sperniola” or “sperniolum” was named “semen ranarum”, frogspawn (see Castelli (1700) p. 708]. p. 209: for the cure of the fluxes of the bellie.

aqua theriacalis [see Pharmacopoeia Augustana (1613) p. 224]. p. 211: to cure the fluxes of the bellie.

aqua verbenae/verbene water [Verbena officinalis, Verbenaceae]. p. 77: with oleum succini, it helps woman in travail, confirmeth the braine.

aqua viridis/greene water [aerugo, viride aeris: Cu(CH3COO)2 · Cu(OH)2 · 2 H2O]. p. 61: astringent vertue, used for cures of op(h)thalmie; in place of aqua viridis Woodall uses the lapis medicamentosus (see there).

aqua vitae/distillate of wine [Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 214, p. 219f]. p. 136: for the cure of the wounded head; - p. 142: against poison; - p. 177: for dressing; - p. 211: for fumigations against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 226: mixed with Laudanum opiat Paracelsi it is good inwardly and outwardly against phrenesis or madnesse; - p. 292: as Woodall explains aqua vitae is the sulphurous part of wine, because every animall, vegetable or minerall substance whatsoever, is said to containe his own peculiar and different sulphur; that spirituall part which is combustible, though it be liquid, is termed the sulphur thereof; - p. 315 = 317: it is of excellent use for healing and the cheefe cordiall in cheering the heart of man.

aquilla laxativa [Kalomel, mercurius dulcis (Hg2Cl2), see also argentum vivum]. p. 158: for the cure of the ulcers and fistulaes; - p. 187: is a very good purge in the case of scurvy; - p. 189: use for heate in the intestines; - p. 198: purge easily and helpe to heale the gut in the case of scurvy; - p. 199: is a generall good purge at all times and almost in all cases; - p. 213: will kill anie wormes by waie of glister; - p. 235: as purging potion against iliaca passio; - p. 248: a good laxative if further need of purging be in the callenture.

III. Commentaries 289 aquilla vitae? p. 158f, p. 203: mean to cause vomit, for the cure of ulcers and fistulaes. arantiorum, oleum [oyle of oranges, Citrus aurantium, Rutaceae]. p. 229: component of “laudanum Paracelsi laudatissimum” against dissenterie.

Arceus linament [see also Index of names: Arcaeus (de Arc), Franciscus]. p. 144 used as gentle medicine with soft lint applied for the treatment of wounds; - p. 166: the best local medicine for wounds with fractures; - p. 176: for the follow-up treatment after amputation; - p. 197: for the treatment of ulcers in those that have the scurvy. argentum vivum, mercurius/quicksiluer/mercury and his compounds [lac mercuriale: Hydrargyrum praecipitatum album or mercurius dulcis Hg2Cl2]; mercurius: Hydrargyrum, Hg; mercurius dulcis: Kalomel Hg2Cl2, see aquilla laxativa; mercurius praecipitatus (ruber): HgO; mercurius sublimatus: HgCl2; mercurius vitae: mixture of Sb2O3 and SbOCl]. p. 114: argentum vivum doth corrode and killeth the itch and lice, woundeth the intestines, suppresseth vrine; - p. 115: mercurius precipitatus/precipitate: disposes ulcers to better healing by cleansing and digesting them; - p. 115: mercurirus sublimatus: is excellent against morbus gallicus, a good laxative, diaphoretice and vomitiue; - p. 151: vomitive medicines of mercurij truely prepared are most effectuall; - p. 152: “my onest olde friend mercurie” healing apostumes; - p. 159: mercury sublimated against ulcers; - p. 194: quicke-silver for the cure of the scurvy; - p. 271f: mercury as one of the three tria principia; - p. 297ff: of mercurie and his vertues; - p. 300: lac mercurii (mercury water), mercurius dulcis, mercurius vitae: for their forces and vertues admirable; - p. 301–306: “in laudem mercurij: or in praise of quicksiluer or mercurie”; - p. 313: quicksiluer, healing, killing, expelling, attracting, coroding; - p. 322 mercurius: a true healer, a wicked murderer, a pretious medicine, and a deadly poyson; - p. 322: mercurius praecipitatus/quickesiluer precipitate: a worthy medicine of true artists with praise used, of empericks shamefully abused, for healing and killing he is knowne; - p. 322 mercurius sublimatus/quickesiluer sublimed: deserued much praise and dispraise, as till more scope I omit, for hee hath done me both credit and shame; - SC131 (mercurius sublimatus); - SC143 (argentum vivum). aristolochia rotunda [Aristolochia rotunda, Aristolochiaceae]. p. 85: one of the 4 components of “theriaca diatesseron”; - p. 131: for the treatment of wounds, for regeneration of flesh. arsenicum/ars(e)nick [arsenicum album/white arsenic, As2O3; arsenicum citrinum/yellow arsenic (auripigmentum/orpiment), As2S3]. p. 114: white and yellow arsenicum are enimies to the life of man, the minerall killeth any liuing creature; outwardly applied eateth away superfluous flesh, it cureth the morphew; - p. 222: causticke glisters of arsenicum which the anciens used to cure the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 315 = 317: arsenicum: in trial deadly, yet a good outward healer (in) many waies; - p. 315 = 317: auripigmentum: in taste deadly, yet used of some inwardly for the cough by fume, outward in many medicines profitable. artemisia/mugwort [Artemisia vulgaris, Asteraceae). p. 132: part of a fomentation for the cure of wounds. asa dulcis see belzoin. athanasica magna [see Wecker (1588) p. 323f: electuarium with opium as main component]. p. 228 against dysentery, but Woodall prefers Laudanum opiat Paracelsi. aurea alexandrina [see Wecker (1588) p. 325: a remedy of more than 70 components]. p. 87: effectuall against the cold defluxions of the head, weeping eyes, tooth-ach, consumption, collicke, cough, spitting blood, intermitting feuers; Woodall did not put them into the medicine chest, 290 The Surgions Mate

because the preparation will not outlast an East India voyage, he replaced it through “Laudanum opiat Paracelsi”; - p. 228: against dysentery but Woodall prefers Laudanum opiat Paracelsi.

auricalcum/a chalk that containes gold [brass, golden metal]. p. 315: being an entrance to aurum potabile.

aurum/gould [Au]. p. 308: gold is set downe by the character of sol; - p. 309: medicines prepared artifically from gould cheefly cure the diseases of the heart, but the effect extends on all the parts of mans body; - p. 312: a great and sure cordiall, comforteth the heauy hearted, and is reputed the best medicine.

aurum potabile/potabile gold [see Schneider, vol. VI, p. 55f: the preparation contained colloidal gold usually]. p. 229: a component of Laudanum opiat Paracelsi; - p. 309: one of the seven metals, which can do wonders both in physicke and chirurgery, being rightly prepared and applied; - p. 315 = 317: a principall cordiall medicine, but very often adulterated, is precious.

axungia cerui/fat of a stag. p. 53: resolueth and mollifieth hard tumors in any part of the body, it is anodyne and very sanatiue: - SC010; - SC090.

axungia porcina/lard. p. 52f: hath lenifying and anodine qualitie, used for healing of burnings with fire; - p. 146: axungia porcina washed in the iuyce of plantane helps for suppuration; - p. 151: at healing apostumes; - SC011.

baccae iuniperi/iuniper berries [Juniperus communis, Cupressaceae]. p. 117: is good for the stomake, cough, venemous bitings and infection, helpe the lungs, liuer, kidnies and bladder.

baccae lauri/bay berries [Laurus nobilis, Lauraceae]. p. 72 (oleum): calefying, mitigates the collicke, it represseth the violence of feuer, is good for the palsie, sciatica, the paines of the spleene and is used in the cure of the scurvy; - p. 117: resist poison, helpe deafnesse, the paine of the breast, take away the scurfe; - p. 192: for the cure of the scurvy; - p. 193 (oleum): helpeth much against the scurvy; - p. 196 (oleum): as outward medicine for the cure of the scurvy; - p. 201: good against the scurvy; - p. 213: against wormes; - p. 235: for a glister against iliaca passio; - p. 238 (decoction): as anodine medicine against iliaca passio; - p. 243 (oleum): against tenasmus; - SC020 (oleum).

balsamum naturale, opobalsamum/naturall balsamum[Commiphora spec., Burseraceae]. p. 74: good against the obstructions of the liuer and for the greefes of the stomacke, helpeth the consumption of the lungs, has sanatiue vertue in the cure of wounds, both inwardly and outwardly.

balsamus artificialis/artificall balme [composition of diverse resins and aromatic drugs, see Wecker (1588) p. 263f]. p. 138: with lint warme applied on the eye-lids, for the cure of the wounded armes if the muskells with vaines and nerves be incised thwart; - p. 142: for the first intention of curing gunshot wounds; - p. 143: a good healer of new wounds; - p. 144: for wound healing; - p. 153: for the cure of apostumes; - SC54.

bazil(l)icum [Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae]. p. 131: a good incarnative; - p. 153: healing apostumes; - p. 166: good for wounds with fractures.

bdellium [Commiphora spec., Burseraceae; growing in Ethiopia, Erythrea]. p. 105: mollifies hard tumors in the throat, provoketh urine, is good against the cough; - p. 132: attracting medicament to extinguish the venemous vapour in wounds. III. Commentaries 291 beane [Phaseolus vulgaris, Fabaceae]. p. 131: for regeneration of flesh; - p. 163: for the cure of fractures. beetes [Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae]. p. 240: to cure the colica passio. belzoin (benzoin), named also asa dulcis/beniamen [resin obtained from several species of trees of the genus Styrax above all Styrax benzoin, Styrax tonkinensis, Styracaceae; main components are benzoic acid and cinnamic acid; cf. Wecker (1588), p. 133f]. p. 107: comforteth the heart. benedicta laxatiua/blessed laxatiue [Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 58f: electuary prepared of 25 drugs ]. p. 91: open mighthly obstructions, purgeth choller, fleame and all clammy humours from the ioynts, reines and bladder; - SC140 (pulvis benedictus). betonica/betony [Stachys officinalis (Betonica officinalis), Lamiaceae]. p. 77 (aqua): taken with oyle of amber preserveth from poyson, - p. 131: (emplaster) for the cure of wounds; - p. 284: white coperas with betony water against falling sicknesse. blood of beasts (cowes, horses, asses, coats, sheeps; cf. also mans blood). p. 193: a bathe of the bloud of beasts is exceeding good for the cure of the scurvy. bolus armeniae uel orientalis verus/fine bole [Terra armenica, clay, see also: bolus communis]. p. 111 (bolus verus): a good medicine in resisting the fluxes of the blood, helping the catarrh, dissentery and ulcers of the mouth, prevailing against pestilence; - p. 130 (bolus armeniae) for disiccation for wounds of the braine; - p. 132 (bole armeniae): against poisoning wounds; - p. 162f: ingredient of a remedy to cure fractures; - p. 222 (bolus armeniae): against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 225 (fine bole): in all fluxes of the belly; - p. 316: is cordiall, desiccatiue, sanatiue; - SC129. bolus communis/common bole [mixture of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and silicon oxide (SiO2)]. p. 111: hath the same effet als bolus armeniae; - p. 316: imitating the bolus armenus, but farre weaker. borago/borrage see: conserva boraginis. borax venetiae/borax [chrysocolla, Na2B4O7 · H2O]. p. 316: a great opener of obstructions of young women. bran, branne see: furfur. brooklime [Veronica beccabunga, Scrophulariaceae]. p. 200: against scurvy. buglosse [Anchusa officinalis (syn. Buglossa officinalis), Boraginaceae]. p. 132: against poisoning wounds. calcanthum see: vitriolum. calx ouorum/lime of eggeshels p. 316: is sometimes used in strong restrictives. calx viua/unslakt lime [calcium oxide, CaO]. p. 122: having a fierie sharpe und burning force, cureth corrupt stinking ulcers; - p. 222: the anciens used calx viua in causticke glisters against the fluxes of the belly; - p. 316: chiefley used in causticke medicines.

292 The Surgions Mate

cambodigiae, gummi gutti/cambogia, guttigambe, gamboge [Garcinia species/Clusiaceae]. First notice of cambogia date from Carolus Clusius; he calls the tree with the oriental name “Ghittaiemou” (Clusius (1605) p. 82). Clusius received the gum-resin in 1603 from Peter Garet of Amsterdam, where the drug was brought from China by Admiral van Neck; Woodall get to know the new gum resin in St. Bartholomew’s Hospital (London) by William Harvey, who applicated the drug as laxative (see Harvey in the Index of names). The plant which contains a dark yellow gum resin with drastic purgative effect was named “Cambogia” after his habitat Cambodia. p. 91 (pillulae): purges coller, fleame or melancholy from the stomacke or spleene, good for the cure of icteritiae flavae, reference to “Dr. Haruey of St. Bartholomews Hospitall”; - p. 96: medicine newly found out in the East Indies, which used Doctor Harvey in Saint Bartholomews hospitall, he calleth it “crocus purgans”; it purgeth well the head, opens obstructions, is good against the yellow iaundice and openeth well the spleene and liuer; - p. 184 (pills): against scurvy, if this disease be with a swelling or fulnesse; - p. 203: a vomit with cambogia against the fluxes of the bellie; - SC115 (pilulae cambogiae); - SC119 (cambogia).

c(h)amomilla/camomile [Chamomilla recutita (Matricaria chamomilla), Asteraceae]. p. 116: good against the chollicke, stone, feuers and cures wearied parts, provokes the monthly terms and urine; - p. 133 (oyle): part of a cataplasme to cure the wounds in the nerues and ligaments; - p. 151 (flowers, oyle): part of a cataplasme to heal apostumes; - p. 163: part of a composition against gangrenes; - p. 169 (oyle): to annoint the injured shoulder bones; - p. 192 (flowers and oyle): part of a lixivium to cure the scurvy; - p. 193 (oleum): good to annoynt; - p. 199: part of a cataplasme for the cure if the body be consumed by the scurvy; - p. 210: part of a glister against griping through dissentery; - p. 221 (oyle): part of sweating medicines by opening the pores and plucking backe the matter to the opposite part; - p. 235: for a bath against iliaca passio; - p. 238 (decoction): as anodine medicine for the cure iliaca passio.

camphura or camphora/camphire [Cinnamomum camphora, Lauraceae]. p. 110: against the paine of the head, inflammations of ulcers and wounds, cureth also erysipelas or St. Anthoinies fire, is effectuall against gonorrhea, the white flowers of women, bleeding of the nose and is good against poysons, also preserveth from putrefaction; - p. 284: white copperas exceede camphire as collyrium or lotion for the infirmities of the eyes; - p. 226 (quintessence of camphire): against the falling sicknes mixed with “laudanum opiat Paracelsi”; - SC136.

cantharides [Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria, Meloidae]. p. 110: used in outward remedies to cause a blister, inwardly to mooue urine; they are most dangerous, causes priapisma in a violent manner; - p. 197: some sea surgeons have commended the use of cantharides as vesicatory medicine in painfull swolne limmes.

caput mortuum see: colcothar, colcethor/dead-head, burnt vitrioll.

carduus benedictus/blessed thistell [Cnicus benedictus, Asteraceae; see also aqua cardui benedicti] p. 120: is very bitter, comforteth the heart and vitall parts, resisteth poyson, is of much use in pestilent diseases, killeth the wormes of the belly, prevaileth against bitings of serpents.

cariophilli, garyophilli/cloves [Syzygium aromaticum, Myrtaceae]. p. 36: part of a decoction against the calenture; - p. 75: driueth away putrede humours, openeth the pores of the liuer, dissipateth the melancholicke humours, healeth olde and new ulcers, asswageth the paine of the teeth; - p. 104: beneficiall to the heart and braine, helpeth the liuer and stomacke, good for digestion, quickneth the sight; - p. 196 (oyle): for annointing outwardly; - p. 211: against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 229 (oleum): part of Laudanum opiat Paracelsi.

carum carui/car(r)away seeds [Carum carvi, Apiaceae]. p. 100: of the same nature and vertue as semen anisi; - p. 192: part of a lixivium against scurvy; - p. 229 (oleum): part of the Laudanum opiat Paracelsi; - p. 241: seeds made warme in wine against colica passio. III. Commentaries 293

cassia fistula [golden shower tree: Cassia fistula, Fabaceae]. p. 97: tempereth immoderate heate, purgeth gently chollericke humours, is good for the reines; - p. 238 (extract): part of a glister to cure iliaca passio; - p. 241: brings forth the mollified excrements at colica passio. castanea/chestnuts [Castanea sativa, Fagaceae]. p. 221: by the counsell of Auicene are to be auoided in fluxes of the belly. castoreum, castorium [exudate from the castor sacs of the European beauer: Castor fiber, Castoridae]. p. 105: in taste like amoniacum; - p. 230: part of a composition for women. cataplasme [a poultice, made of bread crummes, milke, and a littel saffron, is spread over one’s skin as medical treatment]. p. 133: for the cure of wounds in the nerues and ligaments. causticke stone see: lapis infernalis. centaurium/centaury, centrey, sentaury [Centaurium erythraea, Gentianaceae]. p. 116f (flores): open obstructions of the liuer, kill wormes, are good against the iaundice, hardnes of the spleene, cleare the eyes, heale wounds; - p. 163: part of an application to heal fractures; - p. 210 (sentaury): part of a glister against dissentery; - p. 286: with sal absinthij against quotidian feuer. cera flaua et alba, ceratum/yellow or white waxe [Apis mellifica, Apoidea]. p. 108f (citrina): wageth payne, healeth wounds and ulcers; - p. 129 (ceratum refrigerans): confirme the naturall heat of the member debillitated; - p. 146 (ceratum refrigerans Galeni): anodine medicament; - p. 176: basis of an ointment to reduce paine after amputation; - p. 317: a blessed medicine outwards and inwards, molificatiue, sanatiue. cerus(s)a/venice ceruce [white lead, 2PbCO3 · Pb(OH)2]. p. 112f: gently represseth excrescences, siccatrize; - p. 130: to cure the wounds in the braine; - p. 317 (venice ceruce): sanatiue, cooling, anodine, desiccatiue. cetaceum see: sperma caeti. chalibs/steele [iron, steel, see also iron]. p. 317: openeth obstructions, and stayeth the fluxes. cin(n)abrium, sinabrium/cinnabaris, cin(n)abar, sinaber [cinnabar, HgS]. p. 115: hath the vertues of mercurius, is of two kindes: either natiue or artificiall (compounded of quicksiluer and brimstone [= sulphur: S]; - p. 300f: the use and abuse of sinaber; - p. 317: used in fumes, it spoyleth many and healeth by chance some one in killing tenne; - SC132. cinnamomum/cin(n)amon, cynamon [Cinnamomum spec., especially Cinnamomum ceylanicum and Cinnamomum aromaticum, Lauraceae; see also aqua cinnamomi and syrupus cynamomi]. p. 103: comforteth, mollifieth, cheareth up the heart and all the faculties of the body, it is very good against the fluxes of the belly; - p. 203 (pouder): for the cure of disentery; - p. 214: part of Mr. Edwards medicine for the fluxe; - p. 229 (oleum): part of Laudanum opiat Paracelsi; - SC070. citrus/citron, lem(m)on, limon/lime/oringe [Citrus spec., Rutaceae]. p. 36: (sirupe or iuice): to cure the calenture; - p. 56 (limon water, drawne by spirit of wine from the rindes of limons): a precious cordiall, a healing balsam, opens obstructios ; “iuyce of limons is touched else where in the cure of the scurvy”; - p. 78 (sirupe): is cordiall and refrigerating, profits the appetite, against pestilence, continuall and contagious feuers, against all obstructions of the spleene, well approued in the cure of scurvy; - p. 89 (succus): is of speciall vse to bridle the heate of 294 The Surgions Mate

melancholie, being the most pretious helpe that euer was discouered against the scurvy to bee drunke at all times; - p. 184 (iuice or sirupe) very wholesome against scurvy; the excellentie of the iuice of lemons, limes, oringes against scurvy); - p. 185 (iuice of limes, oringes or citrons) against scurvy, a good preservative; - p. 194: the different vertue of the iuyce of lemons: it was euer reputed a colde medicine and giuen in burning feuours, but yet hath it been approued excellent against the colde and terrible disease of the scurvy ; - p. 201 (iuice of lemons, limes, citrons): for the cure of scurvy; - p. 204: iuice or sirupe of lemons as sowre things against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 207 (citron rindes): among others very commodious and exsiccating; - p. 229 (oleum citrorum) part of Laudanum opiat Paracelsi; - p. 248 (sirupe limoniorum) as cordial; - p. 249 (sirupe or iuyce of lemmons) against callenture; - p. 275: the taste of minerals is specificall like iuice of lemons; - SC050 (oleum limoniorum); - SC093 (syrupus limoniorum).

cochlearia/coclaria, scurvy grass, spoonewort [Cochlearia officinalis, Brassicaceae]. p. 177: scurvy grass is one of the excellent remedies against the scurvy generally knowen; - p. 200 (iuice): against ulcers of the scurvy.

colchicum autumnale, hermodactili [Colchicum autumnale, Colchicaceae]. p. 95: drawes away slimie humors from articles, profitable for the goute in the hands, feets and sciatica.

colcothar, colcethor/dead-head, burnt vitrioll [vitriolum ustum, caput mortuum, terra damnata, Fe2O3]. p. 271: terra damnata; - p. 273: terra damnata: name for fixed salt and the feces thereof: because “the feces are meerely good for no use at all”; - p. 285: it is not clear what Woodall means, he makes a distinction between two kindes of colcothar: the one is from the feces of aqua fortis [HNO3], the other from coperas; in addition Woodall quotes at a special chapter on the same page “burnt vitrioll”, which is the usual name for vitriolum ustum (see there) or ferric oxide; - p. 299: aid to make sublimed mercury (HgCl2); - p. 320: caustick medicine, also cooling, exsiccating, sanatiue.

colocynthis/coloquintida [Citrullus colocynthis, Cucurbitaceae]. p. 188, p. 190: for the cure of scurvy; - p. 213: to kill wormes; - p. 198: part of a glister, when the gut is excoriated or inflamed; - p. 211: where you feare a flux of the belly avoid purging with coloquintida.

colophonia see: therebinthina. comfrey see: consolida maior.

confectio alkermes [electuary, the name is derived from kermes insect, Kermes vermilio, the principal ingredient; the preparation is already mentioned by Dioskurides and was used for the treatment of wounds]. p. 84: preserveth from apoplexies and melancholly humors, comfort the braine and heart; - p. 132: for the cure of venemous wounds; - SC110.

confectio Hamech, Hamek [see Wecker, 1588, p. 314: electuary prepared of more than 20 ingredients, among them myrobalani Indorum, fumiterra, absinthium, agaricum, glycyrrhiza, buglossa, stoechados arabicae etc., with similiar indications as Woodall quotes]. p. 82f: purgeth melancholly and salt phlegme, with great benefit against cancer, leprosie, drie scurfe, madnesse, ringworme, scabbes; - SC026; - SC106.

conserua anthos/conserue of anthos or rosemary flowers [Rosmarinus officinalis, Lamiaceae]. p. 81: comforting the braine and corroborating the sinewes, is giuen with good successe for the falling sicknesse, apoplexie, lithargie, dead and shaking palsie; - SC151.

conserua berberis, Rob berberis/conserue of barberies [Berberis vulgaris, Berberidaceae]. p. 81: is astringent, quencheth thirst and the heat of the stomake, cureth the bloudy flix, the flux of the liuer, cures the small pox, resisteth drunkennesse; - p. 186: against scurvy; - SC024; - SC152. III. Commentaries 295

conserua boraginis/conserve of borrage [Borago officinalis, Boraginaceae]. p. 132: is good against poisoning wounds. conserua citoniorum, Rob citoniorum/conserue of quinces [Cydonia oblonga, Rosaceae]. p. 81: comfort the stomake, good for choller, stopeth all kinde of bloudy fluxes; - p. 146 (decoction of the seedes): against burnings; - p. 203, p. 210: against the fluxes of the bellie; - SC025; - SC154. conserua luiulae/conserue of wood-sorrell [Oxalis acetosella, Oxalidaceae]. p. 81: comfort the heart, profiteth much in continuall and contagious feuers, but will perish in hot countries, great store of this herbe is found at the Cape of Good-hope. conserua prunellorum/conserue of sloes [Prunus spinosa, Rosaceae; see also sanguis prunellorum]. p. 80 (syrupus): comfort the stomake, stoppeth the fluxes; - p. 82: of a comforting stipticke force, good against all fluxes of the belly, also good to heale all inflammations occasioned by the same; - p. 203, p. 209: corroborate against the fluxes of the belly; - SC029; - SC153. conserua rosarum rubrarum/conserue of red roses [Rosa spec., Rosaceae]. p. 80: good for the heart, stoppeth fluxions; - p. 186: against scurvy; - p. 241: helping the weakenesse of the expulsiue facultaty, supporting the cure of the colica passio; - p. 248: as cordiall potion against calenture; - SC023; - SC150. consolida maior/comfr(e)y roots [Symphytum officinale, Boraginaceae]. p. 122 (radices): help spitting of blood, cureth the inward wounds and ruptures, mittigates hot tumours, heals fresh wounds; - p. 162f (radix): part of a cataplasme to cure fractures; - p. 188, p. 198: part of a glister against scurvy; - p. 199: part of a cataplasme for the cure of the scurvy; - p. 235: part of a glister against iliaca passio. cop(p)er, copperas see: vitriolum. corallium album, corallium rubrum/corall white and red [corallium album: Madrepora oculata, Madreporaria; corallium rubrum: Corallium rubrum, Corallidae]. p. 207 (tincture): against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 226 (red corrall) with Laudanum opiat Paracelsi an excellent remedy in the superfluous defluxions of the excrementall or menstruall bloud; - p. 228, p. 230 (coralli): part of Laudanum Paracelsi; - p. 240: against the colica passio; - p. 318 = 320: corallus albus: is cordiall, hath wonderfull vertues comfortatiue; corallus rubeus: exceedeth the corallus albus in vertues. Paracelsus ascribeth vertues infinite and wonderfull to red corall, if it be perfectly red. cordiall waters [made of the Spirit of wine, with the addition of medicinall spices, drugs and other precious additaments, which are especially dear]. p. 54 - p. 59: description of the vertues and uses of sundry cordiall waters (aqua coelestis, Dr. Steeuens water, rosa solis, cynamon water, limon water, rosemary water, sassafras water, anis-seed water, worme-wood water, balme water, angelica water, mint water, aqua cardui benedicti). coriandrum/coriander [Coriandrum sativum, Apiaceae]. p. 192: part of a lixivium against scurvy. cornu cerui/hartshorne [since the ancient world known as bezoardicum and remedy against consumption and epilepsy]. p. 95: a cordiall in the highest place, is giuen in want of unicornes horne (see: unicornu animale vel minerale), is good against poyson, opens obstructions, killeth wormes in the body, is good against paines of the reines or bladder, being burnt it is very good against the bloudy and other fluxes of the belly; - p. 212: for the cure of disentery; - p. 230: part of the Laudanum opiat Paracelsi; - p. 240 (pouder) as specificall remedy against colica passio; - p. 246: against the falling of the fundament.

296 The Surgions Mate

cortex granatorum seu malicorium [Punica granatum, Punicaceae; see also flores balaustiarum and pomegranate]. p. 98: is astringent, stoppeth the bloudy fluxe, healeth the gums, fasteneth the teeth loose, helpeth the corruption of the stomake and falling downe of the guts; - p. 210: part of a glister against excoriations of the guts.

crocus/saffron [Crocus sativus, Iridaceae]. p. 91: saffron is part of pilulae Ruffi; - p. 97: good for the braine, quickneth the senses, cheareth the heart, causeth digestion, helpeth the diseases of the brest, lungs and liuer and ripeneth all tumors; - p. 131: as medicament incarnatiue or for regeneration of flesh; - p. 133: part of a cataplasme for the cure of wounds in the nerues and ligaments; - p. 200: part of a drinke for the cure of the scurvy; - SC126.

crocus martis/safron of iron [mixture of FeO and Fe2O3]. p. 207: against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 213: part of a secret to heale the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 226: with Laudanum opiat Paracelsi an excellent remedy against the superfluous defluxions of the excrementall or menstruall bloud; - p. 318 = 320: good against disenterium, gonoroe, diarrhoea and generally all fluxes; -SC037; - SC109.

crocus veneris, safron of copper [refined verdigrease, aes ustum: mixture of Cu2O and CuO]. p. 318 = 320: expelleth, drieth, mundifieth and healeth.

cuminum/cummin, cummen seede [seeds of Cuminum cyminum, Apiaceae]. p. 100 (semen cumini): digesteth, dissipateth phlegmatike tumours, is good against the chollicke and timpanie; - p. 210: part of a preparation against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 235: part of a cataplasme against iliaca passio; - p. 236 (cummin seeds): in warme oximell against iliaca passio.

deere suet, adeps cervinus [deer tallow]. p. 191: part of a glister against excoriation in the gut; - p. 198: part of a glister aginst scurvy; - p. 209f: part of a glister against excoriation at the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 213: part of a glister against the fluxes of the bellie.

dens elephantinus/elephants tooth [ivory tusk of the Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana/Elephantidae]. p. 86: astringent, healeth fellons, good for icteritia flaua/yellow iaundice, morbus regius, wormes and continuall obstructions.

diacalcitheos see: emplastrum diacalsitheos. diacatholicon see: electuarium diacatholicon.

diacodion [preparation with capita papaveris of Papaver somniferum, Papaveraceae, as main constituent, see Cordus (1559) p. 86f]. p. 87: removeth subtle catarrhes and helpeth the cough; - p. 228: Laudanum opiat Paracelsus excelleth all other opiats including diacodion.

diagredion, diagridium [Euphorbia peplus, Euphorbia esula, Euphorbia cyparissias, Euphorbiaceae (Schneider, vol. V/2, p. 73–81) or Convolvulus scammonia, Convolvulaceae (Schneider vol. V/1, p. 361–364); see also scammonium/scamony]. p. 211: warning: auoyd purging with diagredion in a fluxe of the bellie.

diambrae, species [mixture of ambra grisea (see that) with aromatical drugs, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 125]. p. 228f: part of Laudanum Paracelsi laudatissimum.

diamoron simplex [preparation with mulberry, Morus alba, Moraceae, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 35]. p. 80: profitable in gargarismes, against eating ulcers of the mouth; - SC057; - SC099 (syrupus). III. Commentaries 297

diamoschi species [preparation of precious drugs with moschus/musk, the dried up secretion of a gland of the musk deer, Moschus moschifera, Moschidae; see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 140] p. 228: part of Laudanum Paracelsi laudatissimum. diapalma see: emplastrum diacalsitheos. diaphenicon see: electuarium diaphenicon. diapompholigos see: unguentum diapompholygos. diaprunum simplex [electuary with Prunus spec., Rosaseae, as main constitutent, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 54 (Diaprunis lenitivum) and p. 66 (Diaprunis solutivum)]. p. 82: gentle laxatiue, against continuall and hot intermitting feuers. diascordion [see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 202f, the preparation contains also opium amongst many other drugs, and was a substitute for Theriaca]. p. 86: is helpfull in feuers, as well contagious as pestilentiall, is good for the head-ach and universal plague; - p. 228: belongs to other compositions of opiat medicines, which Woodall had in daily use, but he appreciated most the Laudanum opiat Paracelsi; - SC022; - SC103. diatesseron see: Theriaca diatesseron. diatrion pipereon see: electuarium diatrion pipereon.

Dr. Stevens water [distilled water of cinnamon, ginger, galanga, cloues, nutmegs, annis, fennel, caraway and many other aromatic drugs, see Pharmacopoeia Londinensis (1653) p. 69]. p. 55: a notable cordiall water for comforting the head and heart. dragon herbe [Artemisia dracunculus, Asteraceae]. p. 132: a fomentation for the cure of wounds. earth-wormes, oyle of, see: oleum lumbricorum. elders, flowers of, see: flores sambuci. electuarium de ouo [see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 197f]. p. 84: commended for prevention and cure of the plague and all pestilentiall diseases; - SC102. electuarium de succo rosarum [Rosa spec., Rosaceae]. p. 83: is powerfull in purging of yellow choller. electuarium diacatholicon [see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 52: main constituents are polypodium, pulpa cassiae, tamarindorum, folia sennae, radix rhabarbari, glycyrrhizae, fructus anisi, semen cucurbitae, melonis, citruli and cucumeris]. p. 82: doth purge gently all humors, used in feuers and other diseases of the spleene and liuer; - SC108. electuarium diaphenicon [Phoenix dactylifera, Arecaceae, as main constituent, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 65f]. p. 82: purgeth easily and safely flegme and melancholly, helpeth against the belly-ache, colicke and continuall burning feuers; - p. 241: against colica passio; - SC107. electuarium diatrion pipereon [Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 141f: electuary with three species of pepper as main constitutents: Piper nigrum (black and white pepper) and Piper longum]. p. 83: helps the stomake, is good for quartans, cold, and all flatious diseases or wounds; - p. 142: for the cure of wounds; - p. 186: preserveth from the scurvy; - p. 204: to cure the fluxes of the bellie; - SC001; - SC111; - SC147 (species).

298 The Surgions Mate

elemi, resina/gum elemmi [resin, mainly gathered from Canarium spec. or Boswellia spec., Burseraceae; see also linamentum Arcei]. p. 150: as attractive medicine to heale apostumes.

emplastrum calidum or stomachi [plaster prepared of lignum aloes, absinthium, mastix, zingiber, thus, nux moschata and other aromatic drugs, described by Wecker (1595) p. 953]. p. 43: comforteth much the liuer or stomacke debilitated, by cold humors.

emplastrum cumini/cumin plaster [plaster with the seeds of Cuminum cyminum, Apiaceae, as main constitutent]. p. 196: applied to the spleene, liuer or stomake outwardly against the coldnesse of the parts.

emplastrum de lapide calaminari or griseum [plaster with lapis calaminaris [ZnCO3], tutia [ZnO] and lithargyrum [PbO] as main constitutents]. p. 25: belongeth to the plaster boxe, which must be ready at all time; - p. 43: Woodall speakes of his owne experience: this emplaster is a good healer of ulcers and hath an especiall vertue in curing of buboes, as well veneriall as pestilentiall.

emplastrum de minio [see Thomas Gale (1563b, fol. 47v-48r), where the English surgeon describes the emplastrum with oleum rosaceum, unguentum populeon, oleum myrtillorum, lithargyrum, argentum, minium (Pb(II,IV)-Oxid), cerussa (PbCO3 · Pb(OH)2) as main constituents; see also Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 280: emplastrum de minio Vigonis]. p. 25: for want of emplastrum diachalcitheos in the plaster box emplastrum de minio may serve; - p. 43: used to further good healing of wounds and ulcers, especially in the tumour of scrotum because of gonorrhea it is a convenient anodine; Woodall refers to “Master Galle in his dispensatorie” which Woodall used for his description; - p. 136: a plaster for the wounded head; - p. 176: to cure the stump after amputation.

emplastrum diacalsitheos [see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 287: ceratum diacalcitheos Galeni seu diapalmae prepared with lithargyrum (PbO) and chalcitis (martial vitriol containing ferric oxide (Fe2O3) as main constituent]. p. 41: the emplastrum mitigateth paine, a good defensatiue against all venemous humours, heales paines from distempered kidneys, also in gonorrea, very good to heale burnings, first devised by Galen127; - p. 129: strengthens the naturall heat of the member debillitated; - p. 130 (diapalma): to cure the wounds in the braine with dissication; - p. 136: against head wounds; - p. 144: anodine plaster to cure wounds.

emplastrum diachilon (simplex) [made of Lithargyrum (PbO) as main constituent together with mucilago foenugraeci, seminis lini et radicis altheae, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 276f]. p. 132: to extinguish the venemous vapour in wounds.

emplastrum diachilon magnum cum gummis [made of lithargyrum (PbO) as main constituent together with mucilagines seminis lini, foenugraeci, althaeae, ficuum, uuarum, succi ireos and scillae, ichthyocollae, terebinthinae, resinae pini, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 278]. p. 41: emplastrum dissolueth, mollifieth and is good against apostumes; - p. 132: to extinguish the venemous vapour in wounds; - p. 150: is part of the principall maturatiues or alteratiues medicines in the chest.

emplastrum diachilon paruum [made of lithargyrum (PbO) as main constituent together with mucilago psyllij, semen hyoscyami, semen lini and radix altheae, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 278]. p. 41: is good to dissolue tumours of the liuer, spleene, raines, belly etc.

127see Galen, Opera ed. Kühn, vol. XIII, de compositione medicamentorum, Lib. I, cap. IV, p. 378–397: de emplastro medicamento dia chalciteos. III. Commentaries 299 emplastrum divinum [see Pharmacopoeia Londinensis (1653, p. 177) with lapis magnetis (see that), ammoniacum, bdellium, lithargyrum as main constitutents and divers gums]. p. 132: to extinguish the venemous vapour in wounds. emplastrum ex betonica/emplaster of betony [prepared with Stachys officinalis, Lamiaceae, as main constituent, see Arcaeus (1574) p. 22, p. 44]. p. 131: as medicament for the regeneration of flesh in a wound; - p. 136: “emplast betonie” for the wounded head; - p. 144: as anodine plaster for wound healing. emplastrum gratia Dei/the grace of God [plaster with resina, verbena (Verbena officinalis, Verbenaceae), betonica (Stachys officinalis, Lamiaceae), mastix, terebinthina and cera alba, see Pharmacopoeia Londinensis (1653) p. 179]. p. 132: for healing wounds. emplastrum melilotum per splene, emplastrum melilotum compositum/plaister of melilot compound [Pharmacopoeia Londinensis (1653) p. 177]. p. 42: mollifieth all hardnesses of the liuer, splene and ventricle, ceaseth vehement paines in the disease called flatus hipocondriacus; - p. 196: for the cure of the scurvy. emplastrum melilotum simplex [prepared of more than 20 drugs, among them flores meliloti, flores chamaemeli, foenugraecum, radix altheae, semen apii, cardamomum, olea, gummi, see Pharmacopoeia Londinensis (1653) p. 280f]. p. 42: healeth well greene wounds, is good in curing chilblanes; - p. 136: a plaster for the wounded head; - p. 144: as anodine plaster; - p. 150: mellilot plaster brings forward an apostume. emplastrum de minio/plaster of minium [plaster with lithargyrum (PbO), minium (Pb(II,IV)-Oxid) and cerussa (2PbCO3 · Pb(OH)2) as main constituents, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 280] p. 169: for the cure of dislocations. emplastrum oxicroceum [prepared with crocus, cera, pix, colophonia, terebinthina, ammoniacum, myrrhae, thus and mastix, see Cordus (1559) p. 309f]. p. 42: anodine, asswageth paines in the goute, it draweth out vapors (per poros cutis). emplastrum stipticum Paracelsi (copy out of Paracelsus (1605), p. 693; see also Index of names, p. 273: Paracelsus, Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim). p. 13: description of the use; - p. 25: necessary part of the plaster boxe; - p. 40f: description of the composition; - p. 71: comfortable against all paines; - p. 109: to heal contused parts; - p. 131: against suppuration of the contused and liuid flesh; - p. 136: necessary to heal the head wounded; - p. 138: against the wounds of the eyes; - p. 144: for woundhealing; - p. 150: healing apostumes; - p. 169: to heal dislocations. emplastrum stomachi see: emplastrum calidum. euphorbium [gum resin, since the classical antiquity used as drastic laxative, extracted of Euphorbia spec., mainly of Euphorbia officinarum, Euphorbiaceae; for pills (pilulae de euphorbio) see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 81: pilulae de euphorbio]. p. 90 (pilulae): vertuous against the dropsie and scurvy, should be mixed with pilulae Cochiae; - p. 95f: hath certaine facultie of purging; - p. 133 (oyle): cure of wounds in the nerues and ligaments; - p. 184 (pills): gainst the swelling or fulnesse as result of the scurvy; - p. 186 (pills): they are the principall laxative medicine to make evacuation if the body being swolne and watery as result of the scurvy; - p. 188f (pills): pills of euphorbium should not be given if there is an inflammation in the guts; - p. 190: warning not to use strong laxatives as euphorbium in glisters to cure the scurvy; - p. 198: warning to take sharp heating things as euphorbium in the glisters to cure the scurvy; - SC114 (pilulae euphorbij); - SC137.

300 The Surgions Mate faenigreke, foenigre(e)ke see: foenigraecum. farina fabarum/beane meale [Phaseolus- and Vicia-Species, Fabaceae]. p. 118: dissolueth all swellings, is very good for ulcers, euills and blastings of the genitories; - p. 152: as cataplasme to repell an apostume. farina hordei (hordeacea)/barly meale, flower of barley [Hordeum vulgare, Poaceae]. p. 99: digesteth, is good for inflammations, ripeneth all hard swellings, excelleth against the soarenesse of the throate, provoketh urine; - p. 118: dissolveth hot and cold tumours, digesteth hard swellings, stoppeth the humors falling into the ioints, is good against the scurfe and leprosie, allaieth the inflammations of the goutes; - p. 131: part of a preparation for regeneration of flesh in a wound. farina tritici/wheate flower [Triticum aestivum, Poaceae]. p. 117f: stoppeth spitting of bloud, helpeth the cough, dissolveth tumours, clenseth the face from lentills and spots, appeaseth hunger and thirst, is the principall naturall vpholder of the life and health of man; - p. 132 (flowers of wheat): one of the astringent simples to make compounds for the cure of woundes in the arteries. farina volatilis/mill dust [dust of cereals]. p. 118: is used in compositions to staye fluxes of bleeding wounds. fel tauri/gall of a bullocke [oxgall]. p. 241: part of a ointment which loseth the belly. ferrum, mars/iron or steele [see also chalibs]. p. 246: part of a fomentation against the falling of the fundament; - p. 308: iron is marked out with the character of Mars; - p. 309: cures diseases of the gall; - p. 312: a sure medicine for fluxes of the bloud. fimus columbinus/pigeon’s dung. p. 132: part of a fomentation to extinguish the venemous vapour. fimus equinus/horse dung. p. 319: chymist use the horse dung to set their medicine into it to putrifie, it is an ancient worthy worke rightly used. flores anthos/rosemary flowers [Rosmarinus officinalis, Lamiaceae]. p. 56 (rosemary water): a great comforter of the braine, sharpneth the sight, is very good against the disease dissentery of the bloudy flixe; - p. 115: comfort the braine, heart, memorie and other senses, amend the speech, helpe digestion; - p. 119: cureth the iaundice and the regius morbus or kings-euill, comforteth the braine and memory, restoreth the speech lost; - p. 131: part of a remedy to cure venemous wounds; - p. 163: part of a lixiuium to heal fractures; - p. 192: part of a lixiuium if swelling grows in any part of the body as a result of the scurvy. flores balaustiarum/flowers of pomegranats [Punica granatum, Punicaceae; see also cortex granatorum and pomegranats]. p. 115f: astringent, cureth the bloudy fluxe and bleeding of greene wounds, they are good in lotion for weake gummes, kill wormes and fasten loose teeth; - p. 210: part of a glister against the fluxes of te bellie. flores fabarum/flower of beanes [Phaseolus- and Vicia-Species, Fabaceae]. p. 133: part of a catplasme to cure wounds in the nerues and ligaments. flores et oleum hyperici/flowers and oyle of Saint Johns [Hypericum perforatum, Hypericaceae]. p. 70 (oleum): anodine, healing sinewes wounded, very profitable against the sciatica and as ointment against swellings, is of very good use for convulsions, cramps, burnings; - p. 71(oleum hipericonis composita): a sure medicine for all venemous wounds; according to Woodall it is the best unctious medicine, which is euer used for the curing of wounds and contusions; - p. 117 (flores): breakes the stone, prouokes urin, brings down womens flowers, is good against burnings, cures olde and fistulated III. Commentaries 301 sores; - p. 163 (root, flowers): part of a lixivium to heale fractures; - p. 199 (flowers): part of a cataplasme against scurvy; - p. 210 (flowers): part of a glister against gripings in the guts. flores lupinorum/flower of lupines [Lupinus spec., Fabaceae]. p. 109: they kill wormes, drive away the freckles and spots in the face, asswage swellings, the sciatica paine, dissolue morbum regium; - p. 133: part of a cataplasme to cure wounds in the nerues and ligaments; - p. 163: part of a lixivium for the cure of fractures. flores mel(l)iloti/flowers of mellilote [Melilotus spec., Fabaceae]. p. 116: digest, dissolue and maturate, against all hot swellings, provoke urine, breake the stone, asswage the paine of the kidnies, bladder and belly, cleare the eie-sight; - p. 119: mollifie hot swellings of the eye, matrix, and genitories, healeth the scurfe and putrified ulcers, dissolueth apostumes of the stomake, is good for the headach; - p. 192: part of a lixivium against swellings as result of the scurvy; - p. 199: part of a cataplasme to cure the scurvy; - p. 235: part of a preparation made of water and oyle to sit in the bath against iliaca passio; - p. 238: part of a decoction as an anodine medicine to cure iliaca passio. flores et oleum sambuci/flowers and oyle of elders [Sambucus nigra, Caprifoliaceae]. p. 72 (oleum): lenifies and purges the skin, is good for the obstructions of the liuer, helpful for the ioynts and nerves pained, healeth the yellow iaundice, amendeth belly ach; - p. 117: open the belly, purge chollerick humours, are good for hot swellings and tumours, asswage the paine of the gout; - p. 151: good for healing apostumes; - p. 248 (oleum): part of a glister to heale the callenture; - SC061 (oleum). flores tiliae or tili/in Germane tongue “lindenholt” [blossoms of lime tree, Tilia cordata (Tiliaceae), is to be found mainly in northern Italy, Poland, the Balkan Peninsula and Austria]. p. 53: as supplier of mel simplex. flos aeris/verdigrease see: aes viride. flos sulphuris [elementary sublimated sulphur]. p. 207: part of a preparation against the fluxes of the bellie. flower of orobus [Lathyrus spec., Fabaceae]. p. 133: to cure the wounds in the nerues and ligaments. foeniculum/fennel, fennill [seeds of Foeniculum vulgare, Apiaceae] p. 99f: corroborateth the stomake, openeth the obstructions of the lungs, liuer, and kidnies, causeth abundance of milke in womens breast; - p. 188: part of a glister against scurvy; - p. 192: part of a lixivium to heale the swellings as result of the scurvy; - p. 210: part of a glister against gripings through dissentery; - p. 235: part of a fomentation against iliaca passio. foenigraecum/fenigreece, fenogreeke, foenigreek [Trigonella foenum-graecum, Fabaceae]. p. 100 (semen): mollifies, discussies, helpeth cold hard swellings and goute in the feete, mitigateth heate, clenseth the skinne from many euills; - p. 150: part of a cataplasme to heale apostumes; - p. 188: as decoction to cure the scurvy; - p. 199: part of a cataplasme as anodine medicine to cure the scurvy; - p. 235: part of a glister and of a cataplasme against iliaca passio; - p. 238: part of a glister to cure iliaca passio; - p. 244: foments of faenigreke to cure tenasmus.

Frankensence, Frankincense [deriued from French “franc encens”; incense, also called lat. olibanum, it is the gum resin of Boswellia sacra and other Boswellia spec., Burseraceae]. p. 105: compared with galbanum; - p. 107: compared with belzoin (see there); - p. 236: powder of Frankensence and cummin seedes in warme oximell against colica passio; - p. 244: a fume of Frankensence and pitch helpeth presently against tenasmus. furfur/wheate bran(n)e [Cereal product, coming up at grinding down cereals, especially the seed coat which is separated of the Triticum aestivum, Poaceae]. 302 The Surgions Mate p. 118: is good against the scurfe, itch, and spreading scab, dissolveth swellings of womens breasts, the decoction is good to cure painefull exulcerations in disenteria; - p. 185 (decoction): part of a drink to refresh the stomacke against scurvy; - p. 188: part of a decoction against scurvy; - p. 191, p. 198: as glister for help to heale the guts well at scurvy; - p. 199: part of a cataplasma against scurvy; - p. 209: as decoction against excoriation as result of the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 210: as glister for griping through dissentry; - p. 213: part of a glister to kill wormes; - p. 241: a bagge stuffed with branne applied to the belly is good against colica passio; - p. 244: let the patient sit on two bags filled with wheaten-branne and steeped in boyling vineger to ease the paines of tenasmus. galbanum [bitter aromatic resin extracted from Ferula gummosa (= galbaniflua), Apiaceae]. p. 105f: galbanum compared with frankincense (see that), takes away biles, hard kernels and knots in the body, helpeth the cough, short breathing, convulsions and ruptures; - p. 132: helpeth to extinguish the venemous vapour; - p. 150: is a good attractiue medicine to bring forward an apostume. gall of a bullocke see: fel tauri. gallae/gales, gall apples [galls are produced through the sting of the gall wasps Cynips tinctoria (Cynipidae, Hymenoptera) on Quercus infectoria, Fagaceae] p. 36: galls as powder in a drink against the calenture; - p. 111: cureth fluxions of the gummes, helpeth against the ulcerations in the mouth; - p. 191: part of a glister to heale the inflamed guts as aftereffect of scurvy; - p. 209: barley water with a little allum or galles in powder is good to heale fluxes of the bellie; - p. 210: as part of a glister for excoriations of the gut; - p. 246: powder of gall apples is good against the falling of the fundament. garlicke, garlic see scordium. ginger see: zinziber. gould: see aurum/gould. gratia Dei [Geranium robertianum, Geraniaceae]. p. 144: part of an anodine plaster for wound healing. guaicum, lignum guaicum, cortex guaiaci, gummi guaici [Guajacum officinale, Zygophyllaceae]. p. 98 (lignum): exiccate, moue sweat, resisteth contagion and infection, cures the morbus Gallicus, olde ulcers, scabs and ring-wormes; - p. 98 (cortex): hath the same vertue as lignum guaiaci; - p. 104 (gummi): is approoued a good remedy in gonorrhea. hares dung or hennedung or horse-dung see: stercus. hartshorne see: cornu cerui. hemlocke [the term describes as well Conium maculatum as Cicuta virosa, both genera belong to the Apiaceae]. p. 229: obviously Woodall chose the wrong translation for Crolls name “hyoscyamus” (p.174), on the same page at the bottom Woodall writes the correct translation “henbane” for hyoscyamus. henbane see: hioscyamus. hermodactili see: colchicum autumnale. hiera picra, hiera pigra [famous preparation with many aromatic drugs and resins after Galen, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 55f]. p. 188 (species): part of a glister against scurvy; - p. 190, p. 198: not to be used if the intestinum rectum is inflamed; - p. 235: part of a decoction against iliaca passio; - p. 241: as strong laxative to heale colica passio; - p. 248: part of a decoction as cordiall medicine; - SC135. hioscyamus, hyosc(h)yamus, iusquiamus/henbane [Hyoscyamus niger, Solanaceae]. p. 134: the cure of wounds with a cataplasme made with the iuyce of hyoschyami; - p. 208 (oleum iusquiami): one of the last remedies to mitigate the pain with narcoticall things in the case of the fluxes III. Commentaries 303 of the bellie; - p. 228, p. 229 (succus, juice): part of the Laudanum Paracelsi laudatissimum; - p. 230: a special remedy with opium and hyoscyamus for women. hollihocke, hollyhocke see: radix altheae. hordeum see: farina hordei. horse reddish see: radix raphani siluestris. iermander, germander [Teucrium chamaedrys and other Teucrium spec., Lamiaceae]. p. 200: good medicine against the scurvy. iris [Iris spec., Iridaceae]. p. 131: for wound healing. iron see ferrum. juniperus/iuniper [Juniperus communis, Cupressaceae]. p. 76: (oleum iuniperinum): commended for the cure of the morphew of the skin, it provoketh urine, is good against any pestilentiall vapours and good for the stone; - p. 192 (berries): part of a lixivium against the scurvy; - p. 193 (oyle): helpes against the scurvy; - p. 200: part of a drink to cure the scurvy; - p. 201: (berries) are good against the scurvy for they open obstructions. lac mercuriale see: argentum vivum, mercurius/quicksiluer. ladanum [Cistus spec., Cistaceae, frequently with laudanum (opium) mistaken]. p. 106: open the pores of the veynes, keepeth the haire from falling of the head, provokes urine, it is used seldom in the surgeons chest, except in making a gratefull odour, as when a fume of cinnabrium is to be prepared. lapis bezoarticum (bezoardicus)/bezer, bezoar [bezoar is a stone found in the stomach of different animals, above all in the pansen of the bezoar goat, Capra aegagrus, Bovidae; the stone was said to have marvellous effects and and the power of an universal antidote against any poison]. p. 228, p. 230 (bezer): part of the laudanum Paracelsi laudatissimum. lapis calaminaris/chalamint stone [ZnCO3]. p. 284: white coperas exceeds lapis calaminaris as remedy fort the infirmities of the eies; - p. 320: is desiccatiue and excellent in lotions for the eyes. lapis granatus/granat stone, garnet [Magnesium-Aluminium-Silicate or Ferrum-Aluminium- Silicate: (Mg, Fe)3 Al2(SiO4)3]. p. 321: a juell pretious in medicine, but not commonly used. lapis hematites/bloud stone [chemical: Fe2O3]. p. 321: helps against bleeding. lapis infernalis/causticke stone or liquid causticke [caustic agent]. p. 63 (lixivium forte): the “liquid causticke” is “made only of unslaked lime (CaO) and strong capitall lees (potash) by decoction together to the thicknesse of an unguent”; - p. 67f (white causticke): may well be carried in the surgeons chest, for that it will last well an East India voyage; - p. 142 for the cure of wounds; - p. 144: causticke medicine to mundifie the wounds; - p. 145: abuse of good causticke medicine; - p. 276: causticke stone; - SC032 (caustic liquid); - SC033 (lapis infernalis). lapis magnetis/load stone [ferric oxide of bivalent and trivalent Fe, Fe3O4]. p. 320: a jewel pretious, for value farre exceeding the diamond, in quality attractiue and sanatiue. lapis medicamentosus [mixture of vitriol, sal nitri, bolus, alumen, cerussa and fel vitri in acetum vulgare]. 304 The Surgions Mate p. 61: in place of aqua viridis Woodall applies usually lapis medicamentosus; - p. 192: part of a lotion for the putriffed gums as result of the scurvy; - see also vitriolum viride; - SC036. lapis prunella/a stone made of salniter [Kalium nitricum, KNO3]. p. 320: good against tooth-ache and inflammations, and for sores of the mouth and throat, inwardly taken against hot feuors. lapis sabulosus (zapulosus) [furred roots, also named osteakolla, limestone and sand, developed in the earth about dead tree roots, see Croll (1609) p. 27: miraculosus in conglutinandis ossibus ruptis]. p. 162: part of a preparation against fractures; - p. 163 (“Beine broucke in the Germane Tongue”): being in substance like chalke and in forme like a bone, some peeces like ribs etc., is good for healing fractures; - p. 166: as inward medicine for fractures; - p. 321: for curing a fracture. lateres cribrati/pouder of brickes. p. 321: often used for preparing medicines. laudanum [preparation of opii (see opium), improved with antidota and cordials]. p. 203, p. 205, p. 209, p. 210f: against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 212: if the fluxe is fierce and sudden, give a dose of laudanum, which is a perfect cordiall and a good preservative; - p. 227: laudanum passeth all other medicines in the cure of disentery; - p. 231: markes to discerne the false from the true laudanum; - p. 247: against the falling of the fundament; - p. 248: in the callenture laudanum is salutary, if the body is open; - p. 281: against callenture. laudanum opiat Paracelsi [see Croll (1609) p. 173–176]. p. 86: reference to the chapter about the fluxes of the belly; - p. 208, p. 211: against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 224ff: vertues of the laudanum written by Oswald Croll; - p. 226: good in extreame bleedings of the nose, in the disease called asthma and phthysicke, in phrenesis or madnesse, falling sicknes; - p. 228f: the true preparation thereof; - p. 231: to compose this opiate aright is hard to a bungler; - p. 232: notes for the true laudanum; - p. 239: laudanum Paracelsi, which exceedeth all narcotics, against iliaca passio; - SC105. lead see: plumbum. lem(m)on, lime see: citrus. licorice see: liquiritia.

lilium/lillie [Lilium candidum, Liliaceae]. p. 70 (oyle): asswageth paine, mollifieth hard tumor, mitigates the violence of diseases, allayeth the inordinate heate of the reynes and bladder; - p. 150f (oyle): part of a preparation against apostumes; - p. 193 (oile): part of a lixivium against scurvy; - p. 243 (oile): part of a preparation against tenasmus; - SC045 (oelum). limatura martis/filings of horne [Ferrum pulveratum]. p. 321: used for making of crocus martis (Ferrum oxidatum rubrum). linamentum (balsamum) Arcei/linament of Arceus [main constitutent is elemi (see there); the composition is described in: Arcaeus (1574) p. 43f]. p. 5: for present applications into the wound; - p. 25: one of the neccessarie unguents; - p. 51: much reverence for Arceus, the author of the precious linament, especially for wounds in the head, a better balme can scarce be found out by art; - p. 135, p. 142: it is the chiefest balsame for wounds in the head; - p. 136: the noble linament of Arceus for the second application; - p. 144: for the third dressing of wounds; - p. 166: it is the best locall medicine to wounds with fractures; - p. 176: is good to use for the cure of the stump after amputation; - p. 197: against the effects of scurvy; - SC019; - SC087. lini, semen/lin(e)seedes [Linum usitassimum, Linaceae]. III. Commentaries 305 p. 41: part of an emplaster against gonorrea; - p. 48 (oleum): to make a good ointment; - p. 72 (oleum): anodine, cureth convulsions, mitigateth the hardnes of the arteries, muscles and nerues; - p. 100: softneth all cold tumors, breaketh impostumes, draweth out thornes sticking in the body, expelleth winde and gripings of the belly; - p. 150: part of a cataplasme to heale apostumes; - p. 169: part of a cataplasme to cure dislocations; - p. 188, p. 198: part of a glister for the cure of scurvy; - p. 199: part of a cataplasme against the scurvy; - p. 235: part of a cataplasme against iliaca passio; - p. 238: part of a glister against iliaca passio; - SC058 (oleum). liquiritia, glycyrrhiza/licorice, liquorice [Glycyrrhiza glabra, Fabaceae]. p. 36: part of a decoction against calenture; - p. 88 (iuyce): doth mitigate the asperities of the arteries, very profitable against all vices of the lungs and throat; - p. 99: it is agreeable to the lungs and breast; cureth the cough, helpeth breathing, is profitable for the reines, dissolveth the stone, healeth the sores of the kidnies and bladder; - p. 192: to make the lotion against scurvy pleasant in taste (instead of honey); - 230: how prepared for the Laudanum opiat Paracelsi; - p. 231: treakle must have similiar consistency as liquorice, otherwise it is false or foolish made; - p. 248 (powder): as part of aquilla laxatiua (see that); - p. 248 (succus): for a drink to give him a gratefull taste; - SC095 (syrupus); - SC142 (pulvis); - SC158 (succus). liquor vitrioli see: vitrioli, mel. lithargyrum (lithargyrus) auri et argenti et plumbi/litharge either of gold, silver or leade [they are all but one thing, though they are of seuerall names, colour and differences of operations (see p. 113), chemical: Plumbum oxidatum (PbO)]. p. 113: it does all refrigerate, stopp, fill up hollow places and cleanse;; - p. 146 (powder): to use as anodyne; - p. 130: for the cure of the wounded ventricles of the braine; - p. 322 (lithargirus argenti/litharge of siluer): supposed to proceed of siluer, but indeed it is made onely of lead; - p. 322 (lythargirus plumbi, litharge of leade): it is made by euery plumber out of that part of Saturne which wasted to a hardnesse in melting; - p. 322 (lythargirus auri): it is so tearmed for that the tests which refine gould through leade, after are made into litharge. lixivium/lye [alkaline liquid made of ashes]. p. 63: lixivium forte, a very necessarie medicine to be at hand in the surgeons chest; when it groweth dry, get the causticke stone; - p. 63: lixivium commune: Woodall refers to the treatise of salt in generall (p. 250ff]; - p. 141: a good lixivium as abstersiue medicine; - p. 142: the surgion at sea should neuer wanting of a good lixivium, to foment the parts percussed or contused; - p. 143: against stinking and insensible wounds make scarification and foment well with strong hot lixivium; - p. 144: a hot stupe wet in a good lixivium is a great help of healing wounds; - p. 321: used very profitable in healing outwardly and inwardly, for causticke medicines it is the best.

London treakle see: theriaca Londinensis. lupini/lupines see: flores lupinorum. macis/mace [macis is the reddish brown dried seed casing (aril, lat. arillus) removed from the nutmeg, Myristica fragrans, Myristicaceae]. p. 75 (oyle): roborate the stomacke, doth calefie and digest colde humours; - p. 103: strengthneth the stomacke, comforteth the heart; - p. 196 (oyle): part of an ointment for the cure of the survy. maiorana/marioram [Origanum majorana, Lamiaceae]. p. 203: outwardly in a bag against the fluxes of the bellie. malua/mallow [Malva sylvestris, Malua neglecta, Malvaceae]. p. 133: part of a cataplasme for the cure of wounds in the nerues and ligaments; - p. 146 (decoction of seeds): used to make lotions, which take away all the powder that sticket in the flesh and burnings by gun powder; - p. 238 (decoction): part pf an anodine medicine against iliaca passio; - p. 198: a glister made onelie of a decoction of mallowes helps to heale the gut and to cure the scurvy; - p. 199 (roots): part of a cataplasme for the cure of scurvy; - p. 240: part of a glister against the colica passio. 306 The Surgions Mate

mandragora/mandrake [Mandragora vernalis (officinalis), Solanaceae]. p. 208 (oleum): to mitigate the pain with narcoticall things. manna [the juice dried up of various plants, among them Alhagi maurorum (Fabaceae), Astraglus spec. (Fabaceae) and above all Fraxinus ornus, Oleaceae]. p. 244: helps to bring forth the mollified excrements at colica passio. mans blood dryed (see also blood of beasts). p. 132 one of the astringent simple to make compounds for the cure of wounds in the arteries. march mallow [Althaea officinalis, Malvaceae]. p. 146: decoction against burnings by gunpowder; - p. 188: part of a glister against scurvy; - p. 235: part of a decoction against iliaca passio; - p. 248: part of a cordiall potion against the callenture. marchasita/unprepared minerals [ferric sulphide: FeS2 (Pyrit); see Rickard (2015) p. 67: the term marchasite was often used for different metallic sulfides, especially for pyrit]. p. 322 vulgarly it is said silver oare or lead oare. margaritae see: perlae. mastix/mastiche, masticke [Pistacia lentiscus, Anacardiaceae]. p. 106: brought from the Isle Chio, stoppeth vomiting, against spitting bloud, it attracteth fleame from the braine, is good for the breath; - p. 132: for the cure of wounds; - p. 222: against diarrhoea; - p. 225: with laudanum against dissenterie; - p. 245f: against the falling of the fundmanet; - SC133. mel(l)/hon(e)y [product of Apis mellifera, Apidae; as flavour it is used in a large number of prescriptions]. p. 53 (mel simplex): good for the stomacke, helpeth the bladder and reynes; is good for the eyes, healeth the burnings and scaldings without scarr; the best hony of all other comes from Polonia, from trees with flowers called Flores Tiliae; - p. 323: honey is laxatiue, mundificatiue, mollificatiue, sanatiue; - SC027 (Mel depuratum). mel(l) rosarum/syrupe of dry roses, hony of roses [rose-honey, mel mixed with flores rosarum, the flowers of Rosa spec., Rosaceae]. p. 69: with oyle of roses it is a good balme for new wounds; - p. 79: strengtheneth and clenseth the stomake, alaieth and stoppeth hot fluxes, the phlegmon of the mouth, gums and iaws, good for wounds in the head and wounds in ioints; - p. 135: mel rosatum for wounds of the head, if the bones of the head be broken; - p. 131: for regeneration of flesh; - p. 136: mell rosarum in want of Arceus linament (see that) for curing wounds of the head; - p. 143: for the curing of wounds in the head; - p. 191: part of a lotion to cure the gums in scurvy; - p. 221: part of a glister against fluxes of the bellie; - p. 282: with vitrioll against the overgrowings of the gummes in the scurvy; - SC055; - SC098. mel saponis/honey of soap [Mixture of honey and soap]. p. 47: a medicine appointed to be first applied upon a burning or scalding to take the fire out; - p. 146: an approued remedy to cure the wounds; - SC021; - SC088. melissa/balme [Melissa officinalis, or Melittis melissophyllum, Lamiaceae; see Schneider vol. V/2, p. 307–309]. p. 120: helps against venome of scorpions, spiders and dogges, comforteth the head, increaseth the memorie. mentha, mint [Mentha spec., Lamiaceae; see Schneider vol. V/2, p. 310–318; see also aqua menthae]. p. 58 (mint water): strengthen the stomacke, liuer, spleene or milt, stayeth vomit, is very cordiall; - p. 119: profits the stomake, appease the hickoke, stoppeth vomiting, cureth collericke passions, griping III. Commentaries 307 paine of the belly; against inordinate course of menstruall issue, it softneth breasts swolne with milke; - p. 203: against the fluxes of the bellie. mercurius/mercury [Hg]see: argentum vivum, mercurius/quicksiluer. mercurius dulcis [Hg2Cl2] see: aquilla laxativa and argentum vivum, mercurius/quicksiluer. mercurius precipitatus (ruber) [HgO] see: argentum vivum, mercurius/quicksiluer. mercurius precipitatus (albus) [Hg2Cl2] see: argentum vivum, mercurius/quicksiluer. mercurius sublimatus/quickesiluer sublimed [HgCl ] see: argentum vivum, mercurius/quicksiluer. mercurius vitae [mixture of Sb2O3 and SbOCl] see: argentum vivum, mercurius/quicksiluer.

Mr. Edwards medicine for the fluxe (composition was not to be found). p. 214: remedy made of red-rose water, cinamon and almons as drink. minium/red leade, plumbago [Plumbum oxidatum rubrum, Pb(II,IV)-Oxid; the name “plumbago”, which means a black lead (PbS) is a confusion, which is cleared up only in the eighteenth century]. p. 93: (trochisci de minio, see Vigo (1586) p. 203r, p. 235v): consume proud flesh, mundifieth sordid ulcers and cures fistulaes; - p. 113 (minium or plumbago): is mollifying, closeth up wounds and induceth a siccatrize; - p. 144: good for wound healing; - p. 158: minium plaster for the cure of ulcers and fistuales; - p. 159 (trossis of minium = trochisci or trochis de minio, see p. 93): to cure desparate ulcers and fistulaes; - p. 323: is one of the sons of Saturne, cooling, drying, repelling, healing etc.. mirabolani/mirabolanes [The mentioned five kindes come from: Phyllanthus emblica (“emblicke”), Euphorbiaceae; Terminalia bellirica (“bellericke”), Terminalia chebula (“chebule”), Terminalia citrina (“citrine”), Combretaceae; the “Indian” mirabolanes are the immature seeds of Terminalia chebula]. p. 96: the five species have peculiar vertues: some purge choller, others melancholie, others phleame; they are fit purgers of the body in dissenterie upon any occasion; - p. 186: all sorts of myrabolans condite for the cure of the scurvy to comfort the stomacke; - p. 191: for the cure of the scurvy; - p. 208 (decoction of myrobalans): against diarrhoea; - p. 221 (cortices): good for the cure of the scurvy; - p. 223: against dysenteria proceed from humours. mithridatum Damocratis/methridate of Damocratis [Pharmacopoeia Augustana, p. 181–185: famous composition, made of a large number of precious drugs, in quality and vertue like to Treakell]. p. 84: very strong against the poison of serpents, madde dogs, wilde beasts, helpeth the melancholick, helps against the falling sicknesse, migraine, paine in the bowels, eares, apoplexie, cough, spitting of bloud, imflammations of the lungs, fluxe of the stomake and many other diseases; - p. 132: against venemous wounds; - p. 141: against gunshot wounds; - p. 142: against poyson; - p. 162: against putrification of humors as a result of fractures of the bones; - p. 186: to cure the scurvy; - p. 187: a mean to procure sweats for the cure of the scurvy; - p. 203: against disentery; - p. 211- 213: to cure the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 236: good helpe against iliaca passio; - p. 241: helping the weakenesse of the expulsiue faculty; - p. 248: as potion against the callenture; - SC100; - SC159. morse see: walrus. moschus/musk [aromatic substance obtained from a gland of the male musk deer, Moschus moschifera, Moschidae]. p. 229f: part of Laudanum opiat Paracelsi. mum(m)ia [parts of mummies or substances of embalming, mainly asphalt and pitch]. p. 109: helpeth fluxes of bloud, the bladder ulcerated and the inward distempers of the yard, very good as drunke against great contusions or coagulated bloud within the body; - p. 228, p. 230: part of the preparation Laudanum Paracelsi against dissenterie; - SC124. myrrha [resinous extract of Commiphora molmol and other Commiphora spec./Burseraceae]. 308 The Surgions Mate p. 106: openeth the womb, good for the cough, stitch, flux and bloudy flixe, killeth wormes, closeth up wounds, confirmeth the teeth loose, stayeth the haire shedding; - p. 131: good for the regeneration of flesh; - p. 132: for the cure of wounds; - SC130. nasturtia aquatica [water cress, Nasturtium officinale, Brassicaceae]. p. 177: one of the excellent remedies against scurvy. nitrum, lapis prunella/niter, saltpeter, salt-peeter, salt niter [KNO3]. p. 69: reference to the treatise generall of salt; - p. 194: shew to be cold yet doth contrary effects; - p. 191: part of a lotion to cure the mouth and throat in scurvy; - p. 195 (lapis prunella): part of a medicine against hemoragie or bleeding at the nose; - p. 235: against iliaca passio; - p. 248: part of a cordiall potion for the callenture; - p. 275: quality of salt-peeter; - p. 286f (salt niter): a most medicinable subiect as any is in the world, a worthy medicine in the surgeons chest, good against hemoragia, callenture and clenseth the mouth furred; - p. 288: sal niter in the cure of the scurvy; - p. 320 (lapis prunella): is good against tooth-ache and inflammations, for sores of the mouth and throat, and against hot feuors; - p. 326 (sal petrae): a salt of a wonderfull kind and breeding, with effects admirable both good and euill; - SC138. nutistae, oleum see: nux muschata. nux muschata, macis/nutmeg, mace (= arillus: the red colored, fleshy cover of the seed) [Myristica fragrans, Myristicaceae]. p. 104: helpeth the stoppings of the liuer, milte, stomacke, weakness of the kidnies, comforteth the heart; - p. 193, p. 196: annointing with oyle of nutmegges or mace for the cure of the scurvy; - p. 203 (oyle): to annoint the stomake against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 225 (oyle): putting it into the nostrils it will marvellously asswage paines in the head and helpe to stopp bleedings of the nose; - p. 211f: for the cure of disentery; - p. 229 (oleum nutistae or mace): part of Laudanum Paracelsi. oatmeale [Avena sativa, Poaceae]. p. 134: part of a cataplasme to cure the wounds in the nerves and ligaments; - p. 184: as a drink to cure the scurvy; - p. 189: against scurvy. oleum antimonii/oyle of antimonie or stibium [Butyrum Antimonii, SbCl3]. p. 77: against convulsions and other euill affections of the braine, asswageth the collicke, cureth feuers, helpeth the bladder ulcerated, against the canker, fistula phagedena, eating pockes, the wolfe and all other sorts of ulcers. oleum chamaemelinum/oyle of chamemill [Matricaria chamomilla (Chamomilla recutita), Asteraceae]. p. 70: resolveth moderately, is good for the collicke, stone and for aches and feuers, it is also very convenient in glisters against tortions of the gutts; - SC060. oleum garyophillorum see: cariophylli. oleum hyperici see: flores et oleum hyperici. oleum limoniorum see: citrus. oleum lumbricorum/oyle of earth-wormes [Lumbricus terrestris, Oligochaeta; see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 240]. p. 70: helpes the aches of the ioynts, against convulsions and cramps; - p. 193: one of the oyles, which are good to annoynt against scurvy; - SC056. oleum myrti/oyle of the myrtle [Myrtus communis, Myrtaceae]. p. 131: one of the mean remedies to heal the suppuration of the contused and liuid flesh. oleum oliuarum/oyle of oliue [Olea europaea, Oleaceae]. p. 48: good against burnings; - p. 136: in want of oyle of roses for the head wounded. III. Commentaries 309 oleum origani/oyle of origanum [Origanum vulgare, Lamiaceae]. p. 77: cureth melancholly, helpeth the dropsie, cureth the cough, quarterne feuer, and the tooth-ach. oleum ouorum/oyle of eggs. p. 72: clenseth the skin, cureth burnings, killeth ringwormes, preualent against any ulcer. oleum papauerum/oyle of poppies [Papaver somniferum, Papaveraceae]. p. 73: cureth the intemperature of heat in the reines and feuers, procureth sleepe; - SC053. oleum petrae, petroleum/oyle of pe(e)ter [Petroleum nigrum, a natural product, consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights]. p. 73: digests all excrementall matter, is used with profit for the falling sicknes, palsie, giddinesse of the head; - p. 193, p. 196: used for strong frictions against the scurvy; - SC048. oleum philosophorum/oyle of philosophers or of tile-stones or bricke-bats [Oleum de lateribus: prepared with dry distillation of olive oil, which was mixt with powder of bricks]. p. 75: it is very like to oleum petreoleum in vertue, digesteth all excrementall matter, profitable for colde affections of the spleene, reines, bladder, nerues, wombe and ioynts, for the lethargie, apoplexie and falling sicknesse. oleum rosarum/oyle of roses [Rosa spec., Rosaceae]. p. 5: for woundhealing; - p. 41: is good to dissolve or relent the emplastrum diacalsitheos; - p. 48: against burnings; - p. 69: as anodyne, good against erisiphilas and hath other worthy uses in chirurgery; - p. 129: hinders and averts fluxion; - p. 131: one of the mean remedies to heal the suppuration of the contused and liuid flesh; - p. 136, p. 143: for woundhealing of the head in want of Arceus linament; - p. 146: as anodine medicament; - p. 169, p. 176 (oyle): for wound healing; - p. 244: against the falling of the fundament; - SC064. oleum sambucorum see: flores et oleum sambuci/flowers and oyle of elders. oleum scorpionum/oyle of scorpions [Euscorpius italicus, Euscorpiidae]. p. 73: of speciall use to breake the stone in the reines and bladder, against pestilence and fevors, cheefely recommended in expelling poyson; - SC047. oleum spicae/oyle of spicke [Lavandula latifolia, Lamiaceae]. p. 76: very profitable against the gowt, is also good against the falling sickness and convulsions; - SC043. oleum succini/oyle of amber [amber, lat. succinum]. p.77: helpeth against the paine in the head, preserveth from poyson, a singular remedy in discussing diseases of the reines and bladder, refresheth all the seake faculties of the body. oleum sulphuris/oyle of sulphur [liquor sulphuris, preparation of sulphur, produced by distillation]. p. 75: maketh the teeth white, cures venerall ulcers, is good against falling sicknesse, shortnesse of breath and euill affections of the lungs, a true cordiall medicine; - p. 152: healing apostumes; - p. 201: for the cure of the scurvy. oleum terebinthinae/oyle of terbentine (terebinthine) [Pinus spec., Pinaceae]. p. 76: taken inwardly against shortnesse of breath, phtysicke and against the stone; outwardly used to heale sinewes wounded and to fill ulcers with flesh; - p. 143: very good against dangerous wounds; - SC051. oleum vitrioli see: vitrioli, oleum. onions [Allium cepa, Alliaceae]. p. 132: to extinguish the venemous vapour. 310 The Surgions Mate opium/opiat(e) [opium is the dried latex of the capsules of the poppy, Papaver somniferum, Papaveraceae), it contains ca. 12 % of the alkaloid morphine besides codeine and thebaine as main constituents; see also laudanum, Laudanum opiat Paracelsi, semen papaveris]. p. 97: asswageth inward paines, causeth sleepe, stoppeth the flixe, it desireth care in his use thereof, for otherwise it is a deadly poyson; - p. 227: warning to be carefull with the dangerous opium; - p. 208, p. 210: against diarrhoae; - p. 228, p. 230: against dissenterie; - SC123. opobalsamum see: balsamum naturale. opoponax [the gum resin of Opopanax chironium, Apiaceae]. p. 104: it doth mollifie, digest, asswage and is laxatiue. oringes, iuice of, see: citrus. ossa de corde cervi [cross-shaped “ossicula” of the stag’s heart]. p. 228: part of the Laudanum opiat Paracelsi (see that). oximel simplex/oximell simple [composition of hony and wine vinegar]. p. 79: it is in great use for the cure of inflammations of the lungs and throte, cutteth and attenuateth thicke humors, cureth the entrails; - SC059; - SC097 (oximel rosarum). perlae [= margaritae, concretions of mussels] see: sal perlarum. philonium Persicum [electuary with more than fifteen drugs, among them piper album, opium, hyoscyamus, margaritae and camphora, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 199f]. p. 87: against the abundance of bloud, against the flux of the belly, vomiting and spitting bloud, it consolidates ulcers and veynes; - p. 228: a good composition of opiat medicine. philonium requies Nicolai [electuary with opium, semen hyoscyami, radix mandragorae and nux moschatae as the most important drugs, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 201]. p. 208 (citation derives from Guillemeau (1597) p. 49v.): electuary against extreame disentery. philonium Romanum magnum [electuary similiar to the composition of philonium Persicum, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 200]. p. 87: against pleuresie, collicke and any internall paine or greefe, it causeth sleepe, stayeth hemoragia or the flux of the bloud ; - p. 228: a good composition of opiat medicine; - p. 239: a good medicine against iliaca passio. philonium Tarsense [electuary with opium, euphorbium and hyoscyamus as main constituents, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 201]. p. 87: has the same facultie as philonium Romanum; - p. 228: a good composition of opiat medicine. phlegma. p. 324: the name is used for any distilled water which is void of spirit. phlegma vitriole [aqueous fraction of the distillation of vitriol]. p. 279f: the first water drawne from coppras, is good against paines of the head, it swageth the burning of the bloud. pilulae aggregatiuae [Woodall refers to Mesue, who described pilulae aggregatiuae with more than 15 drugs; see the edition of Silvaticus (1549, p. 118v), who explains the name with the aggregation of the many effects; Woodall however says too, that the ingredient agaricum (see that) gave the name to the preparation; see also Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 73f: the pilulae aggregativae maiores Mesue are described as “polychresta catapotia dicuntur, quòd ad multos affectus corporis praeter naturam sunt utilia ac omnes humores purgent”]. III. Commentaries 311 p. 89f: they are profitable for many affections of the head, stomacke and liuer, they purge phleame, choler and melancholy, very good against continuall feuers and inveterate diseases; - SC113. pilulae aureae/golden pills [laxative pills, main constitutents: Aloes, Diagrydium (Scammonia), Semen apii et anisi et pulpa colocynthidis, the “golden” colour gives the saffron (crocus) as additive, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 77]. p. 90: cholagogall, purgeth the head, senses and eyes; - SC117. pilulae cambogiae/pils of cambogiae see cambodigiae/cambogia, guttigambe

Pilulae cochiae [main constituents: species hierae picrae, diagrydium, pulpa colocynthidis, turbith, described first by Rhasis, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 79]. p. 90: purges both choller and fleame from the head, from the liuer, and from all other parts; - SC112. pilulae de euphorbio/pils of euphorbium see euphorbium. pilulae Ruffi/pestilentiales Ruffi [after the prescription of Rufus of Ephesus (see the Index of names), main constituents are Aloes, Ammoniacum and Myrrha, see: Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 88; Woodall specifies also saffron, which quickened the vital functions]. [p. 13: part of the surgeions chest]; - p. 91: preuent infection, fitting for the pestilene and plague, purging gentle; - p. 184, p.187: for the cure of scurvy; - p. 199: as laxatiue if the body be consumed by the scurvy; - SC116. piper nigrum/blacke pepper [Piper nigrum (black and white pepper): Piper nigrum, Piperaceae]. p. 103: expelleth winde, is good against all griefes of the breast and the lungs, against poyson, argues and squinancies; - p. 194f: pepper is one of the examples to explain the different effects of the drugs. pix/pitch [name for the residue, which is obtained through destillation of wood or coal-tar]. p. 108 (pix navalis or stone-pitch): cures hard tumours and ulcers; - p. 133: for the cure of wounds made in the nerves, tendons and ligaments; - p. 245: fume of pitch for the cure of the falling of the fundament. pix burgundia see: terebinthina. plumbum, lead [plumbum nigrum, Pb]. p. 308: lead is ascribed to saturne and marked with his character; - p. 309: preparations of the lead are noted cheefly to cure the diseases of the milt. plumbum album/white leade [plumbum candidum, Sn; see also stannum]. p. 113: excellent remedy against inflammations, hard ulcers, cankers and fluxions of the articles. plumbum philosophorum/philosophers leade. p. 324: this preparation is mysticall and something like the Philosophers stone. plumbum ustum [lead burnt: mixture of PbO, PbS and PbSO4]. p. 113: astringent, stayeth the rheume of the eyes, also blood and is profitable against the ulcers of the fundament, hemorrhoides and their inflammations. polypodium [Polypodium vulgare, Polypodiaceae]. p.95: openeth the body, bringeth away blacke choller and phleme, and helfs against the obstructions of the spleene; - p. 240 (decoction): against colica passio. pomegranate [Punica granatum, Punicaceae; see also flowers of balaustiae]. p. 204 (iuice): against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 246 (pils): against the falling of the fundament.

312 The Surgions Mate

praecipitate [“it is coloured red, or glistering, or yellowish”: probably Mercurius praecipitatus (HgO), see Schröder (1957) p. 76–78]. p. 115: very good to dispose ulcers to better healing by cleansing and digesting them; - p. 144f: warning about the abuse of causticke medicines, among them precipitate; - p. 156: caveat concerning praecipitate mercurie; - p. 299f: warning: this kind of preparation is dangerous, for “mercury is a fox and will be too crafty for fooles”; - SC134. pulpa tamarindorum/pulpe or iuice of tamarinds [pulp of the ripe fruit of Tamarindus indica, Caesalpiniaceae]. p. 89: excellent and well approued against the scurvy, also it purgeth choler, cureth sharp feuers, is good for the collick, stoppeth vomiting; - SC030; - SC157. puluis alchemisticus [not mentioned in Woodalls explanations, the preparation is only mentioned in the list of contents of the Surgeons Chest]. SC035. puluis arth(r)eticus (Paracelsi) [prepared of four laxative drugs: Hermodactyli, Turpethum, Diagrydium, Folia Sennae and Rasura Cranii vel Ossium humanorum (human bones), see: Paracelsus (1605, Appendix p. 52); - Croll (Basilica chymica 1609, p. 243) recommended the powder for the cure of podagra; - see also Schröder (1649), Lib. II, p. 239]. p. 92: a laxatiue powder, made only of four vegitables and one animale simple, it is Woodall’s most important purging powder; - p. 157: for the cure of ulcers and fistulaes; - p. 187: as bonding agent for pills; - p. 188: as glister to cure the scurvy; - p. 199: against the paines in the ioynts as the result of the scurvy; - p. 235: in wine or beere as purging potion against iliaca passio; - SC034; - SC156. pulvis Hollandus see puluis sanctus. puluis sanctus [mixture of Folliculi Sennae, Tartarus albus and Ginger], see: Brassavolus, Antonius Musa: Examen omnium electuariorum pulverum, et confectionum catharticorum. Venedig, ex officina Erasmiana Vincentii Valgrisii, 1548, p. 120–122. p. 52: pulvis Hollandus or pulvis sanctus, for the cure of the podagar. quinces [Cydonia oblonga, Rosaceae]. p. 81: (rob citoniorum): comfort the stomake, stopeth all kinde of bloudy fluxes; - p. 146 (decoction of the seeds): to take away all the gunpowder that sticketh in the flesh; - p. 203: marmalad of quinces is good against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 209 (sirupe): is good against the fluxes. quinta essentia. p. 324: a permanent essentiall well digested medicine, without grosse superfluities, drawne from any subsistence eyther animall, vegitable, or minerall. quinta essentia vini/quintessence of wine [Vinum destillatum]. p. 325: is also called aqua vitae, aqua celestis, alcole vini, aqua ardens. radix altheae/hollihocke root [Alcea rosea, Malvaceae]. p. 121: profitable for the stone, bloudy flixe, tooth-ache, sciatica and cough; they cure new wounds, dissolue cold tumors, and chaps of the fundament, are good for cramps and trembling of the members; - p. 133: for the cure of wounds in the nerues and ligaments; - p. 235: part of a foment against ilica passio; - p. 238: part of a glister against iliaca passio. radix angelicae/angelical root [Angelica archangelica, Apiaceae; see also aqua angelicae]. p. 122: they doe open, attenuate and digest, they are adversary to poison, helpe pestilent diseases, comfort the heart. radix chynae/Chyne-roots [Guajacum officinale, G. sanctum, Zygophyllaceae]. III. Commentaries 313 p. 97: preuaile much in the cure of Lues venerea, taketh away the paine of the stomake and obstructions, is helpfull against convulsions, the palsie and paines of the ioints, moveth urine and causeth sweat, a singular remedie against consumption. radix consolidae majoris, radix symphiti magni/comfrey root [Symphytum officinale, Boraginaceae]. p. 122: helps the breast, lungs and spitting of bloud, cureth the inward wounds and ruptures. radix pyrethri/pellitory roots [Anacyclus pyrethrum, Asteraceae]. p. 121f: is good for old cold diseases of the head and braine, falling sicknesse and apoplexie, mitigateth the tooth-ache, helpeth the resolution of the sinewes. radix raphani silvestris/horse redish root [Armoracia rusticana, Brassicaceae]. p. 80 (sirupus): breaketh the stone, mundifieth the reines, provoketh urine, is an approued medicine in the scurvy to be drunke daily; - p. 121: purgeth flegme, prouoketh vrine, breaketh the stone, helpeth the dropsie, liuer, sicknesse, lithargie, cholicke and hardnesse of the spleene; - p. 177: horse reddish rootes belong to the excellent remedies against scurvy; - p. 201: mixed with vineger or beere is very good against scurvy. realgar [arsenic disulphide: As4S4, found in nature as an orange-red mineral]. p. 325: a kind of ratsbane, seldom used in healing, though sometimes used in alchimy. requies Nicolai [see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 201: analgesic with opium, papaver, radix mandragorae and semen hyoscyami as main constitutents]. p. 208: remedy to mitigate the pains (citation after Guillemau (1598) fol. 49v). rew see: ruta/rue. rhabarbarum/rhubarb, ruberbe [Rheum spec., Polygonaceae]. p. 94: is good for the stomake and liuer and against the bloudy flixe, purgeth downward chollericke humors; - p. 204: against diarrhoea; - p. 207, p. 208, p. 210, p. 211, p. 223: praised as remedy against the fluxes of the bellie; - SC028; - SC118. rosa solis/rossolis [Drosera rotundifolia, Droseraceae]. p. 55: against consumption, comforteth the stomacke and braine, helpeth digestion, is good against the paulsie and falling sicknes; - p. 142: for wound healing; - p. 186: chiefly good for the cure of scurvy; - p. 210: part of a glister to cure the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 212: for the cure of disentery at sea; - p. 246: part of fomentation against the falling of the fundament. rosae rubeae/red roses [Rosa spec., Rosaceae; see also acetum rosarum, aqua rosarum, conserva rosarum, electuarium de succo rosarum, mel rosarum, oleum rosarum, syrupus rosarum]. p. 116: they purge cholericke humors downward, clense the liuer from obstructions, comfort the head, stomake and heart, cause sleepe and stop spitting of bloud; - p. 133 (leaues powdered): part of a cataplasme to cure the wounds in the nerues and ligaments; - p. 221: part of a glister to cure the fluxes of the bellie. rob berberies see: conserua berberis. rosemary flowers see: flores anthos. ruta/rue (erroneously spelled: rew) [Ruta graveolens, Rutaceae]. p. 133: to cure the wounds in the nerues and ligaments; - p. 235: part of a fomentation and cataplasme against iliaca passio; - p. 243 (oil): to anoint the fundament and parts in the cure of tenasmus. sabina/savin [Juniperus sabina, Cupressaceae]. p. 121: prouoketh vrine with bloud, moueth the flowers, driueth forth the secondine, liuing and dead birth, cureth ulcers, clenseth the skinne of lentils. 314 The Surgions Mate saccharum/sugar [Saccharum officinarum, Poaceae]. p. 102: doth clense, digest, take away the asperitie of the tongue or thirst, is profitable for eyes dim of sight. sagapenum, serapinum [Ferula spec., Apiaceae]. p. 105: profitable against the suffocation of the matrix, purgeth thicke fleame and clammie humors. sal absinthij/salt of wormwood [vegetable salts are introduced by Paracelsus (Sudhoff, Bd.4, p. 127: alkali absynthium: wormwood get burnt and exhausted with water, afterwards the salt crystallizes; - see also Schröder (1957) p. 167f: salia herbarum]. p. 69: reference to Woodalls treatise about salts in generall (p. 274ff); - p. 286: is a cordiall medicine, is very necessary in the churgeons chest; very good against contagious feuor, an excellent helpe also in the dropsie or swelling of the scurvy; - SC141. sal alkali [a kind of vegetable salt, main constituent: Na2CO3 · H2O; see also sal absinthij]. p. 326: Paracelsus termeth euery vegitable salt alkaly. sal ammoniacum/salt amoniack [prepared out of urine, table salt and soot sublimated; the salt was common in seventeenth century, see Schröder (1957) p. 67ff]. p. 326: a kinde of vegetable salt, is commonly made of sal alkali. sal colcotharis/a salt out of dead-head [a salt drawne from the caput mortuum (see colcothar) and commonly called dead head; ingredients varied: iron, copper or zinc sulphate, see Schröder (1957) p. 144ff]. p. 326: is exceeding astringent and drying. sal commune/common salt [sodium chloride, Natrium chloratum NaCl]. p. 275f: the healing vertues of common salt; - p. 325: sanatiue and most precious for the life of man. sal gemmae/sal like christall [rock salt, Natrium chloratum NaCl]. p. 69: reference to Woodalls treatise generall of salt (p. 274ff); - p. 241: part of an oyntment that loseth the belly and bringeth forth the hard feces; - p. 272: groweth concrete, hard and pure in the bowels of the earth; - p. 274: about the different origin of salt; - p. 286: reference to common salt for sal gemmae; - p. 325: naturallie growing in mines in Polonia neere the city of Cracouia. sal niter, sal petrae see: nitrum. sal perlarum [preparation of pearls for medical use see Khunrath (1605) p. 162ff, especially p. 167f]. p. 228: part of Laudanum Paracelsi Laudatissimum; - p. 230: part of the Laudanum Paracelsi and the preparation thereof. sal tartari/a salt of argall or wine lees [sal of tartar, K2CO3; see also tartarus/argall]. p. 326: medicine of great vertues. sal vitrioli [mixture of ZnSO4 · 7 H2O with other vitriols as FeSO4 · 7 H2O etc.]. p. 203: as a vomit to cure the fluxes of the bellie in the beginning of the disease. saluia/sage [Salvia officinalis, Lamiaceae]. p. 119: stoppeth the bleedings of wounds and bloudie flixe; cureth the cough, breaketh the stone, comforteth the heart; - p. 163: part of a lixiuium to cure fractures; - p. 192: part of a lixiuium against swolne members as result of the scurvy. sanguis draco [resin of the dragon’s blood palm, Daemonorops draco, Arecaceae]. p. 109: is astringent, closeth up wounds and stayeth the fluxes of outward wounds; - p.132: for the cure of wounds in the arteries.

III. Commentaries 315 sanguis prunellorum (juice of sloes, Prunus spinosa, Rosaceae; see also conserva prunellorum]. p. 80 (sirupus) refrigerates and comforts the stomake, stopeth fluxes; - p. 203, p. 210: against the fluxes of the bellie; - SC096 (sirupus). sarcocolla [plant is not clearly determinable, after Dioskurides (III, cap. 89/99) it concerns the tears of a tree growing in Persia, propbably it was a species of Astragalus, Fabaceae; see Berendes (1902) p. 323 and Schneider vol. V/3, p. 37–38]. p. 222: the ancients used it against the fluxes of the bellie. sarsaparilla [Smilax spec., Smilacaceae]. p. 97f: extinguisheth the heat of venereous poyson, is good against the articular diseases and the french pox. sassafras [Sassafras albidum, Lauraceae]. p. 56 (water): is excellent against the scurvy, the French diseases and the yellow iaundise, the best of the roots grow in Virginia; - p. 98: takes away obstructions, helping the asthmatique and nephretike, is good against any kinde of fluxion and the morbus gallicus. scammonium/scam(m)ony [milky juice of Convolvulus scammonia, Convolvulaceae; it is one of the oldest remedies and is already mentioned at the Corpus Hippocraticum]. p. 94: purgeth in vehement manner chollerick humors, but caution: it is very dangerous, excoriating the guts, prouoking bloudy excrements, procuring disenteria, offending the stomake and distempering the heart and liuer; - p. 198: caution: not to be used when the gut is excoriated or inflamed; - SC122. scordium [Allium sativum (garlic), Alliaceae, or: Teucrium scordium, Lamiaceae]. p. 132: part of a fomentation to extinguish the venemous vapour in wounds; - p. 200: an approoued good medicine for the cure of the scurvy. scurvy grass see: Cochlearia officinalis. seahorse [Hippocampus spec., Syngnathidae]. p. 215 (pouder): against the fluxes of the bellie. semen et oleum anethi/dill seeds, oyle of dill [Anethum graveolens, Apiaceae]. p. 69 (oleum anetheninum, oyle of dill): is anodine and laxatiue, it concocteth crude tumors, causeeth sleepe, mitigates the headache, is profitable for convulsions, asswageth aches; - p. 101 (semen): provoketh urine, allayeth against the gripings of the belly and inflations thereof, resolveth and digesteth humors; - p. 151 (oyle): as part of a cataplasme for healing apostumes; -; p. 169 (oyle) for the cure of dislocations; - p. 192 (oile): part of a lixivium for the cure of the scurvy; - p. 193 (oyle): helpeth much in the cure of the scurvy; - p. 199 (oyle): part of a cataplasme for the cure of the scurvy; - p. 210 (seeds): part of a glister against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 221 (oyle): part of sweating medicines and frications to cure the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 235 (seeds): part of foments or cataplasmes against iliaca passio; - p. 238 (decoction): as glister against iliaca passio; - SC065 (oleum). semen anisi see: anisum. semen carui see: carum carvi. semen cumini see: cuminum. semen faeniculi see: foeniculum. semen fenigraeci see: foenigraecum. semen papaueris albi/white poppy [Papaver somniferum, Papaveraceae; see also opium] p. 101: prouoketh sleepe, taketh away subtill humors, catharres, rheumes distilling from the braines upon the lungs, helpeth the cough.

316 The Surgions Mate

semen petroselini/parsly seede [Petroselinum crispum, Apiaceae]. p. 100: against the stone or iaundise, also is giuen to prouoke vrine. semen plantaginis/plantane seeds [Plantago lanceolata, Plantaginaceae]. p. 101: stoppeth the flux of the belly and any flux of bloud, is good for catarrhes, old and new vlcers either of the body or the mouth. semina quattuor frigida maiora [the seedes, named semina quattuor frigida maiora are semen cucurbitae, semen cucumeris, semen citrulli, semen melonis, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana (1613), p. 15]. p. 101: semen cucurbitae extinguisheth the feruor or heate of bloud, choler and feuers; semina cucumeris et citrulli are profitable to the stomacke, moue vrine, helpe the vlcers of the reynes and bladder, semen melonis hath all the vertues of the former. semina quattuor frigida minora [the seedes named semina quattuor frigida minora are semen lactucae, semen portulacae, semen cichorij, semen endiuiae, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 15]. p. 101f: refrigerateth the head, liuer, spleene, reynes, bladder and limbs, preuaileth against the gonorrhea, and causeth sleep. sen(n)e, folia [Cassia senna (= C. acutifolia), Cassia angustifolia, Caesalpiniaceae]. p. 93 (folia): an excellent medicament purging the belly, it scoureth away flegmaticke and melancholly humors from the braine, lungs, spleene, liuer, stomacke and bowels. sentaury see: centaurium. sinaber see: cin(n)abrium. sirupus see: syrupus. solanum, iuyce of [Solanum dulcamara, Solanaceae]. p. 146: one of the anodine medicaments, to make the cure of wounds more easier for suppuration. sorrell [Rumex acetosa, Polygonaceae]. p. 133: one of the anodine medicines for the cure of wounds in the nerues and ligaments; - p. 177: one of the excellent remedies generally knowen against scurvy; - p. 194f: about his effects according to his qualities hot or cold; - p. 200: part of a remedy against scurvy; - p. 209 (distilled water): against the fluxes of the bellie. species diatesseron see: theriaca diatesseron. speeke, spike [spikenard, Valeriana celtica, Valerianaceae]. p. 193 (spike oyle): is good to annoynt, helpeth much against the scurvy; - p.196 (oyle of speeke): as warming medicine for the cure of scurvy. sperma caeti, spuma maris, cetaceum/spawne of the whale [waxy substance, found in the head cavities of the sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus, Physeteridae/Cetacea; see also cetaceum]. p. 109: clenseth and digesteth, good to annoynt the parts contused; - SC125. spiritus salis/spirit of salt [Acidum hydrochloricum (HCl)]. p. 201: one of many sower medicines which are approued as precious remedies against the scurvy. spiritus vini/spirit of wine [ethanol (ca. 40%): C2H5OH]. p. 65f: the truest cordiall amongst all cordialls, quasi Spiritus vitae, preserueth the body from putrefaction, is good for the cure of wounds, ulcers and fistulaes; - p. 326: a pure and essentiall substance, cordiall and of infinite other vertues liquid.

III. Commentaries 317

spiritus vitrioli [mixture of H2SO4 (ca. 3%) and SO2]. p. 66: reference to the Treatise of salt; - p. 207: quotation from Guillemeau, who recommends spiritus vitrioli with rose-water and plantane water against the fluxes of the bellie. spodium/ash [burned bone, already mentioned by Hippocrates, main constituents: Ca3(PO4)2 and CaCO3]. p. 93 (trochisci): against bilious feuers, they allay the inflammation of the stomake and liuer; - p. 110: an astringent, is cordiall, good against inflammations of the stomack, trembling and melancholy.

St. Johns wort [Hypericum perforatum, Clusiaceae]. p. 163: part of a lixivium to cure fractures; - p. 210: part of a glister against gripings in the guts because of dissentery. stannum/tinn [Sn; see also plumbum album; see also Plinius secundus (1516) lib. XXXIV, cap. 16– 17, who already distinguishes clearly between lead and tinn]. p. 308, p. 312: the alchemists ascribe the metall to Jupiter, it has a diaphoretick, laxatiue, desiccatiue and sanatiue effect; - p. 309: the metal is said to respect the diseases of the liver. stercus caninum see: album graecum. stercus lupinum [the excrement of the wolf]. p. 235: a remedy against iliaca passio. stibium, antimonium/antimony [Sb, naturally it is to be found as sulphide (Stibnite Sb2S3 ) or as oxide (Valentinit Sb2O3)]. p. 37: small weights (halfe one graine) are necessary if you giue stibium internally; - p. 111f: produceth very good effects, commonly it is giuen in a tertian and against collicke paine, it purgeth vpward and downeward forcibly, it killeth many by the violence thereof vnaduisedly administred, it cureth feuors, is good against pestilentiall feuors in their beginning; - p. 203: as vomit against the fluxes of the bellie; - SC120. strawberry [Fragaria vesca, Rosaceae]. p. 209 (distilled water): good against the fluxes of the bellie. styrax calamita et liquidus, storax [resin of Liquidambar orientalis, Hamamelidaceae]. p. 106f: cureth the cough, against poyson, discusseth hard cold tumors, and the struma. succinum, ambra citrina/yellow amber [fossilized tree resin]. p. 108: against the white fluxe of the wombe, fluxe of bloud running of the kidneys, helpeth immoderate cough, is good to fume a ship in time of infectious aires as the plague; - p. 207: against diarrhoea; - p. 228 - p. 230: part of Laudanum opiat Paracelsi; - p. 326: Succinum album et citrinum/white and yellow amber, comes from Prutia, is a cordiall medicine, diaureticke, diaphoreticke, laxatiue and generally opening all obstructions. sulphur/brimstone [S]. p. 112: profiteth the asthmaticall, cough, collicke and resolution of the members, cureth tetters or ring- worms, cureth rheumes; - p. 241: drunke in good warme wine to cure the colica passio; - p. 293 until p. 296: praise of sulphur; - p. 325: is sanatiue, anodine, repercussiue. sulphur philosophorum/perfect sulphur vix cognitum [immaterial principle: see Paracelsus (1590a) p. 173: “[...] der Sulphur heist Sulphur Philosophorum, darumb das alle Philosophi dem Langen Leben seind nachgangen/der Gesundheit/unnd zuwiderstohn der Kranckheit/daß haben sie in diesem Sulphur gefunden am trefflichsten: darumb haben sie jhne jhrem begeren nach/geheissen Sulphur Philosophorum”]. p. 325: a true essential, perfect and uniuersall medicament.

318 The Surgions Mate sumach [Rhus coriaria, Anacardiaceae]. p. 110: wonderfully astringent, is good for the dissentery, all bloudy fluxes and the hemorrhoides; - p. 246 (powdered): to cure the falling of the fundament. swines hoofes burnt or calcined [ungula porci; Sus scrofa domestica, Suidae]. p. 240: one of specifical remedies for the cure of colica passio. syrupus cynamomi - sirupe of cynamon [Cinnamomum spec., especially Cinnamomum ceylanicum and Cinnamomum aromaticum, Lauraceae; see also aqua cinnamomi and cinnamomum]. p. 78: very good to old men that are cold and weake, it begetteth bloud, quieckeneth all the vitall parts; - SC046. syrupus limonum see: citrus. syrupus papaueris/sirupe of white poppies [Papaver somniferum, Papaveraceae]. p. 78: has an astringent quality, procureth sleepe, helpeth the cough, of precious use against the palsie; - SC092. syrupus rosarum simplex/sirupe of roses simple [Rosa spec., Rosaceae; see Pharamcopoea Augustana 1613, p. 23]. p. 79: against thirst especially in feuers, refrigerateth the stomake and liuer; - p. 135: poure warm into the wound, gratefull to the membrans, if the bones of the head be broken; - SC049; - SC091. syrupus rosarum solutiuarum/sirupe of roses solutiue [Rosa spec., Rosaceae; see Pharmacopoeia Augustana, p. 44f]. p. 79: a gentle and safe purge both for old and young, when they are molested either with burning or pestilent feuers. syrupus violarum/sirupe of violets [Viola tricolor, Viola arvensis, Violaceae; see Pharmacopoeia Augustana, p. 47]. p. 79: breaketh the acrimonie of melancholie, helpeth the diseases of the throte, against drie cough, curing inflammations of the brest, against pl(e)urisie, is also cordiall; - p. 139: for the cure of the thorax, if the former part bee stroke; - SC094. stercus leporis, stercus galli, stercus equinum/hares dung or hennedung or horse-dung. p. 240: specificall things for the cure of colica passio. tabacum/tobacco [Nicotiana tabacum, Solanaceae]. p. 204: compared to rubarb. talcum/talke [white or grey mineral, used as fine powder, contains magnesium silicate Mg3(Si4O10(OH)2) mainly]. p. 327: this minerall is scarce well known yet, the oyle therof is much extolled for beautifying the skinne. tamarindus/tamarind(e)s [Tamarindus indica, Caesalapiniaceae]. p. 184f: tamarinds brought from the Indies preuent the scurvy; - p. 186: tamarinds must be used sparingly if a fluxe be feared; - p. 189: eating of tamarinds is a good thing for the cure of scurvy; - p. 201 (pulpe): hath a great acetosity and is found a precious remedy against the scurvy; - p. 214: tamarindes brought from Bantham used ouermuch may easily cause fluxe, although their vertues in preseruing from the scurvy are very good. tartarus/argall [tartar (faex vini), KHC4H4O6]. p. 327: is the lees of wine dried, which maketh many profitable medicines.

III. Commentaries 319 terra sigillata [bolus ruber, pastilles of clay; they were considered as effective remedy against poisons of every description]. p. 130: to cure the wounds in the braine; - p. 132: to cure wounds in the arteries; - p. 209: against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 225: part of a remedy against the fluxes of the belly; - SC128. terra damnata (caput mortuum) see: colcothar, colcethor/dead-head, burnt vitrioll therebinthina/turpentine; colophonia/rosin [resina, obtained after artificial injury of the trunk of various Pinus spec., Pinaceae. The resin of the pine tree, which is free of oil of turpentine and water, is named colophonium]. p. 66 (spirit): is a true balsame in the cure of all new wounds, it prouokes vrine and driues out the stone, is also good to consolidate any inward wound; - p. 107 (pix burgundiae, pix graeca or colophonia): clensing and healing new wounds, mollifying hard tumours; - p. 108 (resina): good against the cough: mendeth the breast, prouoketh urine,expelleth the stone and is excellent for the cure of greene and fresh wound; - p. 131: mixed with aristolochia and iris is good for regeneration of flesh; - p. 133 (rosin): for the cure of wounds in the nerues and ligaments; - p. 135: terpentine with honey and the yolke of an egge are remedies mundifying when the bones of the head be broken; - p. 143: (oyle) is good for dangerous wounds; - p. 151: part of a cataplasme to repell an apostume; - p. 176: part of an unguent to swage paine ; - p. 193 (oyle) good to annoynt against the scurvy; - p. 196: (oyle): as warme application which is good against the scurvy; - p. 215: (oyle) is a good diaureticke medicine; - p. 245 (fume of rosin): for the cure of the falling of the fundaments; - p. 292: terebinthine contains sulphur as spirituall part; - SC004 (therebinthina Venetiae). theriaca/tre(a)kell [ancient remedy against poison made of several precious ingredients with opium as principal product, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 120ff]. p. 132: against poisoning wounds; - p. 141f (Venice trekell): against venemous vapors; - p. 162: against paine as a result of fractures of the bone; - p. 186f: helps in the cure of the scurvy; - p. 203 (theriaca Andromachi): against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 211- p. 213 (Venice treakell): for the cure of the fluxe through the contagion of the aire; - p. 236, p. 241: against colica passio; - p. 248: (Venice treakell): a present cordiall medicine fitting to be giuen in the callenture; - SC101 (theriaca Venetiae); - SC160 (theriaca Venetiae). theriaca diatesseron [an ancient composition, made of four pretious simples (tessares gr. four): radix gentianae/gentian roots, baccae lauri/bay-beries, myrrha and aristolochia rotunda; by some writers this composition is called “theriaca ad pauperem”, the poore mans trekell, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 180]. p. 85: is good against poyson drunken and against the bitings of venemous beasts, against spasme, it preserveth the body from the scurvy; - p. 142: against poyson; - p. 162: against putrifaction of humours in simple fractures; - p. 186f: to procure sweat in the cure of the scurvy; - p. 204: against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 212: for the cure of the fluxe through the contagion of the aire; - p. 248: as present cordiall medicine in the calenture; - SC002. theriaca Londinensis/London treakle [according to Woodalls comment (p. 83) this composition is appointed by the wisdome of the learned doctors of the Phisitions Colledge in London, as a thing very requisite, for that the price should be reasonable for the poorer sort; the preparation is to be had at all times in London being fresh made]. p. 83f: Woodall had appointed to the surgeons chest some of the species of the London treakell ready poudered, and dry that the diligent surgeon may compose a London treakell at sea; - p. 142: against poyson; - p. 186: preserves well from scurvy; - p. 187: a remedy to help sweating; - p. 203: to cure the disentery; - p. 211-p. 213: against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 248: against callenture; - SC003; - SC104; -SC149 (species). thus/incense [the resin of Boswellia sacra, Burseraceae]. p. 162f: ingredient of a medicine to cure fractures; - p. 222 (cortex thuris): against disenterie; - p. 236 (powder): as drink against colica passio; - p. 245 (fume of thus): to cure the falling of the fundament.

320 The Surgions Mate

thymus/time, thyme, thimum [Thymus vulgaris, Lamiaceae]. p. 120: is good to clense the brest and helpeth the cure of asthma and the cure of the falling sicknesse too, purgeth collericke humours and corrupt bloud, expelleth the secondine, provokes urine; - p. 192: is part of a lixivium against the scurvy. tragacanthum [dried sap of several species of the genus Astragalus, Fabaceae]. p. 107: is good for the cough, roughnesse of the artery or wind-pipe, is good for the eyes and eaten in powder against the flixe; - p. 221: part of a remedy to cure the fluxes o the bellie. tri(a)pharmacon, tripharmicon see: unguentum triapharmacon. trifera magna Nicolai [sleeping draught with opium and mandragora as main constituents, see Antidotarium Nicolai (1471; Reprint, hrg. v. D. Goltz, 1976, p. 69)]. p. 228: as Woodall means Laudanum opiat Paracelsi excelleth all other opiats, also trifera magna Nicolai. trochisci colocynthidos or Alhandall [melon, Citrullus colocynthis, Cucurbitaceae; Pharamcopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 152f: Trochisci Alhandall Mesue: “trochisci hi nihil aliud sunt quam Colocynthis praeparata”]. p. 93: brings away thicke fleame from the braine and nerues, they helpe the chollicke, apoplexie, squinancie, falling sicknesse and short breathing; - p. 211: warning, to apply the purging trochisci in a fluxe of the bellie; - SC139. trochisci de minio see: minium. trochisci de spodio see: spodium. trossis of minium see: minium. turpethium/turbith cathapsaris [Indian jalap, Operculina turpethum (syn. Ipomoea turpethum), Convolvulaceae]. p. 96: is good to purge phleame, chollericke and thicke humors from the stomake, breast, ioints and other remote parts. turpethum minerale/turbith minerall [HgSO4 · 2HgO]. p. 156: warning, not to use any kinde of turbith minerall neere any bare bones, for they will blacke bones; - p. 300: for the cure of the pox; - p. 328: well prepared it is precious in the cure of the French pox. tutia/tutty [usual it is a preparation with ZnO, but Woodall says that it is made of the “scumme of copper” or of copper by combustion]. p. 114: is a gentle drier, good against the distillations of the eyes, and astringent; - p. 130: to cure the wounded ventricles of the braine; - p. 284: Woodall values the white coperas more than tutia, lapis calaminaris or camphire; - p. 327: a medicine commonly knowne, made of the scumme of copper; - SC144. unguentum aegyptiacum/Egyptian ointment [ointment prepared of vinegar and Cu2O with honey]. p. 45: mundifieth all rotten foule ulcers, it is to be vsed in any venemous or great contused wounds, it serueth also well to be vsed for ulcers of the mouth and throte, especially in the scurvy; - p. 132: to cure venemous wounds; - p. 142: for the cure of wounds; - p. 143: to preuent putrefactions; - p. 152f: for the cure of apostumes; - p. 166: for the cure of fractures; - SC014; - SC089. unguentum album camphoratum [see Pharmacopoeia Augustana, 1613, p. 254: ointment with oleum rosatum, cera alba, cerussa (PbCO3 · Pb(OH)2) and camphora]. p. 45: it cureth excoriations of the skinne in any place, chiefly in the yard betwixt glans and preputium, it healeth burnings and painefull ulcers, is of very good consequent in the surgeons chest; - p. 146: helps suppuration; - p. 197: for the cure of ulcers in scurvy; - p. 198: helps to cure the scurvy; - SC007; - SC078.

III. Commentaries 321 unguentum apostolorum [the ointment consists of 12 ingredients, above all different resins, lithargyrum (PbO) and aerugo (see aqua viridis); see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 255]. p. 44 (the name dates back to Avicenna): it serveth well to clense ulcers and fistulaes; - SC076. unguentum aragon [the name is derived from the greek verb “άρηγω (araego)”, to help; the ointment contains more than 20 ingredients; Woodall adds quicksiluer too; see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 255f]. p. 51f: it is good against convulsions and cramps and good to annoint the body for them which haue the quartane feuer, the falling sicknes, and paines of the ioynts; - SC012; - SC85. unguentum aureum [the name “aureum/gold” refers to the colour and value of the preparation, which contains many resins, oil and wax; see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 257]. p. 44: used as a balme to heale wounds, burnings and ulcers; - p. 131: good for regeneration of flesh; - p. 143: it is a generally good healing balsame; - p. 154: caution with the use of too much exsiccation; - SC018; - SC077. unguentum basilicum/bazilicum [see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 258; see also Wecker (1588) p. 356]. p. 44: digest and incarne wounds, brings an aposteme to suppuration; - p. 131; - p. 143; - p. 152; - p. 158: a good healer of wounds and ulcers; - p. 176: good for dismembring or amputation; - p. 197: healing ulcers of the scurvy; - SC075. unguentum contra ignem [see Wecker (1601) p. 1197: Unguentum ad ignis combustionem]. p. 48: against burnings and scaldings; - p. 146: a good sanative medicine; - SC009; - SC082. unguentum contra scorbutum [see Woodall p. 193f: he describes various compositions, especially he emphasizes Unguentum populeum of Valerius Cordus (Cordus (1559) p. 342f: the preparation contains as main constituents folia papaveris agrestis, folia mandragorae, folia hyoscyami, folia solatri)]. p. 48: to attenuate grosse tumors of the scurvy, in want thereof Woodall uses unguentum populeon in hot griefes and very painefull cases; - p. 193f: unguent of soveraign vertue against the scurvy; - SC146. unguentum de litharg(i)o see: unguentum tri(a)pharmacon. unguentum de mercurio [mercury ointment, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 264; see also Wecker (1588) p. 358: Unguentum mercuriatum cum theriaca, contains argentum vivum and lithargyrum]. p. 49: the remedy has varied applications, above all it driveth away the lices, but as Woodall warned it should not be carried to the East Indies, because the ointment decomposes. unguentum de minio [ointment with minium/plumbago, read lead [Pb(II,IV)-Oxid], as main constitutent, see Wecker (1588) p. 356]. p. 113: cures wounds; - p. 129: helps to hinder and avert fluxion; - p. 197: against ulcers of the scurvy. unguentum desiccans rubrum [see Wecker (1588) p. 359: main constitutens are lapis calaminaris, lithargyrum auri, cerussa, camphora, terra sigillata]. p. 130: to cure the wounds in the brain with dissication. unguentum dialtheae compositum/“unguent Nicolaus” [see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 257f: ointment with radix altheae as main constituent together with semen lini, semen foenugraeci, scilla recens, oleum cerae, terebinthina, gummi hederae, galbanum, colophonia, resina]. p. 48: Nicolaus, an ancient writer, seemeth to be the author, profitable against pleurisie, warmeth and comforteth all the parts of the body which are euill disposed through cold infirmities. It is also good against paines of the ioynts in the scurvy.

322 The Surgions Mate unguentum dialtheae simplex [see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 257: ointment with Radix Altheae as main constituent together with semen lini, semen foenugraeci, cera, oleum, terebinthina and resina]. p. 49: only reference to unguentum dialtheae compositum, which is better, as Woodall means (see p. 48); - p. 151: part of a cataplasme for the cure of apostumes; - p. 196: the ointment is one of the best unguents against scurvy; - p. 199: part of a cataplasme to cure the scurvy; - SC006; - SC080. unguentum diapompholygos [ointment with pompholyx (ZnO including) and cerussa (PbCO3) as main constitutents, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 267]. p. 45: is good to heale painefull ulcers in any part of the body, especially betwixt glans and preputium, good also in Noli me tangere in the face; - p. 130: to cure the wounds in the braine with disiccation; - p. 197f: against the ulcers of the scurvie; - SC017; - SC145. unguentum martiatum [see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 263f, composed of more than 50 ingredients, see also Wecker (1588) p. 353, who quotes several compositions of this name, among them two of Nicolaus Alexandrinus]. p. 52: is good for many griefes, removes paine from the breast and stomacke, prevaileth against convulsions and also against sciatica, assuages the hard swellings of liver and spleen; - p. 196: one of the best ointments against scurvy; - p. 243: is good against tenasmus; - SC013; - SC086. unguentum mixtum [unguentum basilicum et unguentum aegyptiacum ana partes aequales]. p. 166: for the cure of ulcers and fistulaes; - p. 177: after amputation. unguentum nutritum (diapalma) [Emplastrum diacalsitheos (see there) dissolved in oyle of roses]. p. 129: hinders and averts fluxion; - p. 134: to extinguish the burning heat when the wounds made in the nerves, tendons and ligaments; - SC079.

Unguentum pectorale [see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 266: prepared of Ol. amygdalarum dulcium, Ol. chamaemelini, Ol. violatum, Crocus, Radix iridis]. p. 46: against paines and stiches of the breast and sides, eases the cough; - p.196: against the paines of scurvy; - p. 203: against the fluxes of the bellie; - SC016; - SC083. unguentum populeon [with gemmae or oculi populi (the leaf buds), folia papaueris, mandragorae, hyoscyami et solani as main constitutents,see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 268; Woodall refers to the composition of Valerius Cordus, which contains the same ingredients, see his Dispensatorium (Cordus (1559) p. 342f)]. p. 25: necessary ointment for the surgeons chest; - p. 47: serves well to asswage the very painefull tumors of the scurvy; upon Woodall’s own experience the ointment hath been found exceeding comfortable and behouefull, so that scarse any composition of an unguent in the surgions chest may compare with it; - p. 48: in hot griefes and very painefull cases Woodall used the unguentum populeon instead of the unguentum contra scorbutum; - p. 146 for the cure of burning by gunwpoder; - p. 134 for the cure of wounds that the burning heat may bee extinguished; - p. 146: mixt with unguentum album as an anodine medicament; - p. 176: part of an ointment to cure the paines as a result of dismembring; - p. 193f: very good for the cure of the scurvy; - p. 196: will worke a good effect against a disease with paine though no manifest signe of a hot disease appeare, as warme unguent it is good also against a disease which is not cold; - p. 198: one of the means to help the body against the long remaining of the excrements in the longanum and when the gut is either excoriated or at the least inflamed; - Ak008; - SC081.

Unguentum potabile [see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613 and Wecker (1617) p. 934: containing Rad. rubiae tinctorum, Rad. Tormentillae, Castoreum, Spermacetum]. p. 49: a sure balsame for wounds of any sort, it heals burning and scaldings without any scar; - p. 139: against the paines of the wounded thorax; - p. 143: is a good healing balme to cure the wounds of the head; - SC015; - SC084.

III. Commentaries 323 unguentum rosatum [ointment prepared of flores and succus rosarum rubrarum, prepared with oleum amgydalarum dulcium, a few use a bit of opium extra, see Pharmacopoeia Augustana 1613, p. 269]. p. 46: against inflammations, ignis sacer and all hot paines of the head, moreover it helps against the paines of the liver, belly and kidneies. unguentum tri(a)pharmacon (or nutritum) [see: Mesue (1570) p. 289v: Unguentum de tribus medicinis: made of lithargyrum [plumbum oxidatum, PbO], oleum and acetum as main constituents]. p. 46: serveth well to cure an erysipilaes, excoriation or bladdering of the skin, is good also for to take the fire out of burnings and scladings; - p. 146: to make easier for suppuration; - p. 167: for healing fractured members. unicornu animale uel minerale/unicorn [mythical beast, with a large horn on his forehead; its horn was said to have magical properties and the power to heal miraculously; usually the powder was made from the tusks of narwhals; see also cornu cervi]. p. 229: component of the Laudanum Paracelsi Laudatissimum. uuae passae seu Corinthiacae/curran(t)s [Corinthian raisins, Vitis vinifera apyrene, Vitaceae]. p. 102: against the vices of the breast and liver, purge the belly and head, strengthen the stomacke; - p. 184: part of a comfortable broth; - p. 186: currants are very good to comfort the stomacke in the case of scurvy; - p. 189: currants are good for the Sea diet. veruise, veriuce [the juice of grapes (crabs), see: Venner (1638), p. 126: verjuyce which is made of sowre or unripe grapes, of crabs, or other unripe sowre apples, is like to vineger in operation.Woodall’s commentary: “[...] it will not liue aboue one yeare in good force at Sea, yet I giue way to the putting it into the Surgeons chest, for that it is often desired by Surgeons”]. p. 61: helpes well digestion, causeth appetite, rellisheth well meates and drinkes, is cordiall. vinum ardens/aqua vitae [Vinum destillatum, ethanol [C2H5OH] high-proof]. p. 292: it includes a combustible part, which is termed the sulphur thereof. violae/violets [Viola odorata and Viola tricolor/Violaceae, see Schneider vol. V/3, p. 400ff]. p. 146: (lotion) against burnings by gun-powder; - p. 221: to purge the chollericke matter which comes of the scurvy; - p. 240 (decoction) to cure the collicke; - p. 248 (syrupe) as cordiall medicine for the callenture. viride aeris see: aes viride. vitrioli, mel or liquor vitrioli [prepared from coperas (vitriolum album, see that)]. p. 285: excellent remedie against any lacrimous or weeping ulcers or fistulaes, is very astringent, excellent to rotten gums. vitrioli, oleum/oyle of vitriole [Acidum sulphuricum, H2SO4]. p. 74: mixed in waters, decoctions, sirupes or conserves, delighting them that are sicke of feauers, freeth obstructions, is very effectuall in the pestilence, falling sicknesse palsie and stopping of urine; - p. 80: few drops of oleum vitrioli mixed with conserva rosarum rubrarum make them more profitable; - p. 142: the addition of certaine drops of oyle of vitriole exeedingly resisteth putrefaction of wounds; - p. 162: with barley water, if a feuor happens in the cure of fractures; - p. 152: to heal apostumes; - p. 184: few drops in a drinke against scurvy; - p. 185: in want of iuice of limes, oringes or citrons use oyle of vitrioll as many drops as may make a cup of beere, water or rather wine, onely a very little as it were sower, for “of my experience I can affirme that good oyle of vitrioll is an especiall good medicine in the cure of the scurvy”; - p. 186: a little oyle of vitriole mixed with conserve of roses and berberies daily taken fasting, preserues well from scurvy; - p. 191: is good to cure the gums in scurvy, but caution: onely touch the gummes, it hath one euill qualitie in hurting and softning the teeth; - p. 194f: about the properties (warm, cold) of oyle of vitrioll and other remedies; - p. 201: about the acid properties of oyle of vitriol and his effect against the scurvy; - p. 204: oyle of vitriole 3 droppes taken with conserues of roses is good against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 209: oyle of vitriol together in any 324 The Surgions Mate kinde of distilled waters against the fluxes of the bellie; - p. 248: part of cordiall medicine against callenture; - p. 275: the taste of salt-peeter is almost like the oyle of vitrioll; - p. 281ff: the vertues of the strongest oyle of vitrioll, good for inflammations of the throat, it helpeth against the scurvy, in ulcers and fistula’s scarce a better medicine is found, precious in pestilentiall feuors; - SC042. vitrioli, spiritus/spirit of vitriole [containing H2SO4 (ca. 3%) and changing quantities of SO2]. p. 204: spirit of vitriole taken in some fitting drinke as carduus water against disenteria; - p. 226: Laudanum opiat Paracelsi with spirit of vitrioll against falling sicknes; - p. 280 (preparation): the water is good to purge the reynes, appeaseth inward gnawing paines, warning that the liquor did not come ouer to strong. vitriolum (album), calcantum/(white) cop(p)er, (white) copperas, white vitriol [vitriolum album: ZnSO4 · 7 H2O as main constituent, accompanied by other vitriols as FeSO4 · 7 H2O and MnSO4 · 5H2O (see Schneider, vol. III, p. 44); Woodall looked upon the vitriolum album as a compound of copper]. p. 112 (vitriolum seu calcanthum): killeth the worms of the belly, helpeth against poyson, purgeth ulcers; - p. 191 (coperas) for the cure of the gums by scurvy; - p. 276: of vitrioll or copperas in generall; - p. 283ff (white coperas): is good in many infirmities of the eyes, a singular vomitiue medicine, good against the falling sicknesse and purging the head; - p. 284: white copperas is made of greene coperas; - p. 308 (the principall mettals ascribed to the seuen planets): copper is set downe by the character of venus; - p. 309: the medicine from copper cures the diseases of the kidneyes; - p. 312: analogy of venus and copper, which makes sundry needful medicines for mans health, physicall and chirurgicall: - p. 328: (vitriolum, coppras), it is best which is made of copper. vitriolum coeruleum, vitriolum veneris/blew copperas [cuprum sulfuricum: CuSO4 · 5 H2O as main constituent]. p. 277f: about the different kindes of vitrioll (vitriolum ueneris, copperas which growes in Hungaria, roman vitrioll, blue copperas and other kindes), the copperas which Woodall chooses for his use commeth from Goslar in Germany and it is to be had in London; the way to make vitriolum veneris. vitriolum ustum/vitriole burnt, colcothar [ferric oxide: Fe2O3]. p. 130: to heale the wounds in the braine; - p. 145: abuse of burnt vitriole as causticke medicine; - p. 172: part of a strong restrictive powder for the treatment of wounds after amputation; - p. 277: one of the different kindes of vitrioll; - p. 285: of great use in surgery, namely to abate spungie flesh in ulcers, and also in all restrictiue powder for staying the fluxes. vitriolum viride, vitriolum commune, vitriolum romanum, phlegma vitrioli, lapis medicamentosus/greene copperas [Ferrum sulphuricum FeSO4 · 7 H2O as main constituent]. p. 192: lapis medicamentosus dissolued into faire water maketh an excellent lotion for the putriffed gums; - p. 277f: the different kindes of vitrioll; - 279f (phlegma vitrioli or water of coppras): is good against paines of the head, swageth the boyling of blood, Woodall has used it against the heat of the stomacke; - p. 284: white coperas is made of greene coperas and is weaker then greene. walrus, morse [Odobenus rosmarinus, Odobenidae]. p. 215 (tooth): against the fluxes of the bellie. watercress [Nasturtium officinale/Brassicaceae]. p. 200: for the cure of scurvy. whay, whey [product of the preparation of cheese]. p. 200, 201. wheat flowre/farina tritici [Triticum aestivum, Poaceae]. p. 213: main constituent of a secret of Woodall, which had cured many of the flixe.

III. Commentaries 325 white caustic [caustic potash, KOH]. p. 67: may well be carried in the chest, is safe and sure as the causticke stone (see lapis infernalis). wormwood see: absinthium xiloaloes [precious aromatic wood of Aquilaria malaccensis, syn. Aquilaria agallocha, Thymelaeaceae; indigenous to India and Indonesia]. p. 107: the sweet smell of belzoin is similar the aroma of burnt xiloaloes. zinziber, ginger [Zingiber officinale, Zingiberaceae]. p. 104: strengthneth a cold and weake stomacke; - p. 186: green ginger is very good to comfort the stomacke and to preserve from the scurvy; - p. 211: when you give rhubarb you must giue ginger to correct the flatous disposition thereof.

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V. Index of sentences

(p. VIII): "Cum tua non edas carpis mea Carmina, Lely, /Carpere vel noli nostra vel ede tua (Sloth sits and censures what the industrious teach, Foxes dispraise the grapes the cannot reach). Verse of the Latin poet and epigrammatist Marcus Valerius Martial (ca. 40-102 AC). See: Martial (1784) Liber I, Epigrammatum XCII, Ad Laelium (p. 51).

(p. XV): "Foelix quem faciunt aliena pericula cautum" (Happy whom alien perils make cautious) see: Erasmus von Rotterdam (1558) p. 427f; - Catonis Carmina (1604) p. 239; - cf. Kudla (1999), p. 490, Nr. 3213.

p. 35: "Quot homines tot sententiae." Quotation from the comedies of the Roman author Terenz (Publius Terentius Afer, 195/184 - 159/158 B. Chr. ; cf. Terenz ( ca. 1520) fol. 104: "Phormio", Actus secundus).

p. 147: "Principijs obsta, sero medicina paratur" (Resist the beginnings, often the remedy is too late). Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso, 43 BC - 17 AC, Roman poet), Remedia amoris v. 91.

p. 148: "Durities longa pulsus dolor et calor aucti/ Signant pus fieri: sed facto dicat remissa/ Sub digitis undans albescens pars et acuta." see: Commentary 1: Index of names: Tagault (1549) and Hippokrates p. 148.

p. 154: "Natura naturans naturat omnia". It could not be ascertained, where Woodall had found the saying, but the sentence was known under the alchemists and is to be found in cabbalistic writings, as a manuscript of the University of Glasgow (Ms Ferguson 245, 17th Century) proves, there are shown under the title "Coronatio naturae, sive doctrina de summa medicina 67 hieroglyphicis explicata per anonymum" the separation and conjunction of the elements, and under the cabbalistic sentences there is also to find the saying: Natura naturans naturat omnia Naturatum.

p. 155: "Nam natura paucis contenta, et sublata causa tollitur effectus" (Nature is content with small things, and the cause remoued the accidents or effects cease). The sentence goes back to Seneca´s epistulae morales, 16, 9; - cf. also Strauss (1994) vol. 1, p. 90, No. 89.

p. 194: "Similia conseruantur similibus et contraria contrariorum remedia sunt". Probably Woodall borrowed the sentence from his valued colleague Thomas Gale, who in connection with tumors noticed: "Contraria sunt contrariorum remedia; also: similia conseruantur similibus (Gale 1563a, p. 17v).

p. 194: "vox populi vox dei". The sentence goes back to Hesiod´s work (ca. 700 BC) έργα και ήμερα (erga kai hemera, works and days), v. 763f.

p. 211: "Whither shall I flie from thee O my God? see Ps. 139, v. 7 [see the vers in Latin: Biblia sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem: cap. 138, 7: "quo ibo ab spiritu tuo et quo a facie tua fugiam"]

p. 273: Nihil sale & sole corporibus hominum utilius, saith Paracelsus; nothing is more profitable for mans body, then the Sunne Salt preserveth and salt (see Paracelsus, Index of names)

p. 291: "Sal metallorum, est lapis Philosophorum" (The salt of the metalls is the philosopher´s stone), a sentence, which was attributed to Hermes Trismegistos (see: Liber rosarium philosophorum, in: Morienus Romanus (1572) p. 223). (Lit.: Morienus Romanus (1572); - Stavenhagen (1974); - Bianchi (1994); - Hild (1998, p. 242); - Brüning (Vol. 1. (2004) No. 315).

p. 307: "Aliquid Latet quod non patet: hic labor hoc opus" (Something is hidden, what is not open, that is the labour, that is the task): verse of the Roman epos "Aeneis" (Lib. VI, v. 126-129), composed of the Roman poet Vergil (70 -19. BC). Cf. Reiser (2011) p. 267.

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 341 J. Woodall, The Surgions Mate, Classic Texts in the Sciences, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25574-3 342 The Surgions Mate p. 323: "Hic Labor, hoc opus: quod supra me nihil ad me". For the first part see p. 307, the second part is given after a sentence of Minucius Felix (2./3. century), which reads "quod supra nos nihil ad nos". Minucius Felix ascribed the words to Sokrates, and explained, that there lies on the admission of ignorance the highest wisdom, see Minutius Felix (1672) p. 112. p. 336 (= 344): "Alchimia est [...] mendicatum iri": According to Marchi (1828, p. 29) the Latin sentence is attributed to Firmicus Maternus, an astronomer and astrologer, who lived in the time of Constantin the Great in the fourth century. He wrote ca. 334/337 the most extensive astrological manual of the antiquity ("Matheseos libri octo"). After his conversion (between 346 and 350) he recorded "De errore profanarum religionum" and asked the emperor to abolish the paganism (see p. 7 of the Introduction of I. M.; - Libavius (1599), p. 126; - Hall (1607) p. 154; - Lemery (1687), p. 71; - Marchi (1828), p. 29); - LexMA vol. 4, p. 489-490).

The Table, last page: "Vive, vale, Lector. Si quid scis rectius istis,/ Candidus imperti: si non his utere gratus". The sentence goes back to Horaz, Epistulae, I, 6, 67: "Vive, vale, siquid novisti rectius istis/ candidus imperti; si nil, his utere mecum" (Farewell and live well, if you have better wisdom than I it knowed, so honestly give away to me; if not, make use of it with me).

VI . List of Illustrations

Fig. 1: Title page of the first book about ship´s medicine and surgery, written by John Woodall (1617); portrait of Woodall, detail of the frontispiece of the second edition (Woodall, 1639). Fig. 2: Plan with the distribution of the remedies necessary for the use on board (Woodall, 1639, p. 40). Fig. 3: Plan of the surgeons chest with instruments for the use on board (Woodall 1639, p. 40): depicted are among others lancets, saws, forceps, needles, syringes, scissors, cauteries, hooks, spatulas, trepan etc., which are specified in the text exactly. Fig. 4: Surgical Instruments for trepanation and their use (Woodall, 1639, p. 312f). Fig. 5: Instruments for amputation (Woodall, 1639, p. 412); shown are cauteries of different size and form, which Woodall recommended for cauterization of vessels, as well saws, forceps and knifes for amputation. Fig. 6: “Enema fumosum or a fumous glister” to applicate tobacco smoke, at first described by Woodall (1639, p. 26/27); nr. 1 and 2: lower part of the enema syringe with stopper, which is screwed on; nr. 3-6, 10: the parts of the syringe, made of silver. The upper part (nr. 5) is made out of ivory with an insert made of silver (nr. 6) as place for the glowing tobacco; the lid (10), made of silver too, is holed for the air supply. The instrument nor onely should be used to induce tobacco smoke but also should serve to introduce fumes of other drugs as nutmeg, anise, myrrh or aloe into the rectum. Fig. 7: Instrumentum Anglicum pro succtione fumi tabaci. Tab. II (Stisser, 1686). Fig. 8: Title page of Oswald Croll´s “Basilica Chymica” (Croll, ca. 1611). Fig. 9: Title page of the 2nd edition of the “Surgeons Mate” (Woodall, 1639). Fig. 10: Plan of the surgeons chest with distribution of the remedies (Woodall (1639, p. 26/27).