Molecular Systematics of Red Algae. Jeffrey Craig Bailey Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1996 Molecular Systematics of Red Algae. Jeffrey Craig Bailey Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Bailey, Jeffrey Craig, "Molecular Systematics of Red Algae." (1996). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 6316. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6316 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. 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MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS OF RED ALGAE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Plant Biology By Jeffrey Craig Bailey B.S., The University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 1990 M.A., Tho College of William and Mary, 1992 December 1996 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 9720330 UMI Microform 9720330 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My graduate advisor, Dr. Russell L. Chapman, is gratefully acknowledged for his guidance and support during the course of these studies. For critcal reviews of the manuscript I thank the members of my graduate committee: Dr. Meredith M. Blackwell, Dr. Mark S. Hafner, Dr. David J. Longstreth, Dr. Lowell E. Urbatsch, and Dr. Bradley C. Venuto. Dr. Blackwell is especially acknowledged for her encouragement and the interest taken in my studies. Special thanks are due Dr. William J. Woelkerling who freely shared his immense knowledge of the coralline algae, critically reviewed several manuscripts, and for his hospitality during my stay in Australia. Dr. Kevin G. Jones is thanked for his expert technical assistance. I am indebted to the following persons for helpful discussions of red algal biology and systematics: Dr. Sharon T. Broadwater, Dr. D. Wilson Freshwater, Dr. David J. Garbary, Dr. Max H. Hommersand, Dr. Curt M. Pueschel, Dr. Gary W. Saunders, and Dr. Joe L. Scott. Wilson Freshwater and Gary Saunders are especially thanked for their support, collaboration, and continued friendship. Research and travel was generously supported by the National Science Foundation, Louisiana Educational Quality Support Fund, Phycological Society of America, Sigma Xi Scientific Research Society, and the Department of Plant Biology at Louisiana State University. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................... vi ABSTRACT......................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW...................... 1 SYSTEMATICS OF THE RHODOPHYTA......................... 2 History.................................................................. 2 The early era ......................................................... 2 The modern era ..................................................... 7 Ultrastructure ......................................................... 8 Molecular systematics ............................................ 13 Classification......................................................... 20 BIOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE CORALLINALES............................................................. 23 Vegetative morphology ........................................... 23 Reproduction ......................................................... 31 Ecology................................................................. 40 Fossil corallines ..................................................... 44 Taxonomic history and circumscription of the Corallinales .............................................. 45 Coralline systematics ............................................. 49 2 PHYLOGENY OF THE CORALLINALES BASED ON ANALYSIS OF SSU GENE SEQUENCES...................... 55 Introduction........................................................... 56 Materials and Methods .......................................... 60 Taxon sampling.......................................... 60 DNA extraction ........................................... 60 PCR amplification and sequencing of SSU genes .......................................... 63 Sequence alignment and data analysis.................................................. 64 Results ................................................................ 66 Discussion........................................................... 74 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Sporolithaceae ............................................ 74 Melobesioicieae ........................................... 75 Corallinoideae ............................................. 79 Mastophoroideae, Metagonioiithoideae, Lithophylloideae, and Amphiroideae 81 Higher-level systematics of the Corallinales ............................................. 83 Summary.............................................................. 87 3 EVOLUTION OF PIT PLUG-ASSOCIATED FEATURES AND A RE-EVALUATION OF PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE FLORIDEOPHY- CIDAEAN ORDERS OF RED ALGAE................................... 89 Introduction ............................................................ 90 Materials and Methods ........................................... 93 Results .................................................................. 98 Discussion............................................................. 102 4 GENERAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......................... 108 REFERENCES..................................................................................... 114 APPENDIX A PERMISSION FOR REPRODUCTION OF DRAWINGS USED IN FIGURES 1.3 AND 1.4........................................... 140 B COLLECTION INFORMATION FOR CORALLINE SPECIES............................................................................ 143 C MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AND CHARACTER STATES FOR THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF CORALLINE ALGAE............................................................. 145 VITA.................................................................................................... 147 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1.1 Distribution of pit plug-associated features among the orders of red algae ............................................................. 12 1.2 Classification of the red algae ........................................................ 22 1.3 Suprageneric classification schemes devised for coralline algae since 1950 ........................................................ 51 1.4 Intraordinal classification of the Corallinales according to Cabioch (1972,1988) ........................................................... 52 1.5 intraordinal classification of the Corallinales according to Johansen (1981) and Harvey and Woelkerling (1995) ............ 54 2.1