State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties in Europe SECTION II

It is one of the most representational samples of expression of the christian Orthodox faith (Criterion VI). [Monastery of Nea Moni of :] The aesthetic Monasteries of Daphni, Hossios quality of the design and craftsmanship with which Luckas and Nea Moni of Chios it is built, justify its important position as one of the three most important middle Byzantine monuments of its kind and the sole representative of the middle Brief description Byzantine School of in Greece. Although geographically distant from each other, Criteria I, IV, VI these three monasteries (the first is in , near , the second in Phocida near , and the As provided in ICOMOS/IUCN evaluation third on an island in the , near Asia ICOMOS recommends that the convents of Daphni, Minor) belong to the same typological series and Hosios Lukas and Nea Moni of Chio be included on share the same aesthetic characteristics. The the World Heritage List on the basis of Criteria I and churches are built on a cross-in-square plan with a IV. large dome supported by squinches defining an octagonal space. In the 11th and 12th centuries Criterion I. The monasteries at Daphni, Hosios they were decorated with superb marble works as Loukas and Nea Moni represent, with their well as on a gold background, all admirable mosaics on a gold background, unique characteristic of the 'second golden age of artistic achievements. On this basis each one of '. these indisputable masterpieces of Byzantine art could have been included on the World Heritage List on its own merits. 1. Introduction Criterion IV. These three monasteries are Year(s) of Inscription 1990 outstanding examples of a type of construction Agency responsible for site management characteristic of the middle period of Byzantine religious architecture. Nea Moni illustrates the most • Mailing Address: Hellenic Ministry of Culture simple expression: an octagonal church with no st -1 Ephorate of Byzantine and Postbyzantine added spaces. Hosios Lukas and Daphni are more Antiquities, Polygnotou 2, 10555 Athens, complex. They have a central octagonal space Greece surrounded by a series of bays that form a square. e-mail: [email protected] This more elaborate structure defines a hierarchy of - 3rd Ephorate of Byzantine and Post Byzantine volumes and functions and enables the Antiquities, Theopobou 7, 82100 Chios implementation of an extensive iconographic and e-mail: [email protected] decorative plan. It is typical of other churches, like Christianou near Kyparissia, Panaghia Lilodimou in - 23rd Ephorate of Byzantine and Post Athens or Haghia Sophia in Monemvasie. The two Byzantine Antiquities, Kalamiotou 25, 10560 examples included in the proposal are, along with Athens Saint Theodorus of Mistra (included on the World Website: www.culture.gr Heritage List in 1989), the most representative by virtue of the perfection of their architecture, the 2. Statement of Significance beauty of their mosaics and paintings and their more satisfactory state of conservation. Inscription Criteria C (i), (iv) Committee Decision Justification provided by the State Party Bureau (1990): The Bureau recommended that (Monasteries of Daphni, Hossios Luckas): these properties be included in the List and that the Greek authorities continue to take all necessary The architectural design of the church and the measures to ensure the safeguarding of these mosaics which decorate the interior comprise a properties and their environment. unique work of art (Criterion I).

The monastery is an expression of the Byzantine • Statement of Significance does not adequately civilization in the best possible manner (Criterion defines the outstanding universal value of the IV). State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties in Europe SECTION II

site. At the time of initial inscription the WH restoration of the Catholicon and the Committee did not approve a statement of conservation of its mosaics. This is a major significance for the site, which defined the change that will have a positive impact on the outstanding universal value. authenticity of the monument • Proposal for text has been made by State Party • Additional change proposed by State Party for 3. Protection the UNESCO’s official description of the site. Name change proposed by State Party Legislative and Administrative Arrangements • All three sites are protected in accordance with Boundaries and Buffer Zone provisions of L. 3028/02 “On the protection of • Status of boundaries of the site: adequate Antiquities and Cultural Heritage in general”. Daphni: There is an initial delimitation of the Daphni: The site is protected in accordance boundaries of the site. However, a revision of with the provisions of L.3028/02 “On the the boundaries is needed, and is pending Protection of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage Hossios Luckas: The revision of the boundaries in general”. The following are the specific is pending arrangements for the site: A) ‘’The Monastery Nea Moni of Chios: considers the boundaries of of Daphni in Attica (along with the chapel of the the site to be adequate to reflect the site’s Cemetery) is declared an outstanding significance Byzantine monument’’. L. 2447; B) ‘’The area to • Buffer zone: adequate the west of the Monastery of Daphni and Daphni: The initial declaration is inadequate between Iera Odos and the torrent extending at Hossios Luckas: The buffer zone has been 500 meters from the Monastery is proclaimed delimited. It extends to the mountain and hill an archaeological site’’. Codification of Law tops surrounding the monastery. However, it is 5351/1932, article 52. Government Gazette: A) inadequate. Only in the cases of demands for Royal Decree 19-4-1921 Government Gazette quarrying activities, the buffer zone extends by 68/Α/26-4-1921; B) Ministerial Decision another 500 meters around it 35430/2137/29-12-1959 Government Gazette Nea Moni of Chios: does not have a buffer zone 24/Β/22-1-1960 The delimitation of a buffer zone is not needed Hossios Louckas: Royal Decree 19-4-1921, to protect the site’s significance. The Government Gazette 68/v.Α΄/26-4-1921 archaeological site of Nea Moni was delimited designates the monastery as «an outstanding in the Government Gazette no 1188 / Byzantine monument» Also the Ministerial 27.9.2000, and it occupies a wide area; the Decision 70047/1903/9-1-1981, Government wider area in which Nea Moni was founded, is a Gazette 124/v.Β΄/2-3-1981 stipulates special forest area and up until now there hasn’t been state protection any residential pressure or any other form of Nea Moni of Chios: There are no specific land use, to threaten the integrity / authenticity arrangements for this site. Delimitation of of the monument or its surrounding area and extensive boundaries of the archaeological site, thus impose the delimitation of buffer zones A instead of the 150 meters buffer zone around and B the monument, which was in force until 2000 • The protection arrangements are considered Status of Authenticity/Integrity sufficiently effective • World Heritage site values have been maintained Actions taken/proposed: • Nea Moni of Chios: Since 1995 a large-scale • Daphni & Hossios Loukas: The revision of the programme for the restoration and the boundaries of the archaeological site and of the enhancement of the buildings in the Nea Moni buffer zone of the property is under way, on the complex has been carried out. Daphni: 1) basis of L.3028/02 Construction activity. 2) Widening works along the national road. 3) Establishment of mobile 4. Management telephony base stations. Hossios Luckas: The major changes regard restoration and Use of site/property conservation work as well as the management • Daphni: Being a monument of particular of the site, and they will have a positive impact structure, and following the earthquake of on the site. Nea Moni of Chios: within the September 7th, 1999, which struck the framework of the aforementioned programme, monument considerably, systematic there is a special project in progress for the preservation and rehabilitation works have State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties in Europe SECTION II

been taking place. In consequence, at present safeguarding of cultural and natural heritage is the site is not open to the public. Soon, concerned, there are cases where other however, part of the site will be open again to competent bodies besides the Ministry of the public. Hossios Loukas: paid visitor Culture are involved. The Ministry of Culture attraction; religious use; Nea Moni of Chios: sets out the guidelines and the general policy religious use for the management of the monuments and sites which is then implemented by the Management /Administrative Body competent Ephorates. In the case of Daphni, of • Steering group: while the management of the Hossios Luckas and of Nea Moni of Chios, the st site of Daphni is the responsibility of the 1 1st, the 23rd and the 3rd Ephorates of Byzantine Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, there are Antiquities, respectively, are responsible for the also plans in progress for the setting up of a management and protection of the monuments committee in order to assist in the management. As regards the Monastery of Hossios Luckas, the 23rd Ephorate of Byzantine 6. Financial Resources Antiquities is in charge of the management of Financial situation the site regarding the cultural heritage. In • State budget; EU 2nd & 3rd CSF parallel, the monastery, being a place of cult, is • Hossios Loukas: additional source: Greek managed by a board of abbots, which has its Society for the Protection of the Environment seat there. In Nea Moni there are no plans to and Cultural Heritage; Nea Moni of Chios: set up a ‘steering group’. The management of Sponsorship of the Commercial Bank of the archaeological site of Nea Moni, in Greece, A. Chandris Sponsorship and L. accordance with Law 3028/2002 «On the Lemos Foundation Sponsorship through the Protection of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage Greek Society for the Protection of the in general», is exercised by the competent Environment and Cultural Heritage Decentralized Service of the Ministry of Culture, • Sufficient the 3rd Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities • Funding for protection and conservation not • Site manager with responsibilities added to an adequate: Daphni & Hossios Loukas: Financing existing job is requested. Unforeseen or urgent problems • Levels of public authority who are primarily are dealt with accordingly and immediate involved with the management of the site: protection and preservation measures for the national: State Party, under protective site are taken. Nea Moni of Chios: Some of the legislation; church (except for Daphni) needs mentioned are being met occasionally • The current management system is sufficiently while others remain unmet effective

Actions proposed: 7. Staffing Levels • Daphni & Hossios Loukas: The setting up of a steering committee has been planned in order • Number of staff: 14 to assist in the management of the sites, Rate of access to adequate professional staff whereas efforts have been initiated for the across the following disciplines: amelioration of infrastructure • Very good: conservation, management, Nea Moni of Chios: No need for improvements education as regards the institutional framework • Good: promotion, interpretation, visitor management 5. Management Plan • Nea Moni of Chios: Cooperation with the Aristotle University of and the • The management and protection of monuments National Polytechnic School of Athens within and archaeological sites in Greece is not based the framework of technical research on a concrete management plan. Greece has a programmes; work undertaken by specialized system of protection, which is administered craftsmen for the conservation of wall mosaics. centrally by the Ministry of Culture through its • Staff resources to protect, maintain and regional services, i.e. the Ephorates of promote the site not adequate Prehistoric & Classical and Byzantine Daphni & Hossios Loukas: Hiring of additional Antiquities. The Ministry of Culture is the guarding staff is required competent body supervising the sites and overseeing all works carried out. As far as the State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties in Europe SECTION II

Nea Moni of Chios: The existing temporary staff projection hall, guides, postcards, books on and the permanent staff is not adequate to Byzantine art, slides meet the needs of the site; the property, • Hossios Loukas: A site museum housing the beyond its particular significance, occupies a corresponding findings, guides, postcards, vast area books on Byzantine art, slides, projection hall. Nea Moni of Chios: a museum has been 8. Sources of Expertise and Training in operating since 1992. The Museum’s Collection Conservation and Management is housed in a cell of the monastic complex, Techniques previously derelict and then restored, in order to house the reliquary treasures. On sale at the • Daphni: Practical training takes place in situ, at Museum’s shop: books on archaeology, regular intervals and the staff often participates archaeological guide of Nea Moni in Greek, the in special seminars/workshops, thus gaining educational programme "An imperial knowledge on new preservation techniques and monastery" kit in English, titled "Nea Moni on their implementation. These seminars and/or Chios", cards and videotapes on the workshops are organized by other bodies, such monuments of Chios island. Furthermore, a as the National Polytechnic School, the three-fold leaflet on the archaeological site of Directorate for Technical Restoration Research Nea Moni is distributed free of charge. and other parties • Visitor needs: Nea Moni of Chios: Ensuring the • Hossios Loukas: None accessibility for the people with disabilities at • Nea Moni of Chios; continuous training on the entrance, the lavatory facilities and the restoration and excavation research takes monastery complex, explanatory signs on the place in situ. Training in conservation takes rest of the monastery buildings, installation of place in situ and in special workshops information centers for the visitors, afternoon • Training needs: opening hours at the Museum, creation of Daphni & Hossios Loukas: There are training visitor paths. The facilities are considered needs of the guarding staff regarding the adequate at Daphni and Hossios Luckas reception of the public and the adequate knowledge of at least one foreign language Nea Moni of Chios: there are no training needs 10. Scientific Studies that have not been met • Risk assessment; monitoring exercises; • Training for stakeholders available condition surveys; archaeological surveys; visitor management; transportation studies 9. Visitor Management • Nea Moni of Chios: Restoration studies, conservation studies for works of art, mosaics • Visitor statistics: Daphni: 11,250 visitors and marble revêtements, a museum study, a (tickets) 2003(); Hossios Loukas: 47,500 landscaping study for the presentation of paths visitors (tickets) 2004; Nea Moni of Chios: research programme; research programmes 9,000 visitors on an annual basis (tickets) 2004 • Studies used for management of site: • Visitor facilities: Daphni & Hossios Loukas: The conclusions Daphni: a point of sale, a projection hall drawn from the above mentioned studies- showing the historical development of the site, surveys-research programmes, emphasize the creation of visitor paths, explanatory signs, re- significance of the site and prove the necessity operation of the museum, lavatory facilities for financing in order for further maintenance, Hossios Loukas: Point of sale, ramp at the conservation, promotion and protection. All monastery entrance, lavatory facilities, scientific information gathered is to the benefit projection hall showing the historical of the site development of the site, sculpture museum. A Nea Moni of Chios: The results of these ramp for people with disabilities will also be research programmes have been used for the provided restoration of the monastery buildings Nea Moni of Chios: A parking lot, a ticket office and a shop in the Museum, 3 WCs 11. Education, Information and Awareness • Daphni: The following are under construction or preparation: a site museum housing the site Building findings, (sculpture- ceramics), special visitor • Not enough number of signs referring to World paths, explanatory signs, plans and maps, a Heritage site State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties in Europe SECTION II

• World Heritage Convention Emblem used on 12. Factors affecting the Property (State of some publications Conservation) • Adequate awareness of World Heritage among: businesses, local authorities Reactive monitoring reports • Need for awareness raising: Daphni & Hossios • N/A Loukas: Diffusion of information to the public, educational programmes. Nea Moni of Chios: - Conservation interventions Τhrough the distribution of an information leaflet • Conservation/restoration works: free of charge containing information on the Daphni: Conservation of the mosaics in the UNESCO organization, as well as a list of other Catholicon has been initiated. Also in progress sites inscribed on the World Heritage List, is conservation and restoration of the walls of presenting the values incorporated by them. the Catholicon. Consolidation, binding and - With the active contribution of UNESCO to the restoration work of the wings of the enclosure. enhancement of the site (for example through Conservation and restoration of the Refectory funding, by recruiting groups of volunteers, or situated to the north of the Catholicon, as well including the site in international cooperation as of the Byzantine bath area and the southern programmes); - Through the promotion of the ruins. Conservation of the wall paintings of the site, in order to raise public awareness of the Catholicon. Excavation at crucial points in the international significance of Nea Moni site area. Consolidation, binding and Daphni: In the east wing of the enclosure, restoration and enhancement of the Church of which is under re-construction, there will be a Aghios Nikolaos of the Cemetery projection hall showing the historical Hossios Loukas: Rehabilitation and development of the site, the different sustainable use of buildings; restoration and conservation stages, the uninterrupted rehabilitation of the West and of part of the historical use of the site as well as its superb North wing of the cells; restoration of Saint mosaics. Also, information material will be Charalambos chapel; excavation work in cells; provided. In the west wing of the enclosure, the Setting up of a sculpture exhibition in the renovated exhibition hall housing the sculptures refectory of the monastery; Reversal of threats of the site will open again due to human activities, such as establishment Hossios Loukas: Points of information will be of wind parks established Nea Moni of Chios: Projects completed: Nea Moni of Chios: Educational programme for an exhibition on the Nea Moni Museum students from 10-18 years of age, under the Collection; building of lavatory facilities; title: «An imperial monastery». The activity of restoration of the Chapel of Timios Stavros; the programme focuses on how to make a restoration of the Refectory of Nea Moni; ; restoration of the Cistern of Nea • Nea Moni of Chios: 1) A photo exhibition, a Moni; restoration of the chapel of St. publication and a series of lectures on the Panteleimon; excavation research in the Tower World Cultural Heritage sites in Greece. The and the courtyard of the monastery; projects in event took place on the occasion of the 25th progress: restoration of the anniversary from the signing of the Unesco Catholicon; conservation of the mosaics; Convention (1998); 2) Information unveiling –enhancement of the cells at the east disseminated to the scientific community wing through communications at a Congress on the • Present state of conservation: good restoration and the conservation works in Nea Threats and Risks to site Moni (2005); 3) Information provided to the local community through lectures on the • Development pressure, environmental restoration and the conservation works in Nea pressure, natural disaster(s), visitor/tourism Moni ( 2005) pressure • Web site available (web pages at the Hellenic • Specific issues: Ministry of Culture’s official website) Daphni: Establishment of mobile telephony base stations; construction activity; widening works along the national road; natural damages and disasters (earthquakes, floods). The site is situated on the Mount Parnitha fault. The 1999 earthquake damaged the site considerably State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties in Europe SECTION II

Hossios Loukas: Establishment of wind parks. 14. Conclusions and Recommended Establishment of mobile telephony base Actions stations. Quarrying activities. Construction activities. Natural damages and disasters • Main benefits of WH status: conservation; Nea Moni of Chios: Chios Island is situated in a social; economic; management seismic area and the site has suffered • Strength/Weaknesses of management: Daphni damages on several occasions due to & Hossios Loukas: A need for ongoing care earthquakes. Another threat is the eventuality and sprucing of the area for the valorisation of a forest fire in the wider area of Nea Moni and promotion of the sites • Emergency measures taken: Hossios Loukas: Dealing with the immediate Daphni: Revision of the boundaries of the problems related to the damage of the mosaics archaeological site and the buffer zone; strict and wall paintings controls of construction activities; cooperation Nea Moni of Chios: Need to increase financial with jointly competent and local bodies to deal resources and public awareness, inadequate with natural disasters; conservation and facilities regarding the services offered to the restoration studies for the site; elaboration of visitors, a patchy status of the conservation of research programmes; establishment of a the site system for the monitoring of the site with the Future actions: use of instruments; placement of a lightning rod • Daphni & Hossios Loukas: The elaboration of Hossios Loukas: Revision of the boundaries of studies is being planned. Vigilance is required the archaeological site and of the buffer zone; for a continuous financing, so that care and strict controls of construction activities and protection of the site be adequate and regarding the potential establishment of wind uninterrupted parks and mobile telephony base stations; conservation and restoration studies for the • Nea Moni of Chios: A prerequisite for meeting site; placement of a lightning rod at the bell- these needs is securing adequate financial tower of the monastery; establishment of a resources system for the monitoring of the static and dynamic behaviour of the Catholicon. Nea Moni of Chios: The intense seismic activity on Chios island has been taken into account in the static studies elaborated and in the proposals put forward for the restoration of the rest of the monastery buildings. As regards the threat from a forest fire, a firefighting unit of the Chios Forestry Service is patrolling the area of Nea Moni.

13. Monitoring • Formal monitoring programme • Daphni: A system for the monitoring of the site with the use of instruments and examination of the dynamics of the Catholicon, placement of the corresponding equipment for the measurement of any movement or displacement of the Catholicon (crack identification equipment) • Hossios Loukas: Establishment of a system for the monitoring of the static and dynamic behavior of the Catholicon • Nea Moni of Chios: Continuous monitoring and surveillance of the state of conservation of the site