Index

A-P-A Transport, 173 Argentina, 17, 44, 187 ABF Freight System, 173 artworks, 6, 285 Ace Hardware, 316 asbestos, 51 Aerofiot, 130 Asia-North America Eastbound Rate Agree• affreightment, contract of, 98 ment, 124 Afghanistan, I, 17, 50, 112 Australia, 26-27, 72, 93, 190 Africa, 72 auto carriers, 67-68, 79, 95-96 Agency for International Development (AID), 328,337 Bahamas, 82 Agricultural Trade Development Act, 94 balance of payments, 9-11 Air Cargo Inc., 173-174 Baltic Freight Index, 99-100 Air China, 142 banana boats, 80 Air France, 142, 150 Bangladesh, 96, 327-328, 335 Air Jamaica, 149 bar coding, 43, 293-295 air mail, 128, 147 bareboat charter, 98 Air , 51 barges, 48, 80--81 air waybill, 264 bartering, 55, 221, 222, 250, 322-323 Airborne Express, 146, 155-156 bauxite, 54, 95 Airbus, 136, 137-138, 139 Bayer AG, 304 airlines, 1,2,52-53,61, 127-157, 162, 195- Bechtel,219 201,226,284,358-359 Belgium, 96, 186 airports, 30, 33,47,49,52-53, 131, 135, Belize, 145 140, 146, 150, 152, 155, 162, 174, 193, Benin, 145 195-201, 222, 301, 333, 359 Bermuda, 25, 130 airstrips, 333 Bermuda Convention, 26-30 Alcoa, 54 "beyond" rights, 27 Alexander Report, 108 bill of lading, 161,246-247,258,265,267- Alitalia, 142 269 Amazon River, 80 blind marks, 283, 293 American Airlines, 129 Boeing, 55, 129, 132, 136, 139, 213-214, American Foreign Trade Definitions, Revised, 221, 358-359 234-235 bone chips, 95 American President Lines, 158, 185-186 border towns, 1 Americares, 328, 329 Bosnia, 15 animal feed, 172 boycotts, 2, 18-19 364 I Index

Brazil, 2{}-21, 34,44, 8{}-81, 82, 83, 162, Chiquita Brands, 188-189 187, 191,218,330 chromium, 51 breakbulk cargo, 66, 188 chunnel, 205-206 bribery, 58, 182, 306, 327 Church World Services, 94 British Aerospace, 137 CIF, 237-238 British Thermal Unit (BTU), 65 cigarettes, 188 brokers, vessel, 100 CIGNA,294 bulgur,94 CIP, 237-238 bulk shipping, 65-66, 69, 74-77, 85-105, 301 Circuit City, 343 bunker adjustment factor, 255 Clairol, 218 bunkers, 89, 120--121 classification societies, vessel, 73 Burkino Faso, 50 classification, cargo, 117-124 Burlington Northern, 47, 167 "clean" documents, 269 Burma, 131 closed conferences, 110 Burroughs, 301 coal, 2, 47, 65, 85, 87, 93-94, 99, 103 buyback, 322 coffee, 66, 95, 173 Cold War, II cabotage, 23, 26n collection letter, 262 Cadillac, 347-348 coloading, 116, 150, 227 California Trucking Association, 177 Columbia, 21-22, 214 Cambodia, 18 "combi," 77 Cameroon, 194 Commerce, U. S. Department of, 228 Canada, 26, 28, 30, 40--41, 62-63, 129, 158, commercial diversion, 293, 299-300 175-177, 201, 214, 293, 313 Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of Canadian Steamship Lines, 94 1986, 180 canals, 202-204 commercial invoice, 263-265 Cargo Data Interchange System (CAROlS), commercial zones, 177, 180 265 committed inventory, 216 cargo-preference, 19-22, 303 Commodity Control List, 18 camelS, 269-270 Companhia Maritima Nacional, 268 Carolina Freight, 173 "companyism," 44, 45 carrier selection, 217-218 Con-Way Intermodal, 173 cartels, 106 Concorde, 136 Catholic Relief, 94, 335, 336 condensation, 281, 296-297 cattle, 188 conference rates, 117-124 Cayman Islands, 24 conferences, ocean liner, 106-126, 242 Celanese, 55 Conrail, 168 cement, 53, 75, 95 consolidation, freight, 66, 68, 113, 144, 150-- Census Bureau, U.S., 273 151, 153, 168, 173,217,255,292, 296, ceramic tiles, 173 316 certificate of origin, 264 consular invoice, 263, 266 CFR, 237-238 construction-differential subsidies, 22-23 channels, trade, 5, 208, 288-307, 341-343 container cargo, 65, 66, 69, 159-173, 188- chartering, 14, 85-105, 334 190,296-298,302,331,360 charterparty, 264 container leasing companies, 230 chemicals, 172 containers, air, 138-140, 162, 164 Chevron, 82, 90, 91-92 containerships, 14, 16,67,70--71, Chicago Convention, 25 conversion management, 4 Chili, 173 cotton, 51 China, 5, 11,39-40,44-45,82,83,121, Council of Logistics Management (CLM), 43- 129, 131, 162, 194, 199, 213-214, 232, 44,306 234,357 counterpurchasing, 322-323 Index I 365 countertrade, 322-323 dolphins, 225 couriers, 147 domestic content, 312-313 CP Trucks, 176 Dominican Republic, 138 CPT, 237-238 Douglas, 129, 131, 132, 139 "Crazy Eddie" clause, 125 drafts, payment, 246, 264 credit, 243-244 drayage, 160, 161 cross-traders, 10, 13 "dumping," 56--57, 233 Cuba, 13, 18, 250 Dun & Bradstreet, 264 "cubing out," 72 cultural differences, 2, 32-51 Eastern Airlines, 129 currency, 2, 3, 28, 54, 55, 121, 212, 213, EC 92, 59-62, 320 216,218,220,221,247,248-250,290, Egypt, 58, 360 317,359 electronic date interchange (EDI) , 35, 146- currency adjustment factor, 255, 290 147, 148-149, 170--171,210, 21l, 215- customer service, 3,4, 53-54, 210--212, 337- 216, 223-224, 272, 303, 358 338 emerging nations, 44--50 customs (duties), 46, 49, 55-56, 58, 60, 135, Emery-SRI Report, 133-136 140, 144--146, 147-149, 160, 176--177, Emery-Worldwide, 138-139, 144 181, 185, 193-195,205,215-216,221, enculturation, 35 222, 234, 264, 272, 290, 302, 303, 307, Engineers, U. S. Army Corps of, 186 350,358 entry summary, 264 customs (human), 36 environmental protection, 2, 42, 47, 48, 57, customs invoice, 264 61, 199,200--201,220,295,304,360 customshouse broker, 33, 229 essential trade routes, 22 Cyprus, 25, 82, 283 Ethiopia, 297-298, 325, 332, 333, 336, 337 Czech Republic, 48 European Article Numbering (EAN), 293-295 Evergreen Line, 173 Daewoo, 316 expediting, 218 OAF, 237-238 export controls, 17 DD~ 237-238 export declaration, 263, 269 DDU, 237-238 export license, 264 deadweight tonnage, 70 export management companies (EMC), 227- DeHaviland, 132 228 Delta Airlines, 142 export packers, 228, 296--298 demand forecasting, 4, 54, 209, 215, 329 export trading companies (ETC), 228 demurrage, 104, 218-219 EXW}37-238 Denmark, 82, 83, 128, 141 Exxon, 64 DEQ, 237-238 DES, 237-238 facilitators, 208 Desert Storm, 96, 184, 199---200, 203 factor input strategy, 310--312 despatch, 104 Fairchild, 137 detention, 218--219 FAK rates, 121-122 develeping nations, 19,21,31,94 Falklands, 13-14, 17 DHL, 144, 146 famine relief, 325-338 digital auto tape recorders, 345 Far Eastern Shipping Co. (FESCO), 112 dirigibles, 131 FAS, 237-238 displacement tonnage, 70 FCA, 237-238 dock receipt, 264, 266, Federal Aviation Administration, 153 documents, 2, 3, 5, 128, 147, 152-154, 180-- Federal Express, 131, 142, 144--147, 174 182,210,217-218,246-249,254,257- Federal Maritime Commission (FMC), 108, 259,261-276,285,288,291,292,304, 116, 124, 166 336--337, 350 Finland, 27, 141 366 / Index

"fighting" ship, 111, 115 harbor maintenance fee, 265 fish, tropical, 216 Harmonized Tariff System (HTS), 181,270 five freedoms, 26-29 Hasbro, Inc., 126 fixture, 88, 98-105 hay, 67, 112 flags of convenience, 23-25 hazardous materials, 160, 190,219,265,266, flowers, 20-21 270, 273, 304--305 flying boats, 130-131 Heavylift Cargo Airlines, 319, 334 Hying Tigers, 131, 142 helicopters, 333-335 FOB, 237-238 Hercules aircraft, 333, 334 Fokker, 139, 318 heavy-lift vessels, 80-81 force majure, 235 hidden tariff barriers, 9 Ford, 128, 212, 303 highways, 12-13,61, l71-172 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 58 holidays, 33 foreign trade zones, 160, 192, 193-195,299, Home Depot, 343 321 Honda, 312 forest products, 172 Honduras, 25 forty foot equivalent (FEU), 126 Hong Kong, 24, 82, 121, 126, 175, 199,201, 40/40/20 split, 21, 113-115 311 forwarders, freight, 6, 33, 34, 116, 140, 147- horses, 61 148, 150-151, 153,208,225-227,262, hull insurance, 283-284 266, 272-273, 277-278 Hungary, 39-40, 46, 47 France, 5, 22, 108, 192, 205, 303, 321 Hunt, J.B., 180 fraud, 58, 268, 305-306 freight all kinds (FAK) rates, 226 fuel, 2 "ice" clause, 101 Iceland, 20 garments, 138-139 import license, 262, 265 gateways, 29 import quotas, 216 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in-transit declaration, 265 (GATT), 262-263, 320-321 Incoterms, 234-241 general average, 279 independent action, 115, 124 general cargo, 66, 77-79 India, 27, 58, 82,107,127,169 General Motors, 213, 347-348 Indonesia, 162, 190 Genstar, 230 inherent vice, 280 Germany, 12, 13,22, 24,25, 34, 42, 82, insurance, 9, 31, 73, 90, 96, 101, 135, 152- 131, 133, 173, 184-185, 195, 198-199, 154, 179, 218, 232, 233, 262, 265, 266, 204, 216, 295, 316, 360 268 Gibraltar, 25 Intel, 230 global manufacturing, 34 intermediaries, 5-6, 208, 224-230 GMS International, Inc., 274 intermodal, 158-175 goods surveyors, 229, 286-287 International Air Transport Association grain, 19-20,47,65,69, 85,94-95,97-100, (lATA), 26,128,130,148-151,270 112,229,232,321,332 International Civil Aviation Organization Great Britain, 9-10, 12, 13-14, 17,22, 24, (ICAO), 25-26, 31, 305 25, 107, 130, 192,205,216-217,261 International Computers, Ltd., 355 Great Lakes, 76, 175-176, 204 International Maritime Organization (lMO), Greece, 24, 58, 82, 283 269, 305 Greenpeace, 360 International Standards Organization (ISO), gross tonnage, 70 155-156 Guatemala, 138 interplant movements, 4, 220-222, 309 Haiti, 50, 59, 279 Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 177 Hapag-Lloyd, 173 inventories, 4, 49,53-54,60,93, 101, 102, Index / 367

134, 135, 2II, 215-217, 314, 331, 344, LNG carriers, 70, 75 349 load centers, 188-190 Iran, 24, 136, 283 Lockheed, 131, 136, 137 Iraq, II, 14, 18,24,327 logistics, defined, 1,4,5,207-208,261, Ireland, 61 288-289, 340 Iron ore, 85,91-93, logs, 67, 79 , 19 loss and damage, 193, 197-198,218,264, Italy, 5, 25, 27, 58, 61, 82, 83,108,284 273-287 loyalty contracts, 303 JAL, 132, 142, 146 Lufthansa, 128-129, 132, 141-143, 146, 150, Jamaica, 54 154, 348 Japan, 2, 22, 24, 25, 30, 37, 39-40, 42, 60, lumber, 112 66,72,79,80,83, 121, 129, 136, 151, 154, 163, 175, 190, 195, 198, 199,213, Macau, 199 216, 218, 220, 228, 283, 290, 303, 316, Maersk, 167 344,345 Malaya, 53 lones Act, 22, 23 Malaysia, 162, 186, 190, 311 lordan, 58 Malta, 25 just-in-time, 6, 87, 2II, 213 manufacturer's certificate, 265 maquiladoras, 177-182,321-322 kanban, 40-41 marble, 173 kaolin, 95 Marconaflo, 76 , 330 market-access strategy, 312-313 Khartoum, 325 Matsushita, 310-3II, 316 Kiel Canal, 204 materials handling, 4, 219 KLM, 129, 138-139, 225, 229, 359 materials management, 4 KMart, 343 Matson Navigation, 80, 165 Kodak,2II McKinsey & Co., 343 Kuwait, 223, 284 measurement ton, 7On, 108 Mecca, 202 labeling, 62, 210, 292-295 medfly, 192 labor, 1,57-58, 104, 165, 166, 171, 177- medicine, 331 179, 183-184, 187, 190--192,222 Mercedes, 212, 337 laker, 76, 91 Merlin Express, 137 land bridge, IIO, 121, 166-173 metrics, 292 language, 38-39 Mexico, 34, 62-63, 158, 175-182, 192, 205, Laura Ashley Holdings, 147 220, 222, 321-322 leading edge logistics, 339-340, 343, 357-358 middlemen, 208 Lebanon, 25 Milan, 61 letter of credit, 247-249, 251-257, 264, 266, military logistics, I 290,291,358 millet, 51 Levi Strauss, 125n Mitsubishi, 316 Liberia, 24-25 Mondovi,62 Libya, 89, 283 MordideJ, 182 lighter aboard ship (LASH), 79, 162, 166 Morocco, 58 lightering, 78 mothball fleet, 14, 96 lignite, 95 Motor Carrier Act of 1982, 176, 177 lime, 95 liners, ocean, 106--136 National Committee on International Trade liquor, II3 Documentation (NCITD), 265 livestock, 142-143 national defense, 11-20 Lloyd's, 155, 283 National Semiconductor, 147 368 / Index

Nedlloyd, III piggyback, 166 neo-bulk, 6fr.67, 69, 95-96 Pininfarina, 347-348 Netherlands, 34 pirates, 283 Newfoundland, 130 placarding, 305 Nicaragua, 203 plastics, 95, 172 Nigeria, 21, 53 Plimsoll marks, 72-73 non-vessel operating common carriers plywood,66 (NVOCCs), 115-116, 122, 124,226--227, Poland, 20, 83, 330 267 policing, conference, 109-110 North American Free Trade Agreement pooling, 108, 109-111 (NAFTA), 62-63, 176, 182,322 port equalization, 159 North Korea, 18 Port Rashid, 33-34 Northwest Airlines, 138, 142 ports, 33-34,45,46,52,53,67,98, 103- Norway, 10,82,91, 282 104,159-173,183-195,222,224-225, Nummi,213 242, 301, 333 , 58, 72 offset transactions, 221 postponement, 349 open conferences, 110 potash, 95 open marine policy, 277 Potlach Corporation, 162 "open" rates, 112 pre-shipment inspections, 55-56, 233, 299 operating-differential subsidies, 22 private voluntary organizations (PVO), 328- options, 245-246 330,337 order cycle, 292, 320 privatization, 186--187, 191, 197 order processing, 2, 4, 209, 291-292, 307 Procter & Gamble, 343 Oxfam, 333 production scheduling, 212-213 proforma invoice, 254, 266 P&O,1I1 progress payments, 245 packaged cargo, 66 project cargo, 68-69 packaging, 6, 42, 134-135, 151-152, 210, Public Law 480, 328, 331 228,238,281,295-299,330-331 publications distributors, 229 packing list, 265, 285n purchasing, see: sourcing Pakistan, 58, 96 palletized cargo, 66, 77, 210, 295-296 quotas, 312-313, 320 PanAm, 129--131, 132, 199,200 Panama Canal, 74, 76, 78, 167, 202-204 railroads, 12,45,47,50-51, 61, 66n, 162- Panama, 25, 82, 167 163,166,177,190 Panamax, 76, 78, 203-204 rate equalization, 159 paper, 172-173 rates, air, 148-152 parachutes, 334-335 rates, ocean conference, 117-124 parcel tankers, 75 rationalization, shipping 110-111 particular average, 279 RCA,310-311 partnerships, 7, 123, 156,231,242,352-353 recycling, 42, 210, 214, 220, 295 parts banks, 229, 337 Red Cross, 330 payment, 5 "reefers," 79-80, 88, 126, 360 Pepsi-Cola, 323 refugees, 326--327 perils, 279-280 Renault, 134 Persian Gulf, 283 returned products, 214-215 petroleum, 2, 85, 87-92, 97, 229, 250, 301 reverse-flow channels, 215 Philippines, 46, 82, 163 rice, 22, 65, 95 phosphates, 65 Ro/ro vessels, 77, 78, 97, 163, 166 physical distribution management, 5 Roadway Express, 173 phytosanitary inspection certificate, 266 Rotterdam, 62 Index / 369 rubber, 66 stock-keeping units (SKU), 233 Russia, 19,47,250 Stolt-Nielsen, 75 strategic advantage, 6 safety stocks, 135 strategic alliance, 351-355 sailing ships, 73 strategic materials, 16-18 Saint Johnsbury Trucking, 173 Sudan, The, 50-51, 327, 333 Saint Lawrence Seaway, 91, 175 Suez Canal, 12,74,88-89,96, 102-103, salt, 95 106, 202, 283 salvage scrap disposal, 4, 220 sugar, 65, 95, 229, 250 sand, 95 sulfur, 65, 95 Santa Fe Railway, 169 Super Guppy, 137-138 Saudi Arabia, 14, 184 Superior Packing, Inc., 298, 299, 307 Save the Children Foundation, 94 Sweden, 97,141,201 scrap iron, 65-66, 101 switch trading, 322 scrapping, vessel, 83, 89, 91, 96 Switzerland, 134-135,204 Sea-Land, 111, 167-168, 223-224 Syntra, Ltd., 275-276 Seabee, 162 self-unloaders, 75-76, 80 T-2, 71, 74 , 284 Taiwan, 34, 44, 82, 96, 121, 126, 162, 163, service contracts, 115, 124-126, 303 173, 175,311 ship cards, 114 talc, 95 shipbuilding, 83 tankers, 2, 14,70-71,74-75,83,86,87,88- shipper's letter of instructions, 265, 269 92,97,99 shippers' associations, 113, 227 Target, 343 Shipping Act of 1916, 108 TDK, 321-322 Shipping Act of 1984, 113, 115-116, 124, Temple, Barker and Sloane, 309-310, 358 227, 302, 303 tenor, 247, 258 shipping, ocean, 64-126 term of insurance, 280 shrinkage, 216, 284 terms of payment, 243-259, 290 sight draft, 244-243, 251 terms of sale, 9-10, 215, 231-249, 289-291 silk, 5 terrorism, 2, 199-200,306 Singapore, 25, 121, 186, 190,311 Texas Instruments, 146, 316 site selection, 4, 332 Thailand, 44, 162, 190 slag, 95 theft, 232, 283-284 Slovakia, 49 Third World, 50-59 , 94, 325 time, 37-38 sorghum, 51 time draft, 245 sourcing, 212-214, 225, 309-324, 330, 342 Tiphook, 230 South Africa, 17, 18, 24 TNT,I44 South Korea, 5, 20, 39-40, 72, 82, 83, 121, tobacco, 95, 188 162, 169,243,311 tons, 120 Southern Air Transport, i43 "topping off," 67, 112 Southern Pacific Railroad, 168 . Toyota, 40, 213, 313, 341 Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.), 13, 25, 27-29, 82, Toys 'R Us, 353 112, 131, 132, 144,322,323,329 tracing, 218, 224 space commerce, 360-361 trade-offs, cost, 6, 133-135 Spain, 22, 58, 83, 108 traffic management, 4, 217-219, 292, 300- speed, vessel, 73-74, 102 305 Squibb Medical Systems, 54 tramp shipping, 64, 87-88 stabilization, shipping market, 110-111 transportation equipment, 10-11, 12, 15 Staggers Act, 159 transportation, 9-31, stem thruster, 80 Transportation, U. S. Department of, 304 370 I Index travel agents, 224 Venezuela, 187 "triad" of nations, ~59 Vernon, Lillian, 214 trip charter, 98-103 Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC), 74-75, 89, trucking, 51-52, 61,169-173,176-178,205, 91 335-336 Vickers, 132 tunnels, 204-206 Vietnam, 15 Turkey, 58, 327 Virgin Atlantic Airways, 229 turnkey projects, 219 Volkswagen, 96-97 TWA,129 Volvo, 210--211 twenty-foot equivalent (TEU), 78, 230 voyage charter, 98-104

Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC), 74-75 UNCTAD,21 WaiMart, 343-344 Union Carbide, 217-218, 302 warehouses, 4, 53-54, 209, 220, 222-223, Union Pacific Railroad, 168 301, 332-333 Unisys Corporation, 307 "weighing out," 72 unit load devices (ULD), 138, 149 weight certificate, 266 unit loads, 210, 295-296 Weiland Canal, 91, 204 United Airlines, 129 Weyerhauser, 64 United Nations International Children's Fund wine, 62, 321, 323 (UNICEF),327 worldscale, 74 United Parcel Service (UPS), 144-145, 146, 174 Yellow Freight, 173 Unz & Co., 263-265 Yemen, 58 USAID label, 265 Yugoslavia, 83 value-added, 210, 211, 242, 314 Vanuatu, 25 Zaire, 55