DOCSLIB.ORG

Terblanche 2 Life History.Qxd 2004/04/08 02:19 Page 55

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Terblanche 2 Life History.Qxd 2004/04/08 02:19 Page 55 terblanche 2 life history.qxd 2004/04/08 02:19 Page 55 The application of life history information to the conservation manage- ment of Chrysoritis butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in South Africa R.F. TERBLANCHE and H. VAN HAMBURG Terblanche, R.F. and H. van Hamburg. 2004. The application of life history information to the conservation management of Chrysoritis butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in South Africa. Koedoe 47(1): 55–65. Pretoria. ISSN 0075-6458. Due to their intricate life histories and the unique wing patterns and colouring the but- terflies of the genus Chrysoritis are of significant conservation and aesthetic value. This overview probes into practical examples of butterfly life history research applicable to environmental management of this relatively well-known invertebrate group in South Africa. Despite the pioneer work on life histories of Chrysoritis in the past, more should be done to understand the life history of the butterflies in the wild, especially their nat- ural host plants and the behaviour of adults and larvae. A system of voucher specimens of host plants should be introduced in South Africa. Although various host plant species in nature are used by the members of Chrysoritis, including the Chrysoritis chrysaor group, the choice of these in nature by each species is significant for conservation man- agement and in the case of Chrysoritis aureus perhaps even as a specific characteristic. A revision of the ant genus Crematogaster will benefit the conservation management of Chrysoritis species since some of these ant species may consist of a number of species with much more restricted distributions than previously thought. Rigorous quantified studies of population dynamics of Chrysoritis butterflies are absent and the introduction of such studies will benefit conservation management of these localised butterflies extensively. Key words: Chrysoritis, myrmecophilous, endemic, conservation, life histories, man- agement, taxonomy, ecology, synecology. R.F. Terblanche and H. Van Hamburg, School of Environmental Sciences and Develop- ment, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom University for CHE, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa. Introduction World-wide, the symbioses of butterflies and ants are found only among members of the Williams (1996) reported a lack of informa- Riodinidae and Lycaenidae (De Vries 1997) tion on the life histories of South African but- and at present the Riodinidae is often regard- terflies despite the most valuable efforts of ed as a subfamily Riodininae within the the past. Pioneer lepidopterists (including Lycaenidae (Eliot 1973; Eliot 1990; Pierce et Clark, Claassens, Dickson, Cottrell, G.A. al. 2002). Although the Riodininae is poorly Henning, S.F. Henning and Heath) provided represented in Africa, the rest of the a rich source of life history information in the Lycaenidae is well-represented in most habi- past, useful for environmental management. tat types on the continent. Judging by the Further research priorities are identified here. number of species, the majority of South This paper reviews the life history informa- African butterflies belong to the family tion on the Chrysoritis genus to date, and dis- Lycaenidae. From our list of 674 butterfly cusses how applicable this information is for species, i.e. superfamilies Hesperioidea: conservation management. ‘skipper butterflies’ and Papilionoidea: ‘true ISSN 0075-6458 55 Koedoe 47/1 (2004) terblanche 2 life history.qxd 2004/04/08 02:19 Page 56 butterflies’ in South Africa, 49 % of the descriptions of the life histories of some species belong to the family Lycaenidae. The Chrysoritis species or information on the majority of these Lycaenidae species are host plants and attendant ants. The first associated with ants. A diversity of strategies major work on the life histories of has developed into ant associations among Lycaenidae butterflies of South Africa was the Lycaenidae. Extremes, from aphy- that of Clark & Dickson (1971) that contains tophagy (Cottrell 1984) to facultative ant a number of detailed life history descrip- associations, have been recorded. The term tions. A summary of recent observations of entomophagous is used by Pierce et al. ant associations and life history adaptations (2002) instead of aphytophagy, which alter of Lycaenidae butterflies in South Africa is the normal use of entomophagous as ‘insect- given by Heath & Claassens (2000). Heath eating’ to ‘eating insect-derived food (1997) for the first time reported the exten- sources’. Apart from the term ento- sive use of Thesium plants (Santalaceae) as mophagous, all the other definitions to host plants by Chrysoritis species. The describe lycaenid-ant associations as defined importance of the presence of the correct ant by Pierce et al. are followed here. Note that as an oviposition stimulus for most Pierce et al. (2002) use the terms obligate Chrysoritis species, at least in captivity, is and facultative ant associations in terms of reported (Heath & Claassens 2000). Clark & survival under field conditions, which is Dickson (1971) concluded that Chrysoritis strictly followed here. dicksoni is aphytophagous, since larvae refused to feed on any plant that females had Given the nature and complexity of larvae laid on. The mature larvae and pupa were ant symbioses, there is much to be learnt found in Crematogaster ant nests (Cotrell from their studies that will be relevant to all 1984). Heath & Brinkman (1995), Heath branches of biology (De Vries 1997). The (1998) and Heath & Claassens (2000) various types of associations with ants (Hen- demonstrated that at least in some larval ning 1983a; Cottrell 1984; Pierce et al. stages, the larvae of Chrysoritis dicksoni are 2002) by Lycaenidae butterflies, should be sustained by trophallaxis. Among the appreciated in that different conservation Chrysoritis genus trophallaxis (ants feeding strategies should probably be applied to con- caterpillars by regurgitation) has thus been serve these, often localised, butterflies. reported only for Chrysoritis dicksoni by Heath (1998). The majority of the Chrysori- tis species, with the possible exception of Discussion Chrysoritis dicksoni, seems to be phy- Detailed life history descriptions that entail tophagous accompanied by an obligate ant most stages and some illustrations have only association (Tables 1- 4). been published for 35.7 % of all the No voucher material of host plants has been Chrysoritis species in South Africa cited in all the above cases. Although the (Table 1). It should be added that ecophysio- genera and even some of the plant species logical studies of interactions between but- identified leave little doubt about its identifi- terfly larvae and host plants as well as atten- cation, the lack of voucher specimens may dant ants are absent, not only for Chrysoritis be a limitation to future research efforts. but for almost all the butterflies of South Cottrell (1984) highlighted the problems Africa. At least one host plant and one atten- associated with the fragmented observations dant ant are known, respectively, for 83.3 % of life histories of aphytophagous butterflies. and 88.1 % of the Chrysoritis species. These These are also applicable to the ant-depen- relatively high numbers are due to the con- dent phytophagous Chrysoritis species. tribution of Heath (1997a) (Table 1). Dick- Thomas et al. (1989) summarised the diffi- son (1940, 1943, 1944, 1945a, 1945b, 1946, culties with the accuracy of interpretations of 1947, 1948, 1953, 1959 and 1965) gave captive observations, the misinterpretation either detailed and well-illustrated (by Clark) of field data, as well as the misidentification Koedoe 47/1 (2004) 56 ISSN 0075-6458 terblanche 2 life history.qxd 2004/04/08 02:19 Page 57 of ant species concerning research on Macu- cal level is discussed by using Chrysoritis linea butterflies and their ant associations in aureus as an example. Europe. Heath (2001) demonstrated that the choice of The question is whether quantitative labora- larval host plant is not a major issue within a tory-controlled observations and careful species group of Chrysoritis and should not observations in the field concerning the life be regarded as a specific characteristic. The histories of Chrysoritis species are available variety of host plants used by Chrysoritis, or not. Most Chrysoritis species were bred in even in the same species group such as the captivity (where behaviour and requirements Chrysoritis chrysaor species group seems to are abnormal). Therefore little information support this hypothesis. Pierce (1984) pro- exists under controlled conditions or in the posed two ways by which ant association field. We discuss the present knowledge of could have enhanced diversification of the the host plant association and attendant ant Lycaenidae, once it evolved. The first is by association separately for simplicity. inducing a higher incidence of host plant switching and the second is by modifying the butterfly population structure. An example in The host plant association Chrysoritis is the observation that Chrysori- A summary of the host plant genera, host tis aethon larva used a Crassula species as plant families, and attendant ant genera asso- host plant, and not only the known host plant Rhus zeyheri (Anacardiaceae), that was ciated with the species groups of Chrysoritis reported by Owen-Johnston (1991). This is given in Table 2. Chrysoritis species have phenomenon should be further investigated adapted to use a variety of host plants from since it might be
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chrysanthemoides Monilifera Ssp
    MANAGEMENT OF BONESEED (CHRYSANTHEMOIDES MONILIFERA SSP. MONILIFERA) (L.) T. NORL. USING FIRE, HERBICIDES AND OTHER TECHNIQUES IN AUSTRALIAN WOODLANDS Rachel L. Melland Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Agriculture, Food and Wine University of Adelaide August 2007 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ VI DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. IX CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 AIMS OF THIS THESIS .......................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 5 2.1 PROCESSES OF NATIVE ECOSYSTEM DEGRADATION ............................................................ 5 2.2 GLOBAL PLANT INVASIONS – ECOSYSTEM DEGRADING PROCESSES .................................... 6 2.3 THE ENVIRONMENTAL WEED PROBLEM IN AUSTRALIA ..................................................... 10 2.4 CAUSES AND PROCESSES OF INVASIVENESS .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Metamorphosis Vol 12(3) Complete.Pdf
    ELECTED COUNCILLORS Hermann Staude Chairman (2 years) [email protected] Alf Curle Treasurer (2 years) [email protected] Alan Heath Secretary/ membership (2 years) [email protected] Bennie Coetzer Data processing (2 years) [email protected] Doug Kroon Journal Editor (5 years) [email protected] Graham Henning Conservation (2 years) [email protected] Mark Williams Scientific Editor (2 years) [email protected] Jonathan Ball Western Cape Branch (2 years) [email protected] Steve Woodhall Gauteng Branch (2 years) [email protected] CO-OPTED MEMBERS Martin Krüger Transvaal Museum Representative [email protected] Peter Roos Webmaster [email protected] Reinier Terblanche Youth I Education [email protected] AREA REPRESENTATIVES Steve Collins East Africa Branch [email protected] Alan Gardiner Zimbabwe Branch [email protected] Haydon Warren-Gash West Africa [email protected] EDITORIAL Editor: Doug Kroon. Scientific advisers: Martin Krüger. Rolf Oberprieler, Stephen Henning, Malcolm Scoble, Henk Geertsema, Alan Gardiner, Dick Vane-Wright, Axel Hausmann. MEMBERSHIP The aims of the Lepidopterists' Society of Africa are to promote the scientific study and the conservation of Lepidoptera in Africa, and to provide a communication forum for all people who are interested in African Lepidoptera. Metamorphosis, which is the official journal of the Society, publishes original scientific papers as well as articles of a less technical nature. Fees indicated below refer to surface postage, but if airmail is required, notify the Treasurer and - per issue – add R32.00 for Africa or US $6.00 if Overseas. Membership of the Society is open to all persons who are interested in the study of Lepidoptera.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Fire Frequency on Savanna Butterfly Diversity and Composition: a Preliminary Study
    KOEDOE - African Protected Area Conservation and Science ISSN: (Online) 2071-0771, (Print) 0075-6458 Page 1 of 9 Original Research Effects of fire frequency on savanna butterfly diversity and composition: A preliminary study Authors: Fire plays a major role in many biomes, is widely used as a management tool and is likely to be 1,2 Elie Gaget affected by climate change. For effective conservation management, it is essential to understand Catherine L. Parr3,4,5 Clélia Sirami1,6,7 how fire regimes affect different taxa, yet responses of invertebrates are particularly poorly documented. We tested how different fire frequencies influence savanna butterfly diversity Affiliations: and composition by using a long-term savanna fire experiment initiated in 1954 in the Kruger 1 Centre d’Ecologie National Park (South Africa). We compared butterfly abundance, species richness and Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Montpellier, France community composition across three fire frequencies: high (burnt annually), medium (burnt triennially) and low (burnt twice in 60 years). Plots with high fire frequency hosted higher 2Department of Biology, abundance than medium- or low-frequency plots. Fire frequencies did not affect species University of Turku, Turku, richness, but they led to distinct communities of butterflies. Our findings suggest that, in view Finland of the three fire frequencies tested, a spatial diversity of fire frequencies may increase butterfly diversity at the landscape level in wet savannas. Managers may need to promote a greater 3Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, School diversity of fire frequencies by increasing fire frequency in some areas to provide habitat for of Environmental Sciences, species requiring high fire frequency, and by decreasing fire frequency in a large proportion of University of Liverpool, the landscape to provide fire refuges.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity and Ecology of Critically Endangered, Rûens Silcrete Renosterveld in the Buffeljagsrivier Area, Swellendam
    Biodiversity and Ecology of Critically Endangered, Rûens Silcrete Renosterveld in the Buffeljagsrivier area, Swellendam by Johannes Philippus Groenewald Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Science in Conservation Ecology in the Faculty of AgriSciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Michael J. Samways Co-supervisor: Dr. Ruan Veldtman December 2014 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration I hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis, for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Ecology, is my own work that have not been previously published in full or in part at any other University. All work that are not my own, are acknowledge in the thesis. ___________________ Date: ____________ Groenewald J.P. Copyright © 2014 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements Firstly I want to thank my supervisor Prof. M. J. Samways for his guidance and patience through the years and my co-supervisor Dr. R. Veldtman for his help the past few years. This project would not have been possible without the help of Prof. H. Geertsema, who helped me with the identification of the Lepidoptera and other insect caught in the study area. Also want to thank Dr. K. Oberlander for the help with the identification of the Oxalis species found in the study area and Flora Cameron from CREW with the identification of some of the special plants growing in the area. I further express my gratitude to Dr. Odette Curtis from the Overberg Renosterveld Project, who helped with the identification of the rare species found in the study area as well as information about grazing and burning of Renosterveld.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of the Aphnaeinae: Myrmecophilous African Butterflies
    Systematic Entomology (2015), 40, 169–182 DOI: 10.1111/syen.12098 Phylogeny of the Aphnaeinae: myrmecophilous African butterflies with carnivorous and herbivorous life histories JOHN H. BOYLE1,2, ZOFIA A. KALISZEWSKA1,2, MARIANNE ESPELAND1,2,3, TAMARA R. SUDERMAN1,2, JAKE FLEMING2,4, ALAN HEATH5 andNAOMI E. PIERCE1,2 1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A., 2Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A., 3Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, 4Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, U.S.A. and 5Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa Abstract. The Aphnaeinae (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) are a largely African subfamily of 278 described species that exhibit extraordinary life-history variation. The larvae of these butterflies typically form mutualistic associations with ants, and feed on awide variety of plants, including 23 families in 19 orders. However, at least one species in each of 9 of the 17 genera is aphytophagous, parasitically feeding on the eggs, brood or regurgitations of ants. This diversity in diet and type of symbiotic association makes the phylogenetic relations of the Aphnaeinae of particular interest. A phylogenetic hypothesis for the Aphnaeinae was inferred from 4.4 kb covering the mitochondrial marker COI and five nuclear markers (wg, H3, CAD, GAPDH and EF1) for each of 79 ingroup taxa representing 15 of the 17 currently recognized genera, as well as three outgroup taxa. Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses all support Heath’s systematic revision of the clade based on morphological characters.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Gis and Microhabitat Predictors for Possible Site Occupancy of the Heidelberg Opal Butterfly (Chrysoritis Aureus) Within Gauteng Province, South Africa
    The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 29(3): 2019, Page: 894-898 Faria et al., ISSN: 1018-7081 The J. Anim. Plant Sci. 29(3):2019 Short Communication USE OF GIS AND MICROHABITAT PREDICTORS FOR POSSIBLE SITE OCCUPANCY OF THE HEIDELBERG OPAL BUTTERFLY (CHRYSORITIS AUREUS) WITHIN GAUTENG PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA N.P. Faria1*, M.D. Panagos1, W.J. Myburgh1 and R. Deysel2 1Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa 2Department of Nature Conservation, GDARD, PO Box 8769, Johannesburg, 2000. *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Heidelberg Opal butterfly (Chrysoritis aureus) is currently classified as endangered with a total of nine known localities in Gauteng. Recent work on the fine scale habitat requirements of C. aureus provided the opportunity to expand the search for additional suitable habitats for this species in the Gauteng Province, using GIS and current distribution databases. A topographical base map and overlays of food plant (Clutia pulchella), host cocktail ant (Crematogaster liengmei) distributions and geology (Ventersdorp Supergroup) were used to determine possible additional sites suitable for C. aureus. Eight potentially suitable sites were identified. Four of these sites where transformed by mining activities and thus excluded. One of the four remaining sites was deemed suitable for C. aureus as both the food plant (C. pulchella) and the host ant (C. liengmei) were present. C. aureus was not recorded at any of the other sites surveyed probably due to season of site visits (winter). Key words: Chrysoritis aureus, habitat, Clutia pulchella, Crematogaster liengmei. INTRODUCTION systems in Gauteng (Henning et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Saturn As the “Sun of Night” in Ancient Near Eastern Tradition ∗
    Saturn as the “Sun of Night” in Ancient Near Eastern Tradition ∗ Marinus Anthony van der Sluijs – Seongnam (Korea) Peter James – London [This article tackles two issues in the “proto-astronomical” conception of the planet Saturn, first attested in Mesopotamia and followed by the Greeks and Hindus: the long-standing problem of Saturn’s baffling association with the Sun; and why Saturn was deemed to be “black”. After an extensive consideration of explanations offered from the 5th century to the 21st, as well as some new “thought experiments”, we suggest that Saturn’s connection with the Sun had its roots in the observations that Saturn’s course appears to be the steadiest one among the planets and that its synodic period – of all the planets – most closely resembles the length of the solar year. For the black colour attributed to Saturn we propose a solution which is partly lexical and partly observational (due to atmospheric effects). Finally, some thoughts are offered on the question why in Hellenistic times some considered the “mock sun” Phaethon of Greek myth to have been Saturn]. Keywords: Saturn, planets, Sun, planet colour. 1. INTRODUCTION Since the late 19th century scholars have been puzzled by a conspicuous peculiarity in the Babylonian nomenclature for the planet Saturn: a number of texts refer to Saturn as the “Sun” ( dutu/20 or Šamaš ), instead of its usual astronomical names Kayam ānu and mul UDU.IDIM. 1 This curious practice was in vogue during the period c. 750-612 BC 2 and is not known from earlier periods, with a single possible exception, discussed below.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Diversification of Chrysoritis Butterflies in the South African Cape
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 148 (2020) 106817 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Recent diversification of Chrysoritis butterflies in the South African Cape (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) T ⁎ ⁎ Gerard Talaveraa,b, ,Zofia A. Kaliszewskab,c, Alan Heathb,d, Naomi E. Pierceb, a Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain b Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States c Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States d Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Although best known for its extraordinary radiations of endemic plant species, the South African fynbos is home Butterflies to a great diversity of phytophagous insects, including butterflies in the genus Chrysoritis (Lepidoptera: Chrysoritis Lycaenidae). These butterflies are remarkably uniform morphologically; nevertheless, they comprise 43 cur- Fynbos rently accepted species and 68 currently valid taxonomic names. While many species have highly restricted, dot- Phylogeny like distributions, others are widespread. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic and biogeographic history un- Radiation derlying their diversification by analyzing molecular markers from 406 representatives of all described species Speciation Taxonomy throughout their respective ranges. We recover monophyletic clades for both C. chrysaor and C. thysbe species- groups, and identify a set of lineages that fall between them. The estimated age of divergence for the genus is 32 Mya, and we document significantly rapid diversification of the thysbe species-group in the Pleistocene (~2 Mya).
    [Show full text]
  • On the Months (De Mensibus) (Lewiston, 2013)
    John Lydus On the Months (De mensibus) Translated with introduction and annotations by Mischa Hooker 2nd edition (2017) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations .......................................................................................... iv Introduction .............................................................................................. v On the Months: Book 1 ............................................................................... 1 On the Months: Book 2 ............................................................................ 17 On the Months: Book 3 ............................................................................ 33 On the Months: Book 4 January ......................................................................................... 55 February ....................................................................................... 76 March ............................................................................................. 85 April ............................................................................................ 109 May ............................................................................................. 123 June ............................................................................................ 134 July ............................................................................................. 140 August ........................................................................................ 147 September ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Male Secondary Sexual Characters in Aphnaeinae Wings (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
    Opusc. Zool. Budapest, 2017, 48(1): 27–34 Male secondary sexual characters in Aphnaeinae wings (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) 1 2 3 4 5 ZS. BÁLINT , A. HEATH , G. KATONA , K. KERTÉSZ & SZ. SÁFIÁN 1Zsolt Bálint, Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Baross u. 13, H-1088, Hungary. E-mail: [email protected] 2Alan Heath, Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] 3Katona Gergely, Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Baross u. 13, -1088, Hungary. E-mail: [email protected] 4Krisztián Kertész, Nanostructures Department, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Sciences, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, POB 49, H-1515 Hungary. E-mail: [email protected] 5Szabolcs Sáfián, Faculty of Forestry, University of West Hungary, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky u. 4, Sopron H-9400, Hungary. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Male secondary sexual characters have been discovered on the hindwing verso of genera Aphnaeus Hübner, [1819], Cigaritis Donzel, 1847, Lipaphnaeus Aurivillius, 1916 and Pseudaletis Druce, 1888 representing the Palaeotropical subfamily Aphnaeinae (Lycaenidae: Lepidoptera). Relevant wing parts are illustrated, described, and some observations on the organs are briefly annotated. With an appendix and 14 figures. Keywords. Androconia, hair tuft, classification, Palaeotropics, scaling. INTRODUCTION and Eliot 1990). However, Eliot did not indicate any male secondary sexual characters in this ne of the most characteristic features of Lepi- subfamily, nor did any of the previous or sub- O doptera is the scaled membranous wing sur- sequent workers (eg. Stempffer 1954, Heath 1997, face of the imagines. The scales covering the Libert 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Genus Erikssonia Trimen, 1891
    AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES 17th edition (2018). MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Genus Erikssonia Trimen, 1891 Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891: 91 (59-107). Type-species: Erikssonia acraeina Trimen, 1891, by monotypy. The genus Erikssonia belongs to the Family Lycaenidae Leach, 1815; Subfamily Aphnaeinae Distant, 1884. The other genera in the Subfamily Aphnaeinae in the Afrotropical Region are Phasis, Tylopaedia, Argyraspodes, Aloeides, Trimenia, Aphnaeus, Axiocerses, Zeritis, Crudaria, Cigaritis, Chloroselas, Cesa, Vansomerenia, Lipaphnaeus, Chrysoritis and Pseudaletis. Erikssonia (Coppers) is a purely Afrotropical genus containing four species. Generic review by G.A. & S.F. Henning, 2001 (Metamorphosis 12 (2): 69-78). Comprehensively reviewed by Gardiner & Terblanche, 2010 (African Entomology 18 (1): 171-191). *Erikssonia acraeina Trimen, 1891 Eriksson’s Copper Erikssonia acraeina Trimen, 1891. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891: 92 (59-107). Erikssonia acraeina. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kataba (16 04 09S; 25 05 19E), Western Province, Zambia. 10 April 2004. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection. Erikssonia acraeina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kataba (16 04 09S; 25 05 19E), Western Province, Zambia. 18 January 2004. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection. Type locality: Angola: “Omrora; Okavango River; Otiembora”. 1 Distribution: Angola (south), Zambia. According to Henning & Henning (2001: 70) the three localities given in the original description of the species are in southern Angola, not in northern Namibia. Specific localities: Angola – Omrora; Okavango River; Otiembora (TL; Eriksson). Zambia – near Mongu (Cottrell, vide Heath et al., 2002); Kataba (images above). Habitat: The Mongu locality in Zambia is in Brachystegia woodland.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Plantfamilie ASTERACEAE: 6
    ISSN 0254-3486 = SA Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 23, no. 1 & 2 2004 35 Algemene artikel Die plantfamilie ASTERACEAE: 6. Die subfamilie Asteroideae P.P.J. Herman Nasionale Botaniese Instituut, Privaat sak X101, Pretoria, 0001 e-pos: [email protected] UITTREKSEL Die tribusse van die subfamilie Asteroideae word meer volledig in hierdie artikel beskryf. Die genusse wat aan dié tribusse behoort word gelys en hulle verspreiding aangedui. ABSTRACT The plant family Asteraceae: 6. The subfamily Asteroideae. The tribes of the subfamily Asteroideae are described in this article. Genera belonging to the different tribes are listed and their distribution given. INLEIDING Tribus ANTHEMIDEAE Cass. Hierdie artikel is die laaste in die reeks oor die plantfamilie Verteenwoordigers van hierdie tribus is gewoonlik aromaties, Asteraceae.1-5 In die vorige artikel is die klassifikasie bokant byvoorbeeld Artemisia afra (wilde-als), Eriocephalus-soorte, familievlak asook die indeling van die familie Asteraceae in sub- Pentzia-soorte.4 Die feit dat hulle aromaties is, beteken dat hulle families en tribusse bespreek.5 Hierdie artikel handel oor die baie chemiese stowwe bevat. Hierdie stowwe word dikwels subfamilie Asteroideae van die familie Asteraceae, met ’n aangewend vir medisyne (Artemisia) of insekgif (Tanacetum).4 bespreking van die tribusse en die genusse wat aan die verskillende Verder is hulle blaartjies gewoonlik fyn verdeeld en selfs by dié tribusse behoort. Die ‘edelweiss’ wat in die musiekblyspel The met onverdeelde blaartjies, is die blaartjies klein en naaldvormig sound of music besing word, behoort aan die tribus Gnaphalieae (Erica-agtig). Die pappus bestaan gewoonlik uit vry of vergroeide van die subfamilie Asteroideae.
    [Show full text]