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FM 31-70 Table of Contents RDL Document Download Homepage Information Instructions *FM 31-70 FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 31-70 WASHINGTON, D.C., 12 April 1968 FM 31-70 BASIC COLD WEATHER MANUAL Editor's Note: Requirements of Change 1, 17 December 1968, have been incorporated within the document. Changed or new material is indicated by an asterisk (*). Table of Contents CHANGE 1, 17 DECEMBER 1968 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/31-70/toc.htm (1 of 4) [1/11/2002 3:56:39 PM] FM 31-70 Table of Contents CHAPTER 2 - INDIVIDUAL CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT Section I - General Section II - Clothing Section III - Equipment CHAPTER 3 - SMALL UNIT LIVING Section I - General Section II - Tentage and other equipment Section III - Improvised shelters Section IV - Food and water Section V - Hygiene and first aid Section VI - Bivouac routine CHAPTER 4 - SKIING AND SNOWSHOEING Section I - Introduction Section II - Snow and terrain Section III - Military skiing Section IV - Military snowshoeing Section V - Application of ski and snowshoe technique CHAPTER 5 - MOVEMENT Section I - Problems affecting movement http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/31-70/toc.htm (2 of 4) [1/11/2002 3:56:39 PM] FM 31-70 Table of Contents Section II - Foot movement Section III - Trailbreaking Section IV - Land navigation Section V - Action when lost Section VI - Mechanized aid to movement Section VII - Sleds Section VIII - Aircraft CHAPTER 6 - COMBAT TECHNIQUES Section I - The individual and northern warfare Section II - Individual weapons and instruments Section III - Fire and movement Section IV - Fighting techniques Section V - Camouflage and concealment Section VI - Mines and obstacles CHAPTER 7 - SMALL UNIT LEADERS Section I - General Section II - Peculiar problems and leaders APPENDIX A - REFERENCES http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/31-70/toc.htm (3 of 4) [1/11/2002 3:56:39 PM] FM 31-70 Table of Contents APPENDIX B - GROUND/AIR EMERGENCY CODE FOR USE IN AIR/LAND RESCUE SEARCH APPENDIX C - SKI DRILL APPENDIX D - EFFECTS OF COLD WEATHER ON WEAPONS APPENDIX E - WEIGHTS OF COLD WEATHER CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT AND TYPE LOAD APPENDIX F - ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS APPENDIX G - COLD WEATHER HINTS APPENDIX H - MEASUREMENT CONVERSION FACTORS GLOSSARY AUTHORIZATION LETTER *This publication supersedes FM 31-70, 24 February 1959, including all changes. http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/31-70/toc.htm (4 of 4) [1/11/2002 3:56:39 PM] FM 31-70 Change 1 RDL Table of Document Download Homepage Contents Information Instructions http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/31-70/Change1.htm (1 of 2) [1/11/2002 3:56:57 PM] FM 31-70 Change 1 http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/31-70/Change1.htm (2 of 2) [1/11/2002 3:56:57 PM] FM 31-70 Chptr 1 Introduction RDL Table of Document Download Homepage Contents Information Instructions CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1. Purpose and Scope a. This manual is designed to prepare the individual soldier and small unit commander to conduct military operations for extended periods of time under the most severe and varying cold weather climatic conditions. The doctrine and techniques in the manual are applicable in any area that has cold weather and snow with their accompanying operational problems. Troops properly trained in this doctrine and these techniques will be able to fight; live; and move in any cold weather area of the world. b. The provisions of SOLOG Agreement 23R, Arctic Doctrine are implemented in this manual. c. The material contained herein emphasizes that cold, with its attendant problems affects military operations but does not prevent them. The proper use of authorized equipment and field expedients will, to a major degree, overcome any problems encountered as a result of the cold. It is the commander's responsibility to train his men so they can make the environment serve military operations, not hinder them. The material presented herein is applicable, without modification to nuclear and nonnuclear warfare, employment of, and protection from, chemical, biological, and radiological agents, and internal defense and development operations. d. Throughout this manual reference is made to the additional time required to conduct various tasks in cold weather operations. This requirement cannot be overemphasized and must be included in all planning. In addition to the increased amount of time consumed in actual movement, allowance must be made for other time consuming tasks that are not present in temperate zone operations. These include, among others, erecting and striking tents, performing maintenance, constructing roads, starting and warming engines, movement of supplies, and hundreds of other small tasks that must be performed while wearing bulky cold weather clothing. e. Insofar as possible illustrations used in this manual reflect Standard A items of clothing and equipment. However, because of nonavailability of some items at time of publication, some illustrations show Standard B or C items of clothing (para 2-7). http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/31-70/Ch1.htm (1 of 2) [1/11/2002 3:57:01 PM] FM 31-70 Chptr 1 Introduction f. Measurements in this manual to the extent practicable, reflect both the Metric and U.S. systems; however, in some cases figures will show only the U.S. system. For ease in transposition, meters have been converted to yards on a one for one basis. For more exact measurements use the conversions shown in appendix H. g. Users of this manual are encouraged to submit recommendations to improve its clarity or accuracy, Comments should be keyed to the specific page, paragraph, and line of the text in which the change is recommended. Reasons should be provided for each comment to insure understanding and complete evaluation. Comments should be forwarded direct to Commanding General, United States Army, Alaska, APO Seattle 98749. Originators of proposed changes which would constitute a significant modification of approved Army doctrine may send an information copy, through command channels, to the Commanding General, United States Army Combat Developments Command, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060, to facilitate review and followup. 1-2. Relation to Other Manuals This manual is prepared with the assumption that normal individual and basic unit training have been completed. The manual should be used in conjunction with the basic field manuals of the arms and services as well as FM 31-71and FM 3l-72. Appropriate technical manuals contain detailed information beyond the treatment given in this manual on the operation and maintenance of equipment during cold weather operations. Appendix A contains a list of supplementary manuals and references. http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/31-70/Ch1.htm (2 of 2) [1/11/2002 3:57:01 PM] FM 31-70 Chptr 2 Individual Clothing and Equipment RDL Table of Document Download Homepage Contents Information Instructions CHAPTER 2 INDIVIDUAL CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT Section I. GENERAL 2-1. Basis of Issue a. As used in this manual, individual clothing and equipment are those items issued or sold to a soldier for his personal use, and include certain organizational equipment utilized by the individual. The basis of issue of cold weather clothing and equipment may be found in TA 50-901. Mandatory items of personal clothing are listed in AR 700-8400-1. b. The U.S. Army, through continuous research and development, endeavors to maintain the best clothing and equipment in the world. When properly fitted and properly utilized this clothing will provide adequate protection from the elements and will enable trained, well disciplined troops to carry out year- round field operations under cold weather conditions, wherever they may be encountered. c. To utilize fully the protection afforded by the present standard cold weather clothing and equipment, it is necessary to understand the principle involved and the correct function of each item. This chapter covers basic principles and provides general guidance on the purpose and use of cold weather clothing and equipment. 2-2. Commander's Responsibilities a. Many factors will influence the commander's decision as to what items of clothing and equipment his troops should wear or carry. These include the weather, mission at hand, actual duties to be performed, overall physical condition of individuals and their degree of proficiency. If a movement is involved he must consider the distance to be traveled, the method of travel, and how the troops will be fed en route, if applicable. If the movement is on foot, he must bear in mind that under nor mal winter conditions, 65 to 70 pounds is the maximum weight a man can normally wear and carry and still be effective on reaching his destination. http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/31-70/Ch2.htm (1 of 27) [1/11/2002 3:57:22 PM] FM 31-70 Chptr 2 Individual Clothing and Equipment b. The weight of individual clothing and equipment is covered in appendix E. Commanders should give particular attention to additional organizational equipment required for a given operation. Some of the more common items are also listed in appendix E. Since the individual soldier's combat load in cold weather operations exceeds that of a temperate climate load by more than 20 pounds, these organizational items (such as binoculars, compasses, radios and batteries, pioneer tools, crew served weapons, etc.) become major considerations and must be included at all levels of planning. c. In addition to the individual combat load, another 45 to 55 pounds of clothing and equipment is required for the protection and comfort of each individual under conditions of extreme cold.

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