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Index
access barriers appropriation art 107, 114, 116–17, economic 269–70 124, 127 geographical 266–8 The Argus (nineteenth-century legal 272–4 Australian newspaper) 11, 13 linguistic 271–2 art 3, 212 technological 274–6 appropriation art 107, 114, 116–17, temporal 268–9 124, 127 and TRIPSAgreement 270, 273 non-propositional 128 Adult Fans of Lego (AFOLs) 319, and transformative use in digital age 335–6, 338, 340 128 The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of attribution right the Desert 195 duration of rights 238 The Age (nineteenth-centuryAustralian false attribution, right against 234 newspaper) 11 parody 75, 76 aggregation of news see news in United Kingdom 240 aggregation Australasian Performing Right Ahrens, Julie 178 Association (’APRA’) 214–15 Ai Weiwei 339 Australia All Blacks (New Zealand national Australian Competition and rugby team) 446, 457 Consumer Commission 207 Alphabet (holding company of Google) Ballet 207 155, 173 Berne Convention, adoption 262 alphabet playing card deck 5 Big Day Out series of festivals 218 Alternate Reality Games 119 colonial newspapers 11–14 American Federation of Television and consent and waiver provisions, RadioArtists 161, 162 compared to authorial rights 241 American Law Institute Project on Consumer Law 216 Principles on Jurisdiction and copyright enforcement 391–7 Recognition of Judgments in duration of moral rights 237–8 Intellectual Property Matters 283 false attribution, right against 234 American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers 248 fan fiction 140–41 Ammori, Lavon and Marvin 177–8 foreign copyrights in 262, 263 ancillary copyright 41 formats, copyright in 369 Anglo-Australian telegraph 12 gold discovered in (nineteenth antidilution laws, and brand meaning century) 12 290–94, 301 joint authors or performers, treatment see also blurring; brands, in of 241 advertising and entertainment Law Commission/Australian Law products; tarnishment; trade Reform Commission 213, 274 marks Melbourne, nineteenth-century Apple-Samsung patent and design newspapers in 11 ‘wars’ 5 moral rights 226
465
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performing arts/theatre 195, 197, Berne Convention for the Protection of 198, 199–200, 204–5, 207–8, Literary andArtistic Works, 1886 209, 211–12, 218 25, 28, 30, 46 sports events (1930s) 49 see also news; news aggregation; St Patrick’s Day, Melbourne 199 Paris Convention for the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Protection of Industrial Property 199, 200 (1883) trade mark registration 292 Original Berne Convention, 1886 15, video games in 347 16 waiver, moral rights 240–41 Berlin Revision, 1908 (BerlinAct) authors/authors’rights 16, 17, 20, 36, 42 see also entertainer, moral rights; Rome Revision, 1928 (RomeAct) 16 moral rights Brussels Revision, 1948 (Brussels authorial text, hegemonic position Act) 17, 20, 21, 26 122 Stockholm Revision, 1967 Berne Convention rights 28 (StockholmAct) 15, 16, 17, concept of ‘authorship’ 227 21–2, 42 consent and waiver provisions, Australia, adoption by 262 compared to rights of 241 authors’ rights under 27 copyright in works, history 1 broadcast works of same character 17 integrity of work 222 copying of articles 34 joint 241, 242 English and French texts 227 moral rights 221, 237 exclusions 18, 19 nature of rights 18 freedom of information 18, 21 reproduction right 17 indication of source 17, 19 Romantic andVictorian 8 interpretation issues 18–20 Automated ContentAccess Protocol literary works 31 (ACAP) 37 membership 28 moral rights 222–4, 225, 231, 237 Bahner,Adam (aka Tay Zonday) 165 national treatment obligation 19, 224 balancing of interests approach, and news 1, 15–22, 24, 28 Germany 235–6 news aggregation 30, 31 Balfe, Caitriona 141–2 news reports as literary works entitled ballad, Elizabethan 7 to protection under 30 Barbie character 117–18 newspapers 16, 33–8 Barlow, John Perry 273 and Paris Convention 24 Barthes, Roland 122 periodicals 16 Barthesian myths 118 preemptive effect ofArt 10(1) 41–3 Beebe, Barton 109, 110, 123, 315 press reporting exception, underArt Benioff, David 141 10bis 33–8 Bently, Lionel 3, 10, 11, 12, 15 public policy exception 17–18, 19 Berlin Revision Conference (Berne quotation right, underArt 10(1) 17, Convention), 1908 19, 20, 26, 36 38–41, 46 Berman, Paul 284 reproduction right 17, 21, 31, 34, 36 Bernault, Carine 37 scope of provisions gradually Berne Conference (Berne Convention) reduced/qualified in subsequent 19 revisions 16–17, 18, 34 Committee 20 Study Group, 1963 21
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Index 467
supplementary interpretation aids authorized brand extensions and 19–20 feedback effects 312, 313 television formats 369 blurring, harm of 295–304 three-step exceptions 17 brand identity 293, 308, 310 wording ofArticle 2(8) 17–18 brand loyalty 329 Berners-Lee, Tim 169 brand meaning and impact of ‘Betty Boop’ cartoon character 440–41 antidilution laws 290–94 Bezanson, Randall 128 feedback effects 312, 313 Bharatanatyam dance, South India 207 harm BIONICLE (Biological Chronicle) of blurring 295–304 series 333, 334, 446 of tarnishment 304–14 blogs 136 whether legal intervention blurring warranted in absence of see also brands, in advertising and 314–16 entertainment products; polysemous and shifting nature of tarnishment; trade marks 292 Barbie doll example 299–301, 302, prestigious brands 308, 309, 310 304 recoding 290–316 of boundaries 7, 429–45 reputation of a brand 291–2, 308, concept, compared to tarnishment 309 305–6 schema theory 310–11 consequences of absence of stimulus generalization 310 protection against 303 tarnishment, harm of 304–14 elusive nature of harms 297 undiluted brands 311 harm of in media and entertainment well-known brands 293, 311, 312, cases 294, 295–304 315 hypothetical examples of blurred Brazil, copyright in formats 369 marks 297–8 breach of confidence progressive nature of harm 302–3 see also misuse of private protection against 292–3, 295, 297 information; privacy concerns ‘referential’ cases 298 action for, under British law 401–2 US case law 299–301 adapted or ‘extended’ action for 404 board games 5 causes of action, two distinct 404, Booth, Paul 119, 120, 125 405 Booton, David 347 limitations of for privacy protection border control measures, rogue sites 402 276 overlapping claims, misuse of private Boucher, Richard 288 information 419–20 boundaries and passing off 431 blurring of 7, 429–45 purposes of action 429 clarifying, in sports events 54–61 ‘traditional,’ role in privacy Bowrey, Kathy 134, 145–6, 155 protection 414–20, 424 Boyden, Bruce 344–5 breach of contract claims, sports events Bradford, Laura 310 48 Bradley, Marion Zimmer 142, 143, 144 Brewster, David 6 brands, in advertising and entertainment Bridy,Annemarie 194 products British Broadcasting Corporation see also Lego brand; trade marks (BBC) 286
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468 Research handbook on intellectual property in media and entertainment
broadcasting personal attributes, intellectual broadcasters of sports events, rights property rights in 427, 431 under state misappropriation personal dignity and autonomy 425 laws (National Basketball v photographs of 52, 407–8, 436–7 Motorola) 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 61, right to profit from publicising private 62, 63 information 417, 418 musical works and sound recordings rise of celebrity 428 151, 155, 157, 166, 173, 182 and trademarks 426 news 17, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 34, 36 unauthorized endorsement/ performing arts/live performances merchandising 6, 425, 427, 430, 209, 210, 215, 230 438 sports events 47–51, 54–6, 59–63 Centre for Copyright and New Business television formats 367, 368, 370–75, Models in the Creative Economy 376, 377, 380, 387, 389, 391–3, (CREATe), 344 396, 398 Centre for Media & Communications unauthorized retransmission of Law/Intellectual Property copyrighted broadcasts, liability Research Institute ofAustralia 8 of 62 Ceylon (Sri Lanka), copyright Broadcasting Corporation of New protection for telegraphic Zealand 376 messages (1898) 15 Brown, Dan 336 Chalaby, Jean K 368 Bruns,Axel 119 Chander,Anupam 138 Burgess, Jean 153, 154, 157, 194 characters, importance in fan fiction Byrne, Eleanor 118–19 139–42 Cherry Lane Music Publishing Co, US Caddell, Bud 135, 145 160 cameras, snapshot 5 children, reasonable expectation of Cape of Good Hope, copyright privacy in respect of 408, 409 protection for telegraphic Chile, graduated response system to messages (1880) 15 curtail massive online copyright CaptainAmerica character 117–18, 118 infringement 275 caricature and pastiche 83–6 Chilling Effects Clearinghouse Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (Lumen) 192 on 84–5 choice-of-law principles, domestic law cartoon characters 117–18, 126, 440–41 283–4 celebrities 2, 425 choreography 205, 212 see also entertainer, moral rights; Christian Copyright Licensing performing arts/theatre; privacy International, US 201 concerns Christian music, sacred 201 deceased 428 Christiansen, Godtfred Kirk 320, 321, dehumanization of celebrity 127 328 entertainers as 243 Christiansen, Ole Kirk 319 fictional 428, 442 Christie,Agatha 208 fragility of fame 425 Cinemax 148 image right/character rights, lack of Clarke, MJ 357 in English law 432 cloning, video games 352–5, 359, 362 as people versus media texts 443–4 Cohen, Julie 288
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Index 469
collecting societies see copyright exhaustion principle 272, 282, 349 collecting societies extending only to particular colonial newspapers,Australia 11–14 expressive content in work 401 Comédie Française 207 and fan fiction 137 comic books 117 foreign copyrights see foreign computer programs, as literary works copyrights 346 infringement see copyright Conan Doyle, Dame Jean 250 infringement Conan Doyle estate 143 interaction between copyright law Conan Doyle, SirArthur 250 and contract law 345 confidentiality and intermediary liability 193, 194 performing arts 208 international character of 369 and privacy 402 modernization of regime 273–4, consent 277–8 and moral rights see consent and music 214–16 waiver questions, moral rights musical works and sound recordings, and privacy issues 409 litigation against 150–51 relationship of celebrities with the and news 12, 13 public 425 originality requirement see consent and waiver questions, moral originality requirement rights 238–41 ownership see ownership of acts or omissions 240 copyright and authors’ rights 241 period of 237 Consumer Protection Cooperation preemption, and publicity right (CPC), video games 364–5 58–60 content identification architecture 159 Proposal for a Directive on Copyright Contraband (Bradley) 143 in the Digital Single Market 44 Convention on Biological Diversity reach of 401 (CBD), and traditional knowledge recoding in context of 103, 119, 124 454 Russian law 262 Nagoya Protocol 447 and television formats see under copying, television formats 386–8 television formats copyright and traditional knowledge 449 see also copyrighted works; and video games see under video originality requirement; games takedown requests and notices copyright collecting societies 201, 214, absence of, in live performances 204 215, 230, 242 ancillary 41 copyright infringement circumvention of protection 4 Agence France Presse claim against commercial licensing models 201 Google News 44 common law, in unpublished works composite works, and infringement 13 claims 79 creation of works 456 defences 3 duration 14, 237 foreign copyrights 248, 249, 251 enforcement graduated response system to curtail access barriers 272 275 inAustralia 391–7 moral rights 230–31 television formats 385–97 news aggregation as 30–33
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parody 65 digital age, production in 119 performing arts/live performances digital fandom 119–20, 125, 130 210 Digital Media and Society Series secondary 192 (Burgess and Green) 153 sports events 50, 54, 55, 56, 57, 62 Digital Millennium CopyrightAct 1998 substantial similarity test 116 (DMCA) 275 transformative use 114 see also takedown and notice system in video games, alleged 348–9 (DMCA), US copyrighted works safe harbor provisions of 158, 163, iconic 118 168, 170, 179, 192 as semiotic signs 103 digital passport 287–8 social identity and democratic digital piracy 266, 286 discourse 114–22 digital rights management (DRM) counterpublics 124–5 350–52 Cowell, Simon 369 Dinwoodie, Graeme 284–5, 315 creative process, interfering with 142–4 discrimination 95–6 Croggon,Alison 219 non-discrimination principle 72–3 cultural pluralism 425, 445 Disney, Walt/Disney Corporation cultural studies 123 118–19, 126–7 Cunningham, Stuart 174 foreign copyrights 246, 248 CUUSOO website 341 Doctorow, Cory 168, 182–3, 191–2 cyberlaw 273 Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free 162–3, 191 The Daily Telegraph domestic law 224–7 (nineteenth-centuryAustralian reforms 283–5 newspaper) 11 D’Oyly Carte Company 207 ‘Dancing Baby’ dispute see Lenz Drahos, Peter 213, 451 (Stephanie), dispute with Drake,Adrian 337 Universal Music Corporation dramatic work copyright, television ‘Darkover’ universe (Bradley) 142–4 373–80 data protection 6 Dresbach, Terry 141 De Zwart, Melissa 121 droit au respect, moral rights 221–2 Deckmyn v Vandersteen judgment 69, Duggan, Maeve 7 70–74 DVD region codes 267, 270 see also parody Dyer, Richard 442–3, 444 as act of creative destruction 100 facts of case 70–71, 77 economic access barriers 269–70 ‘fairness’ 86–100 Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), impact 78–100 US 159, 163, 164, 182, 194 infringement proceedings 71 Elizabethan ballad 7 and mockery 81 entertainer, moral rights 220–44 Department of Commerce (US), see also celebrities; moral rights; Internet Policy Task Force 274 performers; performing arts/ Derecho,Abigail 125 theatre derision 82 consent and waiver questions 238–41 derogatory treatment, right against see defences/further limitations 235–7 integrity right (right against domestic regimes, characteristics derogatory treatment) 224–7
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Index 471
entertainers protected 225–6 caricature, parody and pastiche 66, terminology of creation 227 68–70, 72, 74, 77, 80, 81, 85, 86, duration of rights 237–8 92–4 and entertainment 220 foreign copyrights 254, 255 identification rights 233 and freedom of expression 93–4 integrity right (right against musical works and sound recordings derogatory treatment) 228–33 183, 188, 193 international scheme 222–4 traditional approach of UK to 87–91 law 221–2 fair use doctrine 44, 62, 236, 300 posthumous works 242 see also transformative use defence for caricature, parody and respect for the creative individual pastiche 65, 91 221–2 entertainment content 272, 288 self-entertainment 220 ex ante predictability of fair use 109 treatment of joint authors and expansion of 109 performers 241 fan fiction 138, 141 entertainment content foreign copyrights 253–5 see also entertainer, moral rights musical works and sound recordings fair use doctrine 272, 288 159, 169, 175–7, 179–83, 185–9, seamless global digital marketplace 191, 192 of 276–8, 279, 280, 281, 285, origins of defence 105 287 publicity rights 441, 445 entertainment-related intellectual ‘purpose and character of the use’ property, limitations for traditional 106, 108 knowledge 455–60 and recoding 103, 119, 124 creation of copyright works 456 traditional knowledge 455, 456 exceptions 456 transformative use 105–10, 112–16, EuropeanAlliance of NewsAgencies 25 121, 124, 126–30 European Commission, Proposal for a in United States 65, 89, 104, 109, 110, Directive on Copyright in the 111, 128, 254 Digital Single Market 44 fairness 86–100 European Court of Justice 32 see also parody; unfair competition, news exhaustion principle 272, 282, 349 assessment of 94 concept 88 Fabrizio, Steven 177 discrimination 95–6 Facebook 7, 102, 117, 134 existing jurisprudence on 88 blurring of boundaries 438–9 fair balance see fair balance facts-exclusion rule 106 fair dealing defence see fair dealing fair balance 72–4, 77, 81, 83, 86–8, defence 90–95 fair practice restriction 40, 46 concept 100 fair use see fair use doctrine in Deckmyn 91–2 news, protection of 13–14, 40, 46 property rights 92–3 three-step test and fair balance 86, and proportionality 96, 97 96–100 and three-step test 86, 96–100 false attribution, right against 234 fair dealing defence 3, 100, 141, 272 fan communities 115 Anglo principles 254, 255 fan cultures 148
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fan fiction 132–49 folk culture 2 Australian law 140–41 Ford, Sam 134, 135, 138, 139, 148 blogs 136 foreign copyrights 245–64 characters, importance 139–42 inAustralia 262, 263 concept/definitions 132, 136–9 copyright infringement 248, 249, 251 consent issues 132 copyright owners inhibited from and copyright 137 artificially inflating value of creative process, interfering with copyrights 249–50 142–4 extraterritorial effect 260 ‘Darkover’ universe (Bradley) 142–4 fair dealing defence 254, 255 engaged audience 134 fair use doctrine 253–5 and fair use/transformative use intellectual property rights (IPRs) 119–20, 121, 126 245, 246, 248, 250, 257 Game of Thrones 132, 135, 141, 147 lex protectionis 263 Harry Potter books 144 lex situs 260 identifying forms of ‘fandom’ 146 Lucasfilm Ltd v Shepperton Design, internet, impact of 135, 145–7 significance and scope 247–58 justifications for 138 ownership 258–64 manifestation 136–7 sex toys 252–3 ‘Mary-Sue’ fiction 138 Sherlock Holms and Doctor Watson objections to 132–4 characters 250 Outlander series 133, 135, 141, 142 Star Wars movies 245–6, 247 Star Trek 134 ‘useful articles’ 251, 252 US case law 140, 141, 144 Format Recognition and Protection value of 137 Association (FRAPA) 370–71 fan works 115, 120–21 Foulds, Jim 341 fandom, digital 119–20, 125, 130 France Fantastic Beasts & Where to Find Them authorial rights 234 (Rowling) 144 economic rights 237 fanvids 120, 121 graduated response system to curtail Federated Malay States, copyright massive online copyright protection for telegraphic infringement 275 messages (1911) 15 integrity right (right against festivals, musical 200 derogatory treatment) 232–3 Fifty Shades of Grey 137 moral rights 221–2 films 3, 59, 75, 134, 261, 291, 293, 294, passing of moral rights 241 401 freedom of expression/free speech 3, 7, blockbusters 268 35, 357 Fantasia 248 and fair dealing defence 93–4 moral rights 227, 228, 234, 240, 242 musical works and sound recordings, Star Wars movies 245–6, 247 litigation regarding 154, 159, US movie industry 267 164, 175, 176, 178, 182, 183, Finley, Klint 189 190, 191 first sale doctrine, access barriers 272 and parody 60, 72, 76, 77, 78, 81, 86, Fisher, Matthew 5 88, 91, 93, 94 Fiske, John 119 performing arts/theatre 197, 198 Flew, Terry 175 privacy and tabloidism 410, 412, 420, Flickr 153, 192 424
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Index 473
publicity rights 425, 428, 443, 457 GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) 120 freedom of information 3, 18, 21, 42, Gilmore, Mikal 139 198 Ginsburg, Jane C 18, 36, 455, 456 free-riding global digital marketplace, seamless broader rule 61 global 276–8, 279, 280, 281, 285, and news aggregation 29–45 287 sports events 48, 61 Gold, Marian 229 time-sensitive news 1–2, 44, 45 Google 30, 122, 158–9, 193 trade marks 293 Alphabet (holding company) 155, Friends of Darkover (fan group) 142 173 Fritz, Ken 431 corporate structure 155 Fuller, Simon 369 fund to help video producers defend functionality doctrine, trademarks 324, themselves established by 187, 325 188 Video Guide to Fair Use Protection Gabaldon, Diana 133, 135–6, 138, 141, 188 142, 144–9 YouTube, acquisition of 151 Gaiman, Neil 146 Google Books 114 Gaines, Jane 440 Google News 29, 33, 39, 44 Game of Thrones book and TV series Gowers Review of Intellectual Property (Martin) 132, 135, 141, 147, 148 67, 68, 90 game show formats, television 4 graphic works 117 games see video games Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) 120 Gans, Joshua 7 Green, Hank 165 Geist, Michael 183, 288–9 Green, Hughie 367, 368–9, 376 Geller, Paul Edward 224 see also Opportunity Knocks (UK TV Gellis, Cathy 186 programme) GEMA (collecting society) 230 Green, John 165 genetic resources 451, 453, 454, 455 Green, Joshua 134, 135, 138, 139, 148, see also Intergovernmental 153, 154, 157 Committee on Intellectual Greenblatt, Stephen 1 Property and Genetic Resources, Greene, Timothy 178 Traditional Knowledge and Griffiths, Jonathan 3–4 Folklore (WIPO-IGC); Grokster peer-to-peer network, legal traditional knowledge action against 150 geographical access barriers 266–8 Gurirr Gurirr 212 Germany Gurry, Francis 266, 277, 279, 289 ancillary copyright 41 balancing of interests 235–6 hacking 401 formats, copyright in 369 Hague Conference on Private integrity right (right against International Law 283 derogatory treatment) 232 The Hague Revision Conference (Paris laws prohibiting/requiring Convention), 1925 24 compensation for news Hajdu, David 36 aggregation 43 ‘haka,’ Māori (traditional war cry or moral rights 221 dance) 446, 457 personality rights 237 see also Te Rauparaha (creator of waiver, moral rights 239 haka)
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cultural owners 457–8 Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free Hall, Stuart 123–4 (Doctorow) 162–3, 191 Hamilton, Marci 281 Instagram 7, 102, 117, 128, 134 Handler, Michael 155 integrity right (right against derogatory Hargreaves, Ian 67–8 treatment) harm entertainer, moral rights 228–33 of blurring 295–304 parody 76–7 reputational 229 intellectual creation, news aggregation of tarnishment 304–14 31, 32 whether legal intervention warranted Intellectual Property (American Law in absence of 314–16 Institute) 257 Harry Potter books 144 intellectual property (IP) headlines, news brevity of 31 see also copyright; copyright copying of 29, 33, 34 infringement; Trademark as separate works 32 Directive (EU) Heald, Paul 189 categories 454 Hecox, Ian 165 entertainment-related, limitations for The Herald (nineteenth-century traditional knowledge 455–60 Australian newspaper) 11 negative spaces 2 Hetcher, Steven 138, 174 in news see news Hofmann, Marcia 175–6 and publicity rights 427 home videos 121 traditional knowledge, overlap with ‘hot news’ doctrine 447–8 see also news traditionally exempt forms 2–3 exception 52, 53, 61 intellectual property rights (IPRs) 1, 2, free-riding, time-sensitive news 1–2, 4, 42, 159, 216, 270, 289, 421 44, 45 see also TRIPSAgreement misappropriation 14, 44, 45, 51, 52, (Agreement on Trade-Related 63 Aspects of Intellectual Property Huckabee, Mike 188 Rights), 1994 Human RightsAct 1998 (HRA), UK enforcement 273, 276, 401 and breach of confidence 402 foreign copyrights 245, 246, 248, horizontal effect, direct and indirect 250, 257 403, 404 infringement of 102 humour, and parody 80–82 and publicity rights 427, 443 hostile humour 82 regulatory ‘system’ of 7–8 Hurley, Chad 152 territorial nature of 276, 289 Intellectual Property Watch 277 ideas vs expression dichotomy 30, 106, interdisciplinarity, in legal studies 103, 352 122 television formats 383–5 Intergovernmental Committee on identification rights, entertainers 233, Intellectual Property and Genetic 236 Resources, Traditional Knowledge Independent Press Standards and Folklore (WIPO-IGC) 448, Organisation 400 450–51, 453, 455 indigenous knowledge 213 intermediary liability, and copyright see also traditional knowledge 193, 194
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Index 475
InternationalAssociation for the Joonba (corroboree) 212 Protection of Industrial Property Jordan, Robert 149 (AIPPI) 24 journalism 35–6 International Berne Bureau 19 International Chamber of Commerce Ka Mate see ‘haka,’ the 24, 25 kaleidoscopes 5, 6 International Congress of Press Kane, Helen 440, 444 Agencies, Berne (1924) 24 Kazaa peer-to-peer network, legal International Institute for the action against 150 Unification of Private Kenya, copyright protection for International Law (UNIDROIT) telegraphic messages (1934) 15 see UNIDROIT (International Kiddicraft 320, 330 Institute for the Unification of ‘King’s Men’ (W. Shakespeare) 1 Private International Law) Kulash, Damian (Jr) 167 International Labour Organization (ILO) 27 Ladas, Stephen P 25, 26 International LawAssociation 284 Lai, Jessica 460 International Office of the Berne Union Lamb, Jean 143 27 law International Office of the Paris Union antidilution laws, and brand meaning 25 290–94 internet of copyright see copyright border control measures 276 interaction between copyright law impact of, in fan fiction 135, 145–7 and contract law 345 intermediary liability 193 legal line-drawing 426–9 internet video service,YouTube 151 marketplace, adaptation to 435 news organizations, ‘crawling’ and moral rights 221–2 ‘scraping’ websites of 29, 32, 34 news aggregation recoding practices 125 national case law and statutes 43–5 transformative use doctrine, prohibition or compensation application to 113–14 requirement 43 Web 2.0 152, 153, 192 reform pathways and domestic law Internet Governance Forum 280 283–5 Internet Policy Task Force, US trade marks 292–3 Department of Commerce 274 Uniform Benelux Trade Mark Law intrusion, torts of 427 296–7 inviolate personality concept 428 Le Droit d’Auteur 27, 28 IPRs see intellectual property rights League of Nations 25 (IPRs) legal access barriers 272–4 Irish Copyright Review Committee Lego brand 4, 5, 317–43 273–4 see also brands, in advertising and iTunes licence, terms 272 entertainment products; trade marks JC Williamson Theatres,Australia 215 2 x 4 brick configuration 324 Jenkins, Henry 103, 134, 135, 137, 138, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 139, 148 polymer 321 Johns,Adrian 6 Adult Fans of Lego (AFOLs) 319, Johnson, Samuel 8 335–6, 338, 340
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Adventurers theme 332 ‘Weapons for Lego Lovers’ 338 Architecture theme 341 Lemley, Mark 129 BIONICLE (Biological Chronicle) Lenz (Stephanie), dispute with series 333, 334, 446 Universal Music Corporation ‘clutch power’ 321, 323–4, 326 175–82 construction brick competitors, see also musical works and sound emergence (1980s) 330 recordings;YouTube corporate culture of Lego 331 as ‘Dancing Baby’ copyright case and Designs Directive 326 154, 164, 190–91, 194 development of Lego 335 facts of case 175–6 early themes (Town, Space and fair use doctrine 179–83, 185–90 Castle) 329 good faith requirements 181, 184 expiry of brick patents (1970s) 330 failure to establish trade mark in brick and International Documentary design 324, 325, 326 Association 178 Family theme 333 ‘Let’s Go Crazy’ (Prince song) 175, history 317, 318, 319–22, 342 180 Indiana Jones theme 332, 333 meta-litigation in respect of 154 Konzentrationslager artwork 338, and Organization for Transformative 339 Works 178, 184 Lego as transmedia company (2000s) and proposal ofYouTube for a Fair 334 Use Protection Fund 187–90 ‘Lego Conventions’ 336 and Public Knowledge 178, 184 Lego Movie 334, 343 submission from amicus curiae licensing 318 177–8 litigation by Lego 318 US Court ofAppeals for Ninth media strategies 334 Circuit decision 176–82 Mindstorms (robotics kit) 340 reactions to 182–3 ‘must-fit exception’ 326, 327 rehearing, petition for 183–6 ‘My Own Creations’ (MOCs) 337 revised opinion 185 participation 335–42 Lessig, Lawrence 7, 8, 130 partnership 4, 327–35 ‘Let’s Go Crazy’ (Prince song) see Lenz Pirates theme 329 (Stephanie), dispute with protection 322–7 Universal Music Corporation regime shifting 342–3 Leval, Pierre 104, 105–14, 116 Self-Locking Building Bricks 320 Leveson Inquiry/Report 400 Star Wars theme 330, 331, 332, 333, lex loci delicti 283 337 lex protectionis 263 strategy 324 lex situs 260 successes of 326–7 The Lexicon (encyclopaedia of Harry ‘System of Play’ 317, 321, 326, 328 Potter) 144 thematic linked sets 329, 330, 331, Libera, Zbigniew 338 332, 333, 337, 341 LicenSing, US 201 trade mark portfolio 329–30 Life and Death (Meyer) 137 and traditional knowledge 446 limits of rights 4 Tyco Super Blocks line competing Lindsay, David 139 with 323 linguistic access barriers 271–2 user-generated content (UGC) 335 The Lion King 195
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Index 477
Lisbon Revision Conference (Paris Midler, Bette 430–31, 438 Convention), 1958 25 Miller, Laura 132 literary works mime 205 and Berne Convention 30, 31 Mims, Christopher 6 computer programs as 346 Mindstorms (robotics kit), Lego 340 definitions 373–4 misappropriation Lloyd, Bernhard 229 see also ‘hot news’ doctrine London Revision Conference (Paris ‘hot news’ doctrine 14, 44, 45, 51, 52, Convention), 1934 24 63 sports events 48, 51, 54 MacCulloch,Angus 347 trade marks 315 Mad Men (TV series) 134, 145 and trade secrets 423–4 Magic Circle 208 The Making of Modern Intellectual unfair competition remedy sought Property (Bently and Sherman) 3 against 13–14 Malbon, Justin 5 misuse of private information 403–14 Maly Theatre of Moscow 207 see also privacy concerns; private Manila Principles on Intermediary information Liability 193 English law 413 Māori peoples genesis of tort 403–6 see also ‘haka,’ Māori (traditional overlapping claims, breach of war cry or dance); New Zealand confidence 419–20 culture 457 public interest 410–14 mātauranga Māori 448–9 reasonable expectation of privacy Marrakesh Treaty to facilitate access, 406–10 2013 281–2 scope of tort 406–14 Martin, George RR 132–3, 135–6, 138, shared interests in protecting private 141, 142, 145–9 information 409–10 ‘Mary-Sue’ fiction 138 Strasbourg jurisprudence onArticle Masks (Lamb) 143 10 (ECHR) 412–13 Masnick, Mike 189 mockery Master of the Revels (historical official and parody 80–82 of Lord Chamberlain) 1 Shorter Oxford English Dictionary mātauranga Māori 448–9 on 81–2 Max Planck Group on Conflict of Laws Monroe, Marilyn 444, 445 in Intellectual Property (CLIP) Moore, Ronald D 141 284 moral rights Mayweather, Floyd (Jr) 47 in Berne Convention 222–4, 225, McKenna, Mark 312, 313 231, 237 McQuillan, Martin 118–19 under CDPA 74–8 McSherry, Corynne 175, 176–7, 182, copyright infringement 230–31 185 defences 235–7 mega-litigation 156, 190 definitions 221 merger concept, video games 353 of directors, screenwriters and Meskenas,Vladas 234 producers 207–8 meta-litigation 154 duration 237 Meyer, Stephenie 137 embeddedness in ‘copyright’ regimes Mickey Mouse character 117–18, 126 222
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478 Research handbook on intellectual property in media and entertainment
of entertainer see entertainer, moral Natal, copyright protection for rights telegraphic messages (1895) 15 films 227, 228, 234, 240, 242 National Music Publishers’ law 221–2 Association, US 160 national approaches to 231–2 National Research Council, US 285 social effect 225–6 national treatment obligation, in Berne Moran,Albert 5 Convention 19, 224 Morgan, Piers 425 neighbouring rights, and protection of The Mousetrap (Christie) 208 news 26–8 multi-stakeholder dialogue, global Netanel, Neil 110 279–80 Netflix 265, 266, 286 multivariance 429, 445 Netherlands, copyright in formats 369 Murray, Michael 110 music theatre 195, 212, 214–16 Neuburg,Victor 2 musical works and sound recordings, New Zealand litigation regarding 3, 150–94 see also traditional knowledge broadcasting 151, 155, 157, 166, 173, copyright protection for telegraphic 182 messages (1882 and 1884) 15 freedom of expression/free speech duration of moral rights 237 154, 159, 164, 175, 176, 178, false attribution, right against 234 182, 183, 190, 191 Māori peoples see ‘haka,’ Māori and Google see Google (traditional war cry or dance); history of copyright litigation in Māori peoples respect of 150–51 Ministry of Business, Innovation and internet video sites, targeting of Employment 459 150–51 Ngati Toa Rangatira 458, 460 ‘Let’s Go Crazy’ (Prince song) see video games in 347 Lenz (Stephanie), dispute with Waitangi Tribunal 458 Universal Music Corporation news 11 music videos and parody 79–80 see also ‘hot news’ doctrine; news reform requirements 192, 193 agencies, international; news The Sideshow Coalition 165–7 aggregation; news organizations, takedown and notice system 168, ‘crawling’ and ‘scraping’ 176–89, 193 websites of notification 179, 180, 181 aggregation of see news aggregation Trans-Pacific Partnership 2015 (TPP) Berne Convention see Berne 183, 193–4 Convention for the Protection of Universal Coalition case see Lenz Literary andArtistic Works, (Stephanie), dispute with 1886 Universal Music Corporation colonial newspapers,Australia 11–14 YouTube seeYouTube and copyright 12, 13 ‘must-fit exception,’ Lego 326, 327 customary international law 19 My Expat Network 268 definitions 10–15 MySpace 153 extracting and rewriting facts vs myths 118 verbatim extraction of reports 43 ‘first mover’ advantage 12 Napster peer-to-peer network 152 freedom of information 18, 21 legal action against 150 Geneva draft treaty, 1959 25, 26, 46
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Index 479
‘hot news’ doctrine, United States see intellectual creation 31, 32 ‘hot news’ doctrine, United journalism 35–6 States laws prohibiting/requiring intellectual property in 10–46 compensation for 43 international nature of 23 metadata reservation (’robots.txt’) ‘miscellaneous information’ 16, 17, 37–8 18, 20, 21 national case law and statutes on 43–5 misleading nature of ‘copyright’ 15 and photography 31 need for legal protection, assertions preemptive effect 41–3 of 12–13 press reporting exception 33–8 new technology 12 quotation right 17, 38–41 ‘news of the day’ 1, 15–20, 22, 24, 30, remuneration rights 41–2 42 source website, copying initial as ‘nineteenth century creation’ sentence from 29 11–14 specialty aggregator sites 40 Paris Convention see Paris as substitutes for full articles 30 Convention for the Protection of ‘words and short phrases,’ denial of Industrial Property, 1883 registration to 31 piracy practices 30 news organizations, ‘crawling’ and protection of as a neighbouring right ‘scraping’ websites of 29, 32, 34 26–8 newspapers 16, 33–8 reports as literary works entitled to colonial, inAustralia 11–14 protection 30 sports events 51 reproduction 17, 21, 31, 34, 36 Ngati Toa Rangatira, New Zealand 458, Samedan draft treaty, 1939 27, 28, 46 460 Shorter Oxford English Dictionary Nipper, Mads 324 on 10–11 Noda, Nathaniel 122, 138 telegraphy/telegraphic messages 11, Noh theatre, Japan 207 12, 14, 19 nostalgia 120 time-sensitive 1–2, 42, 44, 45 nuisance allegations, sports events 49 transcontinental transmissions 13–14 UK andVictorian law 13 Obama, Barack 188 unfair competition see unfair O’Donnell, Casey 360 competition, news OK Go (group) 167 news agencies, international 23 Opportunity Knocks (UK TV EuropeanAlliance of NewsAgencies programme) 367, 375, 376, 377, 25 378, 386 news aggregation see also Green, Hughie ancillary copyright 41 Orange River Colony, copyright Berne Convention 30, 31 protection for telegraphic brevity of headlines 31 messages (1904) 15 broadcasting 34, 36 O’Reilly, Tim 152 as copyright infringement 30–33 Organization for Transformative Works de minimis threshold 31, 32 126 disparities in national approaches 32 originality requirement facts conveyed by quoted portions 40 games 348, 354 and free-riding 29–45 news 31, 32 headlines see headlines, news performance 211
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480 Research handbook on intellectual property in media and entertainment
sports events 51, 59 concept or definition under television formats 385, 389, 393, 395, Deckmyn/EU law 71–2, 80, 82, 397, 398 83, 85, 86, 87 originality requirement, television copyright infringement 65 copyright 381–3 criticism or review of a work 66 Ostertag, Fritz 27 Deckmyn v Vandersteen judgment see Outlander book and TV series Deckmyn v Vandersteen (Gabaldon) 133, 135, 141, 144 judgment colouring book 142 defence of, in United Kingdom 64–70 ownership of copyright 13, 386 and derision 82 foreign copyrights 258–64 derogatory treatment, right to object against 76–7 Pacquiao, Manny 47 EU copyright law and acquis 67, 69 Padilla,Anthony 165 exception for 68, 73, 94 Page, Hilary 320 scope 78–86 Palestine, copyright protection for fairness 86–100 telegraphic messages (1932) 15 assessment of 94 parallel importation 268 concept 88 Paris Convention for the Protection of discrimination 95–6 Industrial Property, 1883 22–6, 28, existing jurisprudence on 88 46 fair balance 72–4, 77, 81, 83, 86–8, see also Berne Convention for the 90–100, 100 Protection of Literary and fair dealing defence 66, 68–70, 72, Artistic Works (1886) 74, 77, 80, 81, 85, 86, 88–9, Washington Revision, 1911 92–4 (WashingtonAct) 23 fair use doctrine 65, 89 The Hague Revision, 1925 (The three-step test and fair balance 86, HagueAct) 23 96–100 London Revision, 1934 (LondonAct) freedom of expression/free speech 23 60, 72, 76, 77, 78, 81, 86, 88, 91, Lisbon Revision, 1958 (LisbonAct) 93, 94 23 Gowers Review of Intellectual and Berne Convention 24 Property 67, 68, 90 Pariser, Jennifer 177 identification, forms of 75–6 Parkinson, Hannah Jane 128 inflexibility of UK copyright law in parody 3 respect of 67–8 aims of authors 76–7 integrity right (right against attribution right 75, 76 derogatory treatment) 76–7 and caricature/pastiche 68, 69, 73, ‘mash-ups’ 85 83–6 and moral rights, under CDPA 74–8 characteristics 72, 78, 88 music videos 79–80 The Colbert Report, demands that and non-discrimination principle YouTube remove 159 72–3 commercial 107 and piracy 67 comparison of jurisdictions 65, 69, proportionality analysis 74, 92, 94, 101 96–7, 98, 99, 100 composite works, and infringement and quotation 69 claims 79 role in contemporary practice 64
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Index 481
and satire 116 live performances, rights in 201, 204, scope of exception 78–86 205, 206, 208, 209, 215, 216 caricature and pastiche 83–6 moral rights 221, 224, 226, 227, 232, ‘to evoke an existing work while 242, 243 being noticeably different’ name and images, ‘quasi-copyright’ 78–80 in 435 ‘an expression of humour or terminology 227 mockery’ 80–82 traditional knowledge 449–50 whether over-inclusive definition treatment of 241 82–3 which are protected 225–6 Spitting Image television performing arts/theatre programmes 64 see also entertainer, moral rights; ‘substantial part’ of works 66 ‘sufficient acknowledgement’ of performers; sports events; parodied work and author 66, 69 theatre and traditional knowledge 457 absence of copyright 204 transformation of original work 83 artistic and industrial tensions 205–8 and transformative use 107, 115–16 inAustralia 195, 197, 198, 199–200, use of a work 66 204–5, 207–8, 209, 211–12, 218 ‘weapon parodies’ 83 Christian music, sacred 201 participatory culture 103 confidential information 208 participatory media 135 copyright infringement 210 partnerships 4, 327–35 cost factors 216–17 passing off definitions of ‘maker’ of a film and Advocaat case 461, 462 ‘author’ 207 and breach of confidence 431 economic factors 216–17 core requirements 461 freedom of expression/free speech evolution of, and publicity rights 197, 198 460–64 indigenous performance practice false representation 433 211–14 law of 429, 434 industry practice 206 limitations of 463 live performances, rights in 195–219 and publicity rights 427, 428, 429, marginal costs 195, 196 460–64 material form 203–4, 205 publicity style 463 music copyright/music theatre 195, unfair competition 439 214–16 pastiche and caricature 68, 69, 73, 83–6 open-air events, UK 200 patents 4, 5 performing right in practice 214–16 patrons 8 public performance, right of 202–3 Patry, William 282, 287 sports events 48, 54, 55, 56 peer-to-peer networks 150, 152 regulation of 196–201 performance text 209 ‘repetitive beat generation’ 200 performers 68, 158, 165, 294, 368 rights and duties in conduct of live see also celebrities; entertainer, moral performance 217–18 rights; performing arts/theatre social control over, history 197 identification rights 233, 236 and sports events 48, 54, 55, 56, 210 integrity rights 222, 232 Statute ofAnne 201–2 joint 241 theatrical space, control of 209–10
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482 Research handbook on intellectual property in media and entertainment
treatment of performers and joint photography, uses of 407–9 authors 241 reasonable expectation of privacy United Kingdom, regulation of public 406–10 entertainment in 197–8, 200 tabloidism and privacy see tabloid personality rights, Germany 237 journalism (tabloidism) Phillipson, Gavin 403 torts 427 photographs 31, 52, 128 Trade Secrets Directive 402, 421–4 of celebrities 52, 407–8, 415 ‘traditional’ breach of confidence consent issues 409 414–20, 424 passing off, and publicity rights YouTube 151 436–7 private information and privacy concerns 407–9 see also privacy concerns pictorial works 117 commercialization of 414–19 Pinterest 7 misuse see misuse of private piracy practices 30 information digital piracy 266, 286 private ordering 285–7 and parody 67 ‘produser,’ in digital age 119, 131 sports events 48–50, 53, 54, 63 proportionality analysis and television 368 parody 74, 92, 94, 96–7, 98, 99, 100 Viacom International, litigation and privacy 420 againstYouTube 157 video games 351 Pitbull (rap artist) 228 Prosser, William 430 playfulness Proudfoot, Kekoa 340 see also video games proxies, use of 265, 268 media play 125 public domain concept 446–7 philosophy of 119, 130 public interest 410–14 ‘transformative play’ 105, 130 publicity rights playing cards 5 see also passing off Pop Idol (UK TV series) 369 American 428, 429 popular culture 2 ‘Betty Boop’ cartoon character post-scarcity economy 129 440–41 practical rights management 214 borderline cases 438 Press Recognition Panel 400 boundary-crossing 429–45 press reporting exception, news and copyright preemption 58–60 aggregation 33–8 cultural pluralism 425, 445 Prince, Richard 127–8 legal line-drawing 426–9 privacy concerns 6 ‘messy multivalence’ 429, 445 see also private information Midler action 430–31, 438 breach of confidence see breach of and passing off 427, 428, 429, 434, confidence 460–64 children, reasonable expectation of Rihanna decision 436–8, 463–4 privacy in respect of 408, 409 tort of publicity 430 EU Trademark Directive 421–4 unauthorized endorsement/ Leveson Inquiry/Report 400 merchandising 425, 427, 430, misuse of private information see 438 misuse of private information no general right to privacy under Quidditch Through the Ages (Rowling) English law 400–401 144
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Index 483
quotation right, Berne Convention search engines, internet 102 (Article 10(1)) 17, 38–41, 46 secrecy, in public performances 208 fair practice restriction 40 self-entertainment 220 preemptive effect ofArt 10(1) 41–3 Seltzer, Wendy 167–8 revue de presse exception 38, 39, 40 semiotics specialty aggregator sites 40 semiotic democracy 119 summaries 38 semiotic signs 103 trade mark doctrine 123 Rausiala, Kal 2 Serbs-Croats-Slovenes delegation, The Raymond, Joad 7 Hague Revision Conference recoding 103, 119, 124, 125 (1925) 24 of brands, in advertising and Shakespeare, William/ entertainment products 290–316 Shakespearian-style performances Recording IndustryAssociation of 1, 2 America 177 Shapiro,Andrew 288 reform pathways 278–89 Sherman, Brad 3 domestic law developments 283–5 Shorter Oxford English Dictionary global multi-stakeholder dialogue on caricature 84–5 279–80 on mockery 81–2 international treaty negotiations on news 10–11 281–2 on pastiche 85 private ordering 285–7 The Sideshow Coalition 165–7 technological intervention 287–9 signification, politics of 123 region codes, DVD 267, 270 Silver, Jon 174 Reichman, Jerome 281 Sirinelli, Pierre 238–9 Rendas, Tito 361 Síthigh, Mac 4 Ricketson, Sam 18 Siy, Sherwin 182, 188–9 Rihanna passing off judgment 436–8, Skin Trade (novella) 148 463–8 Snapchat 7 Rimmer, Matthew 121, 192, 194 snapshot cameras, domestic 5 Roquilly, Christophe 357 social media platforms/social networks Rosati, Eleonora 30 7 Rowling, JK 144, 148 see also Facebook; Instagram; Ruffner, Cynthia 440 Twitter;YouTube exploitation of users’ ‘likes’ for Sackville, Ronald (Justice) 156 advertising purposes 438–9 safe harbor provisions of DMCA, US and fair use/transformative use 102, 158, 163, 168, 170, 179, 192 103, 117, 120 Safka, Melanie 220, 228, 229 growth of social media 134 Sag, Matthew 109, 110 Society for Musical Performing and sales, second-hand 349–50 Mechanical Reproduction Rights, Salvador, Henri 232–3 Germany 230 Sanderson, Brandon 149 Somalia, piracy practices 30 Santayana, George 45 South Korea, graduated response satire 3, 116 system to curtail massive online scènes à faire concept 353, 394 copyright infringement 275 Schechter, Frank 295, 303, 304 Spain schema theory, trademarks 310–11 ancillary copyright 41
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484 Research handbook on intellectual property in media and entertainment
laws prohibiting/requiring recording and playing back 56 compensation for news re-telecasting wrestling aggregation 43 performances 59–60 sports events Sports TeamAnalysis and Tracking antenna, use of 55 Systems, Inc (STATS)50–51 inAustralia (1930s) 49 ‘Sports Trax’ paging device 48, 50 boundaries, clarifying 54–61 streaming 48, 54–8, 62 boxing match (LasVegas, 2015) 47 unauthorized retransmission of broadcasters of sports events, rights copyrighted broadcasts, liability under state misappropriation of 62 laws (National Basketball v venue, streaming from 48 Motorola) 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 61, Spreadable Media (Jenkins, Ford and 62, 63 broadcasting 47–51, 54–6, 59–63 Green) 134, 138 cable television 56, 63 Sprigman, Christopher 2 CDM Fantasy Sports, dispute Spunner, Suzanne 212 involving 58 Stage Directors and Choreographers copies 56 Society, US 207 copyright infringement 50, 54, 55, 56, Stage Directors UK 207 57, 62 Star Trek 134 copyright pre-emption and publicity stimulus generalization, trademarks right 58–60 310 copyright protection for producers of Stockholm Revision Conference (Berne 50 Convention), 1967 21, 25, 26, 40 ‘DISHAnywhere’ service 57–8 Main Committee I 22 free-riders 48, 61 Straits Settlements, copyright free-to-air networks 210 protection for telegraphic history of property rights 48–54 messages (1902) 15 home, streaming from 48 streaming, sports events 48, 54–8, 62 internet 63 Stubbington, Jill 212 live spectacles/other ephemera, subaltern counterpublics 124 emerging rights in 47–63 ‘substantial part’ of works misappropriation claims 48, 51, 54 fan fiction 140 mobile devices 58 parody 66 National BasketballAssociation television formats 388–90 (NBA) games 50, 51, 61 substantial similarity test 116, 393, 394, non-arena sports 60–61 397 nuisance allegations 49 Sunder, Madhavi 138 originality 51, 59 Supan, Julie 152 performances 48, 54, 55, 56, 210 Superman character 117–18 Periscope app, copyright takedown Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, requests 47 Australia 199, 200 piracy practices 48–50, 53, 54, 63 symbols and signs 103 property rights associated with character signifiers 118, 119 producing (Victoria Park Racing sign value 123 v Taylor) 48–50, 53, 54 public performance, copyright tabloid journalism (tabloidism) concept 48, 54, 55, 56 400–24
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Index 485
Taiwan, graduated response system to broadcasting 367, 368, 370–75, 376, curtail massive online copyright 377, 380, 387, 389, 391–3, 396, infringement 275 398 takedown and notice system (DMCA), changes in 372 US 272, 354 cooking shows 371 abuse, effects on online free copyright issues expression 193 copying 386–8 bogus notices 182 copyright protection, qualifying musical works and sound recordings, for 373–83 litigation regarding 168, 176–89, dramatic work copyright 373–80 193 enforcing copyright 385–97 notification 179, 180, 181 substantial part 388–90 sports events 47 USA andAustralia 391–7 transformative use 121 costs compared to original Tan, Corinne 102 programming 368 Tan, David 137 definitions 371–2 Tangri, Durie 177–8 difficulty for owners in asserting tarnishment infringement 390 see also blurring; brands, in as dramatic work for copyright advertising and entertainment purposes 380 products; trade marks examples 371–2 concept, compared to blurring 305–6 game shows 4, 371 dilution by 314 ideas vs expression dichotomy examples of dilution by 305 383–5 harm of in media and entertainment originality 381–3, 385, 389, 393, 395, cases 294, 304–14 397, 398 when likely to occur 309 piracy, resistant to 368 protection against 293 reality series 371 rebuttable presumption of 310 series-stacking, resistant to 368 referential use 306 talent shows 369, 371, 385 source confusion 309–10 temporal access barriers 268–9 US case law 304–7 theatre Te Rauparaha (creator of haka) 457, see also performing arts/theatre 459 inAustralia seeAustralia technological access barriers 274–6 choreography 205, 212 technological intervention 287–9 content worthy of copyright technological protection measures protection 196–7 (TPMs) 348, 356 design of theatres 2 telegraphy/telegraphic messages 11 mime 205 Anglo-Australian telegraph, music 195, 212, 214–16 completion 12 regulation of 1 and Berne Convention 19 theatrical space, control of 209–10 copyright protection for telegraphic ‘verbatim’ 202 messages, British dominions Thomas, Rover 212 14–15 Thomson, Robert 30 television formats 353, 367–99 ‘three strikes’ rule (notice and see also copyright termination procedure) 275
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486 Research handbook on intellectual property in media and entertainment
see also takedown and notice system concepts/definitions 452–3 (DMCA), US and Convention on Biological Time Magazine 152, 153 Diversity (CBD) 447, 454 Tolkien, JRR 139 and copyright law 449 top-down culture 153 as entertainment 446–64 tort entertainment-related intellectual of appropriation of name or likeness property, limitations for 455–60 429, 430 and genetic resources 451, 453, 454, of intrusion 427 455 misuse of private information inappropriate uses of 457 genesis of tort 403–6 intellectual property, overlap with scope of tort 400–14 447–8 of publicity 430 TPP see Trans-Pacific Partnership 2015 international negotiations and (TPP) framing the debate 450–55 trade marks 6, 118 legal protection 6, 447–8, 449 see also brands, in advertising and Nagoya Protocol (CBD Convention) entertainment products 447 antidilution laws, and brand meaning otherness of 212 290–94 and parody 457 blurring, protection against 293 Peruvian 452 brand reputation 292–3 and rights of indigenous peoples 453 and celebrities 426 separation of knowledge from uses dilution, harms of 290–316 453 legal protection 292–3 and trade mark law 457 linking harms to products of traditional knowledge/traditional shoddy quality 309 cultural expressions (TK/TCEs) European Directive 297 451 functionality doctrine 324, 325 and WIPO 450–51, 452 hypothetical examples of blurred trans-coding 124 marks 297–8, 301 transformative use 102–31 misappropriation 315 see also copyright; fair use doctrine senior and junior 298, 300 appropriation art 107, 114, 116–17, tarnishment, protection against 293 124, 127 and traditional knowledge 457 copyright infringement litigation Uniform Benelux Trade Mark Law 114 296–7 copyrighted works, social identity well-known 293, 311, 312, 315 and democratic discourse Trade Secrets Directive (EC), and 114–22 privacy concerns 402, 421–4 description of doctrine 112 definition of ‘trade secret’ 423 digital, in 21st century 122–9 misappropriation, prohibition of doctrine (Leval), development of 423–4 105–14 potential relevance of Directive to explanatory synthesis methodology privacy protection 422–4 110 traditional knowledge and fair use 105–10, 112–16, 121, Aboriginal 452 124, 126–30 claimants 448 internet, application to 113–14
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Index 487
judicial development of doctrine news 13–14, 20, 23, 28–9, 46 104 preemptive effect ofArt 10(1) and parody 107, 115–16 42–3 predominant purpose and function of and passing off 439 original material 110 publicity rights 431 prominence of doctrine 107, 110 UNIDROIT (International Institute for secondary use and original work 112, the Unification of Private 113, 124 International Law), draft treaties substantial similarity test 116 of committee of experts convened ‘transformative play’ 105 by (Samedan, Switzerland) 26, 27 translation technology 271–2 Union of SouthAfrica, copyright Trans-Pacific Partnership 2015 (TPP) protection for telegraphic 183, 193–4 and traditional knowledge 452–3 messages (1917) 15 Transvaal, copyright protection for United International Bureaux for the telegraphic messages (1902) 15 Protection of Intellectual Property treaty negotiations, international (BIRPI) 21, 27 281–2 see also World Intellectual Property Trimble, Marketa 287–8 Organization (WIPO) TRIPSAgreement (Agreement on United Kingdom Trade-RelatedAspects of attribution right 240 Intellectual Property Rights), breach of confidence 401–2, 413 1994 ‘closed list’ of subject matter, see also intellectual property rights television formats 374 (IPRs) consent and waiver provisions, and access barriers 270, 273 compared to authorial rights Council of the World Trade 241 Organization 447 defences in relation to moral rights international treaty negotiations 236 281 duration of moral rights 237–8 ‘trolls,’ copyright 250–51 fair dealing, traditional approach to Trombley, Sarah 123 87–91 Tumblr 122, 134 false attribution, right against 234 Tur, Robert 160 foreign copyrights 246 Tushnet, Rebecca 120–21, 138, 141 Human RightsAct see Human Rights Tuymans, Luc 80 Act 1998 (HRA), UK TVB (Hong Kong terrestrial TV integrity right (right against provider) 267 derogatory treatment) 231–2 Twain, Mark 425 joint authors or performers, treatment Twilight story 137 of 241 Twitter 7, 102, 122 moral rights in films 227 Tyco toy company 323–4 ownership of foreign copyrights 259, 260 unblockers, use of 265, 268 parody defence 64–70 unfair competition referendum on EU membership 3–4, harm, whether legal intervention 64 warranted in absence of regulation of public entertainment in 314–16 197–8, 200
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488 Research handbook on intellectual property in media and entertainment
Stationers’ Company, regulation by Vaidhyanathan,Siva 153 202 ‘verbatim’ theatre 202 United Nations Educational, Scientific Viacom International and Cultural Organization corporate structure 155 (UNESCO) 27 litigation againstYouTube 155–7 United States allies ofViacom 159–63 see also fair use doctrine The Colbert Report,Viacom blurring, case law 299–301 demands thatYouTube California Business and Professions remove parody of 159 Code 431 defence ofYouTube 157–9 details of complaint 156–7 Constitution 159 as example of ‘mega-litigation’ copyright enforcement 391–7 156, 190 copyright infringement claims 44 far-reaching nature of claims Copyright Office, denial of 162–3 registration by 31 Friends of the Plaintiff 159–63 Digital Millennium CopyrightAct of public policy dimensions of 1998 275 dispute 164 safe harbor provisions of 158, 163, reform requirements 192 168, 170, 179, 192 The Sideshow Coalition 165–7 entertainer, protection of 225–6 Stanton J on 169–70, 172 fair use doctrine in 65, 89, 104, 109, wilful blindness doctrine 171, 172 110, 111, 128, 179, 254 video fingerprinting 159 fan fiction case law 140, 141, 144 video games 4, 344–66 FirstAmendment 159, 168 arcades 352, 353 foreign copyrights 251–2 inAustralia 347 formats, copyright in 369 Children’s Online Games 364 graduated response system to curtail as components of games as protected massive online copyright works 346 infringement 275 copyright framework for 345–55 ‘hot news’ doctrine see ‘hot news’ cloning 352–5, 359, 362 doctrine digital rights management (DRM) 350–52 moral rights 225–6 general principles and conceptual movie industry 267 issues 345–9 privacy torts 427 second-hand sales 349–50 publicity rights 428, 429 copyright infringement, alleged tarnishment, case law 304–7 348–9 trade marks 292–3 critical perspectives 355–8 ‘words and short phrases,’ denial of literary works, computer programs as registration to 31 346 Universal Coalition Corporation, models 359–66 dispute with Lenz see Lenz game-specific 361–4 (Stephanie), dispute with general 359–60 Universal Music Corporation in New Zealand 347 unjust enrichment 59, 60, 293, 438 non-literal copying 347 unpublished works, common law originality 348, 354 copyright in 13 player rights 364–6
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Index 489
player survey 358–9 X Factor (UK TV series) 369, 385 and Software Directive 345, 346, 350, Xalabarder, Raquel 30 360 status in copyright law 344, 346–7, Yorke, Thom (Radiohead’s lead singer) 348 190 sui generis IP approach 362, 363 YoungTurks 188 as types of protected works 346 YouTube 102, 103, 117, 120, 121, 134 underprotection and overprotection see also Lenz (Stephanie), dispute 356 with Universal Music use and proportionality 351 Corporation; musical works and Villalón, Cruz (Advocate General) 75, sound recordings 81, 84, 96, 98 acquisition by Google 151 virtual private networks (VPNs) 265, amicus brief against 160, 161–2 268, 270, 286 Vogel,Harold 267 authorized amateur content on von Lohmann, Fred 187 internet video site 158 clips on 151–2 Waitangi Tribunal, New Zealand 458 as example of a global phenomenon waiver, moral rights 238–41 268 Warhol,Andy 117, 127 Fair Use Protection Fund, proposal Warner, Michael 124–5 for 187–90 Web 2.0 152, 153, 192 fate of 194 Weiss, DB 141 as focal point of copyright litigation Werback, Kevin 151 and public policy debate 151 ‘What Have They Done to My Song, FootballAssociation Premier Ma’ (Safka) 220, 228 League’s class action against WhatsApp 7 159–61 Wikipedia 102, 153, 192 founding of (2005) 151, 157 wilful blindness doctrine, US 171, 172 internet video service 151, 158 Wilkens, Scott 177 privacy policy 151 WIPO see World Intellectual Property reform requirements 192 Organization (WIPO) safe harbor provisions of DMCA, World Intellectual Property shielded by 158, 163, 168, 170, Organization (WIPO) 179, 192 Intergovernmental Committee on supporters of 163–9 Intellectual Property and unauthorized copyright content on Genetic Resources, Traditional videos of 158 Knowledge and Folklore uploading to 258 (WIPO-IGC) 448, 450–51, 453, Viacom International’s litigation 455 against 155–7 internet treaties promulgated by 155 allies ofViacom 159–63 and neighbouring rights 27 The Colbert Report,Viacom and traditional knowledge 450–51, demands thatYouTube 452 remove parody of 159 World Summit on the Information defence ofYouTube 157–9 Society, 2005 280 details of complaint 156–7 Writers Guild ofAmerica, Television as example of ‘mega-litigation’ Credits Manual 371 156, 190
Megan Richardson and Sam Ricketson - 9781784710798 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/29/2021 02:23:47AM via free access
Columns Design XML Ltd / Job: Richardson-Research_handbook_on_IP_in_media_and_entertainment / Division: Index /Pg. Position: 25 / Date: 8/12 JOBNAME: Richardson PAGE: 26 SESS: 4 OUTPUT: Fri Dec 9 15:42:55 2016
490 Research handbook on intellectual property in media and entertainment
far-reaching nature of claims The Sideshow Coalition 165–7 162–3 Stanton J on 169–70, 172 Friends of the Plaintiff 159–63 wilful blindness doctrine 171, 172 judicial responses to 169–74 YouTube Music portal 173 public policy dimensions of YouTube Red (premium service) 173 dispute 164 Yu, Peter K 265, 270, 271, 273, 280
Megan Richardson and Sam Ricketson - 9781784710798 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/29/2021 02:23:47AM via free access
Columns Design XML Ltd / Job: Richardson-Research_handbook_on_IP_in_media_and_entertainment / Division: Index /Pg. Position: 26 / Date: 8/12