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UDC No.3 p 8-12

Lythologically, the lower border of the Mineral and Thermal Waters of second zone is a real mosaic of pre-Pan- nonian forms. Its greatest power is in the Srem, Present and Prospective northeast parts where it reaches 1500 m, and decreases towards south where it reaches only 800 m in Srem. The total Usage mineralization ranges from 4g/l to 20g/l with the presence of NaCl which varies from 1,5 to 12,0 g/l. Depending on the Tomić, P.* depth of the collectors the water tem- Romelić, J.** perature varies from 60 to 80°C, some- times even up to 90°C and rarely up to 100 or 120°C. Abstract Geological and Hydro- The third zone consists of Tortonian According to the opinion of competent Geological Properties of the and sarmatske sediments, pre-Tortoni- experts, a part of Srem south from the Terrain and Properties of an and Tertiary sediments. Here we can Fruška gora (along the Sava basin from find the strongest mineralization with 40 Obrenovac to [abac and Mačva) repre- Thermal and MineralWaters g/l. The percentage of salt NaCl is 80-90 sents one of the most prosperous regions The investigation of oil, gas and geother- % in total mineralization. The temper- for intensive exploitation and usage of mal energy across Vojvodina and in Srem ature of the water in the entire zone geothermal waters. Consequently, the wa- (south-west parts of Vojvodina, between is over 100 degrees Celsius, and in the ters of Srem are part of a unique hydro- the rivers Danube to the north and east deepest parts regular temperature even thermal system of larger proportions. In and Sava to the south), especially, near goes up to 150°C (Protić, 1995). this paper, we have analyzed basic charac- Adaševac and Voganj has shown that we According to the available data, twen- teristics of mineral and thermal waters of can vertically (from top to bottom) sepa- ty-seven negative gas and oil bores have Srem. We have also determined the sites rate three deep zones depending on his- been studied in Vojvodina so far, from that have the largest resources and estab- torical and geological conditions: in the the aspect of the usage of thermal and lished the rate of their usage in terms first zone there are quaternary, paludin- mineral waters. All of them are situated of medical, balneological and recreational ske i gornjopontijske sediments, creat- in Bačka and Banat. In Srem there are purposes.We have suggested how to make ed in fresh water regime; in the second eight sites of thermal and mineral wa- improvements in the most frequently vis- there are donjopontijski and Pannonian ters - Vrdnik, Stari Slankamen, Ljuba ited centers, such as Vrdnik and Stari sediments, created in brackish water re- and Staro Hopovo Monastery (old sites), Slankamen. We have justified the state- gime; and in the third there are Pre- Kupinovo, Inđija, Buđanovci and Srems- ment that most other springs can be used Pannonian sediments, created in marine ka Mitrovica (new sites). Although Vrd- only as individual segments of otherwise water regime. In accordance to the zonal nik, Stari Slankamen and Ljuba are natu- vast tourist offer of the Fruška gora or genetic character of the layers, the quan- ral thermal waters, the facilities used are the entire Srem. Apart from usage of titative changes of physical and chem- manmade and natural springs have been the waters for tourist reasons, we have ical properties of underground waters abandoned. The thermal waters of Staro explained the possibilities of using the are also prominent in the same direction Hopovo are completely natural without discovered and potential waters for agri- (Aksin et al, 1976; Aksin et al, 1984). any intervention done by men. Other culture, aquaculture, heating, as techni- Lythologically, the lower border of the waters are results of deep bores. cal water in agriculture etc. first zone consists of non-porous sedi- ments of lower PONT. The power of the Key words: Srem, thermal and mineral zone is heterogeneous. It is the great- Thermal and Mineral Water waters, medical and balneological tourism, est in the northern Vojvodina, where the of Vrdnik and recreational tourism. thickness of the sediments is up to 2000 Vrdnik, a picturesque settlement in m. The total mineralization of water is Fruška gora, is situated at the 200 m increased proportionally to the depth of above-sea level on the slopes of the Vrd- the subsiding sediments and it ranges nik basin, only 34 km from Novi Sad. In from 1g/l in the shallowest layers to 1996, it received a status of a spa resort 9,0g/l in the deepest ones. The first zone because of its mineral water. The source has got heterogeneous temperature of of the mineral water is in the valley of water in general, which can be divided the Vrdnik brook, upstream from the old into three series. The depth of the first Vrdnik colony. It was discovered by acci- series is 300-700m and its temperature dent in 1953. In 1955, the Hygiene Insti- varies from 25 to 40°C; the second series tute of Sremska Mitrovica has performed * Pavle Tomić, Institut za geografiju, PMF, occurs on the depth from 700 to 1700 m capture. However, the source has been 2 Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, 21000 Novi and has got temperature from 40 to 60°C operating with interruptions. The maxi- 2 Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 and the third series is on the depths of mal effusion gives 50 l/min. The water ** Jovan Romelić, Institut za geografiju, PMF, 1300 to 1500 m and has water tempera- temperature is 15.5°C. The water is clear, 2 Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, 21000 Novi tures ranging from 65 to 70 degrees Cel- acid and has weak odour of sulphur hy- 2 Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 sius. drogen. 8 p z c Romelić, J. Tomić, P. The thermal and mineral water that established the present features of this spa resort appeared completly acciden- tally in the southern shaft of the coal mine near Vrdnik. According to Milojević (1968) and Čučulić (1961) and the ar- chives of the coal mine near Vrdnik, the southern shaft at the 245.22 m reached up 28.8 m. On that very point the water began to spring out and after several at- tempts to stop this, on Octber 5th 1931 at the same fourth horizon and at 29th metre of the eastern hall there was a major out- break of water. The lime-stone was cut into this depth, which represented a great underwatrer static reservoir. The mine soon became flooded and water level was at about 22 m below the terrain. The water has temperature of 30.7°C, it is clear, colourless, tasteless, and has Vrdnik spa H2S odour. It has been mineralized and according to the O. Alekin’s classification Srem and becomes a center of national contraindications and corresponding fa- it can be classified as hydrocarbon sul- importance. cilities for treatment and rehabilitation. phate water belonging to sodium-magni- One of the major disadvantages of the The spa’s main function is medical sium group. spa is disadvantageous tourist and geo- and we can expect the greatest influx of According to Petrović et al (1973), graphic location. It is situated far away money from it. That is why in 1981 they warm water of Vrdnik feeds itself from from major railroads (10 km from Novi started a new therapeutical section that deep karst retentions. Its regime is con- Sad-Ruma road), and the quality of the is a basis of future medical center. I con- ditioned by the system of inner canals local road is relatively low. Therefore its sists of: surgery and reception with pa- which go below 300 m. Unlike other position can be made better only by the tient files, room for physiotherapy, room karst sources the karst-thermal spring reconstructing local road according to for acupuncture, ten compartments for in Vrdnik has extremely optimal abun- modern standards. electrotherapy, three compartments for dance. This can be explained by the First facilities consisting of three paraffin therapy and rooms for X-rays. widely-spread canals and reservoirs fed swimming pools: 36x12 m, 14x8 m and Thermal water is used in three special from great retention reservoirs. 10x2 m, were built in 1932 for medical bathtubs for underwater massage, walk- Present And Future Usage - In ad- and recreational purposes. The next big- ing pool and pool of 5x6 m. Next to dition to thermal and mineral waters on ger event was only in 1973 when the them are rooms for patients’ relaxation this site, which were a basis for creating first Olympic pool was built with the im- and saunas. The buildings are connected a balneological center, there are numer- provised therapeutical center. with heated halls. Around this complex, ous natural and anthropogenic factors. The water from the North shaft was there are terraces for sunbathing, park- The natural values include: microclimat- directed to another basin by system of ing lots, sports grounds, campsite and ic features with characteristics of air spa, underground plumbs, so today it is used bungalows. good-quality and well-preserved woods for recreation and bathing. For balneo- Tourist and catering company Fruška and mountain meadows overgrown with logical purposes, the water is used with- gora has once done many in terms of infra- meadow plants, important recreational, in Vrdnik spa. Medical indications are: structure, such as: adequate electric instal- esthetic and attractive features, wild life 1. Chronic and inflammatory rheumatism lation, plumbing, heating with boiler room which, according to the status of nation- (chronic polyarthritis, Bahterel disease) and filter stations. They have also built al parks, provides the development of 2. Extraarticulatory rheumatism (fibrio- internal system of roads, central change highly selective hunting and photo-safa- sitis, miositis, panniculitis). rooms for swimmers in outdoor pools and ri tourism. In the immediate and further 3. Degenerative rheumatism (arthrosis, chemist’s shops open to public. away surroundings, there is a number of spondilosis) The primary reception has been done anthropogenic values, such as: the Rav- Another source of thermal mineral in Hotel Termal, built in 1979, with ca- anica monastery, the Vrdnik Tower dat- water called Kisela can be used for med- pacity of 47 beds in single and double ing from the 3rd century when Romans ical purposes as an additional healer with rooms and one suite. The dining area were there, smaller archeological sites, the following chronic diseases: chronic consists of a restaurant, a roofed over and Vrdnik town which has its own tour- stomach diseases, ulcer, post operation terrace with 1000 seats and aperitif bar. ist qualities. Apart from its tourist attrac- conditions, etc. In 1980 an annex was built with 116 beds tiveness, it has receptive, communica- The existing thermal mineral waters in single and double and suites. This part tive, infrastructural and superstructural in addition to complementary values, i.e. has got two indoor swimming pools - one bases which enable the transformation the total attractiveness of the area repre- 45x42 m and the other 22x15 m. The of this place into medical-balneological sent a basis for the development of this hotel also includes a congress hall with and recreational center. The resources balneological center. Bigger and more 600 seats. The hall can be divided in upon which this center is based have various offer, specially for the demands three parts for business meetings, sci- high value and therefore if the recon- of medical tourism indicate further re- entific and professional gatherings and struction continues it will fulfil the op- search of the thermal and mineral water receptions or celebrations. The aim of portunity to go beyond the borders of reserves, establishing indications and building this place was to offer wider 9 p z c

range of facilities off-season and to insti- the water contained CH4 and CO1 gases. The following treatments are used: gate the development of extremely prof- In 1952 and 1953, six new wells were kinesatherapy, working therapy and hy- itable congress tourism. dug up. Mineral water was obtained only drotherapy (in the swimming pool for Along the edge of the valley there from the C-5 well. According the the in-patients and in 15 bathtubs for out- are private holiday houses for relaxation initial analysis, mineral water belongs patients. Considering the properties of and recreation. The town planing pre- to saline Iodine waters of Chloride and water it has been indicated that the cen- dicts another 600 of such houses. There Natrium type with mineralization of 6, ter should further specialize in the treat- are possibilities of accommodating visi- 852g/l. ment of hemiplegic diseases, which sug- tors in private homes as well. The con- The origin of the mineral water gests further reconstruction and adapta- veniences satisfy tourist need. (Milojević and Spirić, 1964) is explained tion of the existing facilities that can be Natural amenities with many attrac- by the metamorphosis of the fossil sea- used for that purpose. tive features have enabled the devel- water with infiltration waters. It origi- The surroundings offers cultural and opment of numerous facilities in infra- nates from the strata of Second Mediter- historical amenities, such as the remains structure. More general infrastructure ranean, which contain salt water in the of a city dating from the Middle Ages includes arranged green areas of 4,973 entire Vojvodina and are part of struc- situated on the site of the ancient city ha divided into two parks. One is in the ture which are rich in oil and gas. Acumincum (2nd century), Saint Nico- center of Vrdnik and the other is a part Present and Prospective Usage - las Church with frescoes from the 15th of medical - recreational center. According to Laškov (1984) the mineral century, a monument commemorating So far holiday visitors have had prior- source called Slanača in Stari Slanka- Serbian and Austrian victory over Turks ity to resident ones. Generally attractive men, which nowadays is a shallow dug from 1861, etc. base off Vrdnik and its surroundings has well, was found in 17th century by the Reception buildings have been degrad- enabled the development of the following Turks. In description of Slankamen from ed in comparison to the situation in the types of tourism: congress, event, coun- 1702, the following is mentioned: “a well 1960s when they consisted of three ho- try, hunting and selective types which built Turkish spa and a spring that pro- tels and restaurants. On of the reasons is are results of a tourist need to be in pro- duces salt healing water”. the treatment of Stari Slankamen exclu- tected nature. Thermal and mineral water and the ac- sively as a medical center. Hotels have Evaluation of necessary factors for the companying health center are a basis for lost their status and gained characteristics development of tourism in Vrdnik shows the possibilities of maximal consumption of stationary centers with accommoda- that the greatest importance has been given of natural and anthropogenic tourist re- tion, food and beverage services only for

Mineral and Thermal Waters of Srem, Present and Prospective Usage and Prospective Present of Srem, Waters Thermal Mineral and to natural tourist values while the receptive sources, for building material basis and patients. Later on, an Institution for Neu- base has been relatively neglected. There- activating organizational factors, in order rological Diseases Dr Borivoje Gnjatić fore, above all, the following should be done: to enrich tourist offer. Thus we can cre- has been built as part of an Institute of renovation of receptive tourist area (hotels ate a medical and balneological center but physical medicine and rehabilitation, Ser- and restaurants), infrastructure (roads sys- also a sports and recreational center. bia. The Institution is situated in a build- tem and accompanying facilities, sports fa- By establishing the non-existing pas- ing with modern facilities on the left bank cilities, etc.), superstructure (facilities for senger traffic on the Yugoslav part of the of the Danube. According to its exterior organized cultural, entertaining and sports Danube we could reactivate the possi- and Interior it has characteristics of a events, service companies, etc. In addition, bilities for reaching the spa by river as hotel establishment, which has a positive the following assignments should be realize: it used to be before. This location sat- psychological influence on patients, be- improve certain aspects of tourist offer, cre- isfies the criteria for nautical center - cause they have a feeling of being in a ate tourist programs selectively, i.e. adjust convenient tourist and geographic loca- hotel and not in hospital. them to clients which come for medical rea- tion, natural, cultural and historical ame- For this site, Laškov often states that sons and the ones which are not interested nities, closeness to disperse center with it represents the most attractive part of in the medical part of the center, organize developed types of tourist demand, sat- the Danube from Novi Sad to Djerdap. new events and promote the existing ones isfactory ecological criteria, etc. This should certainly be taken into ac- in a better way, create new and more ag- Thermal and mineral waters with count, above all, in order to optimize the gressive marketing presentation and estab- their thermal and chemical properties usage of thermal and mineral waters as lish local tourist organization. have healing features and therefore we a unique tourist resource, and for devel- should rebuilt, reconstruct and construct opment of medical and recreational and new segments of material base, which cultural movement. Thermal and Mineral Water will enable optimal functioning of medi- Microclimatic conditions are more of Stari Slankamen cal and balneological tourism. suitable than the rest of lower parts of Stari Slankamen has been built at the Thermal and mineral water of Stari Vojvodina (100). On one hand, it is be- north-eastern part of Fruška Gora, just Slankamen is today used as part of cause of forest area, and on the other under the high loess cleavage near the the treatment as the Institute of phys- because of water mass of the Danube. right bank of the Danube. It is connect- ical medicine and rehabilitation, Bel- The experts also estimated that patients ed by local road (9 km) with internation- grade. This building has characteristics benefit from the airflow in the river val- al highway Belgrade-Novi Sad- Horgoš, of a medical center, i.e. the Institute ley during the unpleasant summer drafts Hungarian border, and via Novi Karlovci for prevention, treatment and rehabili- in the lowland. What is also convenient with Indjija (19 km) and international tation of neurological diseases, special- for the development of medical and bal- highwaa E-5. As it has been mentioned, izing in treatment of central paralysis neological tourism is the location of this the spa has been famous since Turkish (hemiplegia and paraplegia). They also area in the harmonious natural surround- period. The first scientific analysis was treat post-traumatic and post-operation- ings, which has sedative effect on men. done in 1899 and repeated in 1922. Tne al conditions. Iodine muriatic water is General conditions for the develop- analysis was done in the old well, which also used for treatment of various rheu- ment of spa tourism are good, but they is still used today. It was esablished that matic diseases, lumbago etc. need modernization of hotels, facilities 10 p z c Romelić, J. Tomić, P. for therapy, infrastructure and super- tract zones are Novi Sad, Sremska Mitro- communities in alluvial plain near Save. structure, and bigger involvement of or- vica and Ruma. A general survey shows In addition, free individual and group vis- ganizational factors. that thermal and mineral springs of Ljuba its to a museum, which could contain ar- Nautical reception facilities, such as should be included in recreational seg- chives about Obedska bara and objects of ports, should be built for nautical tour- ments of tourist offer of Fruška gora. archeological character, ethnopark, and ism. Technical requirements are satis- also presentations of specific geographi- fied since in the 1960s there was a port cal environment. in this area with great circulation of lin- Thermal and MineralWate of ers, one of the reasons being nearness Kupinovo of the Tisa and Danube estuary. Kupinovo, a peaceful village in Srem, has Thermal and Mineral Water Since this center awaits further devel- been built at its far north, near the left NearStaro Hopovo Monastery opment, there is a possibility to separate bank of Sava. In 1972, there was built a Hot spring near Staro Hopovo monastery part of the area for medical tourism and well 450 m in depth for the local water is within the bed of Lipov potok (Lipa’s the one aimed at visitors coming because supply. During the drilling on 351-358 m Brook) 200 m from the monastery. The of recreational reasons. This creates op- hot watter apeared with 38°Celsius and spring is situated on the contact of Paleo- portunities to satisfy individual features total mineralization of 1,0 g/l. Productiv- zoic slate and magmatic rocks. Productiv- 0 of these forms of tourism which are con- ity was 3,51 l/s. Water was of the HCO3 ity is 0,3 l/s, water temperature 18,5 C. tradictory and whose interaction can be - SO4 type (Dimitrijević, 1975). Water belongs to HC3, SO4 - Mg, Na, con- counterproductive. Separate area would Present and Prospective Usage - taining free H2S up to 3,5 mg/l (Petrović et include the usage of thermal and mineral Balneological investigation was done in al, 1973). Water is used only by local popu- water for building indoors Olympic swim- 1987 and it was established that the lation. It is thought it has healing effects. It ming pool, but also a beach near the water can be used as a part of the bal- is certain that this area is very interesting Danube, sports and recreational ground, neological and therapeutical rehabilita- because its geologic structure and geomor- parks, walking areas, with various ameni- tion and bathing if cooled to a required phologic forms and it needs detailed scien- ties, service for sports and tourist activi- temperature for the following: locomo- tific and professional investigation. It would ties, cultural public places, etc. tive apparatus, fractures and surgical op- be no surprise if there would be found an- Fishing and angling have long tradi- eration of the skeleton system. other important thermal and mineral site tion in this area. If this part of tourist In 1985 they made another well for in Vojvodina. Only after this investigation offer is enriched by adaptation and build- the geothermal needs, maximal depth is performed we can talk about possible ing of infrastructure and superstructure 644 m. At that time they found Triassic usage of the waters. it will enable offering a selection of fish- lime stone. Water temperature was 510 ing and angling equipment. C, and productivity 25 l/s. Absolute age of the water, according Other Perspective Sites of to the isotopic investigation of samples Thermal and Mineral Water Thermal and Mineral Water was 8000 (plus-minus 200 years). Radio- During the investigations of oil, gas and of Ljuba active content is low: Rn-4, 1 Bq/l, Ra- geothermal energy on several locations Ljuba is a small settlement in Fruška 0,09 Bq/l, U-0, 0001 mg/l (Protić, 1995). in Srem, there have been found thermal gora located in its western part, 36 km Usage of geothermal waters near Ku- waters with good perspectives. In Ind- from Novi Sad. Its geografic position pinovo for medical and balneological or jija a well was built in 1989 going down is excentric along the border with Cro- sports and recreational purposes should to 750 m. On the depth of 635 m, hot atia. The spring Banja is in a smaller be analyzed in context of their tourist water of 62°C was found with capacity stone pit where lime stone has been location, i.e. according to its immediate of 0,5 l/s. In Budjanovci water was found exploited. Thermal waters have always nearness to such natural tourist values, on 440 m, temperate 35°C, in Sremska been known of (Kochu, 1896) and even such as; Obedska bara, river Sava and an- Mitrovica on 400 m, temperature 27°C in Turkish times ther was a spa near thropogenic values - mainly ethnographic and the second round of drilling in Srem Ljuba. and archeological sites. Considering the discovered significant amounts of ther- Old springs form Turkish period have attractiveness of these amenities, it is mal and mineral water. been abandoned. Productivity fluctuates possible to use geothermal water in ad- and ranges from 3 to 6 L/s. According to dition to them and thus create relatively Other Possible Forms of the above table water is HCO3 - Ca, Mg rich and various tourist offers. It is nec- type, total mineralization 0,73 g/l. Ra- essary to develop tourist reception and Usage dioactivity is minimal and is as follows: communication areas. Consequently this Apart from the above mention usage which Rn2, 84Bq/l, Ra-o,12 Bq/l,U-0,001 mg/l. area should gain better possibilities for are most completely realized in Institutions Present and Future Usage - The tourist activation in comparison to earlier for medical rehabilitation Termal Vrdnik thermal and mineral waters can be used and present conditions which are charac- and Stari Slankamen, it is possible to use if swimming pool is built mainly for rec- terized by partial and bad quality offer. these waters in different ways. reational purposes as a part of the sur- The offer should be a system of Usage in Agriculture - Depending roundings which have two lake accu- events, processes and connections typ- on the capacity of the wells, their tem- mulations near Erdevik and Berkasovo. ical for tourism in protective nature perature, chemical content, it is needed It is situated close to the borders of a (Obedska bra), medical and balneologi- to determine potential users. The ex- national park wit recreational, esthetic cal tourism (smaller health center with perimental centers should be organized and extraordinary tourist values. Com- facilities for treatments in thermal and and according to the obtained results, it plementary to these values are monas- mineral waters and accompanying equip- is possible to suggest the development teries Djipša and Berkasovo. The nar- ment), recreational tourism (indoor and of programs to exploit the water. Ac- rowest contract zone of this location is outdoor pools) and because of geother- cordingly, the production of certain plant, [id, while in the daily and weekend con- mal waters fishing tourism based on plant especially vegetables in green houses 11 p z c

and farms should be grouped around cer- from the area of Mačva where there is a Janković, Z., Belić, S. (1996): Mogućnost tain sites. This type of usage in Srem, double system with Geothermal Heating korišćenja geotermalnih voda u Vojvo- which is an agricultural area with great Company in Bogatić. In addition to this dini, Ecologica, Mineralne, termalne i reserves of thermal and mineral water, town, this kind of heating can be provided izvorske vode, istraživanje, primena, opens vas possibilities and a number for [abac and Loznica. Water temperature zaštita. Zbornik referata i zaključaka I of competent experts claim that these in the heating system should be maintained Nučcno-stručnog skupa (Aranđelovac, possibilities overcome other Pannonian on the 65/45°C level. Second step is to use 1996), Udruženje proizvođača miner- parts of Yugoslavia. side products of heating with temperature alnih voda Jugoslavije, DD, Beograd, For agriculture, it is possible to use lowered on 45 - 50°C. It would be trans- strana 269-274. waters of lowest mineralization, because ported through plumbing system and used Laškov, M. (1982): Banjski turizam SAP of eventual possibilities of inconvenient for heating greenhouses, farms, sports and Vojvodine, Prirodno-metematički fa- influence of large amounts of salt to arid recreational swimming pools and aquacul- kultet, Institut za geografiju, Novi soil, etc. For optimal growth of plants, dur- ture. It is believed that in this phase the Sad. ing irrigation, the water should be from temperature would be lowered from 45° to Milivojević, M., Martinović, M. (1996): 20 to 30°C. In order to achieve this tem- 15°C and would continue to flow through Korišćenje geotermalnih resursa u perature, thermal water should be 30 or another system of plumbs to the injection svetu, Ecologica, Mineralne, termalne 40°C when springing out because when well where it would be absorbed into the i izvorske vode, istraživanje, primena, it comes in contact with soil its temper- soil and reheated (Milivojević et al, 1996). zaštita. Zbornik referata i zaključaka I ature will decrease in about 10°. At the To fulfil this project, especially for Srem- Nučno-stručnog skupa (Aranđelovac, same time it is necessary to say that the ska Mitrovica, it would be more important 1996), Udruženje pro-izvođača miner- lowest content of mineralization is pres- to establish the existence of such waters alnih voda Jugoslavije, DD, Beograd, ent in the waters of the South Srem and at the south of Srem. Usage of geothermal strana 147-169. they are the best for massive usage in ag- energy is important from the ecological as- Milivojević, M. i drugi (1996): Idejno riculture. pect because it would decrease the pollu- rešenje kompleksnog integralnog ko- Ideal green houses need to be heat- tion of this town, which is famous for hav- rišćenja geotermalnih resursa Mačve, ed with geothermal water. This is the ing big polluters of the environment, such Ecologica, Mineralne, termalne i iz- most usual way of growing tomatoes, cu- as a factory for manufacturing of woods and vorske vode, istraživanje, primena, za- cumbers, and other vegetable and flower production of cellulose Matroz. štita. Zbornik referata i zaključaka I species such as peppers, melons, water- Experts evaluation shows that it Nučno-stručnog skupa (Aranđelovac,

Mineral and Thermal Waters of Srem, Present and Prospective Usage and Prospective Present of Srem, Waters Thermal Mineral and melons, green salads, chrysanthemum would be possible to solve specific prob- 1996), Udruženje proizvođača miner- and for growing seedlings. In this situa- lem during the construction of this sys- alnih voda Jugoslavije, DD, Beograd, tion we can apply so called multiple cas- tem, and that the project could be real- strana 305-311. cade usage which means the water is ized with local experts and technology. Milojević, N. (1952): Prilog za poznavan- used for heating the greenhouses with Another possibility is the usage of je hidroloških prilika u Starom Slanka- cucumbers and tomatoes and then is geothermal water in seeds industry for menu, Geološki anali Balkanskog po- taken through the system of plumbs to drying seeds after harvest, drying heal- luostrva, Beograd. the open area with different vegetables ing plants, fruit, vegetables in cattle rais- Milojević, N. (1976): Hidrologija Fruške (Milivojević, Martinović, 1996). ing for the heating of stables, as techno- gore sa hidrogeološkom kartom, Vode Aquaculture involves breeding water logical water in agriculture, etc. Vojvodine, Godišnjak pokrajinskog fo- organisms in regulate environment in order nda voda, br. 4. Novi Sad to increase productivity. The most usual Milojević, N. i drugi (1968): Uticaj si- species are catfish, perch and sturgeon. References fonalne cirkulacije u proces karstifi- Temperature of water in such fishpond de- Aksin, V. i drugi (1976): Mineralne i ter- kacije u vrdničkom basenu, SAN-u pends on the type of fish. For aquaculture malne vode Vojvodine i mogućnosti Cvijićev zbornik, Odeljenje za prirop- geothermal water is more important than korišćenja, Fond “Naftagasa”, I i II deo, dne nauke, Beograd. for cattle raising because water organisms Novi Sad. Milojević, N., Spirić, J. (1963): Hidro- are more sensitive on the changes of water Aksin, V. i drugi (1984): Neki vidovi hemijske karkteristike i hidrohemi- temperature than continental animals. If we korišćenja geotermalne energije u SAP jski režimi podzemnih voda u Vojvo- use waters of optimal temperatures their Vojvodini, Zbornik radova VIII jugo- dini, Zbornik Matice srpske, serija za productivity will be higher. slovenskog simpozijuma o hidro-logiji, prirodne nauke, sv. 25, Novi Sad. For heating indoors, we can have i inžinjerskoj geologiji, Budva. Petrović, J. i drugi (1973): Vode Fruške classical system of heating if we use water Bogdanović, Ž. (1982): Hidrološki prob- gore, Posebno izdanje Matice srpske, whose temperature is between 75 and lemi Srema, Doktorska disertacija Pri- Novi Sad. 90°C. Water whose temperature is 50-70° rodno-matematički fakultet, Institut Protić, D. (1995): Mineralne i termalne is used in the system of floor, air and com- za geografiju, Novi Sad. vode Srbije, Geoinstitut, Posebno iz- bined heating; temperature between 40 Čičulić, M. (1961): Razvoj vrdničkog uglje- danje, Knj. 17, Beograd. and 60° can be used in hot pumps, which nog basena, Vesnik, Zavod za geološka Stojšić, M. (1968): Pojava suvišnih unu- requires further expenses for waters that i geofizička istraživanja, knj. XIX, seri- trašnjih voda u ravničarskom delu Voj- cannot be used directly. This is the most ja A, Beograd. vodine, Vodoprivredni glasnik NR Srbi- frequent type of water in Srem (Janković, Dimitrijević, N. (1975): Gasovi u podzem- je, Sv. 51-54, Novi Sad. Belić, 1996). Its chemical content has to nim vodama s posebnim osvrtom na nji- Tomić, P. (1977): Vodosnabdevanje sta- be convenient, i.e. should not have nega- hovo prisustvo u mineralnim vodama novništva i industrije u SAP Vojvodini, tive effects on the distribution system. Srbije, Zbornik Rudarsko-geološkog Doktorska disertacija, manuscript. The best possibilities for installing such fakuleta u Beogradu, Posebno izdanje, heating system are in Sremska Mitrovica knj.3, Beograd.

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