Gujarati Numeral Recognition: Affine Invariant Moments Approach
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5 SI H.5n§ in 1W>o O0#W #M*V oQfQ P1^^ UUULIULlLJIJ «|\^ » § g_^< Si I J *^ N r-t >* s—. V — K4. i • J , — —1 g . 7 9 ' g •? • £ 7— I > ^ N ^ ^ |=|§ |§ I 1 ^ ^ «^^> to'^"^"?^ R Q a f— —— ^i H . S^oc^o-^^ II 9 11 V? 11 T ? 1 os3000D0- OH: P H "% ^ -J os • ^ CN ^ s * I I I'I «.;©—• !0C " ^ h+> < < < S> ^ %< .XXDHJV«JHiJXa/_L ^ , I I s F" > > * > * 2 . ^\ N^ ,1 ii 5^ ^ ^ ^ <& -* ^ illllllii ^ ^t >^ ^ ^ * XPHPArHCTX \> J o o • o * — * r^^ Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Biblio Université Pierre et Marie Curie, on 15 May 2018 at 06:33:09, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00018438 Os. Ucrope&Ti i ; -I fe 2, p Malay<damI !r Tkmil Veylorv ci 4* Ex 1 t uropesj h IX) Ikmil I o o I * (to Ceylon Iff* 4 European, 00. 00 3 1" I no I. •s N oi f Ceylon Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Biblio Université Pierre et Marie Curie, on 15 May 2018 at 06:33:09, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00018438 JOURNAL THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. ART. I.—On the Genealogy of Modern Numerals. Part II. Simplification of the Ancient Indian Numeration. By Sir E. OLIVE BAYLEY, K.C.S.I., C.I.E. THE second part of this paper will be occupied by an attempt to show how the ancient Indian system of numeral signs, described in Part L, was simplified. -
The Origins, Evolution and Decline of the Khojki Script
The origins, evolution and decline of the Khojki script Juan Bruce The origins, evolution and decline of the Khojki script Juan Bruce Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Typeface Design, University of Reading, 2015. 5 Abstract The Khojki script is an Indian script whose origins are in Sindh (now southern Pakistan), a region that has witnessed the conflict between Islam and Hinduism for more than 1,200 years. After the gradual occupation of the region by Muslims from the 8th century onwards, the region underwent significant cultural changes. This dissertation reviews the history of the script and the different uses that it took on among the Khoja people since Muslim missionaries began their activities in Sindh communities in the 14th century. It questions the origins of the Khojas and exposes the impact that their transition from a Hindu merchant caste to a broader Muslim community had on the development of the script. During this process of transformation, a rich and complex creed, known as Satpanth, resulted from the blend of these cultures. The study also considers the roots of the Khojki writing system, especially the modernization that the script went through in order to suit more sophisticated means of expression. As a result, through recording the religious Satpanth literature, Khojki evolved and left behind its mercantile features, insufficient for this purpose. Through comparative analysis of printed Khojki texts, this dissertation examines the use of the script in Bombay at the beginning of the 20th century in the shape of Khoja Ismaili literature. -
Handwriting Recognition in Indian Regional Scripts: a Survey of Offline Techniques
1 Handwriting Recognition in Indian Regional Scripts: A Survey of Offline Techniques UMAPADA PAL, Indian Statistical Institute RAMACHANDRAN JAYADEVAN, Pune Institute of Computer Technology NABIN SHARMA, Indian Statistical Institute Offline handwriting recognition in Indian regional scripts is an interesting area of research as almost 460 million people in India use regional scripts. The nine major Indian regional scripts are Bangla (for Bengali and Assamese languages), Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Gurumukhi (for Punjabi lan- guage), Tamil, Telugu, and Nastaliq (for Urdu language). A state-of-the-art survey about the techniques available in the area of offline handwriting recognition (OHR) in Indian regional scripts will be of a great aid to the researchers in the subcontinent and hence a sincere attempt is made in this article to discuss the advancements reported in this regard during the last few decades. The survey is organized into different sections. A brief introduction is given initially about automatic recognition of handwriting and official re- gional scripts in India. The nine regional scripts are then categorized into four subgroups based on their similarity and evolution information. The first group contains Bangla, Oriya, Gujarati and Gurumukhi scripts. The second group contains Kannada and Telugu scripts and the third group contains Tamil and Malayalam scripts. The fourth group contains only Nastaliq script (Perso-Arabic script for Urdu), which is not an Indo-Aryan script. Various feature extraction and classification techniques associated with the offline handwriting recognition of the regional scripts are discussed in this survey. As it is important to identify the script before the recognition step, a section is dedicated to handwritten script identification techniques. -
The Number-System of Algebra : Treated Theoretically and Historically
- ; THE NUMBER-SYSTEM OF ALGEBRA TKEATED THEORETICALLY AND HISTORICALLY BY HENRY B. FINE, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS IN PRINCETON UNIVERSITY SECOND EDITION, WITH CORRECTIONS BOSTON, U.S.A. D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS 1907 COPYRIGHT, 1890, BY HENRY B. FINE. 66 f 6 T PREFACE. THE theoretical part of this little book is an elementary of exposition the nature of the number concept, of the posi- tive integer, and of the four artificial forms of number which, with the positive integer, constitute the "number- " system of algebra, viz. the negative, the fraction, the irra- tional, and the imaginary. The discussion of the artificial numbers follows, in general, the same lines as my pam- phlet : On the Forms of Number arising in Common Algebra, but it is much more exhaustive and thorough- going. The point of view is the one first suggested by Peacock and Gregory, and accepted by mathematicians gen- erally since the discovery of quaternions and the Ausdeh- nungslehre of Grassmann, that algebra is completely defined formally by the laws of combination to which its funda- mental operations are subject; that, speaking generally, these laws alone define the operations, and the operations the various artificial numbers, as their formal or symbolic results. This doctrine was fully developed for the neg the fraction, and the imaginary by Hankel, in his Complexe Zahlensystemen, in 1867, and made complete by Cantor's beautiful theory of the irrational in 1871, but it has not as yet received adequate treatment in English. this kind is Any large degree of originality in work of from a naturally out of the question. -
Los Nombres De Los Números Ante El Préstamo
LOS NOMBRES DE LOS NÚMEROS ANTE EL PRÉSTAMO FRANCISCO MARCOS MARÍN Al hablar de los números, cabe también la posibilidad de ocuparse de ellos como préstamos. El préstamo de numerales es muy frecuente y no se limita a los escasos ejemplos que aducía un lingüista tan estimable como Jespersen (1922, xi, 11) a finales del primer cuarto de este siglo, aunque su incidencia es también muy variable dentro de los sistemas que lo adoptan. Las diferencias entre préstamos de los números bajos (< 100) y los altos (> 100) no obedezcan a razones lingüísticas, sino el hecho cultural de que muchos pueblos no han desarrollado designaciones para los números superiores, simplemente porque no los necesitaban; cuando, por razones de contacto con otros, generalmente comerciales, estas necesidades han surgido, han tomado esos nombres de los números en préstamos. No obstante, también los préstamos de números bajos, incluso de la primera decena, son moneda corriente en los contactos entre lenguas, con o sin desdoblamiento de designación. Podemos tratar los préstamos bien como cultismos, como préstamos léxi- cos (con sustitución total o aparición de una nueva forma), como préstamos sintácticos, también totales o parciales, e incluso hablaremos de préstamos de sistema. PRÉSTAMOS LÉXICOS El préstamo léxico es, aparentemente, el más frecuente, aunque luego veremos que no es el fundamental. Puede tratarse de un préstamo esporádico o de un préstamo extenso. Como ejemplo de la primera clase el más extendido es sin duda el nombre del conjunto vacío, cero, que procede de la palabra árabe que significa «vacío», sifr, a través del latín zephirum, con una evolución formal que lo sitúa en el grupo de los cultismos, si bien con ciertas peculiari- dades . -
Request to Encode Tamil Fractions §1. Tamil Numerals and Fractions to Be
Request to encode Tamil fractions Shriramana Sharma, jamadagni-at-gmail-dot-com, India 2010-Sep-09 This document replaces L2/09-376, which requested the encoding of the three major fractions used in Tamil and Grantha in the Tamil block. L2/09-398 from INFITT and L2/09- 416 from ICTA Sri Lanka had recommended that the major and minor Tamil fractions be together encoded in the SMP. In accordance with that, this document requests such an encoding in the SMP of fifteen fractions for Tamil, which includes both the major fractions one quarter, one half and three quarters, as well as minor fractions below one quarter. §1. Tamil numerals and fractions to be re-used for Grantha The Tamil digits 0-9 and Tamil numbers 10, 100 and 1000 are already encoded in the Tamil block in the BMP in the range 0BE6-0BF2. Despite their presence in the Tamil block and script=tamil property, they are used in Grantha texts also, as demonstrated in L2/09-372 p 5. Therefore, these same digits and numbers with the script=tamil property will be used along with Grantha characters (with script=grantha) being proposed separately, as recommended by L2/10-053 p 12 (though not in so many words). As there are already (at least) two precedents in: 1. the Devanagari digits 0966-096F with script=devanagari being used with Kaithi (see also N3438), and 2. the Bengali digits 09E6-09EF with script=bengali being used with Syloti Nagri there should not be a problem in the “Tamil” digits, which are in fact the Tamil-Grantha digits, being used with Grantha text as well. -
Gujarati Handwritten Numeral Optical Character Through Neural Network and Skeletonization
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Diponegoro University Institutional Repository GUJARATI HANDWRITTEN NUMERAL OPTICAL CHARACTER THROUGH NEURAL NETWORK AND SKELETONIZATION Kamal MORO*, Mohammed FAKIR, Badr Dine EL KESSAB, Belaid BOUIKHALENE, Cherki DAOUI (dont delete this line. It is used to insert authors detail) Abstract — This paper deals with an optical character recognition (OCR) system for handwritten Gujarati numbers. One may find so much of work for Indian languages like Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, Bangala, Malayalam, Gurumukhi etc, but Gujarati is a language for which hardly any work is Fig. 2 Confusing Gujarati digits traceable especially for handwritten characters. The features of Gujarati digits are abstracted by four different profiles of This paper addresses the problem of handwritten digits. Skeletonization and binarization are also done for Gujarati numeral recognition. Gujarati numeral preprocessing of handwritten numerals before their recognition requires binarization and skeletonozation as classification. This work has achieved approximately 80,5% of preprocess. Further, profiles are used for feature extraction success rate for Gujarati handwritten digit identification. and artificial neural network (ANN) is suggested for the classification. Index Terms —Optical character recognition, neural network, feature extraction, Gujarati handwritten digits, II. DATABASE skeletonization, classification. For handwritten English numerals, we have the CEDAR (Centre of Excellence for Document Analysis I. INTRODUCTION and Recognition at the University of New York at ujarati belonging to Devnagari family of Buffalo, USA) numeral database. It contains Glanguages, which originated and flourished in approximately 5000 samples of numerals. It contains Gujarat a western state of India, is spoken by over 50 approximately 5000 samples of numerals. -
A Review on Handwritten Devnagari Numerals Recognition Using Support Vector Machine
Proceedings of VESCOMM-2016 4th NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “RECENT TRENDES IN VLSI, EMBEDED SYSTEM, SIGNAL PROCESSING AND COMMUNICATION In Association with “The Institution of Engineers (India)” and IJRPET February 12th, 2016 Paper ID: VESCOMM03 A REVIEW ON HANDWRITTEN DEVNAGARI NUMERALS RECOGNITION USING SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE Rupali Vitthalrao Suryawanshi Department of Electronics Engineering, Bharatratna Indira Gandhi College, Solapur, India, 413006 [email protected] Abstract— Handwriting has continued to persist as a mean of SVM stands for Support Vector Machine and this method of communication and recording information in day-to-day life even recognition is gaining immense popularity now-a-days. SVM with the invention of new technologies. Natural handwriting is classifier gives better results as compared to the other one of the easiest ways of information exchange between a human classifiers for the handwritten numeral recognition of Kannada and a computer. Handwriting recognition has attracted many script in [3]. In [6], SVM approach is used to recognize researchers across the world since many years. Recognition of strokes in Telugu script. The set of strokes are segmented into online handwritten Devanagari numerals is a goal of many subsets based on the relative position of the stroke in a research efforts in the pattern recognition field The main goal of character. An SVM based classifier is built for recognition of the work is the recognition of online hand written Devanagari strokes in each subset. A rule based approach is used to numerals using support vector machine. In the data collection recognize a character from the sequence of stroke classes phase, co-ordinate points of the input handwritten numeral are given by the stroke classifier. -
Numerical Notation: a Comparative History
This page intentionally left blank Numerical Notation Th is book is a cross-cultural reference volume of all attested numerical notation systems (graphic, nonphonetic systems for representing numbers), encompassing more than 100 such systems used over the past 5,500 years. Using a typology that defi es progressive, unilinear evolutionary models of change, Stephen Chrisomalis identifi es fi ve basic types of numerical notation systems, using a cultural phylo- genetic framework to show relationships between systems and to create a general theory of change in numerical systems. Numerical notation systems are prima- rily representational systems, not computational technologies. Cognitive factors that help explain how numerical systems change relate to general principles, such as conciseness and avoidance of ambiguity, which also apply to writing systems. Th e transformation and replacement of numerical notation systems relate to spe- cifi c social, economic, and technological changes, such as the development of the printing press and the expansion of the global world-system. Stephen Chrisomalis is an assistant professor of anthropology at Wayne State Uni- versity in Detroit, Michigan. He completed his Ph.D. at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, where he studied under the late Bruce Trigger. Chrisomalis’s work has appeared in journals including Antiquity, Cambridge Archaeological Jour- nal, and Cross-Cultural Research. He is the editor of the Stop: Toutes Directions project and the author of the academic weblog Glossographia. Numerical Notation A Comparative History Stephen Chrisomalis Wayne State University CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521878180 © Stephen Chrisomalis 2010 This publication is in copyright. -
Miramo Mmcomposer Reference Guide
Miramo® mmComposer mmComposer Reference Guide VERSION 1.5 Copyright © 2014–2018 Datazone Ltd. All rights reserved. Miramo®, mmChart™, mmComposer™ and fmComposer™ are trademarks of Datazone Ltd. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Readers of this documentation should note that its contents are intended for guidance only, and do not constitute formal offers or undertakings. ‘License Agreement’ This software, called Miramo, is licensed for use by the user subject to the terms of a License Agreement between the user and Datazone Ltd. Use of this software outside the terms of this license agreement is strictly prohibited. Unless agreed otherwise, this License Agreement grants a non-exclusive, non-transferable license to use the software programs and related document- ation in this package (collectively referred to as Miramo) on licensed computers only. Any attempted sublicense, assignment, rental, sale or other transfer of the software or the rights or obligations of the License Agreement without prior written con- sent of Datazone shall be void. In the case of a Miramo Development License, it shall be used to develop applications only and no attempt shall be made to remove the associated watermark included in output documents by any method. The documentation accompanying this software must not be copied or re-distributed to any third-party in either printed, photocopied, scanned or electronic form. The software and documentation are copyrighted. Unless otherwise agreed in writ- ing, copies of the software may be made only for backup and archival purposes. Unauthorized copying, reverse engineering, decompiling, disassembling, and creating derivative works based on the software are prohibited. -
N Umerations in Tke Sink Ala Language Numerations in the Sinhala Language
Numerations in the Sinhala Language N umerations in tke Sink ala Language Numerations in the Sinhala Language N umerations in tke Sinkala Language by Harsha Wijayawardhana edited by Aruni Goonetilleke 3 Num erations in the Sinhala Language Numerations in the Sinhala Language © Harsha Wijayawardhana 9th Lane, Nawala Road, Rajagiriya, Sri Lanka. [email protected] www.ucsc.cbm.ac.lk/sdu 2009 October ISBN- 978-955-1199-05-0 Design Sanjaya Epa Senevirathna Information and Communication Technology Agency of Sri Lanka All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reporoduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission from ICTA. Published Strategic Communications and Media Unit - ICTA 160/24, Kirimandala Mawatha, Colombo 05, Sri Lanka. TP: +94 11 2369099 FAX:+ 94 11 2369091 email: [email protected] web: www.icta.lk Numerations in the Sinhala Language To my parents and to my daughter Panchali. um a.tlions m llie Sinhala Language Preface The research into Sinhala numerals that ICTA initiated has yielded the fact the Sinhala language had several sets of Sinhala numerals, of which two sets had been widely used: one set (Sinhala Illakkam) was in use up to the early part of the nineteenth century, and the other set (Lith Illakkam) was in use well into the 20th century. The latter set clearly includes a zero and a zero place holder. ICTA’s Local Language Working Group, after reviewing the research and after extensive discussions with experts and stakeholders agreed that these two sets should be encoded in (he Sri Lanka Standard Sinhala Character Code for Information Interchange (SLS 1134 : 2004), in the Unicode standard and in ISO/IEC 10646 (the Universal Character set). -
Elements of South-Indian Palaeography, from the Fourth To
This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com ELEMENTS SOUTH-INDIAN PALfi3&BAPBY FROM THE FOURTH TO THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY A. D. BEIN1 AN INTRODUCTION TO ?TIK STUDY OF SOUTH-INDIAN INSCRIPTIONS AND MSS. BY A. C. BURNELL HON'. PH. O. OF TUE UNIVERSITY M. K. A, ri'VORE PIS I. A SOClfcTE MANGALORE \ BASEL MISSION BOOK & TRACT DEPOSITORY ft !<3 1874 19 Vi? TRUBNER & Co. 57 & 69 LUDOATE HILL' . ' \jj *£=ggs3|fg r DISTRIBUTION of S INDIAN alphabets up to 1550 a d. ELEMENTS OF SOUTH-INDIAN PALEOGRAPHY FROM THE FOURTH TO THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY A. D. BEING AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF SOUTH-INDIAN INSCRIPTIONS AND MSS. BY A. p. j^URNELL HON. PH. D. OF THE UNIVERSITY OF STRASSBUB.G; M. R. A. S.; MEMBKE DE LA S0CIETE ASIATIQUE, ETC. ETC. MANGALORE PRINTED BY STOLZ & HIRNER, BASEL MISSION PRESS 1874 LONDON TRtlBNER & Co. 57 & 59 LUDGATE HILL 3« w i d m « t als ^'ctdjcn kr §anltekcit fiir Mc i|jm bdic<jcnc JJoctorMvk ttcsc fetlings^kit auf rincm fejjcr mtfrckntcn Jfclk bet 1®4 INTRODUCTION. I trust that this elementary Sketch of South-Indian Palaeography may supply a want long felt by those who are desirous of investigating the real history of the peninsula of India. Trom the beginning of this century (when Buchanan executed the only archaeological survey that has ever been done in even a part of the South of India) up to the present time, a number of well meaning persons have gone about with much simplicity and faith collecting a mass of rubbish which they term traditions and accept as history.