Runway Safety Initiative

Jim Burin Director of Technical Programs SafetSafetyy ParticipantsParticipants • EASA • Airbus • CANSO • Embraer • IFALPA • ACI • FAA/CAST • IATA • LVNL • ERA • Boeing • Eurocontrol • DGAC France • AAPA • Flight Safety Foundation • US NTSB • IFATCA • AEA • NLR * ALTA • Honeywell RSI Meetings

1. Initial RSI meeting in Amsterdam 7 and 8 Feb 2007

2. Meeting in Brussels 30 and 31 May 2007

3. Meeting in Toulouse 6 and 7 September 2007

4. Meeting in Miami 9 and 10 January 2008

5. Meeting at NTSB in Washington on 7 and 8 May 2008

6. Meeting at EASA in Cologne on 20 and 21 August 2008

7. Meting at Boeing in Seattle on 13 and 14 November Definition:

A Runway safety issue is any safety issue that deals with the runway environment (or any surface being used as a runway) and the areas immediately adjacent to it (e.g. overruns, high speed taxiways). Runway Safety Issues

• Runway Incursions

• Runway Excursions

• Runway Confusion ny occurrence at an aerodrome A

New ICAO Definition of Runway Incursion: “ involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.” 2007 runway safety events

- TAROM runway incursion accident (0 fatalities)

- S7 excursion report from MAK (126 fatalities)

- Garuda excursion in Indonesia (21 fatalities)

- TAM excursion (187 fatalities)

- Southwest Airlines Midway excursion report

- Air France A-340 Toronto excursion report Some 2008 Runway Safety Events

- Hewa Bora DC-9 excursion (3 Fatal)

- Kalitta B747 excursion (0 fatalities)

- TACA A-320 excursion (3 Fatal)

- Sudan Airways A-310 excursion (30 fatal)

- Continental excursion in Denver (0 fatalities)

- Several corporate aircraft fatal excursions 9 Source: Ascend Major Accidents Commercial Jets Runway 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2008 Excursion Date Operator Aircraft Location Phase Fatal 2 Januray Iran Air F-100 Tehran, Iran Takeoff 0 17 January British Airways B-777 London, England Landing 0 1 February LAB B-727 Trinidad, Bolovia Enroute 0 14 February Belavia CRJ-100 Yerevan, Armenia Takeoff 0 15 April* Hewa Bora Airways DC-9 Goma, DRC Takeoff 3 25 May* Kalitta Air B-747 Brussels, Belgium Takeoff 0 30 May* TACA A-320 Tegucigalpa, Honduras Landing 3 10 June* Sudan Airways A-310 Khartoum, Sudan Landing 29 30 June Ababeel Aviation IL-76 Khartoum, Sudan Takeoff 4 6 July USA Jet Airlines DC-9 Saltillo, Mexico Approach 1 7 July Kalitta Air B-747 Bogota, Colombia Takeoff 0 20 August Spanair MD-82 Madrid, Spain Takeoff 154 24 August Itek-Air B-737 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Approach 65 30 August Conviasa B-737 Toacaso, Ecuador Enroute 3 14 September Aeroflot Nord B-737 Perm, Russia Approach 88 22 September* ICARO F-28 Quito, Ecuador Takeoff 0 10 November Ryanair B-737 Rome, Italy Approach 0 27 November XL Airways Germany A-320 Perpignan, France Approach 7 20 December* Continental Arilines B-737 Denver, CO, USA Takeoff 0 Major Accidents Business Jets 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2008

Date Operator Aircraft Location Phase Fatal 1 February Symons Living Trust Citation I Agusta, Maine, USA Climb 2 18 February Avion Sales Citation III Venezuela Enroute 3 4 March Southwest Sports Clinic Citation I Oklahoma City, USA Takeoff 5 4 March Confort Vuela HS125-800 Monterrey, Mexico Landing 0 30 March Relton Muse Aviation Citation I London, UK Climb 5 12 June FAI Rent-A-Jet Lear 35 Kisangani, DRC Takeoff 0 30 July My Aviation Eclipse 500 West Chester, PA, USA Takeoff 0 31 July East Coast Jets Hawker 800 Owatonna, MN, USA Approach 8 18 August Corus Hardware Corp Citation I Santo Domingo, DR Climb 1 19 September Inter Travel and Svcs Lear 60 Colombia, SC, USA Takeoff 4 4 November Mexican Government Lear 45 Mexico City, Mexico Approach 9 7 December Tlaxcala State Government Lear 23 Tlaxcala, Mexico Approach 2

Source: Ascend 2008 Runway Safety Data

Total Accidents: 97 (44 Jet/53 TP: all Western and Eastern built commercial jet and turboprop aircraft, Major or substantial damage)

Total Incursion Accidents: 0

Total Confusion Accidents: 0

Total Excursion Accidents: 38 (39%) - 32 Fatalities Data Availability

• Runway Incursions - Good

• Runway Excursions - Good for Accidents and Incidents with Damage

• Runway Confusion - Limited (normally no damage, no injury, no loss of separation) 1977 - KLM / Pan Am

Los Rodeos Airport -Tenerife Canary Islands US Airways Runway Incursion Accident – Los Angeles: Controller cleared aircraft to land with another aircraft on the runway.

February 1991 SASSAS OctoberOctober 20012001

MilanMilan,, ItalItalyy Runway Incursions

• Part of the new breed of safety challenge - Not a lot of accidents -Numerous Incidents

• Basic Risk Management: Risk = (Probability) X (Severity)

The Players • Aircraft Manufacturers • Operators - Aircrews - Management • Airports • ATC • Regulators Airports • Airport Design • Lighting • Approach Aids (e.g. ILS, VASI, PAPI) • Runway Design (crown, grooved) • Runway markings and signage • Runway clearing/cleaning • Runway condition measurement • Runway End Safety Areas • Airport AARF ATC

• Stabilized Approach Assistance

• Pertinent and timely Information - Weather - Runway Condition

Runway Safety Products Catalog Runway Incursion:

Product Title Originator Type Product Target Audience 1. ICAO Runway Safety Toolkit ICAO CD and web Aircrew, Airports, ATM, Management 2. Runway and Surface Safety FAA CD and web Flight Instructors Pilot Examiners 3. Taxi 101 FAA CD and web Maintenance personnel

4. Runway Incursion Prevention FAA, ACI, CD and web Aircrew, Airports, ATM Program IATA, PAAST

5. European Action Plan for the Eurocontrol et al CD and web Aircrews, Airports, ATM Prevention of Runway Incursions Vehicle drivers

6. Runway Incursion CAST JSIT FAA (CAST) CD Aircrews, Airports, ATM Reports

7. FAA Runway Safety Website FAA Web site Aircrews, ATM, Vehicle Drivers 8. Enhanced Taxiway Centerline FAA CD and web Aircrews, ATM, Airports

9. AOPA Runway Safety Course FAA, AOPA Web site General Aviation Pilots

10. ALPA Runway Safety Course FAA, ALPA Web site Aircrews

11. ACI Airside Safety Handbook ACI Handbook Airports

12. Runway Safety: It’s Everybody’s FAA Handbook Pilots, Controllers Business

13. Pilot Guide to Runway Safety Sporty’s CD General Aviation Pilots Runway Safety Products Catalog

Runway Excursion

Product Title Originator Type Product Target Audience

1. ALAR Tool Kit Flight Safety Foundation CD Aircrews, ATM, Airports

2. Managing Threats and Errors Flight Safety Foundation Web Aircrews During Approach and Landing: How to avoid a Runway Overrun

3. Takeoff Safety Training Aid FAA CD and web Aircrews here) e applicabl (Many Runway Incursion Products may be ???????????

Runway Safety Products Catalog Runway Confusion: Runway Confusion Safety Data

Incursion Excursion Accident Data 1995 – 2008

Commercial Aircraft

(Substantial and Major Damage, Western and Eastern built Turbojets and Turboprops) Jets Turboprops Major Substantial Major Substantial 286 372 528 243 Total 658 771 1,429 Total Accidents Runway Safety Accident Data 1995 – 2008 1,429 Total Accidents

Number Percent of Total

Incursions: 10 (.7/year) .6%

Confusion: 4 (.3/year) .3%

Excursions: 417 (29.8/year) 29 % Runway Related Accidents 1995 through 2008

Confusion Incursion - Turbojet Turboprop

Excursion Excursion Turbojet Turboprop

Incursion Turboprop Confusion - Turbojet Commercial Transport Aircraft Runway Safety Data 1995 – 2008 Runway Excursion Data

• 36% of Jet accidents

• 24% of Turboprop accidents

• Turboprops have a higher risk of veer-offs Jets have a higher risk of overruns Business Jet Accidents 1991 - 2002

Total Accidents: 251 Excursions: 63

Excursion %: 25.1% 30 years of Taxiway and Runway Incursion / Confusion Accidents 1996 to 2007 Date Location Aircraft Type(s) Accident Fatalities / Estimated Loss Serious

27 Aug 2006 Lexington, KY, USA CRJ-100 Take off on short runway 49 F $147M + $15M = $162M total 26 3 Dec 2003 Denver, CO, USA SA-227 / SA-226 Taxi collision 0 $0M + $4M = $4M total 31 Oct 2001 Taipei, Taiwan B-747 / construction Runway collision 83 F + 71 S $250M + $66M = $316M total equipment 8 Oct 2001 Milan, Italy MD-87/ CJ-2 Runway collision 122 F + 71 S $366M + $35M = $401M total 25 May 2000 Paris, France MD-83 / Shorts 330 Runway collision 1 F $3M + $7M = $10M total 1997 Amsterdam, B-747 / grass cutter Taxiway collision 0 $0M + $3M = $3M total Netherlands 19 Nov 1996 Quincy, IL, USA Be-1900 / Be-490 Runway collision 14 F $42M + $12M = $54M total 269 Fatal $808M + $142M = $950M 142 Serious $95M/year Prior to 1996

Date Location Aircraft Type(s) Accident Fatalities / Estimated Loss Serious

2 Feb 1991 Los Angeles, CA, B-737 / Be-1900 Runway collision 34 F $150M USA 7 Dec 1983 Madrid, Spain B-727 / DC-9 Runway collision 93 F + 30 S $300M 11 Feb 1978 Cranbrook, BC, B-737 / snow plow Runway collision 42 F + 5 S $165M Canada 27 Mar 1977 Tenerife, Canary B-747 / B-747 Runway collision 583 F + 59 S $1800M Islands 752 Fatal $2,415M 94 Serious $120M/year $100M/year Due to Runway Incursions Three y ears of Run way Excursion Accidents 2005 to 2007 Date Loca tion Aircraft T ype(s) Accident Fatalities / Estimated Los s Serious

9 Nov 2007 Quito, Ecuador A34 0 Landed l ong & tai lwind $200 M 26 O ct 2007 Butuan, Phi lippines A32 0 Landed l ong $60M 16 S ep 2007 Phu ket, T hailand MD-82 Landed l ong & fast $20M 17 Jul 2007 Sao Paulo, B razil A32 0 Landed l ong 199 F + 11 S $602 M 17 Jul 2007 San ta Mar ia, EMB -190 Landed l ong $37M Columbia 7 Mar 2007 Yogyakarta, B73 7-400 Landed l ong & fast 23 F + 15 S $52M Indones ia 25 Dec 2006 Makassar, Indo nes ia B73 7-400 Landed l ong $15M 17 Nov 2006 Barr anqu illa, DC-10 Floated on w et runway $20M Columbia 10 O ct 2006 Stor d, Nor way BAe-146 Landed l ong $7M 3 O ct 2006 Tarakan, Ind onesi a B73 7-200 Landed l ong $15M 7 Sep 2006 Lagos, Ni geria B72 7 Landed l ong & fast $10M 9 Jul 2006 Irkutsk, Russia A31 0 Thrust reverser 131 F $70M 4 Jun 2006 Managua, Ni caragua DC-10 Landed l ong $15M 4 Mar 2006 Suraba ya, Indonesi a MD-82 Thrust reverser $15M 8 Dec 2005 Chicago, I L, US A B73 7-700 Late th rust reverser 1 F + 1 S $35M 2 Aug 2005 Toronto, Ca nada A34 0 Landed l ong & tai lwind 11 S $235 M 1 Jul y 2005 Chittago ng, DC-10 Unstable appr oach $25M Ban glades h 24 Jan 2005 Duss eldorf , Germany B74 7-200 Landed l ong & fast $60M 8 Jan 2005 Cali , Co lumbia MD-83 Landed l ong & fast $25M 354 Fatal $1,518 M 38 Serious $506M/ year $500M/year Due to Runway Excursions Runway Safety Fatality Data 1995 – 2008 1,429 Total Accidents (492 fatal accidents (33%))

Number of Fatal Accidents (Onboard Fatalities) Incursions: 5 (129)

Confusion: 2 (132)

Excursions: 34 (712) Fatal and Non-Fatal Runway Accidents by Type 1995 thru 2008

Fatal Runway Confusion Non-Fatal

Runway Incursion

Runway Excursion

0 50 100 150 200 250 3 00 350 4 00 450

Number of Accidents Runway Safety Observations

• Data shows we are being effective in preventing runway incursion accidents, but the number of incidents and severity still indicates a very high risk • Data shows runway excursions are the most common type of runway safety accident (96%) and the most common type of fatal runway safety accident (80%) • Severity of runway excursions dependent on: - Energy of aircraft when departing the runway - Airport layout, geography, and rescue capability Runway Safety Observations

• New procedures (e.g. Auckland, NZ) may be helpful in reducing the risk in some runway incursion and runway confusion situations – but not all

• In the case of runway confusion, many runway incursion interventions may be useful (e.g. moving map)

• In the case of runway excursions, a major risk reduction factor is flying a stabilized approach with landing in the touchdown zone Basics

- Stabilized approach with landing in touch down zone - Energy = Mass X V2

- Effect of reverse thrust is significantly greater on a contaminated runway

- Calculations and rules are important, but so is adhering to the conditions used to calculate them: * e.g. abort past V1 * Land long, land fast The Way Forward

RSI Steering Team

Runway Runway Incursions Excursions Support and Promote Lead the effort to reduce the many current the risk of excursions efforts * Establish data team to determine * ICAO definition highest risk areas and develop * Global Data Base interventions * Publish interventions and best practices, e.g. - Stabilized approaches - No-fault go around policy - Contaminated runway data Basic Plan

• 3 Critical Items for success: 1. Identify high risk areas (with data) 2. Develop interventions to reduce the risk in the highest risk areas 3. Get information out internationally * On a regionally tailored basis * In a user friendly format Global Plan to Reduce the Risk of Runway Excursions

FSF Goal: Make Aviation Safer by reducing the Risk of an Accident