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Paleoenvironmental and Tectonic Reconstruction of the Lower University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 2006 Paleoenvironmental and tectonic reconstruction of the lower Eocene Ghazij Formation and related units, Balochistan, Pakistan: Implication for India - Asia collision Intizar Hussain Khan University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Khan, Intizar Hussain, "Paleoenvironmental and tectonic reconstruction of the lower Eocene Ghazij Formation and related units, Balochistan, Pakistan: Implication for India -Asia collision" (2006). Doctoral Dissertations. 318. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/318 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PALEOENVIRONMENTAL AND TECTONIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THE LOWER EOCENE GHAZIJ FORMATION AND RELATED UNITS, BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN; IMPLICATION FOR INDIA-ASIA COLLISION BY INTIZAR HUSSAIN KHAN Bachelor of Science University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan, 1974 Master of Science University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan, 1978 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Earth Sciences - Geology May, 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3217426 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3217426 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This dissertation has been examined and approved. C. .c_____ Dissertation Director. Dr. William C_ Clyde Associate Professor of Geolog) . University of New Hampshire. Dr. Wallace A. Bothner, Jr. Professor of Geology , University of New Hampshire. Dr. Philip D. Gingerich Professor of Geological Sciences Director, Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. ___________ Dr. Jo Laird Associate Professor of Geology University of New Hampshire. .... Dr. ^M a th e w Davis Associate Professor of Hydrogeology, University of New Hampshire _________ Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEDICATION Dedicated to my mother and wife iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am really indebted to Dr. William C. Clyde, my dissertation advisor whose technical help, guidance and continued assistance in every phase of my work and moral and financial support made this research possible. My sincere thanks go to Dr. Philip D. Gingerich for encouraging this research and introduced me to Dr. Clyde. I would like to thank the other committee members (Dr. Jo Laird, Dr. Wallace A. Bothner, and Dr. J. Matthew Davis) for providing constant encouragement and guidance throughout my time at UNH. I am indebted for the support of the faculty and staff of the UNH Earth Sciences department, especially Sue Clark and Linda Wrighstman for their help and cooperation during my study period at UNH. I also appreciated the fruitful discussions with Dr. Peter J. Thompson. I also appreciate the help and cooperation of the USGS personnel, especially Edward Johnson and Peter Warwick. I am grateful to the Geological Survey of Pakistan for logistic support during the fieldwork in Pakistan and my extended deputation to UNH for Ph.D. studies. I am grateful to Mr. Hassan Ghour and Mirza Talib Hussain (Director Generals) as well as Syed Ghazanfar Abbas, Abdul Latif Khan from the Geological Survey of Pakistan for encouragement and support for this study. Sincere thanks are due to M. Akram Bhatti, Raza Shah, Zahid Hussain and staff of the Gelogical Survey of Pakistan who helped me during my fieldwork especially in the northwestern tribal areas of Pakistan. I am really thankful to Mashkoor Malik and his parent for taking me into their home during the last few months of my study at UNH. This research was supported by the NSF grant EAR 9902905 to William C. Clyde and by a Dissertation Fellowship grant from the University of New Hampshire. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................. xii ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 1 Study Objectives and Methodology .................................................................... 8 Facies Analysis ....................................................................................... 8 Paleocurrent Indicators .......................................................................... 9 Provenance Analysis ...............................................................................9 Background............................................................................................................ 10 Regional Geology and Stratigraphy ....................................................... 10 Ghazij Formation .....................................................................................................15 Aerial Distribution of the Ghazij Formation ........................................ 16 Stratigraphic Nomenclature and Previous Studies of the Ghazij Formation ........................................................................ 16 Nomenclature used in this study ................................................. 21 Paleontologic Studies ............................................................................. 22 Geochronology of the Ghazij Formation ............................................ 23 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Age/Biostratigraphy 23 II. FACIES ANALYSIS OF THE GHAZIJ FORMATION..................................... 25 Lower Part of the Ghazij Formation ................................................................ 26 Description and Interpretation of Facies .............................................. 26 Mudrock Facies (Lower Ghazij) ......................................................... 27 Description ................................................................................... 27 Depositional Environments ......................................................... 28 Sandstone Facies I (Lower Ghazij)....................................................... 28 Description ................................................................................... 28 Depositional Environments .......................................................... 31 Kach Sequence ......................................................................................... 31 Description ................................................................................... 31 Depositional Environments .......................................................... 32 Limestone and Marl Facies (Lower Ghazij) .......................................... 33 Description ................................................................................... 33 Depositional Environments .......................................................... 33 Middle Part of the Ghazij Formation .................................................................. 33 Description and Interpretation of Facies .............................................. 33 Mudrock Facies (Middle Ghazij) .......................................................... 34 Description ................................................................................... 34 Depositional Environments .......................................................... 35 Sandstone Facies of the Middle Ghazij ................................................ 35 Sandstone Facies
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