CEU eTD Collection The democratic theory application of political developmentaland approaches to In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of the Master of Arts democratization process of Georgia (1992-2008) CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY Department of Political Science Political of Department Central European University Central European Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Petre Nebieridze Petre Submitted to Submitted Zsolt Enyedi Supervisors Kate CoyerKate 2010 CEU eTD Collection democratization. rapid Georgia,in of terms to incountries similar assistance of democratic of approach political its decaying.facilitated society civil and NGO’s In success addition that, to this research proved important role in political life. However, after revolution rapid played outflowthey of professionals professionals, active of in form from recourses and aim both had society civil When it. achieve to recourses aim and have clear should society civil are that revolution after decaying facilitated revolution.after that such developmentof Factors itssurprising andcivil society slowly decay to started and NGO’s society civil 2003, until in processes democratic participation democratic development of Georgia. Puzzle here is that despite active development and to find out what were major changes within civil society and NGO’s and their role in 16 years of to case of Georgia and examine findings of past democratic development. Major findings will be ofGeorgia. toongoing transition important very is was and Institute Democratic National foundation, society Open like organizations different and Their were,areandfacilitators probablystay States will United Europe. through assistance of anddemocracy facilitators main Georgia, promoters Post-Soviet of case in In general. western society to bringcloser them and of process in transition complicated states independent andStates Union European focused space.help on Theiraimwas Post-Soviet newto those to westerndemocracy Afterpromoters. fallthe of Sovietthe Union aidprovidersthis United This thesis tries to apply two theories of democratic assistance political and developmental political assistance theories democraticapply of two to tries thesis This Promotion of democracy in authoritarian and totalitarian states is one of the major challenges Abstract i CEU eTD Collection for being helpful and patient the throughout whole research process. deepeningmyin interest civil society and media and my academic writing teacherDavidRidout I wouldlike thankEnyediZsolt Coyer to for for supervision, hisguidance and Kate ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii CEU eTD Collection EEECS...... 52 REFERENCES...... CONCLUSION...... 49 RNIIN...... 20 ...... TRANSITION OF MAINPERIODS ACROSSTHREE AND NGO’S SOCIETY OFCIVIL IIIROLE 3 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER II HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF NGO’S AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN 18 GEORGIA...... 1 CHAPTER I METHODOLOGY AND THEORETICAL APPROACH...... 5 INTRODUCTION...... 1 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 1.3 1.2T 1.1M Table of contents. of Table SUMMARY OF FIRST PERIOD FIRST SUMMARY OF S P S M R F NGO-C HEORETICAL UMMARY OF THIRD PERIOD THIRD OF UMMARY OST UMMARY OF SECOND PERIOD UMMARYOF SECOND ROM TO INDEPENDENCE OSE ETHOD AIN ACTORS ANDAINCONTRIBUTION ACTORS THEIR R R OSE REVOLUTION EVOLUTION IVIL SOCIETY DRIVEN DEMOCRACY DRIVENIVIL SOCIETY ...... 5 F RAMEWORK ...... 31 ...... 41 ...... R OSE ...... 30 ...... 6 ...... 47 ...... 40 ...... R EVOLUTION ...... 35 ...... 12 ?...... (1992 iii 20)...... 20 ...... -2003) CEU eTD Collection UND - United National United National Democrats UND - UDR- United Democratic revival Institute Democratic National - NDI and Democracy for Fair Elections Society -TheInternational ISFED Studies International and Strategic for Foundation Georgian - GFSIS lawyer young GYLA Georgian -The association FPPHR - Former political prisoners for human rights CIPDD -Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development. Georgia of union citizens CUG- List ofabbreviations iv CEU eTD Collection regime which cannot be counted nor totalitarian and nor democratic. Further transition of those of transition Further democratic. andnor totalitarian nor be counted cannot which regime “hybrid regimes”, becamemajority socalled countries of instead, democracy; institutionalized (Kucharczyk, 2008,18-19).However, Lovitt, thismeet “Thirdits didnot expectations wave” of inand society structures general theminto Western European Union integrate instead countriesidea “sovereign outof East European influence,with their of Russian and democracy” rule to new democratic. It can be counted as U.S and Europe’s shared effort to bring Central by initiated helpU.S andto Europe, and newindependentstates in from transition process old soviet forready itand has nofoundation forstrong democratic institutions. 2008, 17).Inotherworlds, should donors impose not try democracyto whichon state, is not shouldpromoters fostering pay preconditionsspecial attention those to (Kucharczyk, Lovitt, itdemocracy forand that democracy,if therearenopreconditions push country toward involvement, as it external isD. Mansfieldarguedagainstto dangerous Snyder and only Jack justimposed be from but likeEdward domesticsuccessful. scholars cannot outside Some actors, supported by Iraqis not byexample, howdemocracy clear supported actors. key domestic be to needs also but (donors), actors external of involvement just with be driven cannot cooperationthrough stakeholders. successfulwith other Inotherwords, democratization process country of in democratization overall the input eagertomaketheir are or bythemselves changes of process aslead the make aswell are ableto who stakeholders, multiple of involvement Democratization of Post-Soviet space started after so called “Third wave of democracy” of wave “Third called so after started space Post-Soviet of Democratization active the requires It lengthy. and complicated very is of democratization process General Introduction 1 CEU eTD Collection prior 1997, always ended with slightly changed corrupted system 1997,always system prior slightly ended with changed rulingwith corrupted same Thisis elite. but also in majority of governmental structureswith it. (Jakubowicz, 2008,46-47). Sukosd, In Georgia, this wasnotonly happening inmedia, were reforms affiliated strongly is and elite were political ruling of at influence leastand control under remains attemptedstill it media to be help despitemedia toestablish used attempts forgenerally style that whichdefines western reform’s, according theory by Colintheory is proceeded eliteof to developed Sparks.This continuity this process structures in However, governmental trainingsandreforms. various projects, development implemented thoseideasif by and in are approved aidthey providers get results of change of people in ingeneral result bringing innew ideas variousabout ways of democratic Georgia. should beengreataidThis have young to new generation educated cadres with western until simplify2003. To transition in process terms of regime,corrupted replacing old soviet regimewas inpower by that corrupted to complicated was further process This very complicated country andhadwas develop from byinternal conflicts almost each beginning.sphere to ravaged in andU.S Europe. isit as level achievedemocracy of to possibility give countries transitional isaimed to generally process whole overall, In democracy. moreforward step one for form preconditions to regimes” strengthening economic, political and institutionssocial of authoritarian already or “hybrid toward their efforts direct aidproviders Armenia, in or Iraq happened as democracy breakthroughs–revolution like in Georgia and Ukraine. Toavoid backslash from imposing or phrases bycritical bolstered sometimes was countries of Post-Soviet regimes” “hybrid In case of Post-Soviet Georgia, first years of transition almost had no effect due to factthat due to effect nohad almost yearsfirst of transition Georgia, In caseof Post-Soviet 2 CEU eTD Collection elected government started to make democratic reforms, established basic democratic institutions basic democratic established reforms, tomake democratic started government elected peacefully Thirdchanged government. isfrom phrase year2008, 2003to time whennewly Opposition NGO’s parties, civil and active society speakers backedbymasses of people life. phrase Second Revolution wasRose in event 2003, that surprised manyin the world. rapid developing of NGO- Civil society increasingand their involvementin countries political on process transition governmentwith incorrupted and power authoritarian regime, with along one. First phraseyear wasfrom 19922003; thisto period canbe generally as described slow timeframe small relative is which stable Georgia namely years, progress, democracy from insixteen turned country authoritarian to digfindwhichto wasusedin deeperandto whichresulted period, insuch out approach which society and establishment of basic democratic institutions (Carothers, 2009, 7-9). It is interesting civil strengthening for aims Developmental NGO’s, forming and strengthening for aims Political Carothers, Political andDevelopmental. approaches Both have differentscope and aims, while by democraticapproaches useThomas assistance for developed like two States providers United in revolution. aid In general, Rose involvement directhad and almost period pre-revolutionary civilsociety and NGO’sin influencing andstrengthening Georgian organizations weregreatly internationaldifferentthrough Foundation. likeNDIandOpen Society Those organizations in arena. with interactpolitical government andto capacity development into peoplewhy majority NGO’s bolsteredtheir went western educated of and greatly In Georgia, there are three major phrases of transition from old soviet rulenew to democratic In aiding Georgia’s democracymajor transition, role wasandis by played United States 3 CEU eTD Collection Last parts are conclusion areconclusion references. and Last parts and Georgia of transition of main phases isto three devoted chapter in Third society Georgia. is andcivil of historical background NGO’s Georgia. chapter of Second transition process in society NGO-Civil around debate and case study Georgia of to approach theoretical found, research methodology, willbe were intosub-chapters, and hypothesis question divided three democratic assistance mentioned above. This thesis is divided intothree chapters. Firstof chapter is ways through NGO’s international and organizations donor international Europe, U.S, by paradox, which in speakI will about All ending stagesof part. three developmentwere supported by democracies. western wasaccompanied This period to slowly andmove started toward 4 CEU eTD Collection political and socio-economic sector, thus establishment of developmental of approach thusestablishment developmental andsocio-economicpolitical sector, effect. catalyst would aresult create as which organizations, civilsociety developmentand non-governmental of groups andpolitically creation oriented assistance? providers Georgia. usein assistance to democratic andinwill process overall bedecisive uncoverrole democratization whichapproach to did aid andother with ingovernment political arena, role they played in key orcriticalperiods junctures each with cooperation transition, of periods three all throughout development their Analyzing for important my more whichmakesthem even research. approaches, assistance democratic important role in democratization process of Georgia. Moreover, they are major targets of major of recipients in aid pre-revolutionary revolutionary and andpossibly period played Major scopeofmy will work be derived toward NGO’s and incivil society They Georgia. were which method didaid useinsuch providers andstill rapid transition process ongoing of Georgia. Second hypothesis will be that catalyst effect would work in favor of the long-term of change long-term in of work favor the would effect catalyst be will that hypothesis Second First hypothesis will be thataid-providers focused explicitly on politicalthe approach with its My main is question decided approach whyaid-providers on democratic of research political uncover to analysis content on method qualitative using be will I research, this doing While 1 Chapter I Methodology and Theoreticalapproach 1.1 Method 1.1 5 CEU eTD Collection politically oriented NGO’s. Indirect way of support is support of institutions is of indeveloping politically NGO’s.key support of support way Indirect oriented parties or or associations political actors, of support political basedon direct state, developing of processes political into involvement direct almost countries supporting implies way Direct ways. indirect and direct into divide they which democracy, supporting of ways diverse their is approach of this part Interesting for democratic development. factor supporting asa junctures only when DemocraticIn hand. Party gains upper includeaddition, they criticalphrase’s- occurs democratization implies that approach this Further, ones. non-democratic and democratic of is into parties, politicalwhichtheydivide struggle. Mainactors this political struggle are mention major all targets lead to major understanding of democratization by political itapproach, mediamajor independent are of 2009,7-8). targets Abovepolitical (Carothers, approach legislature and strong judiciary, of independence usually Dahlian concept, In addition to people in toensure political for that process. democratic political canparticipate and civil rights and respect competitive elections implies itself that concept Dahlian democracy. of conception economic systems. Theirmain focus during developing isfocused of so-called Dahlian rights. They also argue that developing political system will contribute to developing social and basic approaches ideaisthatsupportingsystem political ensure basicpolitical with and civil own method of supportingmajor and aims during democratic assistance. hasits approaches Each andDevelopmental. these of Political by Carothers: developedThomas development for democratic ways of assistance two are there general, In approach. theoretical Political approach in generally associated with U.S democracy promotion. Political promotion. democracy U.S with associated generally in approach Political substantive require itin involved actors and development democratic of analyze Close Framework 1.2Theoretical 6 CEU eTD Collection majority of soviet Nomenklatura still in power and from time to time is part of Georgia’s of is part time to time from and power in still Nomenklatura soviet of majority with era, Shevardnadze’s during was common This coverage. media critical accept to reluctance European (Jakubowicz, 2008,states Sukosd, 73).Another interestingissue is governmental before revolution. This itself points to possible “media deficit” in Georgia as it was noted in East itdid as samerole it plays still but reformed, system was media after revolution fact that to andfor tool controlling flow. informational Herewe have of sort inparadox media reform, due was and still is major, along with Rustavi 2 governmental channel for distributing information Pirveli Arxi reformedso-calledwas but into public as broadcaster, init pre-revolutionary period, (Jakubowicz,observation 2008,47).AfterStates revolution,Eastern European of Sukosd, after discovered this theory of concept of the toone directly corresponds power of This stake Shevardnadze and became one of its stakes of power in terms of controlling informational flow. channel 2000.Thisafter channel was usedaspropaganda machine by of governmentEduard governmental Arxi Pirveli channel),(first challenged until by Rustavi 2 asmajor opposition common in afterGeorgia gainingindependencein 1992. Major broadcaster at this period was changes, butoverall leadership and isold affiliation toward ruling elite. This situation was system when countries, indeveloping reform media on concentrates in introduction mentioned assistance, I want to bring in theory of above. the mentioned state of description eliteresembles continuity directly Georgia Pre-revolutionary opposition. no or with weak state totalitarian or authoritarian by Colin Sparks.isgivingappropriatewhen directnot orissupport not enoughprogress. Forexample, This used isgenerally approach indirect This media. theory and judicially commission, electoral like state, as Here in connection with indirect method of political approach and its aim toward media its aimtoward and method of approach political indirect in with Here connection 7 CEU eTD Collection and excluding citizens from political arena did not help democratic assistance. In addition, In assistance. democratic help not did arena political from citizens excluding and free countries have relatively competition, butlow degreeof political achieved representation development. Weakness role indemocratic catalysts whichcan juncture, play of forcritical asbases serve can competition this approach is its main political tense In addition, freedom of political increaseparties. degree of competition, focus on political arena.strong In some cases, emphasis on2009, 7-8). political (Carothers, country supporting of withinvolvement state achieveof democratization rapid is to people oriented Majorand backupof with point political supportingparties, state. method of this competition. from government current states democracy- to challenge is direct which above, phrase mentioned elections (Gunther,5) Mughan, 2000, reforms .Those and awarenesscritical leads rising to It inform public,information sothey and educate make particularly can choices, informed during helpsway are strengthening andensuring democratic integrity. worlds, Inother freeflow of promoteinformational vacuum. level High journalism freeof provides flowinformation, of which in their institutional and in avoidisany of doall possibleready occurs to any that state change that to raid sphere profession 2008, 193). Sukosd, (Jakubowicz, This meansjournalists that andmedia should be is socalled journalism meansculture, this journalism performance of asinstitution and framework media in caseof issue Troublesome issues. most troublesome toward awareness people’s and rise situation, bring bestway democracyto country to isprovide to its maximum support reform’s of inmedia on ofTVchannelinGeorgia, Novembersuch shutting 7,2007.In even resulted down accepting critical toward 13). This reluctance Bajomi-Lazar,2003, everyday reality (Sukosd, Political approach has its strength and weaknesses. Major strength has Major is Political of strength itsapproach and strength this itsapproach weaknesses. 8 CEU eTD Collection goes further. 2009,8-9)Developmentalgoes (Carothers, is indirectapproach inclined toward usually itbefore level shoulddemocratization, of state achieve certain supported levelsdemocracy; of to developing of political system. In addition to that, followers contribute can of this approach well-being usually overall makecountries and rights human in equality that implies democracy view of justice. Their and welfare based on equality, is of democracy concept it. Their aiding democracy by toward followers substantial itself, of can progress approach start developmental Onlyif and responsiveness. shows country transparency, accountability democratic governance, of basic features countries isbased on executing.Main ideaevaluating this of approach breakthrough. will maintain andsurely control juncture over critical probably democratic end with in state) based this organizations (likeinternational representations itsof or different state aid do nothing, probability increase.of failure thewill otherhand,least On involvement at unofficial failure depends how aid providermanages of process critical juncture, if it will behindstay and for successand Risk here loss situation. over of or juncture control critical either successive backing up politically slowly groups oriented increases tension, which will eventually lead to formingand situation, because tension political of juncture, by critical democratic development 20). Thismethod probably isuse when good to aid providerachieve wants to in breakthrough Consolidation and(Perlin, 2003-2004, phrases: Opening, Breakthrough which consists of three assistance model of transition from authoritarian to democratic rule is based on analytical model, policyUnitedmoney-pumpingtypicalCarothers,According with State their to U.S projects. to canbackfire andcritical makejunctures loss is developingThiscontrol over of state. approach Developmental approach is more associated with Europe, due to its long term its long dueto and term planning with Europe, ismore associated Developmental approach 9 CEU eTD Collection everyone based on norms, rules, and should cooperate with government in order to achieve or to in order with government cooperate should and rules, norms, on based everyone 2005, Splichal, Sparks,1994, 15).In Calabres, overall, society civil beshould equally treating government. This arena is for democracy crucial sustaining someas (Edwards, scholarsnote society opinions-ideasprovidewith withincivil and debatesand sharing means with arena to “civil”, tofollow thus and norms practices thatdo not contradictmorality law.and Public sphere alike” stated that civil society “isriddled with danger, since it gives freedom todespots and democrats is tyrannical why equally, This itbe regularcitizenruler. or will everyone treat beliefs values and those However, beliefs. valuesand share same together, Public sphere (Edwards,2005, and society life,Good Associational spheres: three into be divided can society civil Edwards’s necessary to clarify and underline what is civil society in modern states. According to Michael 8-9). of democracy orwith minimumwithout involvement direct of (Carothers,supporting 2009, state itthrough try achievein long-term to point goal. Major achieve is method this long-term to goals of Usually,supporters into this as majorfocusdevelopment humanrights approach go and political parties and todevelop NGO’s democratic institutions24). 2008, (Kucharczyk, Lovitt, scholars, they should extend and deepenits democratic provide involvement, more supportfor parties. On the other parties of importance between insteador andstress cooperation strengthening political all actors hand, if Europe avoid usually They governance. good and capacity wants state on focus they system, political of case to be key democratic supportpromoter of democratic development. They prefer topromote social and economicas systems and in noted by some In connection with developmental theory, which makes emphasis on civil society it is it society civil on emphasis makes which theory, developmental with connection In (Edwards, 2005, (Edwards, http://www.infed.org http://www.infed.org ). Good society means in civil society to be indeed be to society in civil means society Good ). 10 ). Associational life means when people live people when means life Associational ). British writer John Keane John writer British CEU eTD Collection might go wrong and whole plan might crumble. might plan whole and wrong go might something that increaseschance thus each stage, of planning andmoremoney detailed more juncture. However, this causes negative effect in offinancing,terms whenlong planning requires critical chanceof reduces thus significantly state, of sphere in political tension of increase excludes almost caution to democratic.Such state non-democratic any steadily transform term planning.method would This when good be probably aid wants provider toslowly,but 2009, 7-8).This bears approach direct signsEuropean of withpolitics, longtheir caution and larger incan democratization, political change (Carothers, but produce contribute general to say can produce programs, which will useless. In addition,long-term socio-economic project can its linked skeptics strongas some Long-term approach Weaknessesare of this sides. approach to to continuously develop different sectors of country to achieve democratic transition. of tense competition without increasing tension.Long term planning is also strong side. It allows arena political enter to them allows This emphasis. political minimum with approach small-scale watchdog over governmentand provide assistance toitduring democratic development. of civil society (Splichal, Calabres, Sparks, 1994, 6). In sum, civil society should be in the role of is to classical becauseliberal keep control theory government, over state consequence according safekept from governmental intervention andbecome should not justparttopolitics. Itshould 2005,government(Edwards, achieve level better associational of life linksand stronger amongits members and with sustain addition, society should bedevelopingdemocracy. alltime, andevolving civil to In Developmental theory has several strength and weaknesses. One of its strong side’s is their side’s strong its of One weaknesses. and strength several has theory Developmental http://www.infed.org 11 ). On the other hand, civil society should be CEU eTD Collection parts of both theories. While political space and political contestation is part of is political space part of andof theories. Whilepolitical parts political contestation both the of most least at basic institutional and forms of democracy” 2005,217).This(Wheatley, little includes quotation in it parties opposition by contestations political some space, political real still but is limited there inwhich politics power “dominant as Georgia described who assistance, question can befoundin quotation of author Carothers Thomas of both approaches democraticof importantisstories.ask More question tohow country made Answer such progress. tothis corruptionagainst ofinternationaland rising prestige of country justpart of are small successive madeIndeed progress revolution wasremarkable.Reforms after fight in institution’s, all key words; they progress into madeare grounded Georgia that inits firstseven years revolution. after that country is a “Beacon of liberty”. Such statements of well-known politicians are notjust bold his square of has city speechonthecentral admitted of of Tbilisi Georgia) 2005 during(capital that Georgia is a “story of democratic success” and former US president George W. Bush in May democratization in During visitprocesses. his official vice Biden2009, the president Joe claimed simultaneously. used be might approaches those of both when cases be might there that possibility excludeI will either another. not one or to approach specific case’swhich can constitute mean I if properly. Here countries done of different rolein development important democratic Let take a glance at statements that worldwide well-known politicians made about Georgia’s made about politicians well-known worldwide that statements aglance at Let take democracy? driven society 1.3 NGO-Civil itcan play to linked theories and assistance democratic of approaches of those Both 12 CEU eTD Collection like “Rose Revolution” period, what has changed since that time for the third sector within sector time third since has the for that changed what period, like “RoseRevolution” democratic transition. What was the role that they played during the crucial to the country times as wasexpected. not went civil society shouldhave includedactive participation of all key domestic political actors, NGO’s parties, and democratic from benefits shouldrevolution institutions, into evolved have democratic which society in post-revolutionary cooperation stageor with opposition.consolidation In era, where revolutionarybreakthrough or importantera, very rolewas alsoandplayed by civil sector third officially opposition block support of Mikhail Saakashvili,was slowly which gaining strength. In insociety, strong politicalabsence of in opposition year Georgia. Only after 2000,they started to andcivil sector werestrengthening aid NGO providers stage, opening In and Consolidation. Opening,Breakthrough steps: model three of U.S assistance to constitutes directly development power new Revolution Moreover, Rose government. to Georgian broughtwere presentafter that features Those institutions. basic democratic of onexistence and democratic governance sector), about. As for development theory, it emphasizes on civil society development (including NGO this juncture that critical very istalks Roserevolution, Important theory speak inlaterchapters. democracy. Such situationpromoting for NGO’s and competition political was tension, common political on emphasis its places to Georgia in pre revolutionary era, approach about in of Theory political both Georgia? approaches presence of ishowwecantest arises which I will that question However, in Georgia. of case werepresent approaches both that be concluded approach, an institutional form of democracy is part of developmental approach. From this,it can Today, there are many opinions about the role of NGOs and civil society in Georgia’s 13 CEU eTD Collection establishment of establishmentnewof NGO’s in strengtheningandmostly overall Thirdsector thought different enter NGO’soriented politicalthe werein arenaandaidto given opportunity the the another.causing oneside of either or deadlock, protest usually ledtothe any issue tense.majority during The wasvery period of debates presidentShevardnadze’s about extent. some NGO’slegislative lobbying changes speaks of their authority influenceand overgovernment to NGO’s also with and assistance“reformer’s of (Whitley,wing” within government. 2005,145). interestinginNGO’s is was state, oflobbing this that fact major civil code product byseveral which of simplified new registering code, civil greatly favorable. In1997Georgiaadopted www.eurasianet.org fill byineffectiveness”(JabaDevdariani, NGO’s grow, voidcreated were able to governmental to NGOsector permitted 145) or disorder Whitley,“Georgia’s 2005, ( framework” legislative favorable wasa former sovietrepublics other in with in comparison of Georgia NGOsector the behind“One strength relative play factor least the to processes. power role some at indemocratic years and regime? with previous in the nowadays comparison immediate or overall andenvironment any changes arethere serious intheir development Before 1997,when rulingthe party inwas still consolidating it’s hands, power western situation political The claim. plausible very is also disorder Georgian about opinion The became framework this how of in terms interesting is very comment Whitley’s Jonathan On otherthe hand, is there question how did and NGOsector civil society acquire enough ) 14 CEU eTD Collection inShevardnadze 2000). Evenex-president acknowledgedin role thatNGOs the his played inSerbia regime Milosevic Slobodan in of overthrowing part very active played that movement financial help of basedFoundation Open the Society on (Ayouth model the “Otpor” of Serbian major the of from watchdogs one 1995 and Kmara, the youth organization which was established with was the that Institute Liberty the were them from notable most The revolution. role in peaceful the playedaprominent youth fundedorganizations NGOsand western process. rolein important democratization andoverall their possible in involvement(Whitley,high to 2005, 147).This NGO again points governmental processes country the in policy legislative and economic monitor to them allowed which positions, decade leaders.ministers orasopposition either asAllthreeoccupied highgovernmental next in famous very became names Those rights”. Landowners of protection the for “Association KobaLiberty institute, Davitashvili from andGYLA, Merabishvili, Vano Chairman of NGOs at that time Zurab Adeishvili from The Georgian Young Lawyer Association (GYLA) and intoparliamentelected on rulingthe party list. Thoserepresentatives majorwere from Georgian in Georgia. For example, events of 1999, when for the first time three NGO representatives were strength NGO of reasons of one been have also might it) within wing” “reformer’s (Specifically sector. third tothe attention period were busy to get their parliamentary committees. (Whitley, governmental146) Inoverall, 2005, top officials inthis piece of power in new government and they did not pay enough As for the role of NGOs and civil society in critical junctures like“Rose Revolution”, junctures in critical role andcivil society the As for of NGOs between and ruling party established NGO’s western contacts aided Cooperation and 15 CEU eTD Collection remove existing government. This makes sort some of division – NGOs and civil society takes strong enoughto aid existent political opposition only people to rallying and were civil society time. that at opposition political strong and major only was movement thisthat have byfact mightNational beendetermined movement of support the population to ofWest aidaddition, (Major support In had providers). Movement partly unofficial an official or likeMoreover, local NGOswhohadastrong supportof NGOs,International National the party. ruling to replacement possible only was it time, that at and parliament) of speaker andNino (future Burjanadze minister) Zurab prime Jvania (future president), Saakashvili (future Mikhail leaders, three with opponent political major was movement National 2) government. among ofcorruption uncover acts to investigations and colleagues) Serbian theirfrom majority of the population. Kmara also conducted acts of non-violent protests (experience shared of itthe andlosthad trust support demonstrate that tothegovernment in to opposition order Georgia. They mass peoplerallied to demonstrations; urgedthem standto with political and movements youth were mainlinks between opposition politicians and ordinary citizens of NGOs 1) facts: several on based research of stage this at valid and be relevant might opinions mostcontributed tothe successful Revolution of All the outcome 185). (Whitley,of 2005, these Movementwww.eurasianet.org (Majorbutnotdecisive importantand an NGO’s played role”(Jaba Devdariani, that politicalbe overestimated not should role of the NGOs claims that who Nodia like Ghia his resignation, oppositionin of NGOrole presidentexaggeratingsome the However, the suspect critics peaceful departure. party of Mikhail Saakashvili) was the actor who Those opinions might fit better to each other if we combine them in next framework: NGO’s framework: next in them combine if we other each to better fit might opinions Those ). One more opinion is stated by Whitley who claims that National that claims who byWhitley is stated One more opinion ). 16 CEU eTD Collection and had their role significantly reduced in post- revolutionary andhad revolutionary in their time. rolesignificantly reduced post- influence194). Itcan NGOs lost revolution 2005, the after on government that be summarized issues policy (Wheatley, relevant other or state inaffecting powerless members almost NGO with leavingcommittees thus one, parliamentary reduced and power presidential strengthened bewhich many to tooearly thought observers also reform furtherand 2006, which of due tonew constitutional performedamendments after right presidential election on February 5, branches, executive and legislative on influence NGO of reducing was impact important Another 2). 2009, pre-revolution itthen era (Rukhadze, inthe now, was it offers more perspectives and act young for governmentis to uptotoday, that professionals continues more attractive due sector and joined the Revolution”.new government Main impact on NGOin sectorranks was thatof majority UND. of Thisactive NGOoutflow members left of third professional cadressuccessful cooperation between NGO’s and political parties aimed toward government change. transition. for “Rose peaceful Revolution” Fromthiscanbesaidlookingfor was power that way was and debates in political involved was Movement National while actions, in civic part The role of the third sector in Georgia’s everyday life significantly changed after the “Rose the after changed life significantly in everyday Georgia’s sector third of The role the 17 CEU eTD Collection declaring soviet ruledeclaringfor soviet next over Georgia 70 years. Unfortunately, independence the lasted only couple ofyears, until invasionsoviet in 1921 and events. everyday involvementintopolitical actively debates, people tomassrallying meetings and discussions of led events,after whichWWI, soon existingchanged tracks to already toward organizations promoting Georgian history,improving poetry and education the system of However,country. toward weredirected affords and all narrow quite were organizations for such activities fields of Initially, Legvold,272). (Coppieters, formal than legalmainimportant 2005. the procedures” be are andinformal only more far traditions to considered Georgia, weakly developed practices framework, this was a tradition.Promoting Georgian Literacy”. Basesof establishing NGO’sinthattimeany wasnot law and This was noted bybelletrist. scholar He and his fellow friends who formed atclaimed that time one of the first NGOthat called “Theknown publicamong those speakerswasIlia Chavchavadze, the famous Georgianand poet Society“the rule of law classes, who were mostlyrepresentatives educated in the bestofthat Empire’s civilstate universitiesat that time did not allow officialssociety to maintain strict rule over Georgia. The of mostly life, understanding intoRussiancountry’s everyday active involvement started citizens Georgian century wereEmpire. well The known mostlate 19-th At Russian Empire. asof status part country’s the historical and time of mirror the that wellpublic speakers from the high socialSociety in Georgia World eventssoonled tocollapse of Russian Empire and Georgian became independent. The first Georgian NGOs and the germ of civil society had born in 19-th century. They were 2 ChapterIIHistoricalBackground ofNGO’s andCivil 18 CEU eTD Collection 1992. in achieved independence, forwas which continue peaceful protests to society’s confidence with fearorder andforce ultimately failed, 9April became Dayof Unity increased National and people, fatallythem 17of hundredswomen poisoned.and establish soviet However, to plan anddeath 19 of massacreof Georgians necessary. inbrutal unarmed This resulted by means any Military received from RodionovdisbandDistrict order their Igor commander demonstration to similar as it was always in previous times- brutal force. Military regiments from Trans-Caucasus was regime response Georgia.Soviet for Independence with single demand, one place inTbilisi of Georgiafrom Union. OnApril Soviet thelargest9 of 1989, time a atthat demonstration took soviet movement, mostly shown in peaceful demonstrations aimed atreturning the independence anti- started groups various political and society system, civil soviet of collapse andupcoming impossiblefirstunder peacefully Seeingfracturing at regimecan tyrannical goals. achieve sight people, clearexample how even monastery. This army was near“DavitGareji” soviet trainings goalsprominent like haltingbuilding of Trans-Caucasus Railway massor protesting against several achieved masses Those of people. masses by the supported fully were that association’s and groups political independent established Kostava, who andMerab Gamsakhurdia Zviad dissidents time that at known well two by used was ideas national expressing independent political /groups andassociations freedom-plurality mediaof tosome extent. of policies existence allowed These two “Glasnost”. and “Perestroika” called system soviet of liberalization of policies revolutionary two initiated who Gorbachev, Mikheil leader Of course, Georgia was in the avant-garde of these historical changes and the chanceof andthe changes historical of these intheavant-garde was Georgia Of course, The rebirth of civil society and NGOs in Georgia became possible only after the last soviet 19 CEU eTD Collection four major differences: oriented as well as completely different from the first Georgian NGOs of 19 NGOsof Georgian from first the different ascompletely aswell oriented in developing of nongovernmental sector. role important an played them of All Institute). Democratic (National NDI US and government) fundedby Eurasia US (Both andby ISAR-Georgia Soros), George Society (Funded Georgia prominentMost was establishing officesofseveral international organizations like: Open- gain. increase their personal to how concerned only majority was where of government, nature time was almost catastrophic and officials could not allocate needed funds or from corrupted This unwillingnessgovernments unwillingness fund to tomedia, related projects civil human andsociety rights. could have come Majority of NGO’s werethose fully on dependent countries western infunding, issue of dueto either from Georgia’s indeed wasremarkable. several number1992-1995, the total thousands, which NGOS reached of economicbecame situation, top priority whichso called “waves of democracy”. Promotion of civil society and establishing NGOsin Georgia for westernat that donors part of ofWestpolitics andUnited for States, establishing in democracy Post-Communist sphere, on the way of achieving country.was newly This independent toward the interest demonstrating their started democracies their goals. In the period of main periods of transition NGOs that were established during the pre Rose Revolution period, were fully western Western Georgia, of independence declaring and system soviet of collapse the After 3.1 From independence to Rose Revolution (1992 -2003) Role3 ChapterIIIofCivilsociety and NGO’s acrossthree 20 th century. Here are CEU eTD Collection Studies (GFSIS) and Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development. Those five for Peace,Democracy Those Studies (GFSIS)andCaucasusInstitute and Development. International and Strategic for Foundation Georgian (ISFED), Democracy and Elections Fair for Society The International Association (GYLA), Lawyer Young The Georgian institute, Liberty these organizations. Majority of them joined the ranks of the most well known NGOs like Main advantage of NGO sector during Shevardnadze’s era was the western educated youth in 2005, 14) developed NGOshas achieved level certain publicof and political influence. (Nodia, whichin neverbefore They createdwell-known existed More Third Sector, Georgia. transition. establishtheiraid NGOs education existingin orredesign to to country democratic used They inWestern universities. educated members those NGOsweremostly were time. spheresatthat important less civil education,resolution environmental conflict protection, inand almost more all or someat instance toavoidinfluence. governmental the 4) 3) 2) 1) The cooperation between NGOs to achieve specific goal became very very became common. achievegoal specific to between NGOs The cooperation The professional and organizational level grew rapidly. People who formed or in NGOs started operations wereexpanded. scope of The sphereand the activities NGOs` This allowed andNGOs. parties political between The cleardemarcation 21 CEU eTD Collection into the third sector. Georgia was second biggest per capita recipient of foreign aidduring foreign recipientof percapita biggest Georgia second was sector. thirdthe into government. by supervised or controlled being without processes, political in important involved became governmental actions and tohelp the same government in legislative reforms. The NGO sector influencegovernmental and CUG from free relatively were tanks think major least at sector, NGO in general.CUG orwerejoining alliedof parties the small underand hand, patronage CUG. Ontheother Their major rolehad almost 100%supports, possibly from fraud elections). was to power and authority was unquestionable in (Excluding period this Adjara Region, where UDR carry the Revival (UDR, party Aslanof Abashidze, the leaderof Adjara Autonomous Republic). CUG’s functionGeorgia (CUG,rulingEdward Shevardnadze) party Presidentof and2)Union Democratic of of watchdog over thepoliticizedand situation funding. western the countries followingreasons: be might two today.there Still quite clearupto not is their ranks Georgia andtheinternational support. NGOs represented and still are considered as the think tanks of third sector with their authority in Western fundingWestern could have importantplayed another role in attracting ofnew professionals membersof mostly were arena on political some role toplay made decision had who People of Union 1)Citizens parties: major political mainly two had Georgia era, In pre-revolution howattract managed somanyThe real NGOsector the people of to within reason educated 22 CEU eTD Collection as well as local NGO (Liberty instate). Despite constant criticism about violation of violation democratic of criticism about constant Despite instate). as well local NGO (Liberty as watch) NDI,Human house, (Freedom rights international criticized byorganizations repeatedly constant violationsfor corruption, madeperfect censorship, ground (Wheatley, situation 123). Such political 2005, of human norole little or democratic but becauseordinary there was not played this struggle, Georgian’s rights and limiting centers of power, two between those recourses and for power struggle constant was leader. There freedoms maintained total independencefrom almost Tbilisi, butstill hadtitleofficially of opposition of democracy. presidentalways of who Adjara region, Adjara de-facto Abashidze waschairman of Council, Those facts were Region from While official government. EdwardShevardnadze waspresidentof Aslan Georgia, divided between CUG and division UDR.This was caused byde-facto autonomy Adjara of andParty Overall(NDP) etc. count of andblocksparties was approximately was 35, butpower National Democratic (SPG), Georgia party of likeSocialist parties was small Rest Abashidze). PresidentEdward Shevardnadze),2) Union Democratic of Aslan Revival (UDR, party of and other small parties. Major parties were: 1) Citizens Union of Georgia (CUG, ruling party of was simple; majority youngof professionals joined thirdthe sector. governmental in income, which policies high and also alotdetermined Choice here period. that own their ideas express to possibility no almost or salary low with system governmental corrupted either or at least meantto befranklyhigh professional also,they had salaries. Whenhigh choose educated to to implementwas Those fundsvast. were development, aimedtoward monitoringfunctions, andwatchdog but themShevardnadze’s (Wheatley,Flowregime offoreign 2004,16). money into Georgian sector third or NGO sector with formidable influence over The political arena in those years was composed from nine political parties, with two major 23 CEU eTD Collection Democracy was involved in electoral law, changes in electoral system law, in involved monitoring system changes in its and Democracy was electoral electoral and Elections Fair for Society International the and code administrative new of drafting focused was into newthe also on suggestions Liberty Institute constitution, wereadopted Associationdifferent (GYLA)monitoringimprovement andfurther of governmental system. legislative During changes NGO’s was toward membersand wereaimed includedNGO committees those Kakha Targamadze), activelywere Minister of opposition fierce after affairs, internal of ministry (excluding ministries different and focused involved parliament within committees special creating was another simple, and easy very funds) donor on different in receiving (like actions their legalizing and NGO’s registering made which code, administrative drafting changesissues of important several implemented reform This civilinto government. with incooperation reform legislative ofGeorgian reform,code Year of1999 formost them,was because prominent successfully at year they concluded this constitution:and Georgianseveraleitherin cooperation with (“Reformersgovernment Wing”) either or by proposing suggestions. Most of important Youngits Lawyerswas adaptationconsumed them (Wheatley,16-17). 2004, of new Civil wheredidthat system funds was those corrupted isgo and six-figure salaries clear, with code and NGOsandUSAID.Question by international fundedwere mostly behalf.theirNGO projects goals on did fulfillthose government to little that was there However, governance. democratic NGOs and their projects, developingmedia systems,improvingliving standards of people and funding todevelop Georgianthat included government democracy;was gettingwereaimed this freedoms, Georgia was still supported by West on its hard path to democracy. Funds and credits The third sector during Shevardnadze’s era was working very actively on several issues several on actively very working was era Shevardnadze’s during sector third The 24 CEU eTD Collection as “Step toward Georgia’s compliance with OSCE commitments” ( evaluated were 1998 in elections local the why of reasons the of be one could changes legislative infreedoms general bypolice( and government democratic violations of toward of State andevenUSDepartment NGOs international from increased criticism legislativeparticipate into dueto invite change had toNGO’s to government be that could reason possible another Moreover, examples. Western the it to closer make participate into legislativemodify changes knowledgeand usetheir existing to constitution and to NGO’s invite to than rather government, for choice other no left This system. governmental rather than bodiesgovernmental and causedsortoflack this of professionals within with towork NGO sector young,preferred people mostly Western educated in chapter previous mightlie inlevel professionalismof of NGOs and theirinternational supporters. As Idescribed how couldmanaged important toplay NGOs rolesuch an Answertothis inreforms? question However, non-democratic. and corruptive as described often is which era, in even prominent, protection andbenefits for NGO’s tofunction properly within arena. political of society meeting, this sum, improvedcivil (OSCE 2000).In provided legal reform with form organized NGOsas an obligations towards and actions for their accountable governments by andhold from action authorities, the arbitrary or sector abuse safeguardedthe positively of proper legal(Wheatley, Nevertheless, 2005,146). main for NGO’sachievement in reform,this wascreating framework for NGOs that active interference into NGO activities, but also Such intensive involvement of different NGO’s into the reformation process was very was process reformation the into NGO’s different of involvement intensive Such 25 http://www.state.gov http://www.state.gov ). Whole process of ) CEU eTD Collection had number of involved intoNGOs certain increased.reforms According USAID report to of NGOs and people in general. NGO–government Active cooperation continued upto2001and for beneficial were and Georgia in democracy more toward aimed were which reforms during people indeed represented NGOs membership population, said thatdespite low among NGO more cooperation’s, changes will occur and somehow improve Georgia’s state. In sum, it can be soon with cooperation been have should amonghope that of people, greeted NGO- Government first authoritarian precedent and regime it in merely fact butcorrupted was democracy, oriented wasWestern importantposition about Official issues.. governmental can and cooperate talk government current and people that possibility in believe not did they because life, associational rights violation)in in Georgia it1997, is easy seewhy to majority of people restrained from Taking into consideration overall situation (Corruption, regional fraudelection in human 1995, was important, because they allbenefitsknew and thatcooperation possibilities can achieve. peoplemajority young, were NGO members of andforeducated them western life associational mentioned I As time. in soviet before experienced not had they something was it because public. On the other hand, majority of people themselves did notparticipate in associational of life, representatives as counted hardly be can leaders their and NGOs that conclusion to lead may participated in lifeassociational andfewer members were NGO (Wheatley, 2005,148).This also polled claimed andof in yearlegislative ISFED major Institute 1,2percent changesonly of 1997, Bergstrasser to be NGO members.cooperation really express people’s opinion will?and According survey to byArnoldcarried Based on this several NGOs were in close cooperation with government insome issues,but did this is can be said bridgementionedquestionablebetween As howthey government. above,peopleserved as I and that very few Georgians Despite the fact that NGOs played important role on political arena before 2000 it is still 26 CEU eTD Collection confrontation with minister of minister Kakha of Affairs Internal Targamadze. with confrontation inner following foropen resigned on servedSaakashvili, asreason pressure who announcements prison inspection system wouldthat include participation”NGO ( creating toward tomake a “steps Institute) (Liberty local Watch)andRights several NGOs andHuman international Foundation, Eurasia cooperation (NDI, NGOs, started several with total dismissing of high-ranking from official ministry his corruptiondue tothe Healsocharges. and first totally His wasalmostwas president. system asminister corrupted this headof actions governmental system was that announced of Justice Hepublicly minister Mikhail Saakashvili. appointed newly was issue this about in debates part active taking constantly started that official governmental avoided always high-ranking speakingaboutthis issueopenly.officials Only because members, between NGO mostly political situation current about debates open hosted government,toward mostly This on corruption grounds. channel became almost only which one, specific issues. Most active from TV channels was Rustavi 2, which was known for its criticism inpower. remain to skillfully them using legislativebranches, while Shevardnadze, inhands in whowas were solely executive President civil behindsociety them hadcould or have to cooperate hadpower with governmentand affect making”decision 145). Based (Wheatley, on 2005, itthiscan report be saidNGOs thatand the and formulation policy level national at government with interact to ability had NGO’s fifty to from hundred asactivefull-time operation them NGO’sinterms of and twenty were considered moreimplementingfirst program, had programs their implemented,one or 500-800NGO’s one four2001 Georgia thousand butmajority hadupto in NGOsregistered, of of them were process Media in this period also played an important role in rising of citizen’s awareness toward 27 www.state.gov ). Such ). public CEU eTD Collection side where people stand ( stand wherepeople side line between them andhe people otherwise andhis friends (Reformers wing) would stand on in protests frontof parliament. Inhisfamous speech whenhedraw a urgedgovernmentnotto “reformers wing”and speakerZurab of parliament Jvania resignedwho following students byheadof followed heof of Justice, was Minister post the from Mikhail resigned Saakashvili yearsOctobermainly and next forNovember decisive were pre-revolutionary two Firstperiod. years.important role inlater their Kmara, which played youth organization well-known and “student headedbyunion of Self-governmentdevelopment”. This union evolvedsoon in 2005, 148). This year was also beginning forstudentprotests again facilitated by Liberty institute government(Wheatley, opposed unite who everyone to in attempt country across organizations long-term way the civicinstitutes was tomakegoal network they Liberty to were governed. leastera”, whichwas inmobilizing toplay people successful at partially in role active changing end“Shevardnadze’s headedprotests andthey to campaign those Institute resignation. Liberty inbeginningformass for Georgiaandnotably NGOprotests first governmental request open Rustavistartpoint 2 demonstrationsin 2.(Wheatley,was Rustavi 2004, 11)Raid defense on of here also played NGO’s inside country. and west both from reaction critical very andcaused speech of freedom one of the channel that hadleading unpaid Thisraid taxes. wasrecognized as violation brutal democratic of roles. it2001 officials from Ministry toshutdown, basedInternal Affairsattempted of on accusations Liberty Institute took active part as organizer of Political situation in Georgia became even tenser after failed Rustavi 2 raid. Two months failedof Rustavi2raid. Two after even tenser inGeorgiabecame Political situation Following his resignation, governmental Rustaviofficials targeted 2 channel and in October www.parliament.ge 28 ). This resignation chain was concluded by CEU eTD Collection opposition parties and most of its members were either former governmental officials (former activists. NGO members- former andcurrent or “reformers wing”) officials governmental former either were members its of most and parties opposition 147). One more couldfact(Wheatley,UND wasstrongest 2005, reason among be that reformthe with and hispastcooperation’s liberty manyNGOslike GYLA institute or in inperiod) that Jvania(speakerof parliament ofZurab still role legislativeremembered reform, debates and BokeriaAlexandre or Lomaia werefriends ofMikhail hisSaakashvili, duetoopenness topublic often criticism like leaderspersonal friendship of and pastexperience Many of NGO sector Giga cooperation. towarddistance from UND up to activegovernment. revolutionary keeping stage.were (FPPHR) Main rights reasonhuman for of prisoners NGO supportpolitical Former for like UND NGOs was rights Human Also, immediatelymainly UND, butinstitute NGOs like orLiberty to GYLA declared theirsupport many NGOs who took part in 1999 Democrats” (UND), which became strongest and leading among all opposition. “United National opposition of party mergedandcreated and Democrats” “United Movement” “National their“reformersbut2001, Beforeunofficially endof shewasamong ranks. wing”, her to sympathies expressed neverwho publicly parliament), of (newspeaker Burjanadze Nino except system, from governmental dismissed completely were almost wing” they “reformers for As him. with allied strongly people or relatives their and friends close president’s were either Members new of cabinet this newformed cabinet. President ministers, of cabinet andMovement” Jvania“United After Democrats”. approximately weeks two from dismissal of Resigned cabinet. “National whole formedSaakashvili officials minister opposition their parties, presidentShevardnadze’s of todismiss resignation rulingas Chairman hisCUG and party order NGOs` opinion regarding the new opposition power UND was splitinto two parts. Part of 29 CEU eTD Collection local it NGO’s. Mainly can be concluded that pre-2000itmethodwas indirect of political during place elections. Strengtheningmonitoring alsotook of electoral behalf on OSCE andof 2001, when opposition first block was strong formed. fair increased chance This of competition after especially very became tense, Political arena democracy. Second, toward step significant was itself which reform, legislative in role important played which NGO’s, oriented politically make to crucial reform. force government the sits of majority stage wastowin Theirmain aimatthat political upcoming parliamentary elections with and UND. with which wasallied formedparty”Burjanadze-Democrats” her own CUG party and leftBurjanadze Nino government. against protests increased public violations gradually rights human from previousobserving continued process, corruption and NGOs elections. Excluding of number at present were which observers, OSCE about agreed only they by NGOs, count inhappened all elections.previous Government’s official position was against parallelvote avoidmassfraudas it count to by during vote elections wasNGOs arrange stage parallel to upcoming parliamentary elections scheduled forNovember 2003.Main demandof atthis UND governmental officialsto happen started mainon regular bases, debatesaim of those was and UND leaders of between debates public arranged NGOs Georgia. of citizens ordinary In this period, we saw several implications of theoretical approach. First was forming period offirst 3.2 summary After forming strong political opposition UND began moredrawing andmore attention from 30 CEU eTD Collection This inorganization grew rapidly numbers due totheirfocus solely youth,mostlyon students. development”. Self-government “student union basesof on wasestablished the organization that UND under Mikheil media,Saakashvili and 3) specifically opposition channel Rustavi 2. issues. political important similar and fraud mass the again be will if there do to what elections, win to how on strategy wasworking major NGOs,UND Allied with Saakashvili. Mikheil was UNDunder three from 3)UDR.Mostactivethose andBurjanadze-Democrats, 2) UND CUG), (reformed new“For Georgia” in 1)Block those elections: forces represented major There werethree whichvotingwas only change people that inDemocrats”, way situation encouraged country. to becomingvery followed by masstense, demonstrationsled byUND and “Burjanadze- chapter. next political and leadingit NGO’swassurely groups led, tosomething big.Towhat in speak Iwill itfirstis hypothesis, stage because forming confirmed, atthis processof consolidating and of place,took based on U.Sbasedinternational organizations toopposition. ofmy support terms In involvementmoreAfter 2000 direct democracy. which strengtheningapproach, Georgian was NGO’s mainin achievement pre-revolutionary month was forming “Kmara”, of ayouth society, 1)NGOsandcivil 2) process: during theThere revolution key players werethree inAs parliamentary political approached elections 2003, started November situation Revolution 3.3 Rose 31 CEU eTD Collection workingeffective about plan countof parallel vote (Wheatley,186) 2005, was it Democracy and Elections Fair for Society International with along Also streets. along and like men” organizedInstitute byUND, from “March orcreating huge chains of angry people plannedinnovative mass in Therewereseveral actsof especially byLiberty and protests regions. differentMainly itstrategies with forwas cooperating peaceful UND about demonstrations, Demeš, 2007,12-13). leaders)itsof functionit notablemembers to continue (possibly would (Forbrig, before as andin leaveideas hewanted of ranksand join asKmaracouldsame case whenever arrest their shared who anyone means This all. at hierarchy have not did they and voluntarism total was Kmara in advantage notable Another power. of transfer non-violent in part take to was goal main political parties, from which its ofKmara distance Main advantage was members graffiti. drawing government and they retained for of current flags, caricatures marches with often involved resistance of This non-violent acts all revolutionary “OTPOR”.from learned which they disobedience) (civil resistance ofnon-violent perform acts period and showed people(Wheatley, Kmara’s 2004,11). main objective wastorally youth demonstrationsto and to that their Kmara and trips withtrainings wereconducted financial help of Open Society Foundation all Almost Kmara majority of Georgia activists. totrain invited to were members “OTPOR” organizations“OTPOR” members. aim Main for suchvisits was understand whatroleto youth can play in power meet ofKmarahad toSerbia,Leaders visits Mr. Saakashvili.former to several and activists transition and of close friend of foundersLiberty Institute one the of Bokeria, Kmara wasGiga Head of and how can they achieve it. In addition, several of Liberty institute was another major NGO, which took active part in revolutionary in activeprocesses. major was revolutionary part took another NGO, which institute Liberty 32 CEU eTD Collection OSCE observers and local NGO whichrepresentatives, included made poorly voting listing, 2005, p182). This played crucial in role frauduncovering of in election.this based pool polling elections Strategy toconduct agency Group Global parallel (Wheatley,to several international NGOs ( NDI, Eurasia foundation, Open society) that they would finance US was showing them. (Wheatley, 2005, 187) elite ruling that reality to different fundamentally which reality, people present to helped all This by Kmara.airing demonstrationsadvertisements beand will anti-governmental future constant ensured that whole capitaldiscussion mostly was toavoid how same, fraud elections. The popularity Rustavi of 2 channel city would hear and see Oppositionwhat channel Rustavi 2 often hosted UND leaderswas and different NGO members.situation Theme for before elections, where beout to fraud. it when and turned breakthrough 2elections for they got democratic needed reason November vast politicalfor andcivilian suchlong support period (Forbrig, Demeš,2007,107).They would be needed several there even UNDknewfair elections leaders that of with The situation. of political radicalization rounds of elections to win and they could not maintain their already Day of November 2 was very chaotic as expected. Many irregulations have been noticed by noticed been have irregulations Many expected. as chaotic very was 2 November of Day Last important event that took place right before November 2 elections was declaration of years. in recent active most the of one was month in pre-revolutionary involvement Media The main aim of political opposition month before revolution can be summarized as 33 CEU eTD Collection Ivanov both were arranging meetings either with UND leaders and NGOs or with Shevardnadze with or NGOs and leaders UND with either meetings arranging were both Ivanov Minister Igov James Baker andRussian USrepresentative lost. Shevardnadze has fact that everyoneacknowledged fact that to due transition, negotiatepower peaceful to ranking officials high- their sent them of Each Russia. and US like countries, foreign of attention draw situation, flee.andforced to Shevardnadze parliamentsession based when onfraudelections, peaceful broke into parliament demonstrators and that it should leave.in fronthour show itthat were coming peoplestrust of governmenthaslost to each parliament On November 22 major evidence of violationstotal of electoral Through Novemberprocess. 21,thousands of people act was played. President placed clear on which National Movementthird(Wheatley,was This report place, 2005,184). tried to open newUDR 18,84%3)United08%. For National Georgia won21,32%2)Movement18, new waspublished. 1) According this was November report, official to governmental 20when report Culmination day. each with increasing was another on government and side one on people and and between atfreedom byLiberty gathered Kmara.Tension square headed opposition Institute demand mobilization 50 in of Tbilisito thousandpeople people governmental resignation. Upto frommass This andUND and Demeš, both protest 2007,111). causedresultedNGOs inmass (Forbrig, showedprocess 4thousand violations about election of groups Kmara observation made by Report elections. wasagainfalsifying government made clearthat local observers, were on boxesmasssecond below 20%.Events vote fraud, place of stealingand of suppressing while for NewGeorgia, of leadingvotes, UND blockparty total 26, 6% with was that indicated pressure on voters and etc. Pools published by Global Strategy Group on November 2-3 After that, he declared state of emergency and started to mobilize army. Such reversal of reversal Such army. tomobilize andstarted of emergency hestate declared After that, 34 CEU eTD Collection this critical phase was more active then anytime before. Youth organization Kmara’s such Youth active organization then thisanytime wasmore active phase before. critical inturnout whole modern history of (Wheatley,Georgia 194). 2005, previous one andcountry brought closer todemocracy, in also electionsthose wasvoter largest in electionsOSCE notable to progress report, comparing those showed Accordingpresidency. to elections were held on January 4 2004,with Mikheil Saakashvili as onlyserious candidatefor Those elections. presidential next before leadergovernment, of temporary becomes parliament because by lawGeorgian in case of inability president’s to perform his speakerduties, of signed in exchange for his and hisfamilies immunity. Jvania, Burjanadze) hadmeeting president with himhis handed whichhe and letter, resignation leaders (Saakashvili, UND November 23 day of On solution. achieved peaceful andPresident day negotiations with constant of foreign governmental both officials,sides ambassadors UND specifically power structures was only possible solution for president to restore power. After 1 heads structures of (Army,power and Special Forces Internal Becausesecurity). using leadership arrangingwith UNDleaders meetings were solutions, andLiberty institute-Kmara them from Notonly buildings. democraciesgovernmental lookingwestern were peaceful for draw to in force attempt of opposition against was using threat caused bypossible actors external andhissolution Such innercirclein to 188-189). involvementrapid attempt 2005, (Wheatley, of Rose revolution was turning point in Georgian history and NGO-civil society participation in participation society NGO-civil and history in Georgian point turning was revolution Rose contribution. their and actors 3.4 Main became letter, temporary After Ninoleader signingresignation of government Burjanadze, 35 CEU eTD Collection should stand with them for common goal. Kmara also broughtin tradition the waiving roses, for democracy Kmarafight and they others that partof their and public imageof propaganda, of arrestpart them.was prefers This butmake to students, with regular dialogueand cannot ismedia people members government hadimpression Through, that coverage weak bypolice. androads drawing “KMARA” on governmental buildings often resulted in of arrest their sometimes evolved inactsof indirect for police. provocation Blockingbuildings, governmental which resistance, non-violent of actions played campaigns in their role Important 113). and useful campaigns tens of rallied protests people(Forbrig,thousands to 2007,112- Demeš, media cover good smartplanning actions, of with people thousand Thisthree members- activist. Kmara draw served intheof image. 3thousandthis hadapproximately revolution, Even peak to todiscreditalso Government`sthis governmentpeople attempts movement failed or thought. made beforeopposition 20November, that image numbers werevaster then this organization by performed activity every in almost activists Kmara of involvement Massive government. face seealternate, true helped of it to people covered byopposition channel Rustavi 2 and reportswereinstantly Those has committed. government of that uncovering crimes process through elections. Kmara also was working with number of human government change rights to is way organizations, there that them in show to and rights their on people inform Georgia, in awareness raise civil to purpose, one served in regions performed “chaincampaigns” or vote” mass mobilizing of people for voting and Majority protests. of their campaignslike “get-out-the- Iwas young These streets. (Forbrig,wrong” crucialrole in 2007,105). people Demeš, played serious attention these youngto people running wavingaround flags and painting graffiti on inpresident, Shevardnadze his stated interview after “I revolution notthink did Ishould pay and successful youth performance amongof Georgia wasvery many. surprising Asto ex- 36 CEU eTD Collection Major part of Major partof this onopposition plan waspublic debates Rustavi channel 2 and uncovering As I mentioned protesters. with meetings while or officials governmental either with meetings above, different during this NGO was werealways ofLiberty UNDleaders accompanying negotiations. Members political Institute working on plan from differentfrom Kmara’s.Apart helping in Kmara their massprotests, organizing was focus how to force president out of office. wantandnotprotest, do nothingto will change. foundation of Rose Revolution, because if people are not concerned about their country’s future protestdemonstrations.rising publicawarenessandrallyingservedpeople to Theiractions as is Revolution in Rose achievements Kmara main summarize To opposition. political of backbone and core represented UND as UND, toward pointed they elections, through government change elections to people itis awarenesstoward urging by and obviousHowever, people’s that rising public image movement,was just youth which fights for democracy with peaceful methods. official Their party. political any from distance on always was Kmara involvement, political fraudabout electionselections. andurgedthem tochangethoughtgovernment Despite such Kmara among villages by Leaflets distributed in capital. thatwerehappening informed of events were very poorly and regional centers, described overall from actions. those wasoriginated Revolution” “Rose situationactions evolved into mass waiving of roses during marches and meetings of people and name in capital, toldwhich themthey gave to mostly police officers to show that they were peaceful protesters. Those Liberty Institute was another major local NGO involved in revolution, but its actions were actions its but in revolution, involved NGO local major another was Institute Liberty regions of Majority interesting. very also was regions through network Kmara’s Spreading 37 CEU eTD Collection people’s awareness. people’s eventsof important daily and election input andthe thisthat process channel played of inrising underline importance crucial of informationalcreating publicimage, timely flow, detailed cover support oppositioncoming in to Tosummarize roleNovember. inmust of 2 Rustavi I elections, public fifty towardthem.ismore Clear evidence ofit then which attitude were people, thousand and making NGO and leaders opposition look likefighters for democracy, cardinally shifted democracy governmental for benefits that speaking Georgia about corruption, about can provide them to look at true representatives of people was major reason of it. Constant political debates elements in Creation of revolution. imageof leaderspositive andmakingNGO opposition and became of Rustavi key how one 2 is question informing another However, forpeople. mediaof revolution never have186). happened”would 2005, Thisindeed (Wheatley, toimportance points media channel shareto with people pro-opposition views, “If Rustavi 2 had not existed, the Rose itbasedin fact that scholars revolution, on possible regardRustavi2askeyelement wasonly providingfor political airing materials debates, time pro-opposition informing and people. Some monitoring election process and role of one of the authors of revolution, on behalf of people. Rose revolution can be summarized tofounding of joinedKmara, negotiations with government, discussed with Libertyalso were Shevardnadze terms of president meetings. Resignation and indebates political Institute and other showed allegiance strong from Kmara,Institute demonstrations. Differently with Liberty UND NGO members. Overall 2Novemberplanningof processandafter likethemes of election corruption, day, role of important most Liberty covered debates Above-mentioned Kmara. through mostly Institute crimes, governmental in Media’s and specifically Rustavi 2 channel role inRose Revolution mainlywas based on 38 CEU eTD Collection it can itcan be their supporting. wasrather that role concluded 2, November after place took that in protests involved get not did NGOs those that fact on based partial funding of Rustavi 2. It is difficult tosay what role those actions played in revolution, but from it, Apart OpenSociety Foundation mainfunding for Kmaraprovided support and and Federation. and Russian States wasUnited and second NGOs International massNGO sector supportof people andassumed leader role of of Revolution. UND in Rose Revolutiondemonstrations evolvedinto supporting demonstrations for UNDand theirleaders. Main of role was the role of leader most NGOssided the regime.by UND,people’s corrupted after However, to disobedience of political opposition,NGO’s which gainedand stood byits side, which almost guaranteedUNDmassthrough supportamong population. Initially Kmara’spre-revolutionary after but period, November 2majority headed NGOs of by Liberty Institute actions very they foundationgot strong among civilsociety. Notwhole sided thirdsector with UND in were to UND`s185). themost valuablerally in decision gain RoseRevolution was to trust of thirdthus sector, people madehim“a ofmanySaakashvili, inhearts charisma whose hero (Wheatley, 2005, Georgians” to protest,ambassadors and negotiating with Main amonggovernment. actor UNDwasstill Mikheil foreign with meeting masses, of front in speeches making was opposition political the bases to help them express their International International NGOs played their crucial infundingrole critical exit poll on November 2. were first ones, internal from apart Revolution inRose external actors two There were The function of UND in revolution was the core and it was mainly leadership. On a daily 39 CEU eTD Collection and was facilitator of catalyst effect of revolution. Rose of effect of catalyst facilitator and was with whichcooperated of parties people,political sector), raised awareness andNGO’s (third groups werecreatingpolitical Those chapters. of two of previous based content on is confirmed Starting forming with political groups,ending with critical juncture. As for my firstit hypothesis, this insum period with was includingpartpre-revolutionary important time eachof theory. political approach, theory of of terms In indeedremarkable. was civilgroups politically oriented 2003 and let opposition didnotparties this opportunity away.go playedinthis Role by event in moment November critical reached era, pre-revolutionary during increased slowly that tension considered as supporting one also. weak to givepolitically was too president that and became a weakkleptocracy which regime, governmental such orders of fragmentation of byfacts total supported somehow was later, their claim or sooner peacefully (Mitchell,country to a brink of second civil war. Still, opinions among people was that president will resign 2004 was aware of 348). possibility of by using power todisbandpresident demonstrations and bringthus Thus,negotiate the withrole both sides. to sendtheirdelegates they byopposition performed takeover parliamentary after Georgia, only of Reason external why those countries sendactors their delegates can is clear,be everyone In this period, we saw this very critical juncture that political approached implied. Political implied. approached political that juncture critical very this saw we period, this In period of second 3.5 Summary in processes officially to neutral andremained federation, they As for United Russian States 40 CEU eTD Collection third sector andthird government. Kmara sector already played their common rolepeople inrallying to aslast be Victory in(Wheatley,large between 2005,196). Adjaracan counted scale cooperation Adjara, which were wonby blockpro-governmental “Saakashvili- Victorious Adjara” After Moscow. events, Aslan in accompanied Abashidze to repeatedelectionswereheld those and representatives UND and UDR with negotiated Ivanov, Igor minister foreign Russian Adjara region). Thisled furtherto escalation of situation inside region, which ended on 5 mass region 15 thousand student demonstrations and upto centerof people inBatumi (Regional intoregion. This was followed by governmental performdecision militaryto exercise near this of ISFED) head (former Zurab (CEC) Chiaberashvili Committee letElection head of Central not letobserveeven did and elections to undermonitoring. anyone leadershiprefused to their UDR elections repeat for force AslanAbashidze to tried and in breakaway region themselves this Kmara established of and favor UDR. NGOs in in Adjara fabricated weremassively elections Adjara Autonomous Republic. This process started after local elections of 28 March, when those presidential andmovingpower Georgia from parliamentary system presidential.toward 2005, 194).This by step wasfirst itsnew way governmenton further strengthening to consulting and majority such without wereUND members(Wheatley, of decisions taken NGOs andhisthat of from sector Such action whoprotested formerbecame target criticism allies, third minister. prime of post the established has he as well as parliament dismiss to right him giving decisions was constitutional whichamendments, significantly strengthened presidential by power Following those amendments government’s next move was restoring its control over the over control its restoring was move next government’s amendments those Following first the of 4,presidentSaakashvili’s one of onJanuary becomingGeorgia After president revolution Rose 3.6 Post 41 th May, CEU eTD Collection officials on several mass exams in role of observers were NGOs input in this process. of NGOs in this reform youngopportunity develop to was generation theirskills levelto getEuropean and education. Role generally voluntary.focused on lowering of corruption level inDistribution educational system and gave a chance was andfair reform This Exams. Educational National style Western implemented books Lomaia Kakha among schools, assisting affairs. Foreign and affairs radical reforms in mostthe troublesome institutions in Ministry country: of Internal Education, making theirstarted the brought government Theseexperienceandthe organizations. people minister cabinetwasmostly former from composed of workers NGOs and international Alsoappointed as newlyestablishedCommittee. Chairmen Defense 20-member Security and of Kmara headof was Bokeria, Giga of became Foundation Education, Minister Open Society well-known Many governmental KakhaNGO leaders occupied former andmembers top head Lomaia positions, of structures. governmental to sector third from cadres professional of outflow for rapid Yearof starting point 2004 was sector. becamethethird professionals of source those this lengthy process variousof reforming institutions, governmentneeded professionals. Main major role in organizingmonitoring along with in OSCE elections.repeated demonstrations tactics with and methodsthey duringused revolution”. “Rose ISFEDplayed Educational system was the first institution, which had major changes. Minister of Education The next step for the new government in Georgia was fight against the corruption. To start 42 CEU eTD Collection because new they governmentsaw that ischange indeed to trying old system. popularity Those werevery people, arrests Those among budget. popular money for state sumsof substantive handing the governmenteitherof to businesstheir part which they acquired inillegalor way wealthy businessman) were released after 3month of pre-detention in period exchange of ministers people and Most high profile(former inmassiveof arrested charges corruption. place with former took of officials arrests massive year revolution, first after In corruption. valuable. bepeopleforshow of to finding very period provedpolice to nature officers evidenceto true mainly evidence charged toward providing police Work of officers. Kmara during revolutionary ( violations rights human of reducing and work in police transparency more like be done, to left things many are and were them, there toward of trust degree less raised more or and people among of police reputation improved overall significantly this reform that Despite the fact States. like inUnited Patrol” same system, “Street newjoined established others in of end reform; the were dismissed due tocharges for drug taking,and corruption exceeding Almost their power. 15thousand people dismissed were officers police Majority of 202). (Wheatley, power” 2005, ofstate executor then more mafia, than whichoperated is “Police force, reform before work Interior of whole ministry the new name of Interiorheadedby Irakli Okruashvili friend(old of president andharsh oneof his critics under in future) Ministry. Very clearexperienced definition almost of totalwhat reform.was the First,police it andwas mergedhow did with Ministry of State Security and was Apart from institutional toward fightingApart attention wasdirected government’s major reforms, Georgia, in institution troublesome most was which Affairs, internal of Ministry www.freedomhouse.org ). The Role of NGOs and civil society in this process was 43 CEU eTD Collection charges, but soon released and fled to France. soon andfled to but released charges, withSoon aftercriticism, for corruption new beinghe wasarrested that president dictator. andpersonally to publicly criticize his hestarted government Immediately resignation, after resignation. Okruashvili Irakli was caseof event well-known Last, measure. effective guilty officials got away almost unpunished, about 3-4 years of home detention, which neverthat wasfact was criticism such of Reason government. criticize NGO rights human and opposition Ministry were involved ( criticism became murder of businessman Sandro Girgvliani, where several officials from Interior caseof Another commission. andalsoVenice of massopposition into protests yearsby turned 2 parliamentary and presidential electionsin sametime delayed2008, thus parliamentary elections newwhich Constitutional in amendmentscarried out allowed caring ruling elite. 2006, (further United Opposition or just opposition) started to criticize governmentfor turninginto whichmethods farwere from legal 204). (Wheatley, 2005, government led byNGOs, lawyers, especially who’s of protest moderate several caused Such arrested actions times. samepeople got sometimes aim was to createGYLA,charges were not only butalsocorruption, keepingillegal in arms homes their Only and etc. state based based on onadmittedrule facts of law, wasoftheir where and arrests media they caused bypublicstatements was also coverage of those using extensive illegal guilty. arrests However, of people. ways they It werecan bearrested said that was not always legal. Sometimes After yearAfter in situation of 2005, the Georgia slowly NGOs andescalated. opposition parties www.civil.ge ). This case was and is up to today of the main cases that 44 CEU eTD Collection NGOs, but also from foreign states ( states foreign from also but NGOs, demonstrations andshutting down in TV channel notprotestresulted only from people andlocal TVchannelmovedforceit toward down.and Disbanding (Pro-opposition shut Imedi channel) clashes ( those during were wounded buildings, whichintoclashes soon turned between them. atleast By official 500 people report, away from opposition butfacttopress isgovernmental supporters first, thatpolice started forces failed. On November 7 situation went out of control. Evento refusal one of of issides (it still which unclear side refused tonegotiate) negotiations those today, it is hard to say who attacked with both sides in order to deescalate situation, which was getting very dangerous. However, due likeNDI,OpenSociety local International organizations and make tried to NGOs negotiations tenth of protesters. thousand dueto paralyzed capital of wholewas center November 2almost was leadershipUnitedprotests Levan Gachechiladze. Following under Opposition, of demanding resignationparliamenteach abolishday with demand to constitutional of amendments after2006 and soon of president and newlike RoseRevolution. Following September 2007thousands of people gatheredinfrontof elections ( opposition and several NGOs (Liberty Institute). End of 2007 wasmajor crisis for Georgia much whole third sector. This decaying was rather surprising for many This because, for in wholewas decaying Georgia they surprising thirdsector. rather inside president’s as democratic country reputation ruler. governmental resignation and shutting downopposition servedchannels, as majorblow for November 7 incident, in terms of masses of people who demanded repeated election, Those amendments and unsolved cases were facilitators of amongfacilitators of and slowly caseswereprotest Those amendments growing unsolved As for NGO’s andcivilsociety in canbe this period as period described of slow decaying of www.en.rian.ru www.civil.ge 45 ). After demonstrations, disbanding ). police ). Similarities between Rose revolution and revolution Rose between Similarities ). www.news.bbc.co.uk ). Leader of those CEU eTD Collection sector, because this was only source of funding. As for alternate sources, NGO membership fee NGOmembership sources, As forfunding. alternate of wasonly becausesource this sector, majority funding from of government.NGOs to This cutresulted in serious crisis in the third focusingof on andits governmental development institutions,structures thus redirecting the majority were todevelop. revolution donors of However,after sector Theirthird helpedgrants donors. international on depending mostly financially were NGOs Georgian chapter first the in returned to Liberty Institute. Liberty butafter 2005 Institute, thisdismissed movement andremainingcoreofits members Kmara. departure His lead toslow crumbling of yetwhole movementholding with help of of head Giga instance for Bokeria, government, majority to leftthem leader of their or after sector from very NGOs Moreover, prominent several third disappeared (Rukhadze, 2009,3-4). capacities and influence organizational their overgovernment sector’s greatly reduced third members of leader.from departure beingjustother constant However, sector from NGO third influencein andinput positive development of sectorfromthird high raking then official posts, because in civil havehadmore democracy NGOleaderscould and society Georgia, forward accomplish them. Moreover, NGO members in the ministers` position could be seen as step needby professionals and of to joinedThis canbeexplainedupcoming reforms government. immediately afterfirst At stage, governmental structures. people into of cadres andexperienced professional revolution only smalltoday, wasandis Major tothird blow outflow upto resulted inweakeningsector sector. third of part of prominent place took that majority of processes more However, democratic. are that under conditions NGO workers leftally faster anddevelop even wouldstrongest that government’s become thought third sector third sector and Another problem that occurred after rose revolution was problem of funding. As I mentioned 46 CEU eTD Collection were started many thought that democracy was close, even too close. However, events that took that events close. However, even too close, democracy was that many thought started were in of degradation further third sector Georgia. is facing serious from challenges lack of professionals andfunding, suchfocus could leadto inbut institutions, whenthird sector of Idoacknowledgeimportance time others. governmental organizations,forced grant seekingwork NGOs specificallyto in this field,almost abandoning Governance.focus institutionsnamely Democracy Such and by on governmental Good donor action. or plan single one on consensus NGO’s that merged, with huge from significantly variety comes theirorganizing reduction This of capacities. reduced their differentand vast them made merge this hand other the on ones, major several into idealsunifications those and plans, which due sector third consolidation positiveof was third for sector, effects negative positiveboth and makes very difficult Thismerge Liberty merge had existing likeGYLAor Institute. tanks tothink small NGOs to to reach same opportunity leavingaccomplish without to NGO, others forced plans. This their many (Rukhadze,2009, 4-5). costs cover to unable and low mostly are members official of numbers because option, an not is After revolution, basic when democratic long-term institutions wereestablished andreforms 3.6 Summary of third period majorLast thatNGOsexperienced obstacle waslimiting specific of their raregrantsto field, Another issuefunding relatedto factmajority was that weregoingof grants one and to the 47 CEU eTD Collection about long term social development, when social masses and NGO’s are slowly losing their capacity coordinate, aid to andother each bepolitical involved into life. losing slowly are NGO’s and masses social when development, social term long about talk because wecannot institutions, basic democratic in of existence of even subject refutation, hypothesis second my makes impact negative This met. not were NGO’s and society civil of slow decayingof in third andthatexpectation sector Georgia active andpositiveof development lifeeveryday political both andslow Thiscivil decaying of society sector. from and thirdcomes of structures other from and government. 2)Excluding activesocial NGO’s countries groups significantly that strengthened andgavehim presidential almost power powers unlimited over reforms Two government. of branch executive into power of concentrating 1) parts: major two This revolution canbeplaceafter impact. negative soon dividedinto bignegative caused also 48 CEU eTD Collection approach occurred in Ukraine couple of years later. Thus, I can conclude on example of Thus, Ican yearsGeorgia of example on conclude inlater. of couple occurred Ukraine approach Same assistance. democratic of approach political itwas clearly stage, this In development. democratic for Georgia’s juncture became critical escalation this of andfinal situation democracy. aligned opposition themselves with escalated parties,they whichfurther Then toward steps make help tocountry with government, cooperated They inthistime. major actors political space. Mass creating of politically oriented social groups and of actual approach. political traits NGO’s were there have we instead one conferment, not was of period thein post-revolutionary approach developmental existence of However, revolutionary in stages. and democratic assistance pre-revolutionary of democraticin andcivilGeorgia arenegative sector sense of essential components thirddecaying of society, state. for ofsuch rapid transition consequences However, for rapid democratization. is best solution In addition, juncture critical and it, escalation similar to in countries that, proves of Georgia Case transitions. my research usepoliticalaid-providers because approach,decided to its of effectiveness inmaking short-time confirmed existence of political different of aidstages approaches of democratic political and developmentto democratization. approachGeorgia, discuss role of NGO’s and civil society in it and use thismaterial to test applicability of ofthis thesis. Throughout my work I tried to highlightConclusion major political events that took place in In pre-revolution period, it was clearly visible how processitIn visible how slowly escalatingpre-revolution was within wasclearly period, Based on material I read and use to write this thesis, my answer to research question is next: beginning of mentioned inthe asI very iscomplicated democratization of process General 49 CEU eTD Collection which actively participated in reforms and different democratic processes, thus increased third increased thus processes, democratic in different and reforms participated which actively years First of was development. slowforming of establishment NGO’s and groups, political 7. November on revolution another with political approach, with increasing tension among political parties and event, which almost ended of have traits hereweagain Instead, democracy. newly established of overcome challenges in life everyday and eventsof November 72007,speakthatdevelopmental approach notdid decaying of third sector, not meeting civil society expectations, NGO sector loosingits relevance about above Idescribed events However, institutions. basic democratic of establishment years. Itwas time when developmental approach shouldhave started to replace political, due to with negotiate andtry government to findmost appropriate compromise. to important is it escalations such during that is here opinion My negatively. very ended such democracy, have but escalation could of situation huge toward revolution that was step agree do I life inGeorgia. each of sphere almost within escalation wereextreme of period this ofpolitical juncture wascritical Traits government approach. by united opposition.period This use political approach. into democracy to transition fastachieve to bestoptions the of one regimes, in that Post-Soviet Here I want to summarize major changes that happened with NGO’s and civil society in 16 maybebe two first inthebeginning, candescribed asdemocratic Post-revolutionary time of with replacement ended situation escalated how we saw period, In revolutionary 50 CEU eTD Collection conclusion is uncertain futureis is research. and of subject uncertain conclusion any remember that wemust andcivil However, society. Georgian third sector about researches evaluation of their roles in different stages of transition might be used in future, for more detailed tothem.major factitof is devoted Detailed description and civil that part society,to due will end. today how thisslowlyand process wecan crumble.only to processisgoingdoubt on This up to they instead started stayed asbefore revolution, not flourish,on same level NGO did not terms of strengthening andsustaining democracy.Here we have paradoxthat,civil society and lack of professionals. This caused NGO’s and civil society to be unable to achieve their goals dueto andmade irrelevant, functions several their sector of capacities inthird decreased overall wouldflourish. by Thiswasstarted outflow of rapid professionals which from sector, third NGO’s and society civil conditions good under that is expected it where revolution, after society building was end of official negotiations). Third was,surprising decayingof andthird sector civil government, whichof between and opposition for framework debates creating NGO’sof Here facilitated government, change unfortunatelypeaceful made parties opposition and media with aided NGO’s where wasrevolution not used with all sectorsits capacityrelevance in countries ( Storming everyday life. Second of wasparliament culmination of this development, Rose In last, I hope I hope In last, thisscarce thesisliterature willbe Georgian aboutcontribution to NGO’s and 51 CEU eTD Collection Transition in the Former Soviet Union. Burlington: Ashgate Rose Revolution: from Wheatley Awakening to 2005.GeorgiaJonathan. National Delayed Press. University Society:Splichal Andrew CalabreseSlavko, Sparks.1994. Information Colin and Civil Society and Contemporary Central Budapest: University Press. East-Central Europe, European Perspectives MiklosSukosd Bajomi-Lazar and 2003.Reinventing Peter Ed. in Media: Policy Media Reform on ed.Europe, Joerg Forbrig and Pavol Demeš, 105-113, Bratislava: GMF. the Georgia. democracy: InReclaiming and society civil electoral change inCentral and Eastern Changing Kandelaki andGiorgi Giorgi Meladze. 2007.Enough! Kmara andthe in Rose Revolution World Order EUEnlargement:Prague: after Uniprint, Assistance Democracy European Champions: New 2008. Democracy’s Ed. Lovitt Jeff West Jacek and Kucharczyk Lafayette:Books. Intellect Press EuropeanMedia University the inPurdueEastern Chicago Chicago: of Change Global Perspective. the Jakubowicz Karol Miklos SukosdEd.2008.Finding and Right Place on Map:Central the and University Press. Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge GuntherDemocracy Richardand AnthonyMughan.and theMedia:AComparative 2000. Revolution. Cambridge: American Academy of arts and science. 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