Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Mekelle Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized (Final Report)
CONSULTING ENGINEERS PLC
May, 2011
Public Disclosure Authorized Addis Ababa
1 Addis Ababa Pick the date] Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Table of Content
1. INTRODUCTION ...... 8
1.1BACKGROUND ...... 9 1.2 OBJECTIVES ...... 9 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 10
2.1 PROJECT LOCATION ...... 10 2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED WATER PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION PROJECT ...... 14 2.2.1 Deep well groundwater source development ...... 14 2.2.2 Transmission and distribution systems ...... 14 3. NATIONAL POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ...... 16
3.1 POLICY FRAMEWORK ...... 16 3.1.1 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ...... 16 3.1.2 National and Regional Conservation Strategy ...... 17 3.1.3 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia ...... 18 3.1.4 Water Resource Policy ...... 19 3.1.5 National Health Policy ...... 20 3.1.6 Land Tenure Policy ...... 20 3.2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 21 3.2.1 Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No. 295/2002) ...... 21 3.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/2002) ...... 22 3.2.3 Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation No. 300/2002) ...... 24 3.2.4 National Proclamation on Water Resources Management ...... 24 3.2.5 National Rural Land Administration and Use (Proclamation No. 456/2005) ...... 25 3.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 26 3.3.1 The Environmental Protection Organs ...... 26 3.3.2 Federal Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) ...... 26 3.3.3 Ministry of Water Resources ...... 27 3.3.4 Other Relevant Bureaus at Regional and Woreda Level ...... 28 3.3.5 Woreda administrations ...... 28 3.4 SUMMARY OF THE WORLD BANK’S SAFEGUARD POLICIES AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO THIS PROJECT ...... 29 4. METHODOLOGY...... 34
4.1 IMPACT ASSESSMENT STEPS ...... 36 5. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 41 6. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT ...... 41
6.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 41 6.1.1 Climate ...... 41 6.1.2 Topography of the project area ...... 42 6.1.3 Geology and Hydrology of the project area ...... 42
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6.1.4 Land Use Patterns ...... 43 6.1.5 Water Resources ...... 44 6.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 44 6.2.1 Terrestrial Vegetation...... 44 6.2.2 Wildlife ...... 46 6.3 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 46 6.3.1 Population and settlement ...... 46 6.3.2 Social services ...... 47 6.3.3 Industry, Commerce and Investment ...... 51 6.3.4 Water supply and Sanitation services ...... 52 6.3.5 Drainage system ...... 54 6.3.6 Religious, historical and archeological sites ...... 54 7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS ...... 55
7.1 APPROACHES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ANALYSIS ...... 55 7.2 IMPACTS ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 55 7.2.1 Impact on land use type and loss of income generation ...... 55 7.2.2 Impacts on terrestrial flora and fauna ...... 58 7.2.3 Impacts on soil ...... 59 7.2.4 Impact on Public Infrastructure ...... 61 7.2.5 Impact on traffic volume during construction and operation ...... 61 7.2.6 Air pollution and noise nuisance ...... 62 7.2.7 Impact of Spillage and disinfecting chemicals ...... 62 7.2.8 Stress on the Existing solid and liquid Waste Management facilities...... 63 7.2.9 Impact on reservoirs ...... 64 7.3 IMPACTS ON SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT...... 64 7.3.1 IMPACT ON SETTLEMENTS ...... 64 7.3.2 Loss of sites of cultural and/or religious values ...... 66 7.3.3 Problem of Malaria Intensification ...... 66 7.3.4 Impact on Women ...... 66 7.3.5 Impacts on health ...... 67 7.3.6 Impacts on investment, trade and tourism ...... 67 8. MAJOR IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 75
8.1 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING LOSS IN CROP GENERATED INCOMES ...... 75 8.2 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING LOSS OF PERENNIAL CROPS (PRIVATE PROPERTY) ...... 77 8.3 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING CHANGES IN TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION ...... 77 8.4 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING WATER QUALITY ...... 78 8.5 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING CHANGES IN RATES OF EROSION, SILTATION AND SOIL STRUCTURE ...... 78 8.6 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING CHANGES IN DISEASE VECTOR POPULATION ...... 79 8.7MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING DUST AND NOISE NUISANCE ...... 79 8.8 IMPACT OF SPILLAGE AND DISINFECTING CHEMICALS ...... 79 8.9 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS INVOLVING ACCESS TO NATURAL RESOURCES (BOREHOLE WATER USE) ...... 79 8.10 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR IMPACTS ON RESERVOIRES ...... 80 Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 3
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9. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) ...... 84
9.1 INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMP ...... 84 9.1.1 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP related to design change ...... 84 9.1.2 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP in the construction phase ...... 84 9.1.3 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP in the operation phase ...... 86 9. 2 COST ESTIMATE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 91 9.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING ...... 92 ANNEX IA: CENSUS TABLE OF AFFECTED PARTIES...... 96 ANNEX II ...... 119 SCREENING OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 119 ANNEX III ...... 129 LIST OF CONSULTED INSTITUTIONS ...... 129 ANNEX IV ...... 131 MINUTES OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 131 ANNEX V ...... 136 ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS ...... 136 ANNEX VI: ENVIRONMENTAL SCORES AND RANGE VALUES ...... 147
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ACRONYMS
TOR Terms of Reference
I/s litre per second
ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone
ºC Degree Centigrade
Mm millimetre
M meter
M² Meter square
M³ Meter cube
M³/s Meter cube per second
T Tone
Km kilometre
Km² kilometre square
T/km²/yr Tone per kilometre square per year
WHO World Health Organization
Mg/ l milligram per litre
Ha Hectare
BH Bore Hole
PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
MoWR Ministry of Water Resource
EWRMP Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy
Masl Meters above sea level
CSA Central Statistics Authority
IRE Immediate Rehabilitation and Expansion
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RTI Respiratory Tract Infection
UTI Urinary Tract Infection
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
VIP Ventilated Pit Latrine
ESIA Environmental and Social impact Assessment
HH Household
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TL Taste Less
SL Smell Less
ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework
CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
REA Regional Environmental Agency
EISR Environmental Impact Study Report
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
OP Operational Programme
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
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List of tables
Table 1: Geographic Location of the Boreholes
Table 2: Population of Mekelle city from 1965 to 2006.
Table 3: Number and level of schools available in Mekelle city
Table 4: School enrollement ratio of Mekelle city
Table 5: Primary Schools with and without a Water Source, Mekelle, 2007
Table 6: Number of Latrines, Primary School, Mekelle, 2007
Table 7: School dropout data obtained from the City education office
Table 8: List of top ten diseases in Mekelle city
Table 9: Houses to be impacted by Transmission line installation
Table 10: Impact analysis Matrix for Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Table 11: Magnitude matrix showing the magnitude and significance of identified impacts from the project
Table 12: Summary of Major impacts and proposed Mitigating Measures
Table 13: Summary Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
Table 14: Cost estimates of mitigation measures
Table 15: Environmental and social monitoring indicators, frequency of measurement and reporting
List of figures
Fig 1: Consultation underway at Mesebo
Fig 2: Consultation underway at Gergenbes
Fig 3: Partial view of lands devoid of vegetation cover
Fig 4: Showing the remains from the times of King Amdetsion (Palace/Church?) at Quiha.
Fig 5: Showing highly disturbed farmland at Quiha borehole and reservoir site
Fig 6: Showing access road passing across area closure
Fig 7: Showing farming fields with displaced top soil
Fig 8: Showing soil sludge from drilling operations
Fig 9: Showing Houses that can be affected by clearing for right of way
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Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Water Supply and Sanitation Project
1. Introduction
In order to ensure sustainability of future development projects it is essential to integrate environmental and social concerns into the development process. Social and environmental assessment and management have been recognized as an effective tool for facilitating the inclusion of the principles of sustainable development into development projects.
For this particular case an environmental consultant has been assigned to carry out environmental and social impact assessment study of the Mekelle Water Supply and Sanitation project. The consultant has carried out the assignment as per the TOR provided to him by the Mekelle Water Supply Enterprise. In carrying out the assignment the consultant determined the scope of the ESIA study by completing the ‗screening form’ as provided in Annex II.
The study is expected to meet the requirements indicated in the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), the Project Implementation Manual (PIM), the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) and other relevant operational policies of the World Bank.
This EIA report outlines assessment of the baseline environment, prediction of significant environmental impacts and their mitigation measures for the project. Chapter one deals with a general introduction and provides background information regarding the water supply shortage problem of the city which underlies for the need of the Mekelle WSS project. A detailed description of the Mekelle water supply and sanitation project is presented in chapter two which is followed by the description of the overall policy, legal, and institutional issues that will either directly or indirectly affect the proposed project in the next chapter. The major environmental impact issues that will arise from the activities of the project are analysed in chapter seven and its proposed mitigation measures narrated in chapter eight. The Environmental and social management plan for the proposed project is presented in the last chapter.
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1.1Background
Mekelle city is one of the regional capitals in Ethiopia which are experiencing huge expansion and transformation in the past decade and half. Its population size has doubled from 98,825 in 1994 to over 215,546 in 2007 (CSA, 2007). Correspondingly the city has experienced rapid growth and development in all social, economic, political and cultural spheres. Remarkable investments in construction of buildings, hotels, residential houses, higher education and health facilities, access roads and other marketing infrastructures and services have been undertaken.
However, in spite of the rapid expansion and transformation, the water supply provision of the city has not proportionally developed to support the ever increasing demand. According to the assessment reports of the Tigray Water Resources, Mines and Energy Bureau the present daily water demand of the city is estimated to be about 41,000m3, whereas the daily water production is only 14500m3. It is apparently clear that the present daily water production accounts for 35% of the daily water demand of the city. Consequently, the city is presently found under severe shortage of water supply provision. As a result residents of the city and other members of the community have been expressing the problems they are facing in relation to shortage of water supply. The present Mekelle water supply and sanitation project is designed to respond to the current situation and it is driven by the urgent demands of the community.
1.2 Objectives The main objectives of the ESIA study is to describe the existing bio-physical and socio-cultural features of the proposed project environment, assess the potential positive and negative effects, and recommend appropriate mitigating measures that will avoid or minimize any undesirable effects expected to result from the construction and operation activities of the project. The study is aimed to ensure that the environmental and social effects of the project activities are adequately and appropriately addressed before decisions are made to implement them.
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2. Description of the Proposed Project
2.1 Project Location The project is located within the Enderta woreda and Mekelle Zone administration areas. Whereas the two important well fields (i.e. Dandera and Chinferes) are situated in the rural kebele‘s of Enderta woreda, the third well field is located in quiha town which by itself is part of the Mekelle zonal administration. Chinferes and Dandera are tiny villages found at a distance of about 20kms north and south of Mekelle city respectively. Quiha is also another small town found about 7kms south of mekelle. The project will install transmission mains and will build reservoirs to convey the water up to the distribution networks of Mekelle city. The final destination of the project is thus Mekelle city. Mekelle is located at about 13030‘ north and 390 east longitudinal. The specific geographic locations of the selected sites for drilling deep wells in each of the stated localities are shown as below.
Table 1: Geographic Location of the Boreholes
Name of the locality Borehole Identification Northing Easting
1 Chinferes BH - 1 1506128 547130
2 Chinferes BH - 2 1505818.7 546178.4
3 Chinferes BH - 3 1506128.00 547130
4 Dandera Dandera well 1485676.00 564353.00
5 Quiha FPW-9 1487641.79 560164.23
The Mekelle water supply and sanitation project is one of the sub- projects that are financed by the World Bank. The overall objective of the WSS project is to increase access to sustainable water supply and sanitation services, for rural and urban users, through improved capacity of stakeholders in the sector and better management of water resources. Accordingly the Mekelle sub – project is aimed at improving the severe shortage of water supply prevailing in the City.
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The objective of Mekelle water supply and sanitation project is to improve the critical shortage of water supply of the city in the short term. Upgrading of the water supply systems of Mekelle city by adding more deep well groundwater sources will result in the improvement of the provision of adequate and safe water and will enhance its management capacity, while the installation of new transmission mains to the distribution network from Chinferes direction will considerably improve service delivery in the town.
The Mekelle water supply and sanitation project will undertake the drilling of a total of five boreholes, build five reservoirs of different capacity, two booster statios, a collection chamber, installation of a total of over thirty Kms of transmission main, and also will build a pump house, guard house as well as generator houses in each of the borehole sites.
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Map 1: Location of BH-1, BH-2, BH-3 at Chinferes wellfield and Sketch of the transmission lines and reservoirs (North Mekelle) Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 12
Social and Environmental Impact Assessment of Mekelle Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Map 2: Location of FPW-9 and Dandera borehole and sketch of the transmission line and reservoirs (South Mekelle)
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2.2 Description of the proposed water production and distribution project
2.2.1 Deep well groundwater source development
The water supply project of Mekelle city involves drilling of five deep boreholes. These include the three boreholes drilled in Chinferes site, one borehole in Dandera and another one in Quiha well field. The three borehole sites in chinferes area are clustered within a radius of less than one kilometre. The drilling and development of these deep boreholes is expected to provide an aggregate of 185 l/s additional water to the city. This in turn is expected to raise the current water production from 14,500 m3/day to 27,500 m3/day accounting for 68% of the daily water demand of the city.
Besides drilling, development of the groundwater source also includes installation of submersible pumps into the boreholes, installation of surface pumps to transfer the water to the reservoirs, extending power supply from the grid to each of the boreholes, and installation of stand-by generators. In addition, construction of Electro-Mechanical and Guard house will be conducted in each of the borehole sites.
2.2.2 Transmission and distribution systems
The new groundwater sources will be connected to the existing water supply distribution system of the city in two directions. The deep boreholes developed on the Chinferes well field will be connected to the main water reservoir found in the head office of the regional water bureau on the northern side of Mekelle. The boreholes developed on Dandera and Quiha sites will be finally connected to the existing 2000m3 reservoir located near the air force camp on the southern side of Mekelle.
The transmission main that will connect the deep boreholes on Chinferes well field will have two sections and a total length of 20kms. The first section constitutes the rising transmission main which conveys the water up to the 5000m3 reservoir which will be located at the top of Messebo
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hill. This first section rising transmission main is estimated to have a length of 10kms. In addition to the 5000m3 reservoir a booster station will be built nearly halfway between the boreholes and the 5000m3 reservoir to push the water up to the mesobo hill. This first section of the transmission main will have two parallel lines which will transfer the water from the three boreholes. The water from BH-1 and BH-2 will be first pumped into a collection chamber that will be constructed at the River bank of Ruba Wushti. Then the water will be pumped again to the booster station through a transmission main dedicated to it. On the other hand, the water from BH-3 will be pumped to the booster station using another transmission main that will be installed parallel to the first. The water from the three boreholes will be pumped up the hill from the booster station to the 5000m3 reservoir.
The second section of the transmission main starts from the mesebo 5000m3 reservoir and extends up to the existing reservoir at the head office of the regional water bureau in Mekelle city. This section of the transmission main essentially uses gravity to convey the water into the existing distribution system. Whereas most of the areas crossed by the second section of the Chinferes transmission main are reported to be incorporated in the Master plan of Mekelle city, its first section passes through rural areas that have no access road. The absence of access road in this section is particularly noticeable in the areas between St. Marry Church of Mariam Dehan Village and the 5000m3 reservoir. The stretch without access road is estimated to be about 6 - 8kms.
The Mekelle water supply and sanitation project will install another 10km long transmission main to connect the Dandera and Quiha (FPW9) boreholes to the existing distribution system. The water from Dandera borehole will be first conveyed by a separate transmission main to a 100m3 reservoir built near the FPW9 borehole at Quiha. The water from FPW9 borehole, which is only about 50m away, is also conveyed to the same reservoir. The water collected from the two boreholes will be transferred via single transmission main to the existing 2000m3 reservoir found near the air force camp. Two additional reservoirs and booster stations will be constructed at intermediate sites to facilitate the transmission of the water up to the 2000m3 reservoir. The total length of the transmission main to be installed is about 10kms long.
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The route of the transmission main which starts from Chinferes well field follows its own course that is not adjacent to the existing access roads/paths. Most part of that route crosses through open communal lands, farmlands, protected areas, and through peri-urban villages such as Gembella which are consisted in the master plan of Mekelle city. On the other side, the route of the transmission main that starts at Dandera well field also follows its design course which is more or less not in parallel with the existing access road but in close distance from it. The later transmission main also similarly crosses through farmlands and open communal lands.
3. National policies and regulatory framework
3.1 Policy framework
3.1.1 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
The Constitution is the supreme law of the country, whose provisions must be complied with by all other policies, regulations and institutional frameworks. The Constitution of the FDRE (Proclamation No. 1/1995 as amended) is the foundation for human rights, and natural resources and environmental management.
The concepts of sustainable development and environmental rights are enshrined in the Constitution of the FDRE through articles 43 and 44, which states among others the right to development and right to live in clean and healthy environment. Article 44(2) of the Constitution states that all persons who have been displaced, or whose livelihood has been adversely affected as a result of state programmes have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation including relocation with adequate State assistance . The government shall pay fair compensation for property found on the land but the amount of compensation shall not take into account the value of land. Moreover the Constitution states that, without prejudice to the right to private property, the government may expropriate private property for public purposes subject to payment in advance of compensation commensurate to the value of the property (Article 40(8). Moreover, Article 43 (2) dealing with the rights to development states that nationals have the
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right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their community.
Economic objectives of the Constitution states that Government has the duty to hold, on behalf of the people, land and other natural resources and to deploy them for their common benefits & development. Government shall all the time promote the participation of the people in the formulation of national development policies and programmes; it shall also have the duty to support the initiatives of the people in their development endeavours (Article 89 5&6).
Article 92 of the Constitution states that the design and implementation of any program and development projects shall not damage or destroy the environment, and people have the right to be fully consulted and express their views in planning and implementation of environmental policies and project.
The Constitution as a measure of achieving decentralization provides legislative, executive and judicial powers and responsibilities to the Federal Government and nine Regional States (Article 47 &50)
3.1.2 National and Regional Conservation Strategy
Since the early 1990s, the Federal Government of Ethiopia has undertaken a number of initiatives that aims to develop regional, national and sectoral strategies to conserve and protect the environment. Paramount amongst these was the conservation strategy of Ethiopia (CSE, 1996). This document provides a strategic framework for integrating environment into new and existing policies, programs and projects. It is also an important policy document, which views environmental management as an important component of development. It recognizes the importance of incorporating environmental factors into development activities from the outset.
The major environmental and natural resources management issues facing Ethiopia are well documented in the CSE (FDRE, 1997). The CSE sets out detailed strategies and action plans as well as the institutional arrangements required for the implementation of sectoral as well as cross-
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sectoral interventions for the management of Ethiopia‘s natural, man-made and cultural resources. The most important areas that are addressed by the CSE include the following:
Improvement of soils, crop and animal husbandry for sustainable agricultural production. Management of forest and woodland resources. Development of water resources for irrigation, hydroelectricity and water supply. Rangeland management and pastoral development. Promotion of individual participation in sustainable development of natural, artificial and cultural resources, and environmental protection. Land resource use policy and strategies; physical land use planning. Integration of social, cultural and gender issues in sustainable resources and environmental management. Development of environmental education, public Awareness and human resources.
3.1.3 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was issued in April 1997. The overall policy goal is to improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and promote sustainable social and economic development through sound management and use of natural, human-made and cultural resources and their environment as a whole, so as to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The policy consists mainly of guiding principles and various sectoral and cross-sectoral policies for sustainable environmental management.
The policy seeks to ensure the empowerment and participation of the people and their organizations at all levels in environmental management activities, raise public Awareness and promote understanding of the essential linkage between environment and development. In addition to its guiding principles, the policy addresses sectoral and cross sectoral environmental issues.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) policies are included in the cross sectoral environmental policies. The EIA policy emphasizes the early recognition of environmental issues in project planning at all levels of administration. The principal features of the Environmental Policy in this area are:
Provides for protection of human and natural environments. Provides for an early consideration of environmental impacts in projects and program design. Recognizes public consultation. Includes mitigation plans and contingency plans. Provides for auditing and monitoring. Establishes legally binding requirements Institutionalizes policy implementation The policy establishes the Federal Environmental Protection authority (FEPA) to harmonize sectoral development plans and implement environmental management programs for the country.
3.1.4 Water Resource Policy
Ministry of Water Resource prepared water resources management policy of Ethiopia. The overall goal of the policy is to enable and promote all national efforts towards the efficient, equitable and optimum utilization of the available water resources of Ethiopia for significant socio-economic development on sustainable basis. The policy ensures water allocation for water supply and sanitation as the highest priority while apportioning the rest for uses and users that result in highest socio-economic benefits. The policy also recognized the allocation of water for livestock as well as for environment reserve as the highest priority in any water allocation.
The Water Resource Management Policy also promotes a comprehensive and integrated water resources management towards optimal utilization of the available water resources for socio- economic development on a sustainable basis. The policy calls for conservation and protection of the resources as an integral part of water resources planning and development. For this purpose,
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conducting an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is set to be mandatory in all water resource development projects. The Ministry of Water Resources is entrusted with broad powers for planning, management, utilization, administration and protection of water resources, including the promotion and implementation of medium- and large-scale irrigation projects
3.1.5 National Health Policy Ethiopia has a low level of health coverage even in comparison with other Sub-Saharan countries. This is largely related to low levels of income and widespread poverty, low levels of education, nutritional deficiencies, poor environmental conditions, and inadequate access to health services. The government has therefore assigned a very high priority to significantly improving health care and, in 1998, issued a health policy based on the following main principles:
Democratization and decentralization of the health care system. Promotion of disease preventive components. Ensuring accessibility to health care for the whole population. Development of appropriate capacity based on needs assessment. Promotion of private sector and NGO participation in the provision of health care. Promotion and strengthening of inter-sectoral activities through a national self-reliance program. Strategies and programs have been designed to implement the stated health principles within a defined period of time. The strategies include raising the Awareness of personal and environmental health care and sanitation through information, education and communication (IEC); control of disease; and promotion of primary health care through community participation.
3.1.6 Land Tenure Policy
The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) states that the right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the State and People of Ethiopia. Article 40 of the Constitution indicates that land is a common
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property of the Nations, Nationalities and the People of Ethiopia, and shall not be subjected to sale or to other means of transfer.
The Constitution of FDRE retained land under the control of the people and government of Ethiopia thus, prohibiting its buying and selling. Also article 4(5) of the Proclamation 94/1994 deals with provision of land for the conservation, development and utilization of state forests or protected areas. However, this can be effective only after the consultation and consent of the peasantry and subject to the assurance of their benefits.
In general, all legal provisions cited above, make rural lands the property of the People and Government of Ethiopia, and buying and selling of land is prohibited but leasing rights is allowed. Moreover, it is the right for existing land owner to be compensated fully and satisfactorily if land is expropriated by the state.
The Land Policy of Ethiopia strongly support that project plans must include attractive and sustainable resettlement strategies to the people who are going to be displaced as a result of the development plan, and they have to be fully convinced, compensated and have to participate in all phases of the project implementation.
3.2 Legislative Framework
3.2.1 Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No. 295/2002)
This law clarifies the institutional mandate and responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) and aims to integrate environmental considerations into the policies and decision-making of sectoral agencies through such means as the establishment of environmental units in these agencies at the federal level and the creation of independent environmental agencies at the regional level.
This law also re-established the Environmental Protection Council, a cross-sectoral co- coordinating body that advises the federal EPA and supervises its activities. The mandate of the Council includes: (i) reviewing environmental polices, strategies and laws proposed by the EPA Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 21
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and issuing recommendations to government; (ii) providing appropriate advice on the implementation of the Environmental Protection Policy of Ethiopia; and (iii) reviewing and approving directives, guidelines, and environmental standards prepared by the EPA.
3.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/2002)
This Proclamation (No 299/2002) aims primarily at making the EIA mandatory for categories of projects specified under a directive issued by the EPA. The law specifies the projects and activities that will require an environmental impact assessment (EIA). The proponent of the project must prepare the EIA following the format specified in the legislation. The EPA will then review the EIA and either approve the project (with or without conditions) or reject it. The Proclamation requires, among other things:
Specified categories of projects to be subjected to an EIA and receive an authorization from the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency prior to commencing implementation of the project. Licensing agencies to ensure that the requisite authorization has been duly received prior to issuing an investment permit, a trade or operating license or a work permit to a business organization. The EPA or the relevant regional environmental agencies may issue an exemption from carrying out an EIA in projects supposed to have an insignificant environmental impact. A licensing agency may suspend or cancel a licence that has already been issued where the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency suspends or cancels environmental authorization. Procedures that need to be followed in the process of conducting an environmental impact assessment are described in the Proclamation. Thus a project developer is expected to act as follows:
Undertake a timely environmental impact assessment, identifying the likely adverse impacts, incorporating the means of their prevention, and submitting the environmental
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impact study report accompanied by the necessary documents to the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency. Submit an environmental impact study report to the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency for review. Environmental guidelines are among the tools for facilitating the consideration of environmental issues and principles of sustainable development and their inclusion in development proposals. To put this Proclamation into effect the EPA issued guideline Documents, which provide details of the EIA process and its requirements. According to this EIA guideline projects are categorized into three schedules:
Schedule 1: Projects which may have adverse and significant environmental impacts thus requiring a full Environmental Impact Assessment
Schedule 2: Projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have potential to cause some significant environmental impacts but are not likely to warrant a full EIA study
Schedule 3: Projects which would have no impact and do not require an EIA
However, projects situated in an environmentally sensitive areas such as land prone to erosion; desertification; areas of historic or archaeological interest; important landscape; religiously important area, etc. will fall under category 1 irrespective of the nature of the project.
According to this guideline all project proponents and executing bodies (agencies) in the country should operate in close cooperation with the EPA to ensure that proper mitigating measures are designed and implemented, especially for projects with an adverse effect on the environment. This in effect means that an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) should be prepared by project proponents and be examined, commented and approved by the EPA.
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3.2.3 Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation No. 300/2002)
Proclamation No. 300/2002 on Environmental Pollution Control primarily aims to ensure the right of citizens to a healthy environment and to impose obligations to protect the environment of the country. The law addresses the management of hazardous waste, municipal waste, and establishment of environmental quality standards for air, water and soil; and monitoring of pollution. In this connection the Proclamation provides a basis from which the relevant environmental standards applicable to Ethiopia can be developed, while sanctioning violation of these standards as criminally punishable offences
Furthermore, it empowers the Federal Environmental Protection Authority or the Regional Environmental Authority to assign environmental inspectors with the duties and responsibilities of controlling environmental pollution. In order to ensure implementation of environmental standards and related requirements, inspectors belonging to the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency are empowered by the Proclamation to enter, without prior notice or court order, any land or premises at any time, at their discretion. Such wide powers derive from Ethiopia's serious concern and commitment to protecting the environment from pollution.
3.2.4 National Proclamation on Water Resources Management
Water resources management and administration in the country is based on Ethiopia's Water Resource Management Policy and the water resources Proclamation No. 197/2000. MoWR is entrusted with broad powers of "planning, management, utilization administration and protection of water resources". This includes promoting the implementation of medium and large multipurpose dam projects. According to Proclamation No. 197/2000, MoWR's duties include inventory of water resources, allocation of water resources, establishment of standards for design and construction of waterworks, issuance of guidelines and directives for the prevention of water resources pollution as well as water quality and health standards, establishment of water users' associations, and settlement of disputes. Water Resource Utilization Proclamation No. 92/2002 is
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another important proclamation put in place with a view to proper management of the country's water resources.
3.2.5 National Rural Land Administration and Use (Proclamation No. 456/2005)
The Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation (Proclamation No. 456/2005) defines the state ownership of rural land and the tenure rights of the land occupant, including rights to "property produced on his land", rights of inter-generational tenure transfer, and rights of exchange land and limited leasing rights. Provisions are made for the registration and certification of tenure rights. Part Three of the Proclamation presents regulations relating to the use of rural land, particularly as it relates to soil and water conservation and watershed management. The rural land administration and land use laws are to be implemented by the regional states.
Land holding right gives the right to use the land for agricultural purposes as well as to lease it and, while the right remains in effect, bequeath it to family members, as well as the right to acquire property thereon, by labour or capital, and to sell, exchange and bequeath the same. The Proclamation also addresses environmental concerns, including non-compliance with directives on environmental protection.
Article 7(3) of the Proclamation reinforces the rights of land users to compensation for the development they have made on the land. It also states that when the land holder is evicted by federal government, the rate of compensation would be determined based on the federal land administration law. When the rural land holder is evicted by regional governments, the rate of compensation would be determined based on the rural land administration laws of regions.
It is envisaged that the Proclamation will create a sense of ownership among the vast majority of the rural population and enable them to take initiatives and collectively engage in environmental management activities.
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3.3 Institutional Framework
3.3.1 The Environmental Protection Organs
Environnemental Protection Proclamation (Proc. 295/2002) is aimed to assign the responsibilities for environmental management to various entities in order to ensure sustainable use of environmental resources, thereby avoiding possible conflicts of interest and duplication of efforts. It is also intended to establish a system that fosters coordinated but differentiated responsibilities among environmental protection offices at a federal and regional level.
At the federal level the Environmental Protection Authority is in charge of formulating policies, laws, regulations and standards. Enforcing the laws and policies including EIAs and environmental monitoring, for all projects or activities that falls under the control of the Federal Government also falls within the responsibilities of the EPA.
Each of the main federal institutions active in the construction of infrastructure, or economic development is required by law to have its own environmental unit. The Ministry of Water Resource is one of the few federal institutions that indeed have an Environment Unit.
According to the Environmental Protection Organs Proclamation, the regional states are required to create their own regional environmental agencies. These institutions are to deal, among others, with EIAs for regionally managed infrastructures or development activities.
3.3.2 Federal Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
The EPA is an independent authority, acting outside the main ministerial structures and reporting directly to the prime minister. The federal EPA is the key national level environmental agency, with a mandate to address environmental issues. The environmental legislation gives the EPA powers to fulfil its role, support all federal agencies in establishing environmental units, and develop skills in strategic environmental analysis of policies and public instruments. The EPA is involved in the development of environmental policy and legislation, setting environmental quality standards for air, water and soils, monitoring pollution, establishing EIA procedures and
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an environmental information system, and undertaking capacity development in relevant agencies to ensure the integration of environmental management in policy development and decision making.
The mandate and duties of the EPA were subsequently clarified in the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs Proclamation (Proclamation No. 295/2002). The federal EPA is responsible for:
Establishment of a system for environmental assessment of public and private sector projects, as well as social and economic development policies, strategies, laws, and programs of federal level functions. Review, decision-making and follow-up implementation of environmental impact study reports for projects, as well as social and economic development programs or plans where they are subject to federal licensing, execution or supervision; also proposed activities subject to execution by a federal agency, likely to entail inter- or trans-regional and international impacts. Notification of its decision to the concerned licensing agency at or before the time specified in the appropriate law or directives. Auditing and regulation of implementation of the conditions attached to the decision. Making its decisions and the EIA report available to the public. Resolution of complaints and grievances in good faith and at the appropriate time. Development of incentives or disincentive structures required for compliance with regional environmental agency requirements.
3.3.3 Ministry of Water Resources
MoWR is responsible for overall inventory, monitoring, planning and management of surface and groundwater resources in the country. This includes aspects of watershed management, water supply and water quality management that affect rural development programs. MoWR has a department responsible for watershed management that bears directly on environmental concerns.
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The structure of MoWR is replicated within the regional governments. The regional water bureaus are directly involved in assisting woreda and other agencies in various water resource development projects.
3.3.4 Other Relevant Bureaus at Regional and Woreda Level
At the regional level, the Bureau of Water, Mines and Energy is mandated to, among other things, supervise the balanced distribution and utilization of the region‘s water resources for various types of service, grant permits to and supervise waterworks engaged in the construction of dams and other works for the use of the water resources of the region, and collect charges for water use.
3.3.5 Woreda administrations Administrative structure of the Woredas is similar all over the country. The Woreda administration is a major decision-making government organ. The Woreda administration has the following duties and responsibilities, among others:
Implementation of the policies, laws and directives of the state. Coordination of the activities of various offices in the woreda. Maintenance of peace and security in the woreda, directing the police and security forces. Planning and implementation of projects. Supervision of development programs within the woreda. Proper use and accounting for the annual budget. At the district level, the woredas are the key focus of the government's commitment to decentralized delivery of services. The various departments at woreda level have specialists who advise development agents (DAs) working at the village level. They are called upon to provide inputs and management controls relating to soil and water conservation, small-scale irrigation development, rainwater harvesting, road development, water supply, sanitation and waste management associated with schools and clinics. The woreda administration in the direct area of influence of the project involves Rural Enderta Woreda.
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The kebele is the lowest administrative level structure. It generally comprises sub-kebeles and is headed by an elected chairman. The main responsibilities of the kebele administration include preparation of an annual kebele development plan; ensuring the collection of land and agricultural income tax; organizing local labour and in-kind contributions for development activities; and resolving conflicts within the community through the social courts.
3.4 Summary of the World Bank’s safeguard policies and their relevance to this project
OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment
The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision-making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts. This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential (adverse) environmental risks and impacts on its area of influence. OP 4.01 covers impacts on the natural environment (air, water and land); human health and safety; physical cultural resources; and Trans-boundary and global environment concerns.
The Bank undertakes environmental screening for each proposed projects to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA. It classifies a proposed project into one of the Categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts:
Category A: Proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented.
Category B: Proposed project is classified as category B if it‘s potential adverse environmental impacts on human population or environmentally important areas-including wetlands, forests grasslands and other natural habitats –are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These projects are site specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for Category A Projects. The present Mekelle Emergency Water supply and sanitation project falls under this category.
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Category C: a proposed Project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a category C Projects.
Category FI: A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in sub projects that might result in adverse environmental impacts.
Disclosure: OP 4.01 also requires that EA reports are (I) reviewed and cleared by the responsible national agencies and the Bank and (II) made available by the government in the publicly accessible places in the country as well as the Banks Info shop. This report should also be made available to the project affected groups and local NGOs. If the borrower objects to the Bank's release an EA report through the World Bank Info shop , Bank staff (a) do not continue processing the project or (b) or submit the issue for further process to the Executive Directors of the Bank.
A screening exercise on the present project was conducted by applying the screening format of the World Bank (see Annex II). Accordingly, it was found that most of the likely significant environmental impacts that will arise from the project implementation are site specific, temporary and reversible impacts which can be mitigated by employing appropriate mitigation options. As a result the project falls under Category B. As per the environmental and social screening the present project is further classified as B2 which indicates that a separate EA will need to be prepared for this sub-project.
OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitat
This policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential to safeguard their unique biodiversity and to maintain environmental services and products for human society and for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, management, and restoration of natural habitats in its project financing, as well as policy dialogue and economic and sector work. The Bank supports, and expects borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable
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development. Natural habitats are land and water areas where most of the original native plant and animal species are still present. Natural habitats comprise many types of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems. They include areas lightly modified by human activities, but retaining their ecological functions and most native species.
The Chinferes, Dandera and Quiha well fields are located in open land areas that are not designated for wildlife habitats. The Chinferes well field is situated adjacent to a protected area (i.e. hills and mountains designated for area closure) on the side of Enderta woreda. But the grounds for the well field are located at the foothills which are outside the area closure. The transmission mains and reservoirs are going to be installed on farm lands, grass lands and open hilly sides. All along the project site there are no designated natural parks, sanctuaries and lakes that will be adversely affected as a result of implementing the project. Therefore, this policy will not be triggered under the present sub-project to ensure project sustainability.
OP/BP 4.36 Forests
The objective of this policy is to assist borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests. Where forest restoration and plantation development are necessary to meet these objectives, the Bank assists borrowers with forest restoration activities that maintain or enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. The Bank assists borrowers with the establishment of environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial and economically viable forest plantations to help meet growing demands for forest goods and services.
There is no forest land that will be adversely affected as a result of implementing this project. But few shrubs and trees that are of no major biodiversity significance will be cleared during the installation of transmission lines. The shrubs, bushes and trees that will be lost are not under protected zone or are not planned to be protected. Moreover, the tree species are not classified as ―endangered species‖.
This policy under the sub-project will not therefore be triggered to ensure project sustainability.
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OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources The objective of this policy is to assist countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of development projects on physical cultural resources. For purposes of this policy, ―physical cultural resources‖ are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above ground, underground, or underwater. The cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community.
The existing physical cultural resources in the area are outside the reaches of the project sites. One of the prominent historical sites in the area is Emperor Yohannes IV National Palace (i.e. a Nineteen Century Palace) and it is situated at the Centre of Mekelle town itself. A little known archaeological site that bear remains of a church or a palace claimed to had been built during the periods of King Amdetsion (1313 – 1334) is found on the south-eastern suburbs of Quiha town. Both of these sites are identified to be outside the reaches of the project. In the event that the contractor is encountered with physical cultural resources during the excavation he should contact the Culture and tourism resources development bureau of Tigray National regional state. Further, the contractor should also contact the Federal Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
As far as our assessment goes this policy will not be triggered under this Sub-Project.
OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement
The objective of this policy is to (i) ensure that the development process fosters full respect for the dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness of indigenous peoples; (ii) ensure that adverse effects during the development process are avoided, or if not feasible, ensure that these are minimized, mitigated or compensated; and (iii) ensure that indigenous peoples receive culturally appropriate and gender and intergenerationally inclusive social and economic benefits. The objective of this policy is to (i) avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs; (ii) assist displaced persons in improving their
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former living standards, income earning capacity, and production levels, or at least in restoring them; (iii) encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement; and (iv) provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure.
This policy covers not only physical relocation but any loss of land or other assets resulting in: (i) relocation or loss of shelter: (ii) loss of assets or access to assets; (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected people must move to another location. This policy also applies to the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. In the event that there are differences between national legislation and OP 4.12, the provision of the later will prevail during project implementation.
The Mekelle emergency water supply project will have to install more than 20kms of transmission main and an estimated 3kms of access road. During implementation of the project, construction activities will cause temporary disruption on farming activities taking place on the fields. Some valuable fruit trees will also be cut. As a result the project will impact the farmers by causing loss of income and assets. Thus, this policy will be triggered by the loss of income, asset and land that will occur during implementation.
OP 7.50 Projects in International Waters
The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank-financed projects affecting international waterways would not affect: (i) relations between the Bank and its borrowers and between states (whether members of the Bank or not); and (ii) the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways. The policy applies to the following types of projects: (a) Hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways; and (b) Detailed design and engineering studies of projects under (a) above, include those carried out by the Bank as executing agency or in any other capacity.
The requirements of this policy have been met during the preparation phase of the Water Supply and Sanitation Project.
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OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas
The objective of this policy is to ensure that projects in disputed areas are dealt with at the earliest possible stage: (a) so as not to affect relations between the Bank and its member countries; (b) so as not to affect relations between the borrower and neighbouring countries; and (c) so as not to prejudice the position of either the Bank or the countries concerned.
The project is not located in a disputed area. This policy is not therefore relevant and will not be considered under this Sub-Project to ensure its sustainability.
4. Methodology
The methodology adopted for conducting the Social and environmental impact assessment study includes the conventional methods, which are briefly discussed below.
Field Surveys: The method of field surveying is second to none in understanding the likely impacts of a given development project on the particular environment around the project site. An EIA study team has been mobilized for field survey to the project site.The team travelled twice to Mekelle for one week field work each time. The team has made observations in and around the project sites at Chinfertes, Dandera, Aynalem and Mekelle to gather essential field data. During site observation information on physical, biological and socio-economic environment has been collected. In addition base line data collection was also done through field investigations. Interviews with specialists: Project alternatives, designs and processes were discussed with the project engineers with particular emphasis on the reasons establishing the form and scope of the proposed project. Extensive discussions were also made with the project engineers stationed at the regional water bureau and mekelle WSS service, the surveyors, and with the project management to define the main components of the project to develop the project description chapter. Literature review: Information on existing environmental conditions was obtained from review of various published and unpublished sources. In addition review of studies
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including the Appraisal and Design Documents prepared by Tigray Water Resources, Mines and Energy Bureau, the World Bank Safeguard Policies, ESMF and the mid- term guidance.
Competent authority guidelines: The Federal and regional legislative and institutional framework, policies, procedures, guidelines etc. has also been reviewed. Sociological and environmental data was also gathered by consulting, discussing and filling questionnaires with the experts in concerned government agencies.
Sampling and Monitoring: Data from recent monitoring exercises were used to establish bench mark situations as part of the assessment.
Consultation with relevant regional and local authorities: Interviews and discussions with several local authorities and stakeholders have been carried out in the project area. The local authorities consulted include the Enderta Woreda administration and Mekelle city administration which are hosting the well fields and the final destination of the water supply project respectively. Moreover, five relevant bureaus in each of these administrations were consulted and made to provide desired data. These bureaus include the Agriculture and Rural Development bureau, health, education, tourism, as well as the water supply and sewerage services bureaux.
Community consultation: Community participation and consultation is an important step in the ESIA methodological process. Public consultation is instrumental in assessing the socio-economic impact. Community consultation meetings have been convened at two different places to draw together the issues and concerns of stakeholders and affected parties. The people who participated in the consultation meeting were jointly identified by the Consultant and the Mekelle WSS manager. The first session of community consultation meeting was held under a tree shed in Messebo area. Participants in this meeting were representatives of stakeholders, affected parties and community elders
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coming from the small villages of Chinferes area that include Mariam Dehan, Romanat, and Mahbere Genet villages. The second session of the community consultation meeting was held near the Aynalem Well field pumping station in Gergenbes village. Similarly the participants in this meeting were representatives of stakeholders, affected parties and community elders coming from the Dandera and Quiha side. The participants of both consultation meetings were briefly introduced to the Mekelle water supply and sanitation project and the likely significant positive and negative impacts of the project were explained to them. The meeting was used by the participants to air their issues of concern in relation to the proposed development project (see fig 1 and 2).
Fig 1: Consultation underway at Mesebo Fig 2: Consultation underway at Gergenbes
4.1 Impact Assessment Steps
The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) process incorporates a number of Key steps. The assessment process constitutes a systematic approach to the evaluation of a project in the context of the natural, regulatory and socio-economic environments of the area in which the project is proposed to be implemented.
The process adopted to undertake the ESIA study for the above indicated project is summarized below.
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Step 1 Scoping
The first step in the ESIA is to define the proposed project activities and the natural, regulatory (i.e. legal) and socio-economic environments in which these activities will occur. This is achieved through Scoping. Scoping identifies which of the activities has a potential to interact with the environment. Scoping is conducted early in the ESIA process so that a focus on the priority issues (i.e. those that have the greatest potential to affect the natural and/or socio- economic environment) can be established for the rest of the ESIA process. There are a number of key elements to the Scoping exercise as follows:
Gather and review existing environmental and socio-economic data relevant to the proposed development project Gather and review existing engineering design definition with respect to the proposed water supply and sanitation project. All project elements including construction, installation, commissioning, operations, maintenance and decommissioning will be considered. Assemble and review relevant legislative requirements, environmental standards and Guidelines associated with the proposed development. Consult with project stakeholders and other potentially interested and affected parties. Step 2 Detailed data gathering and review
Following step 2, engineering, environmental and socio-economic data will be assessed in greater detail to ensure all of the proposed activities and their consequences will be considered in all stages of the development.
Step 3 Existing environmental conditions
In order to identify any potential impact on and potential change to the natural and socio- economic environments, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of the existing environment prior to commencement of the proposed activities. In this regard there is a need to characterize the existing baseline environmental and socio-economic conditions including establishing the prevailing conditions for a range of media as follows:
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Natural environment media such as air, water, soil and groundwater, flora and fauna; Socio-economic media such as demographics, economic activity and service provisions Definition of the existing environmental conditions will be achieved by completing two main tasks as follows: Conducting a detailed review of all secondary data sources (i.e. existing documentation and literature). Undertaking physical observation to supplement and build upon the existing information base. Step 4 Project alternatives
The initial step in defining a project is to identify, at a conceptual level, viable alternatives to the project so that a viable base-case design may be realized. Consideration of project alternatives occurs at two levels as follows:
At the initial stage where we consider the ―no development‖ option At the design stage where we will explore engineering alternatives within the selected project design definition. Once project alternatives are defined in the Project Concept stages, they are assessed and compared on financial, logistical, technical design, safety and environmental/socio-economic criteria. The project alternative that is determined to likely result in the best balance against these criteria will be typically the one that moves forward into the detailed design phase.
Step 5 Consultations
Project stakeholder consultation is a vital component of the ESIA process. The consultation process focuses on providing information on the proposed water supply and sanitation project in a manner that can be understood and interpreted by the relevant audience, seeking comment on key issues and concerns, identifying potential impacts and offering the opportunity for alternatives or objections to be raised by the potentially affected parties and other stakeholders.
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All relevant stakeholders will be identified and consultations at all levels of the ESIA study will be conducted. By conducting such consultations the people that will be affected by or have an interest in the proposed project will have an opportunity to express their opinions and concerns.
Step 6 Identification and analysis of the environmental impacts
Key, potentially beneficial as well as adverse impacts on the physical, biological and socio- economic environment associated with the construction and operation phases of the project will be identified with the help of checklists, site survey and consultations with stakeholders and affected parties. In addition environmental impact analysis will be carried out in three stages:
Identification- This includes description of the existing environment, determination of the project components and definition of the environment that will be modified by the project
Prediction- forecasting of the quality and/or spatial dimensions of the changes and estimation of the probability that the impact will occur
Evaluation- determination of the incidence or magnitude and significance of the impact before mitigation
For this study an effective methodology that will identify an environmentally preferred option and/or clears all development options from environmental perspective is required. The methodology selected is the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM). The RIAM bases its analysis on a standard definition of the assessment criteria to provide accurate and independent score for each condition. The impacts of the project activities are evaluated against the environmental components and for each component a score using the defined criteria is determined. This score then provides a measure of the impacts against the components. The final environmental assessment score is achieved by adding up individual scores for performance, reversibility and Cumulative and multiplying their sum by individual scores for importance and magnitude. This is then compared against the numerical ranges to give a final Range Value (RV) that in turn corresponds to level of significance of changes.
A combination of these parameters will be summarized in an all encompassing measures of significance which will be the basis for identifying and prioritizing major impacts and
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recommending mitigating measures. The predicted environmental and social impacts are characterized as follows:
Nature of Impact: Direct, indirect or cumulative; Type of impact: Positive, negative or both Duration of impact: Short term, medium term or long term; Spatial scale of impact: Localized, or widespread Extent of baseline change: Low, medium or high Finally, the magnitude and significance level of the identified impacts will be evaluated as major, high, medium or low significance impacts.
Step 7 Environmental Mitigation and Benefit Enhancing Measures
Based on the impact assessment feasible and cost effective mitigating and benefit enhancement measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels will be recommended under this step.
Step 8 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
It will be necessary to monitor and audit project development and operation. Monitoring will provide the information necessary for feedback into the environmental management process and will assist in identifying where additional mitigation effort or where alteration to the adopted management approach may be required.
The monitoring plan will describe the various environmental management strategies and generic procedures for their implementation. Further, it will identify the management roles and responsibilities for ensuring that monitoring is undertaken and that the results are analyzed and any necessary amendments are identified and implemented in a timely manner.
Step 9 Preparation of ESIA Report
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The final step is the preparation of the social and environmental Impact assessment report. This report is expected to address the key issues and impacts affecting overall environmental performance of the project.
5. Project Alternatives Shortage of water supply in the city has been a long standing problem. As a result it has been forcing the concerned bodies to look into the possibilities of solving the problem. In this process all available alternatives were examined. Developing an alternative source from surface waters existing at a fairly good distance from the city is an option under study. However, the option to drill deep wells in selected sites of the existing Aynalem well field was another option which was assessed as mid-term solution. New deep wells were proposed to be drilled near the existing boreholes. But it was critically argued that this option will affect the existing ones as the gradient might be changed. As a result it was concluded that new well fields should be developed in another areas around the city. For hydrogeological and other interrelated reasons Chinferes, Dandera and Quiha localities become the focus for the development of new well-fields. Preliminary hydrogeological assessments done by experts from the region‘s buraeu of water resources, mines and energy on the proposed sites indicates the availability of ground water in the stated sites.
6. Description of the project environment
6.1 Physical environment
6.1.1 Climate The monthly rainfall pattern in the project area reflects the effects of the seasonal movements of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone north and south of the equator, modified by altitude and topographic effects. The altitude of Mekelle varies from 2150 to 2500 masl. Owing to its altitude Mekelle is located in the woyna dega climate zone. It experiences mild climatic condition with annual average maximum temperature of 24.1 0c and annual average minimum temperature of 11.1 0c. There are two main seasons, rainy and dry. Rainfall is often un-reliable and has an uneven distribution. The city has annual average rainfall of 618.3 mm. Out of this, the months of July and August in combination accounts for some 436.7 mm or 70.6 %.
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6.1.2 Topography of the project area
Mekelle is situated on the northeast part of Ethiopia‘s central plateau just to the west of the rift valley. The Mekele Plateau is the eastern-central portion of the northern uplands of Ethiopia, which is known as the Tigrean Plateau. The Mekele Plateau is an upland plateau with elevations ranging between 2000 and 2800 m.a.s.l. The terrain is composed of an undulating and rolling plateau, steeply dissected hills and pediments, and flood plains. The eastern side, Enda-Eyesus ridges are the highest peaks of the city. The major land form of the city territory can be classified into four categories namely: flat to gently sloping, gently sloping to rolling, sloping to moderately steep and steeply to very steeply sloping type. The drainage pattern is characterized by the scarcity of deeply incised river valleys. The underlying geology is dominated by Jurassic Agula shale and Hintalo limestone and Mekele dolerite sills in the Agula shale. The Plateau lies in the semi-arid zone with an average annual rainfall of 550 mm. Mekelle proper is located at the foot of a low escarpment at an elevation of 2000m a.s.l. The Aynalem, quiha and Dndera well fields are on the top of the escarpment about 100m above the town.
6.1.3 Geology and Hydrology of the project area
The city of Mekelle is located near the edge of lowland with steep bluffs on the east side. Steep bluffs at a distance of about 10km also face the city on the north. The lowland is underlain by Mesozoic – age sediments. The upland immediately to the east is underlain by the same sediments which have been intruded by irregular bodies of dolerite; the dolerite tends to be more resistant to weathering than the sediments and forms irregular hills and ridges.
The sediments are part of the Antalo group; the Agula shale is the dominant member. The Antalo group ranges in age from possible middle Jurassic to upper Jurassic, the Agula shale is upper Jurassic in age. The Antalo group is intruded by dark, medium to fine – grained basic rock – called dolerite which is tertiary in age. The dolerite which forms sills, dykes and irregular bodies, has a tendency to orbicular or spheroidal weathering. Because of these fields of dark, rounded
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boulders are found where weathering has occurred. The thickness of Alluvium in the city is small, and outcrops are common. Alluvium is exposed along the Illala River which is down- cutting along its present course.
Lithology of the region is mainly composed of the Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and igneous intrusions of tertiary period. The main rock formations which cover extensive area around Mekelle are the Agula Shale which is the upper most formation of the Antalo Group igneous rock known as Mekelle Dolerite which has intruded into the Agula Shale and forms extensive platue and ridges. The Adigrat sandstone and Antalo limestone which are older than the Agula Shale are known to exist under the Agula shale. But they are exposed further to the northwest and to the west of Mekelle. The upper most and youngest Mesozoic sediment known as Amba aradom sandstone (or the upper sandstone) is exposed to the south of Mekelle at a plateau close to the village of Antalo.
6.1.4 Land Use Patterns Mekelle is generally well planned except for small sections at the foot of the escarpments where the houses are highly clustered and with narrow streets. In the eastern part there is a natural boundary sharply ending the periphery of the town. In 1984 the area of the city was estimated to be 16 km2, growing to 23.04 km2 in 1994. Showing a dramatic expansion, the city had reached more than 100 km2 in 2004 by engulfing a large extent of agricultural lands, villages and towns (Tadesse, 2006). In 2006 (1998 E.C), the areas known as Quiha (also Qwiha or Kuha) and Aynalem were incorporated within Mekelle City limits. Villages recently incorporated include Lachi, Adikenfero, Feleg Daero, Endamariam Dehan, Adi Daero, Adi Kolomey, Serawat, Adi Wolel, Adi Ha and May Alem. Currently, Mekelle City is one of the fastest growing cities in Ethiopia with a total area of 150 km2 (Mekelle Water Supply Service Office, 2008). The town is presently rapidly expanding towards the North, Northwest and west. The layout of utility services in Mekelle generally follows the town plan.
The land use pattern outside Mekelle proper is mainly dominated by farmlands, grazing areas, residential villages, and protected areas for soil and water conservation. Indead the landuse
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pattern in Chinferes and Dandera areas are mainly characterised by the aforementioned types of landuses.
6.1.5 Water Resources
Mekelle lies in the upper part of the Tekeze River basin. The main eastern divide of the Tekeze River basin is not far from Mekelle. The headwaters of rivers flowing into the rift valley are located only about 15kms southeast of the town. Surface water resources are comparatively scarce in the areas around Mekelle city. Mekelle is drained to the south by the Messanu River which joins the Tekeze River. The nearest major river is Ghiba River which has a southerly flow direction 12 -15 km west of Mekelle. Two tributaries of the Ghiba come within a distance of 5km from Mekelle: the Messanu River on the northern side and the Chaq River on the southern side of the town. This river joins the Maskila river 14km southwest of Mekelle, further entering the Ghiba about 10km downstream. The city is dissected in the north by the drainage system of river Illala that used to have several all year round rivers but now they become full only during the rainy season. The rivers that drains in and around Mekelle included Mai Degene, Mai Zagra, Mai Ansti, Mai Atsgeba, Mai Fakar, Mai Baekel, Mai Ayni, Mai Gafuf, Mai Liham, Mai Kikuto, Gereb Bubu, Mai Ataro etc.
6.2 Biological Environment
6.2.1 Terrestrial Vegetation
The surrounding of Mekelle represents dry evergreen montane forest ecosystem type. Due to climatic and anthropogenic impacts the catchments of the town are degraded and as a result the development of the vegetation is very much stunted in the surrounding terrains. There are ongoing efforts of catchment rehabilitation through terracing, reforestation and area closure. Eucalyptus camaldulensis is an example of better established species in the degraded catchments. Representative species of the dry evergreen montane vegetation such as Olea europa sub species cuspidata and Juniperus procera are found in the old Church yards and Palace of Mekele. In
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addition to this in human settlement areas (homestead plantations) are covered with species such Schinus mole, Neem, Opuntia, Jacaranda, Casuarina equisitifolia, Ziziphus mucronata.
The area outside Mekelle city has suffered considerably from over exploitation of natural forest resources. The original vegetation has been significantly disturbed due to the expansion of subsistence level agricultural practices that predominate in the area. The country side around Mekelle is almost completely denuded of trees except along the stream banks. The landscape is classified as savannah. Much of the upland plateau has been devastated by over exploitation of the soils and vegetation, and the land‘s productive capacity has been reduced by overuse and erosion. With the exception of few and scattered bushes & shrubs the vegetation coverage of the area is insignificant. The expansion of Agricultural and grazing lands and the increasing demand of fuel wood in the area can be cited as the major factors that made most of the areas devoid of any vegetation. Among the few existing species Rumex nervosus, Aloe species, Carissa edulis, Salix subserrate, Maytenus arbutifolia, Carissa edullis & Acacia etbaica are the major ones observed in the area.
Fig 3: Partial view of lands devoid of vegetation cover
Ethiopia has issued a number of regulations aimed to conserve and protect the remaining natural ecosystems of the country in National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Controlled Hunting Areas. However, the project area is neither contiguous with nor in close proximity with any of these nationally protected areas.
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6.2.2 Wildlife Human intervention in the area, consisting of expansion for agriculture and grazing practices and encroachment for fuel wood and construction has significantly affected the vegetation cover in the area. Hence, it couldn‘t provide a good habitat to support diverse wildlife species. However, according to the Wereda office and local enquiries, species that are common in many parts of the country like spotted hyenas, hare, Fox, duiker, warthog, jackal, baboons, Dikes etc. are seen in the area. These are very common in many parts of the country. There are no rare or endemic animal species known to be in the Project Area. The population and diversity of Fauna in the study area is expected to be very low mainly because of the decline of their natural habitat.
There are birds in the project area. However, according to Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society (EWNHS, 1996), none of the 76 nationally designated Important Bird Areas are found anywhere in or near the project area. The migration route of birds from the northern hemisphere to Africa follows the rift valley zone and the project area is not within this rift system.
6.3 Socioeconomic Environment
6.3.1 Population and settlement
Mekelle is one of the fast growing cities in Ethiopia. Over the past two decades, Mekelle has experienced rapid growth as the capital of Tigray Regional State. In parallel with its growth the population size of Mekelle was also increasing. Its population has also grown from 98,825 in 1994 to over 215,546 in 2007 of whom 51% were women. It can be seen clearly that the population size of the city has doubled in the last two decades. The general trend of population growth in the city during the past decades is shown in table 2. The ethnic composition of Mekelle town is homogenous and is made up of predominantly tigreans. Christianity and Islam are the principal religions in Mekelle.
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Table 2: Population of Mekelle city from 1965 to 2006.
Ser No. Years Population size
1 1965 22230
2 1970 28014
3 1978 42130
4 1986 62650
5 1992 84129
6 1994 100000
7 1997 111473
8 2000 128974
9 2002 150000
10 2003 175000
11 2005 200000
12 2006 230000
Source: Mekelle City Plan Preparation Project (MCPPP).
6.3.2 Social services
Social services encompass various facilities and establishments needed for social development and well-being of the city. It mainly includes education, health and recreation facilities. In this document focus will be given to the education and health services of the town. As it is self evident, the service provided to the public by these facilities could be directly influenced by the availability and efficiency of water and sanitation services of the town.
6.3.2.1 Education The city of Mekelle hosts various educational establishments ranging from Kindergarten up to higher education institutions. The city has about 57 primary schools (grade 1-8th), 11 elementary and secondary schools (grade 1 -12th), and about 7 senior secondary schools (grade 9 -12th).
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These schools are run both by public and private organizations. The total number of students attending classes in the public and private schools are in the order of 68,111 pupils. Moreover the city is home to one of the largest Universities in the Country, Mekelle University. The University alone has more than 12,000 student and seven faculties. Other higher education establishments present in the city includes Mekelle Institute of Technology, Middle level health professionals training institute, art school, and college of teachers education. There are also about eleven private higher education institutions in the city which include: Sheba Info –tech and Business College, New Millennium College, Micro- link College, e.t.c.
Table .3: Number and level of schools available in Mekelle city
Type of Educational Institutions Quantity
Kindergarten 58
Primary (1-4) 18
Primary (1-8) 39 Secondary (9-10) 7
Preparatory (11-12) 11
Technical and Vocational Education and Training 3
Colleges 14
University 1
Year of School enrolment ratio
2000 131.34
2001 124.32
2002 114.76
Table.4: School enrollement ratio of Mekelle city
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A major concern in many of the educational establishments is access to clean drinking water. Of the 33 public primary schools, 21 had either a tap or well water source in 2007 and 12 had no available water source (Tigray Region Education Bureau, 2008). Overall only 73 percent of schools (public and private) had water taps in 2007, meaning that 15 of 56 schools lacked any connection to a water tap. This suggests that as more schools are built, there is a need to ensure access to safe water.
Table 5: Primary Schools with and without a Water Source, Mekelle, 2007
Public Private Schools with Water (Tap or 21 20 Well) Schools with No Water Source 12 3 Total Schools 33 23 The availability of latrines is also another concern in the primary schools. Table 6 illustrates the total number of toilets, the number of schools without toilets, and the number of schools with separate toilets for girls and boys. Regarding government primary schools, where the total enrolment is 42,054 and the total number of toilets is 96, the ratio of students per toilet is 438:1, an alarming number. Approximately half the public primary schools (16 out of 33) in Mekelle lack latrines; of the 17 schools with latrines, only 10 have separate toilets for girls and boys. Lack of toilet facilities in schools can negatively affect attendance (especially in the likely case of a parasitic illness). It is common for female students not to attend class during menstruation if no facility is available for the disposal and/or changing of sanitary napkins during school hours.
Public Private Total Schools 33 23 Total Toilets 96 135 Schools without Toilets 16 5 Schools with Unisex Toilets 7 0
Schools with Separate Toilets 10 18 Table 6: Number of Latrines, Primary School, Mekelle, 2007
(Source: Tigray Region Education Bureau: Education Statistics Annual Abstract 2008) Table 7: School dropout data obtained from the City education office
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Year (E.C) School dropout ratio
1998 4.59
1999 2.96
2000 3.63
2001 3.6
6.3.2.2 Health Health care is one of the crucial components of basic social services that have a direct linkage to the growth and development of a country as well as the welfare of the society. In Mekelle, there is one referral hospital, three regional hospitals, one zonal hospital, one military hospital, five private medium hospitals, nine health centres, twenty higher and lower private clinics, three private dental clinic, five diagnostic laboratory centre, three physiotherapy centre and two eye /optics/ clinics. Reports indicate that the existing health service coverage of Mekelle city has reached 95 percent and these health facilities provide their services to an estimated 10,000 patients on daily basis. The patients treated are not only from Mekele city, but also from other parts of the region.
The top ten diseases in mekelle city which occurred in the last five years are shown in Table 8 below. The table shows the five year average of the top ten diseases. Among the reasons for the occurrence of the top ranking diseases are found lack of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation which are closely linked with availability of water supply and sanitation services.
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Table 8: List of top ten diseases in Mekelle city
Rank Type of diseases by rank Percentage of occurrence
1st Eye Inflammatory 22
2nd Infective and parasitic 16.5
3rd All other respiratory diseases 12.6
4th Helminthes 11.6
5th All other ill defined causes 9
6th Skin infection 7
7th Acute upper respiratory infection 6.5
8th Gastritis, duodenities 5.8
9th Dysentery other unspecified 5.3
10th Tonsillitis 3.9
6.3.3 Industry, Commerce and Investment
Mekelle is one of northern Ethiopia‘s primary economic centres. Due to long-term business development plans aimed at creating optimal market conditions, the city has become the home for many industries, agro-processing companies and educational centres. There are more than 500 food shops, an extensive public transport network and an active urban—rural exchange of goods in the city. Mekelle has 30,000 micro and small enterprises. With an educated work force and a significant manufacturing base, the city is poised for sustainable economic growth.
The city was able to attract a lot of investors in recent years. A total of 899 investors who are interested to invest in different sectors including industry, trade and commerce, hotels, real estate, social services, and construction were issued with investment licenses. So far about 462 of them have gone operational and are delivering their services and products in the market. About 32 of the investors who started operations are industrial projects which have started productions. The city has also issued additional investment licenses for about 242 investors with a total capital
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outlay of 1.7 billion birr. Some of the later investment licenses are issued to investors who want to expand their investments in the city.
It is important to note that Mekelle is the primary economic hub in the Tigray region. Within a 100 km radius of the city, there are rich and fertile farmlands to the south, significant mineral deposits to the east and west, and over one hundred rock-hewn churches throughout the region that serve as important tourist destinations. The Mekelle markets are reputed to be the largest vendors of livestock and salt in Ethiopia. In recent years, Mekelle has experienced increased agricultural production due to improved farming techniques and a transition from subsistence to cash crop farming. This growth has improved agro-processing opportunities for fruits and vegetables. The region is also a notable producer of high quality honey, and high value/low volume items such as spices, natural gum, and colour additives. In addition, Mekelle maintains a reserve area for floriculture that should help attract greater investment into the city.
Mekelle is also well situated for attracting tourism. The city is at the centre of a variety of cultural, historical, religious, and adventure tourism options. Erte Ale, one of the world‘s few active volcanic lakes, lies east of Mekelle, while the city itself is surrounded by fantastic rock- hewn churches that rival the more well-known rock temples.
6.3.4 Water supply and Sanitation services
The city‘s water supply at present is totally dependent on underground water sources. Currently the main water source of Mekelle city is from Aynalem well field. The water is abstracted from 17 Boreholes with depth ranging from 65 up to 250m. The water that is produced from these Boreholes is lifted by submersible pumps to different reservoirs with capacities ranging from 200 m3 to 2000 m3, and then after chlorinating process; the water is delivered to various parts of the distribution network through gravity. The Aynalem well field was developed in 2002/2003 with the expectation that it will provide sufficient water supply for the city for about twenty years. But the yield from the wells was deteriorating from time to time and half of the boreholes have failed to work. The daily water demand of Mekelle city is 41000 m3, whereas the production is only limited to 14500 m3 per day. The current production is about 35% of the total demand. As a
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result, the city is experiencing severe shortage of water supply. During the dry season, water is distributed on a shift basis in order to supply the available water to residents in all areas of the city. In some areas water is supplied ones in a weak. Shortage of water supply in the city is one of the critical impediments for expansion of the city, its economic activities and in attracting more investors.
In order to alleviate the existing sever water supply shortage problem in the city, the administration is working on a medium and long term solutions. The focus of the current water supply project is to provide medium term solutions by developing additional groundwater sources in Chinferes, Dandera and Quiha well fields which are all found within 15 to 20km radius from the city. As a long term solution, reports indicate that studies are underway to develop a dam on the river Giba.
The water supply distribution network of Mekelle city constitutes five sub-systems. These include the main system, zone four system, Quiha system, Mekelle university system, and Lachi system. The main system is responsible for providing water to most parts of the Mekelle proper excluding the north eastern part of the city which is provided by the separate zone four system. The main system is completely fed by the Aynalem well field and is distributed from the 2000m3 reservoirs found at Enda Gebriel area. The Quiha and Mekelle University systems are two independent systems devoted to supply water to Quiha town and the University respectively. The University system obtains its water from two dedicated boreholes which are controlled by two 150m3 and 250m3 capacity reservoirs. The Lachi system is responsible for supplying water to the areas in the northern parts of the city. Unlike the other systems, the later system is fed by its own borehole which is not part of the Aynalem well field.
Like many other towns in the country, Mekelle does not have a sewerage system and the majority of its residents use dry pit latrines. Sewage is collected by vacuum trucks from pit latrines. The Mekelle municipality, Red Cross and few other private firms provide sewage collection services to the residents. The city is building new wastewater treatment facility at a cost of 4million birr.
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6.3.5 Drainage system
The city as such does not have wide coverage of modern drainage systems. However, along with the recent upgrading of the city streets, closed and open drainage ditches are being built in different parts of the town. Reports indicate that the city have 29kms of closed drainage so far. But more are being built along with the new road projects being undertaken. Natural drainages follow the topographic patterns of the town to join the streams and rivers. The city is dissected in the north by the drainage system of river Ellala. The Illala River is joined by several other small non- perennial streams which drain the city during the rainy season
6.3.6 Religious, historical and archeological sites
Mekelle have a number of important historical sites. One among them is the 19th Century Atse Yohannes IV palace which is located at the heart of the city. The Dejat Abraha palace at Feleg Daero and the Abraha Castle (Hotel) are other important historical sites found in the area. The Italian cemetery found at Endayesus which relates history to the periods of Ethio – Italian wars conducted in the 1930s is also registered as the site of historical significance by the Tigray region culture and tourism bureau. Most importantly, there is a site of potential archaeological significance located at the outskirts of Quiha town. There are Altars of a building which is claimed to be the remains of a church or the palace of the 13th Century King Amdetsion near the Cherkos church in Quiha town. This site is not yet studied by archeologists and it is registered as one fully undiscovered archaeological site in the region.
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Fig 4: Showing the remains from the times of King Amdetsion (Palace/Church?) at Quiha.
7. Environmental Impacts identification, prediction and analysis
7.1 Approaches for Environmental and Social Impacts Analysis
The Implementation of the Water Supply will have impacts on the natural and socio-economic environment in which it is set and the impacts might be of positive or negative nature. Each positive and negative impact will vary in extent to which it can be enhanced or mitigated. For the purpose of this assessment, impacts and /or benefits that will mostly occur during the construction and operation phases will be considered. The environmental analysis will therefore attempt to screen out the insignificant impacts and bring the critical elements into the attention of decision makers.
7.2 Impacts on the physical environment
7.2.1 Impact on land use type and loss of income generation
The Mekelle water supply and sanitation project will undertake the drilling of a total of five boreholes, build five reservoirs of different capacity, a booster station, a collection chamber, installation of a total of over thirty Kms of transmission main, and also will build a pump house, guard house as well as generator houses for each of the borehole sites.
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The specific land spots on which drilling of the boreholes were conducted mostly lay on communal lands. For example two boreholes at chinferes site are drilled at the river banks of Ruba wushti. The borehole in dandera is developed on a communal land found outside the premises of Dandera elementary school. Even though the third borehole in chinferes site is located inside a quarry area which used to supply raw material for Messebo Cement factory, the site was abandoned for use as well field. Therefore, the borehole sites have no major impact on land use that results in loss of income to the farmers or other former users. An exception for this is the quiha borehole site (FPW9), where it is located at the middle of a farm land. The borehole site has consumed an estimated 400m2 of land permanently. This land was used by farmers to grow crops and hence its permanent change to borehole site will negatively affect the income generation capacity of the farmers.
The construction of reservoirs at different locations is another project activity that can cause an impact on land use type by taking up land that was either being used for farming or grazing. Conveying water from the Chinferes well field will require the construction of a collection chamber, booster stations and 5000m3 reservoirs. The water from BH-1 and BH-2 will be first collected in a collection chamber that will be constructed at the River bank of Ruba Wushti. The site on which the collection chamber will be built is an open communal grazing space on a river bank. The specific site where the booster station is going to be built is a communal land which is not used by farmers. It is a rocky hill side ground which was not used for other purposes. The 5000m3 reservoir is going to be built at the top of the Messobo hill found right behind the Messebo Cement factory. The specific reservoir site is again a land which was not used for other purposes. Therefore, the construction of the collection chamber, booster station and the 5000m3 reservoir will not have any significant impact on income generation capacity of the farmers in the locality. However, since the hilly grounds in the area are generally categorized in the ‗Protected land/area closure‘ zones, the construction and operation activities will have an impact on the flora and fauna which will be discussed in later sections.
On the other side conveying the water from Dandera and Quiha sites will involve construction of three 100m3 reservoirs at three different locations between the quiha well field and the existing
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2000m3 reservoir. The specific sites used for building 100m3 reservoirs are farm lands that were tilled by farmers. An average of 600m2 of land is permanently changed from farm land for each reservoir site totalling 1800 m2 for the three. This will impact the farmers significantly by reducing their annual harvest from the fields and hence affect their incomes. Moreover, the farm lands in quiha reservoir and borehole site is greatly disturbed by the access road and construction excavations which temporarily affects the farming activities of the farmers.
Fig 5: Showing highly disturbed farmland at Quiha borehole and reservoir site
The major project activity that will have an impact on land use and that can bring about loss of income generation capacity to the farmers is the construction of access roads and installation of transmission mains. It has been stated in sec 5.1.2 that the project is going to install transmission mains from two directions to connect the boreholes with the existing distribution systems. Accordingly, the project will install 20km of transmission lines by excavating a trench that will have about 1.5 meter width and between 0.75 – 1m depth to connect the Chinferes boreholes with the existing system. All along its course, the transmission line will pass through farm lands and protected areas (area closures). Along with the first 10kms of the transmission line a second parallel line will be installed to connect BH-1 and BH-2 boreholes with the 5000m3 reservoir at Messebo. The parallel transmission line will be installed by undertaking new excavations at six meter distance from the other line. This implies the impact of the project activity on the farm fields will be twice. The largest diameter of the pipes to be installed for the transmission line is 300mm and the one meter width trench excavation is assumed to be sufficient. The total size of cultivated land that will be affected during construction of the first and second parallel
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transmission line is estimated to be 10.21Ha and 0.67Ha respectively. On the other hand, the 13kms transmission line from dandera and quiha boreholes will be installed by excavating a trench of similar diameter. The total size of cultivated land that will be affected during construction of the later transmission lines are estimated to be 2.2Ha These figures do not include the communal lands for which private land use entitlements are not given to individual members of the community. The list of farmers whose land will be impacted by the transmission line installation activities of the project is given in Annex IA. The pipe installation work will interrupt the farming activities until the construction is finished. During such time the farmers will be affected by losing their crops and hence their income. However, it will become possible to use the land for the same purpose after the construction is finished. As a result the impact is only temporary and it will last up to completion of the project.
Moreover the project will have to build a new access road to have an all weather access to the booster station and to the 5000m3 reservoir at messobo hill. The design and study of this access road is not yet in place and hence predicting the type and magnitude of the likely impacts is quit formidable. However, it is clear that any access road that may be built along the transmission lines will definitely affect the farmlands and closure areas present in the area.
7.2.2 Impacts on terrestrial flora and fauna The activities of Mekelle water supply and sanitation project will not generally cause a significant impact on fauna and flora of the area. On the one hand the project activities are mainly carried on areas that do not have dense vegetation cover. Indeed most of the sites on which the boreholes are drilled and the areas through which the transmission lines will pass are simply open farm lands or protected areas with sparse bushes. Therefore, the construction and installation activities of the project are anticipated not to cause the cutting of important trees or bushes that have timber value. However, owing to the prevalent land degradation in the area, most uncultivable lands, hills and valleys are designated as area closure to enhance the revegetation and conservation efforts. Because of this, some activities of the project are going to have a limited impact on the revegetation and conservation efforts of the area closures. For example the project will construct access road to the Chinferes borehole sites, starting from the existing gravel
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road which was used to transport raw material from the former quarry. The access road that connects BH -3 and BH -1 to the gravel road has an approximate length of about 300m and it passes through a protected land (area closure). This access road has the impact of disturbing the re-vegetation and conservation effort by clearing the bushes. In a similar way, the construction of new access road up to the booster station and the 5000 m3 at messebo hill will affect the revegetation and conservation effort going on in the area closures.
Fig 6: Showing access road passing across area closure
The only perennial crops that will be affected by the project construction activities are, however, found at the river banks of Illala River. The right of way for installation of the transmission line requires the removal of some of the Guava and Banana trees found on the farm located next to Gembella village on the river banks of Illala River. The total numbers of Guava and banana trees to be cut are estimated to be about 30 and 5 respectively.
7.2.3 Impacts on soil
Once again the project impacts on soil emanates from the works to be carried during construction phase. Firstly, the construction of the access road will require filling with selected material. The quarrying operations can expose the soil structure to erosion unless necessary precautions are taken.
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Moreover an appreciable part of the excavation of trenches for installing the transmission lines is going to be done on the cropping fields (cultivated lands) of individual farmers. The excavation work will result in the displacement of the fertile top soil and this will affect the crop growing capacity of the plot. As a result in addition to the immediate interruption of the farming activities during the construction period, the farmers will be affected by lose of the top soil from the excavated part of their farming land which will make it unproductive for quit sometime. It should be noted that the soil of the cultivated lands in the area is fertile and farmers commonly grow crops like wheat, teff, maize and sorghum during the regular summer seasons. In particular among the farmers listed in Annex IA and IB those whose farming fields have shallow or thin layer of top soil will be severely impacted by the displacement of top soil. The actual impacted farmers could be determined later at the end of the cropping season by observing the failing crops on the fields. It worth‘s to note that the list of farmers in Annex IB were not considered legible for compensation due to lose of income caused by the direct excavation works, mainly because the transmission line installation work was done during the dry season when the farming fields were free of crops.
Fig 7: Showing farming fields with displaced top soil
Besides displacement of the top soil, the farming fields of farmers could also be wasted for definite seasons if the excavated soil and big boulders are not timely cleared from it. This is especially important since the geology of the land underneath the farming fields is majorly rocky and full of big boulders. As a result, the excavation work supported by heavy machinery will
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produce big boulders that will not be possible to remove from the fields easily. Thus parts of certain farming fields could become unusable unless otherwise the boulders are promptly cleared from the farming fields. This issue has been one of the impacts that were raised with great emphasis by the participants of the public consultation meetings.
7.2.4 Impact on Public Infrastructure
The main focus of the Mekelle water supply and sanitation project is to develop additional water sources and to supplement the daily supply of water of the city by connecting to the existing distribution network. As a result the project will not have wide activities to expand the existing distribution network within the urban setting of Mekelle city. Thus the project will not have any significant impact on the public utility infrastructures in Mekelle. However, one minor exception to this generalization is the transmission line to be installed from Dandera borehole to the 100m3 reservoirs near Quiha borehole (FPW9). The installation of this transmission line will require crossing through the main Mekelle – Addis Ababa highway. Cutting and excavating the asphalted highway along a specified point is one minor reversible impact that may arise during construction of the project.
7.2.5 Impact on traffic volume during construction and operation
The project site covers more than 20kms of distance from source to destination. During construction the project will mobilize machineries, light and heavy duty vehicles. The pathways which lead to the boreholes at chinferes and Dandera sites are mainly off-road corridors literally used by villagers and few other vehicles. As a result the additional noise that would be generated by the machinery will not have a pronounced effect on the residents. The traffic volume in and around Mekelle city is slightly greater but still not crowded. In all segments of the road the level of traffic flow is low to moderate. Therefore, the impact of the project is predicted not to cause any significant impact on traffic flow.
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7.2.6 Air pollution and noise nuisance
The construction activities of the project will cause the formation of dust in the environment. This will be specially so during the excavation work to install water mains, reservoirs, and while building the access road. Mobility of machineries and vehicles will exacerbate the dust pollution. Noise nuisance released by the construction equipments will also be another impact to be created by the project. The dust and noise pollution will not be permanently localized at one place but move forward along with the construction activities. The project will drill the boreholes using drilling rigs. Noise released during drilling operations could be a source of impact to the surrounding areas. However, since most of the borehole sites are located in rural areas where there are no densely populated villages, its effect will be minimum.
7.2.7 Impact of Spillage and disinfecting chemicals
Spillage of chemicals that will be applied for water treatment and disinfection will cause undesirable impacts on the nearby water bodies. Used oils and lubricants from the booster station and vehicles engaged during project construction as well as the solid waste generated at the borehole sites can pose pollution risk to the nearby streams. Especially the borehole drilling operations apply foaming chemicals to enhance the drilling efficiency and a soil sludge contaminated with the chemicals is released from the operation. Since the borehole sites in Chinferes well field are located at the river banks of Quawa and Ruba Wushti rivers, it is very likely that the soil sludge from the drilling operations will impact the stated rivers. Direct disposal of the sludge into the rivers will pollute them and it will also increase sedimentation. To minimize such impacts introducing a mechanism for proper handling of chemicals, the soil sludge and other spillages is essential.
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Fig 8: Showing soil sludge from drilling operations
7.2.8 Stress on the Existing solid and liquid Waste Management facilities
The implementation of the proposed project will allow connected houses to be provided with sufficient water supply and more others to get connected to the water network. This will obviously improve the chronic water supply and sanitation problem of the Mekelle city in many ways. However, it will also pose stress on the existing sanitary facilities of the city. At present Mekelle city has limited facilities to handle the liquid wastes.
Even though the expected yield of the boreholes developed by the Mekelle water supply and sanitation project are not going to completely satisfy the gaps in the daily water demand of the city, generally an increase in the water supply provision will also increase the liquid and solid wastes volume to be generated. With the increase in volume the existing facilities will become increasingly overwhelmed to cope up. Appropriate facilities such as liquid waste vacuum trucks will need to be purchased and wastewater treatment plants or oxidation ponds will have to be constructed if the liquid waste is to be treated and disposed in an environmentally safe manner. In choosing the site for the Waste water treatment plant or Oxidation pond it is important to investigate the hydro - geological condition of the proposed sites and it should be located in permeable stratum to safeguard ground water contamination.
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7.2.9 Impact on reservoirs The five Reservoires to be installed could also be negatively affected by uncontrolled disposal of contaminating wastes nearby it. Unless safely guarded and controlled the reservoir sites can be contaminated with solid and liquid wastes that could lead to contamination of the water supply with pathogens. However, since the specific location of the new reservoirs and booster stations are generally well outside of the urban settlement of Mekelle town the contamination may be expected to arise from sparsely populated rural settlements.
7.3 Impacts on socio economic environment
7.3.1 Impact on settlements In a small stretch along the 20km Chinferes – Mekelle route, the right of way for installation of the transmission line is occupied by residential houses inside Gembella Village. Gembella village is a tiny hamlet found on the right bank of Illala River between Messobo Cement factory and the northern suburbs of Mekelle. The alignment of the transmission line will require clearing the right of way which is now occupied by the houses whose owners are listed in table 9 below. The design of the right of way is done based on the Master plan of Mekelle, which is reported to have indicated a plan for 30m wide motorway that will pass through the middle of Gembella village. Nonetheless, the street foreseen by the master plan is not yet built and the right of way for the transmission line not cleared. Consequently, installation of the transmission line is going to have an impact on the settlement houses. In order to avoid the relocation of these houses, the project will devise alternative routes. The 5000m3 reservoir at Messebo hill creates excess pressure to the head water which will be conveyed downstream to Mekelle. The presence of excess pressure provides an opportunity to re-route the transmission line by bending it 900 at different points without losing the necessary pressure to keep it flowing into Mekelle. This option of re-routing and redesigning option can effectively avoid the need for clearing of the houses for the right of way. Therefore relocation of these houses will not be necessary and relocation issues will not be triggered by the project activity. The name of the house owners and its location are shown in table 9.
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Table 9: Houses to be impacted by Transmission line installation
Name of house owner Town / village Type of property name
1 Ato Gebreslassie Tsegay Gembella Village Stone fence
2 Ato Gebrekiros Kassa Gembella Village House
3 W/ro Almaz Mamo Gembella Village House
4 Ato Mehari Amare Gembella Village House
5 Ato Seyum Desta Gembella Village House
6 Ato Amare G/slassie Gembella Village House
7 Ato Assefa G/tatyos Gembella Village House courtyard
8 Ato Gebreasya Hadush Gembella Village House courtyard
9 Almi Dairy Farm Association Mekelle Cattle farm / Ranch
10 Ato Tewedage W/slassie Mekelle House
11 Ato Tesfaye W/slassie Mekelle House
Fig 9: Showing Houses that can be affected by clearing for right of way
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7.3.2 Loss of sites of cultural and/or religious values
The Mekelle water supply and sanitation project will not have any impact on the important historical and archaeological sites found in the area. The King Amdetsion palace (church?) archaeological site, the Palace of King Yohannes IV, the Dejat Abraha Castle and other important sites are found away from the route of the main transmission lines. In addition, it is verified through site survey that the booster stations, reservoirs and crossing structures will not affect any of the known historical and archaeological sites in the area. The Romanat and Chelanqa waterfalls are also found outside the reaches of the project construction and operation phase activities. The project will not have any significant impact on other religious and cultural resources in the area.
7.3.3 Problem of Malaria Intensification
Formation of soil heaps from the excavation of trenches and reservoir foundations may form stagnant water ponds and these ponds can be the source of health risks to the local people by serving as a favourable mosquito breeding site and consequently intensifying malaria. This problem can be minimized by draining out the stagnant water and appropriately filling back the excavated trenches.
7.3.4 Impact on Women
Women generally have very different roles in water supply and sanitation activities. These differences are particularly evident in the rural areas. Often women are the main users, providers and Managers in the household. Women are the guardians of household hygiene. Hence women tend to benefit most when the access, quality and quantity of water improve. Improvements in water supply and sanitation infrastructure are likely to shorten women‘s and girl‘s time spent carrying heavy containers to collect water thereby freeing up their time for income generating activities and schooling.
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Given their long established active role in water supply and sanitation, women generally know about current water sources, their quality and reliability, any restrictions to their uses and how to improve hygienic behaviours. It is therefore essential to fully involve women in demand driven water supply and sanitation programmes, where communities decide what types of systems they want. Improvements in water supply and sanitation infrastructures will help increase women‘s human capital, reduce their time constraints, allow for new income generating activities and improve community health. This will in turn increase the productivity of the society there by increasing incomes. In light of this, involving women during the construction and operation of Mekelle water supply projects is very critical.
7.3.5 Impacts on health
The project will positively impact to all members of the communities who will be provided with access to clean water supply. An examination of the top ten diseases of Mekelle city listed in table 8 shows that water, sanitation and hygiene related diseases rank among the top disease of the area. Therefore, provision of clean drinking water supply will enhance the efforts to sustain good health of the community. Provision of clean water will also greatly improve the condition for maintaining good hygiene and sanitation of each benefiting family. Public service facilities such as schools, clinics, health centres and recreational areas will also positively benefit from the availability of adequate water supply they need to render their services to the community.
7.3.6 Impacts on investment, trade and tourism
Absence of sufficient water supply has been one of the impeding constraints for inflow of investment into Mekelle city. Even though the town is a regional capital, its development and expansion is challenged by shortage of water supply. It has become increasingly clear that one of the factors that constrain the inflow of new and additional investment into the city is the prevailing shortage of water supply. The commercial activities of the service sector, particularly the newly built hotels and restaurants in Mekelle are affected by the prevalent shortage of water supply, thereby affecting the tourism industry in the area. It should be noted that Mekelle is well Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 67
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situated for attracting tourism. The city is at the centre of a variety of cultural, historical, religious, and adventure tourism options. Erte Ale, one of the world‘s few active volcanic lakes, lies east of Mekelle, while the city itself is surrounded by fantastic rock-hewn churches that rival the more well-known rock temples. Therefore, the Mekelle water supply project will have an enormous positive impact on the investment, trade and tourism activities of the town by solving the water supply shortage problem and creating conducive condition for their operation.
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Table 10: Impact analysis Matrix for Mekelle Emergency Water Supply Project
Key Impact/Issues Imp Magni AT Per Reversi Cumulati BT ES (AT Range Comp orta tude (A1X man bility ve (B3) (B1+B2 x BT) Value nce (A2) A2) ence (B2) +B3) (RV) (A1) (B1)
P/C1 Changes in Water Quality 1 +1 +2 2 2 2 6 +12 2
P/C 2 Changes in crop and Grazing Areas 1 -1 -1 2 2 1 5 -5 -1 (productive land)
P/C 3 Changes in Rates of Erosion and 1 -2 -2 2 2 3 7 -14 -2 siltation
P/C 4 Changes to surface water regime 2 -1 -2 2 2 2 6 -12 -2
P/C 5 changes to Ground water regime 1 -2 -2 3 3 3 9 -18 -2
B/E 1 Changes in Biodiversity 1 -1 -2 2 2 3 7 -14 -2
B/E 2 Changes in Aquatic Biota 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0
B/E 3 Changes in Disease Vector Population 1 -1 -1 2 2 3 7 -7 -1
B/E 4 Changes in Terrestrial Biota 1 -1 -1 2 2 3 7 -7 -1
B/E 5 Changes to Wetlands 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0
B/E 6 Changes to Areas of Natural Habitat 2 -2 -4 3 3 2 7 -28 -3 (Including protected Areas)
S/C1 Changes involving loss of private 2 -2 -4 3 3 2 8 -32 -3 property
S/C2 Changes involving loss of public 1 -1 -1 2 2 2 6 -6 -1
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infrastructure
S/C3 Changes involving loss of cultural 3 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0 Heritage
S/C4 Changes involving Resettlement of 2 -2 -4 3 3 1 7 -28 -3 people
S/C5 Changes to social stability/Cohesion 3 +2 +6 3 3 3 9 54 4
S/C6 Changes involving loss of Access to 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0 Natural Resources (spring water use)
S/C7 Changes to Downstream water Users 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0
S/C8 Changes in public status 2 +1 +2 3 3 3 9 +18 2
S/C9 Changes to Availability of Water for 1 +2 +2 3 3 3 9 +18 2 Domestic Use.
E/01 Changes in crop/Livestock Generated 2 -3 -6 2 2 2 6 -36 -4 Incomes
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Key Impact/Issues Imp Magni AT Per Reversi Cumulati BT ES (AT Range Comp orta tude (A1X man bility ve (B3) (B1+B2 x BT) Value nce (A2) A2) ence (B2) +B3) (RV) (A1) (B1)
E/02 Changes in Wage Labour 2 +2 +4 2 2 1 5 + 20 3 Incomes/Opportunities
E/03 Change in trade/Commercial 3 +2 +6 3 3 2 8 + 48 4 Incomes/Opportunities
E/06 Changes in local skills Base 1 +1 1 2 2 2 6 + 6 1
Cumulative Range Value
Please refer the table in Annex VI for interpretation of the range values.
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Keys for table 11:
Black dots represent adverse environmental impacts
• Major Significance impacts
• High Significance impacts
• Medium significance impact
• Low significance impacts
Circles represent positive and beneficial impacts in the same interpretation order of the circle size as above
° Major positive impact
° Highly positive impacts
° Medium positive impacts
° Slightly positive impacts
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Table 11: Magnitude matrix showing the magnitude and significance of identified impacts from the project
Project actions
Environmental Construction Operation components/Characteristics
Access road Drilling, Booster Water treatment Distribution and station, maintenance Transmission lines, Reservoirs
Changes in local skills base ° ° ° °
Change in trade/Commercial
Incomes/investment ° ° ° opportunities
Changes in wage labour
incomes/Opportunities ° °
Changes involving loss of perennial crops (private property) • •
Changes in crop & grazing
/livestock/ generated • • incomes
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Changes involving loss of - - - - access to natural resources (spring water use)
Changes in Terrestrial - - Vegetation • •
Changes in Water Quality of • • • rivers/streams
Changes in Rates of Erosion • siltation, and soil structure
Changes to surface water - regime Changes in Aquatic Biota -
Changes in Disease Vector Population •
Changes involving relocation of houses (trench excavation near houses). •
Changes to Downstream water Users -
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Changes to Wetlands -
Changes to Availability of Water for Domestic Use. •
Changes involving loss of cultural Heritage (Relocation - of Cemeteries)
Changes involving loss of public infrastructure • •
8. Major impacts and proposed mitigation measures
8.1 Mitigation measures for impacts involving loss in crop generated incomes The project impacts caused by disruption of farming activities on the cropping fields will result in loss of income generation for each of the affected farmers. Depending on whether the farming plots are covered by crops or being prepared for the next cropping season, the impact could take place either through destroying the crops on the fields or disrupting the land preparation activities for the next season. Both forms of the impact will result in loss of income generation for the farmer. These impacts will be mitigated by paying out appropriate cash compensations to each of the affected farmers. The estimated compensation cost that will be needed to mitigate this impact is shown in table 14. Actual compensation costs should be calculated in line with Proclamation No 455/2005 and Council of Ministers Regulations No. 135/2007 on Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation as well as in line with relevant regional regulations of the Tigray state. The total size of cropping fields that will be temporarily affected and hence will subject the farmers for loss of income will be10.30Ha. It is evident that the total size of cropping land to be affected by the project is generally small and this is distributed over the land holdings of about 231 farmers shown in Appendix IA. The impacted
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land will account far less than 10% of their assets at individual farmer level. Therefore, it appears that there is no need of preparing full or abrevated RAP. The census of farmers and the estimated size of land to be affected from each farming plots is shown in Appendix IA. Final delimitation of plots and related crops will be done by the compensation committees that include affected persons themselves, their neighbours, and community leaders and elders. Valuation of annual crops is based on the income lost, i.e. on the market value of the lost harvest which is established through a rapid survey of market prices observed in the area.
Apart from the direct loss of income caused by excavation activities during installation of transmission lines, there are farmers who will continue to be affected by the displacement of top soil from their fields. Since the income of such farmers is going to decrease due to failing crops on limited parts of their fields, it needs to be compensated. The specific farmers who are affected either by displaced top soil or uncleared boulders that waste their land could be identified later towards the end of the cropping season. The Mekelle Water supply and sewerage service will have to pay attention for proper settlement of the compensation for this group of affected people.
Apparently, during the construction of access road to the booster station, it will affect the cropping and grazing lands of the farmers. It is difficult to have an estimate of the size of cropping and grazing fields that will be affected during the construction of the access road at this time, for the reason that it is not designed yet. These farmers are losing the usage rights they have on the land permanently and it will subject them to permanent lose of income generation. Therefore, the impact should be mitigated by providing a replacement land suitable to serve the purposes as before.
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8.2 Mitigation measures for impacts involving loss of perennial crops (private property)
The Perennial crops which are Banana and Guava trees are considered as highly valued private properties in the project area. It is considered as one of the common cash crops. The project will affect about 5 banana and 30 guava trees that belong to Gembella kebelle farmers association. The impact of losing such private properties will be mitigated by providing appropriate compensation to the owners of the perennial crops.
The valuation for compensation of the perennial crops will incorporate the income lost during the value of the harvests lost during the period of re-establishment, value of the seedlings, and the cost for agricultural inputs needed to re-establish the perennial crops.
8.3 Mitigation measures for impacts involving changes in terrestrial vegetation
The overall impact of the project on terrestrial vegetation will be mitigated by a mix of different approaches. For the purpose of ensuring the sustainability of the ground water sources, it is important to look beyond and work on conserving and enhancing the terrestrial vegetation in the watershed embodying the well fields. The vegetation cover around the well fields is slack in large areas. Therefore it is necessary to encourage a conservation work including reforestation by organizing the local community to enhance the rainwater retaining capacity of the watershed. The conservation work should initially focus on the immediate areas of the well fields and expand through time to other selected sections of the watershed.
The project will also encourage the plantation of trees in the areas through which the transmission main will pass. This will be done by providing seedlings for those farmers who are interested to replant small trees and bushes removed. Moreover the project will arrange and provide seedlings to the Rural-Enderta Agriculture and Rural development office for plantation of trees in the area closures.
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8.4 Mitigation measures for impacts involving water quality
The borehole drilling activities carried out near by the rivers/streams will be made not to unnecessarily contaminate the rivers by the soil sludge emitted from it. Efforts will be made to minimize the temporary loss of water quality due to soil suspension. The soil sludge will be collected and disposed in an appropriate landfill site away from the surface waters.
8.5 Mitigation measures for impacts involving changes in rates of erosion, siltation and soil structure
During the excavation and installation of the transmission mains necessary measures should be introduced by the contractor to place the top soil back on the top layer of the farming fields. The contractor should provide appropriate orientation and briefing to its workers on the procedures of excavation and backfilling of the trenches in the farm fields. The contractor will also supervise to ensure that the procedures are observed by its workers. Moreover the contractor should be instructed firmly to clear the big boulders and other excavated materials from the farming fields. Failure to do so timely will unnecessarily hamper the farming activities of the farmers and it will waste their land. The Mekelle Water supply and sewerage service should pay proper attention to confirm the site clearance by the contractor or devise other workable solutions to clear the excavation materials and big boulders from the farm fields.
During the construction of access road, measures should be taken to prevent the acceleration of erosion rates in the locality. Road side shoulder spaces whose soil surface will be cut deeply will be made to be covered with grasses to minimize erosion. Quarries from which selected material for the road is going to be taken will be rehabilitated by tipping the unwanted earth material collected from the construction sites.
The project will prevent contamination of soil by used oil and lubricants that will be discarded from construction equipment and machineries in the site. This will be implemented by introducing appropriate working procedures for the collection and disposal of used oil that will be
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applied by the operators and service men of the machineries. The contractor will be responsible for introducing the working procedures and its implementation by the machinery operators.
8.6 Mitigation measures for impacts involving changes in disease vector population The project will ensure that soil mass accumulated during construction will not form barriers for the creation of stagnant waters and it will promptly remove the material from site. It will also ensure that the backfilling of trenches is conducted properly with good compaction so that it may not allow the stagnation of water on it.
8.7Mitigation measures for impacts involving dust and noise nuisance
The dust and noise nuisances predicted to occur in the construction sites will be mitigated by applying the following measure. Re-suspension of dust in the construction sites will be prevented by occasional sprinkling of water. This will be specially applied during the construction of the access roads.
8.8 Impact of Spillage and disinfecting chemicals
The project should build appropriately designed storage for disinfecting chemicals. The store for these chemicals must have good ventilation. In addition the project should develop operational manual for storage and safe handling of disinfecting chemicals. The manual should also provide guidance for safe procedures of chemical dosing operations. The spillage of chemicals that will emerge during water treatment and disinfection should be minimized by training the workers to follow the safe chemical handling and dosing procedures. The workers shall also be provided with personal protection equipment such as hand gloves, masks, and respirators.
8.9 Mitigation measures for impacts involving access to natural resources (borehole water use)
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During the public consultation meetings conducted at Mesebo and Gergenbes villages, it was noted that some of the villages through which the transmission line will pass have problems of drinking water supply. Accordingly the participants of the messebo consultation meeting reiterate their request for availing water points to those villages that are in problem from shortage of drinking water supply. These villages are mainly found along the route of the transmission line. In response to this request the project management revealed that the design of the transmission line that connects the chinferes boreholes to the existing system has indicated two points (T- Shapes) from which water will be conveyed to the villages. Accordingly, it is recommended that the Mekelle Water supply and sanitation project will have to identify those villages which have severe problem of drinking water supply and incorporate in its design to provide water points for few of them to the extent the available water budget can permit it.
8.10 Mitigation measures for impacts on reservoires
The water reservoir and booster station sites will have to be properly fensed leaving sufficient open space to buffer seepage of pollutants and contaminants from easily and quickly reaching it. Moreover, the overall sanitation of the reservoir area will have to be protected and properly managed. Conducting a periodic and regular sanitary inspection on the reservoir sites in particular and on the overall water supply system in general will be usefull to ensure consistent sanitation of the facilities.
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Table 12: Summary of Major impacts and proposed Mitigating Measures
Anticipated Project Recommended Mitigation Major Impacts Residual No measures phase impacts
1 Construction The cropping fields of farmers will be affected during Compensate farmers with cash that None installation of transmission lines. Unharvested crops will offset for lost harvest. on the field will be damaged or preparation of land for next cropping season will be interrupted.
2 Construction Farmers will permanently lose far less than 10% of Arrange for land replacements of None their farming lands for the construction of access road equal size and suitable for the and reservoirs. purposes it was serving.
3 Construction Farmers will lose economic plants such as Guava and Compensate farmers with cash that None banana trees during the installation of the transmission will offset their losses. mains.
4 Construction Small trees and bushes will be cleared during the Minimize impact by avoiding Anticipated construction of transmission mains and access roads unnecessary cutting affecting the terrestrial vegetation cover (green Conserve and enhance reforestation canopy) of the project area. on the watershed giving priority to the immediate areas
Encourage tree plantation and reforestation by providing seedlings
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No Project phase Major impacts Recommended mitigation Anticipated measures residual impacts
5 Construction Construction of reservoirs, booster stations, transmission Introduce work procedures to put Anticipated mains and access road will affect soil structure, accelerate the top soil back on its layer during soil erosion and siltation. backfilling of trenches. Plant grasses to cover deeply cut soil surfaces of the access road shoulders.
Rehabilitate the site of selected material quarry used for access road by tipping construction waste.
Integrate soil and water conservation in the Watershed management programme to enhance groundwater recharge.
6 Construction and Trenches and soil pile will create mosquito breeding sites Backfill trenches properly and None operation with stagnant water. promptly.
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No Project phase Major impacts Recommended mitigation Anticipated measures residual impacts
7 construction The increase in vehicle flow during construction is Take precautionary measures by None expected to Increase road accident mounting road/ traffic signs
Availing first aid kit
8 construction Spillage of fuel, oil, grease from the garage and booster Take precautions not to spill fuel, None stations of the project may result in the pollution of the oil & grease to the soil and the nearby surface waters streams nearby.
9 Construction Dust and noise will cause nuisance during construction Sprinkle water occasionally to None and operation impacting residents. prevent dust pollution. Limit late night work to avoid noise nuisance during sleeping hours.
10 operation Increase in the supply of water to Mekelle city is expected Put in place appropriate waste Anticipated to increase the volume of liquid waste generated. water treatment and disposal Consequently overloading the existing sanitary facilities. facilities.
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9. Environmental and social management plan (ESMP)
9.1 Institutions responsible for the implementation of ESMP
The Environmental management plan gives mitigating measures and monitoring requirements, and identifies the organizations assigned to implement them. Mitigating measures for the impacts that are likely to arise from implementing the project are given in the previous chapter.
For technical and economic reasons it is not necessary to establish any new organization for implementing the mitigating measures and monitoring plans. It is believed that the project proponent in this particular case, Mekelle water supply and sanitation service, the construction contractor, construction supervisor and the regional officer responsible for environment will take the major responsibility in supervising the implementation of the environmental mitigation and monitoring plans.
9.1.1 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP related to design change For mitigation measures related to design change, the consultant assigned to design the water supply project will be responsible for incorporating the recommended mitigation measures into the design and into the technical specifications of the main project report.
9.1.2 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP in the construction phase Prior to the commencement of the construction period, the environmental and social impacts to be mitigated by compensation will be implemented jointly by the regional office responsible for environment, Mekelle city water supply and sanitation service, the administrations of Rural Enderta woreda, representatives of the affected parties and community elders, as well as the Agricultural office of the woreda mentioned above. Representatives of the affected persons will participate in the compensation committees. The woreda administration representatives and relevant offices will facilitate on land replacement arrangements in collaboration with the communities and also facilitate refining of the initial censuses of affected persons and compensation pays.
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Delimitation of plots and related crops will be done by forming local compensation committees including affected persons themselves, their neighbours, and community leaders and elders. The valuation shall be consistent with regional rules and practices, and with the World Bank requirement that any lost asset be valued at replacement value. Valuation of annual crops will be based on the income lost, i.e. on the market value of the lost harvest, which will be established using available rates or through a rapid survey of market prices observed in the vicinity of the concerned location. Valuation of perennial crops will be the sum of the following factors:
Loss of income during the period needed to re-establish the crop
Value of the seedlings needed to re-establish the crop, and all the agricultural inputs needed to re-establish the crops as it was
Value of any perennial developments required to cultivate the crop, if required.
Valuation of timber trees will be based on the market price of timber that could be sold when the tree is fully grown.
During construction, the contractor will be responsible for implementing environmental mitigation measures included in the present ESIA report. The construction supervisor will monitor the proper implementation of mitigating measures at the right time. The Contractor will be fully responsible for ensuring that all the work will be carried out as per the environmental requirements indicated in the design and technical specifications and the present ESIA report.
It is also envisaged that environmentalist ,with a broad range of experience and knowledge in environmental management of water supply and sanitation project should be intermittently assigned by regional office responsible for the environment to supervise proper implementation of the mitigating measures. The environmentalist will be responsible for the overall coordination of the environmental management activities. He will advise the contractors, construction supervisors, the project management unit of the enterprise and the local authorities regarding the implementation of the environmental mitigating measures and monitoring of impacts.
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9.1.3 Responsibility for the implementation of ESMP in the operation phase During the operation period, the environmental issues will be monitored jointly by the regional office responsible for environment, Regional Water Bureau, and Mekelle city Water Supply and sanitation service. In particular, the regional office in charge of environment will coordinate all other organizations stated above. Mekelle city Health Office will be involved in the monitoring of some of the parameters.
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Table 13: Summary Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
Potential environmental Responsible Responsible for Time Horizon monitoring the & social impacts for Proposed mitigation measures implementing implementation of mitigation the mitigation measures Mitigation Monitoring measures
The cropping fields of Compensate farmers with cash that The project Regional office Before Before farmers will be affected will offset for lost harvest. office responsible for construction construction during installation of environment phase phase transmission lines. Unharvested crops on the field will be damaged or preparation of land for next cropping season will be interrupted.
Farmers will permanently Arrange for land replacements of Mekelle Zonal agricultural Before Before lose far less than 10% of equal size and suitable for the emergency Bureau construction construction their farming lands for the purposes it was serving. water supply phase phase construction of access road project office, and capping structures. Rural- Enderta Woreda administration and Agriculture office.
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Farmers will lose economic Compensate farmers with cash that The project zone agricultural Before Before plants such as banana and will offset their losses. office, Rural - Bureau construction construction Guava trees during the Enderta phase phase installation of the woreda transmission mains. administration and Agriculture office.
Small trees and bushes will -Minimize impact by avoiding Contractor Supervisor During During be cleared during the unnecessary cutting Construction Construction construction of capping Project Project and operation and operation structures, transmission -Conserve and enhance reforestation management management Unit mains and access roads on the watershed giving priority to Unit Rural –Enderta affecting the terrestrial immediate areas of the well field. Rural – development and vegetation cover (green -Encourage tree plantation and Enderta Agriculture office canopy) of the project area. reforestation by providing seedlings development and Agriculture office
Construction of reservoirs, Introduce work procedures to put the booster stations, top soil back on its layer during During During transmission mains and backfilling of trenches. Contractor Construction Supervisor construction construction access road will affect soil Plant grasses to cover deeply cut soil structure, accelerate soil surfaces of the access road shoulders. erosion and siltation. Rehabilitate the site of selected Environmentalist material quarry used for access road by tipping construction waste.
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Trenches and soil piles will Backfill trenches properly and Contractor Construction every year every year create mosquito breeding promptly. Supervisor during the during the wet sites with stagnant water. Design and build public water wet season season Mekelle zone fountains with proper provision of of the drainage. Health Office project operation
.The right of way for Redesign and re-route the Project Project Before Before transmission line installation transmission main to avoid the designer management Unit Construction Construction requires demolition of resettlement of house holds Consultant houses and court yard Construction fences. Supervisor
The increase in vehicle flow Take precautionary measures by Contractor Construction During During during construction is mounting road/ traffic signs supervisor construction construction expected to increase road phase phase accident Availing first aid kit
Spillage of fuel, oil, grease Take precautions not to spill fuel, oil Contractor Contractor During project During project from the garage and pump & grease to the soil and the streams construction construction house of the project may nearby. result in the pollution of the nearby rivers
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Increase in the supply of Put in place appropriate wastewater Mekelle Environmentalist 1St year of 1St year of the water to Mekelle city is treatment and disposal facilities. Town from Tigray the operation operation expected to increase the Municipality environment phase phase volume of liquid waste Agency. consequently overloading the existing sanitary facilities Project management unit
Dust and noise will cause Sprinkle water occasionally to Contractor Construction During During nuisance during prevent dust pollution. Supervisor Construction Construction construction impacting residents.
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9. 2 Cost estimate for the implementation of mitigation measures Table 14: Cost estimates of mitigation measures
Impacts Mitigation Unit Quanti Unit Cost in Remark Measures ty Cost Birr
(Birr)
Unharvested crops on the Compensate farmers Yield of 20 This estimate includes field will be damaged or with cash that will teff Quintals the compensation that preparation of land for offset for lost harvest harvestable of teff 848 225, 000 could be paid for next cropping season will that can be generated / hectare /ha for those farmers who lost income due to be interrupted. from 13.08Ha three displaced top soil and harvests failing crops. lose of economic plants – Compensate farmers No of 30 trees Guava and Banana with cash that will Guava lost (each offset their losses. trees and tree 1000 30,000 value of causing harvest per lose of year from income single tree for two years) lose of economic plants - Compensate farmers No of 5 1000 5000 banana with cash that will banana offset their losses. trees
Small trees and bushes -Encourage tree No 2000 10 20,000 will be cleared during the plantation and construction of capping reforestation by structures, transmission providing seedlings mains and access roads affecting the terrestrial vegetation cover (green canopy) of the project area.
Construction of reservoirs, Plant grasses to cover Will be booster stations, deeply cut soil determin transmission mains and surfaces of the access - ed on site lump 10,000 access road will affect soil road shoulders. during sum structure, accelerate soil construct erosion and siltation. ion
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9.3 Environmental and social monitoring
Environmental monitoring is very essential part of the project implementation. It helps to follow up the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures and to capture unforeseen environmental impacts of the project.
It is necessary to establish and maintain environmental monitoring system to assess the efficiency of different mitigation measures, to perceive possible environmental hazards or to detect unpredicted impacts in time. Monitoring of environmental parameters will timely signal potential problems and will allow for prompt implementation of effective corrective measures.
Due to capacity and resource limitations monitoring should be scoped to those indicators that are most relevant for evaluation of the performance of the environmental mitigating measures. The selection of the issues to be monitored must be based on the severity, extent and intensity of the impacts.
For this particular project the proposed environmental and social monitoring indicators, frequency of measurement and reporting requirement are indicated in table 15.
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Table 15: Environmental and social monitoring indicators, frequency of measurement and reporting
S Impact Performance indicators to be Frequency of Frequency of Budget per No. Monitored measurement reporting year in Birr
I Construction phase
1 Construction of reservoirs, booster station, - erosion rate At the time of heavy After every transmission mains and access road will affect rain during rainy season - formation of gullies 5,000 soil structure, accelerate soil erosion and construction and siltation operation.
2 Dust and noise will cause nuisance during Sprinkle water occasionally to any time as problem Every three construction and operation impacting prevent dust pollution. occurs during months residents. 5,000 Limit late night work to avoid construction noise nuisance during sleeping hours in residential areas.
3 Spillage of fuel, oil, grease from the garage Water quality analysis of the Any time such Every six and pump house of the project may result in nearby streams problem occurs months 10,000 the pollution of the nearby streams.
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S impact Performance indicators to be Frequency of Frequency of Budget per No. Monitored measurement reporting year in Birr
4 Small trees and bushes will be cleared during Restoration of vegetation that Once a year Once a year for the construction of booster station, compensate affected sites five years 5,000 transmission mains and access roads affecting the terrestrial vegetation cover (green canopy) of the project area.
5 The increase in vehicle flow during Number of accidents per month Every quarter of a Every quarter construction is expected to increase road year of a year 2,000 accident
6 Increase in the supply of water to Mekelle monitor adequacy of the Every year Every year 5,000 town will promote investment and is expected existing solid and liquid waste to proportionally increase the liquid waste management system volume generated from the Town
Note: -Monitoring reports from the various parties should be sent to the Mekelle city water Supply and Sanitation Enterprise for compilation and reporting to the Regional office in charge of the environment
-The regional office in charge of the Environment will assign environmental inspector during project construction and operation
-Monitoring cost will be covered by the institutions assigned to undertake the monitoring
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References:
1. AESL 1982, Feasibility Study for Water Supply (Mekele), NWRC WSSA 2. Berhie H.S. 2006. Groundwater Resources Potential Assessment in Alamata Sub-basin, Northern Ethiopia., MSc Thesis (WSE-HY-06.06), UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, March,
3. Castro A., Maoulidi M., and MCI; 2009. A Water and Sanitation Needs Assessment for Mekelle City, Ethiopia, MCI social sector working paper series N° 7/2009
4. Devecon Engineering and Architects, Five Towns WSS study, Phase 1, Volume 1, Mekelle, NWRC 5. Gebreegziabher K., and Tadesse T., Household demand for improved water supply services in Mekelle City, Northern Ethiopia, 2010, Water Policy Uncorrected Proof (2010) 1–18
6. Kelil Adhana Tekle, etal, 2004. Nitrate Concentration in Drinking Ground Water Wells of Mekelle, Ethiopia , Journal of Rainwater Catchment Systems Vol.10/No.1/pp 1 -5 7. Lopez J., Maoulidi M., and MCI 2009. Education Needs Assessment for Mekelle city, Ethiopia, MCI Social Sector Working Paper Series N° 4 8. Mekelle City Administration, 2006. Summary of Integrated Development Plan (IDP) of Mekelle City, 2006/2010 9. Mekelle City Administration, 2006. .Draft Strategic Plan of Mekele City, 2003 – 2007. 10. The Government of Tigray National Regional State Tigray water resources, mines and energy bureau, Mekelle water supply development project 2009. Emergency project on water source & supply system.
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Annex IA: Census table of affected parties.
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Name of affected Location Cause of impact Type of Size of person/land holder/ (Woreda/Kebelle) property land Permanent fruit and other trees affected affected No in M2 Eucal Fruit Gesho Others yptus trees 1 Gebrehiwot Kindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1890 - - - 2 Desta Kaleayu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400 3 Kiros Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 210 4. Sibhatu Shimbahri Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 500 5. Zenebe G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 380 6 Gebre Abraha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 260 7 Amare Desta Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 220 8 Asefa Woldu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 130 9 G/Medhin Belay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 420 10 Qeshi Amare Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 520 11 G/Giorgis Tesfay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 450
12 Abraha Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 350
13 Nigisti Gidey Tedla Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 180 14 Solomon Gebre Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 160 15 Solomon Amaze Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 160 16 Woldu G/kidan Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300 17 Mileate Abera Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 220 18 Tsehay Baraki Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 450 19 Abadi Tekleab Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400 20 Mihret Woldegebriel Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 650 21 Goitom Hagos Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 660 22 Yirgaw Kindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 270 23 Haleqa Solomon G/Egziher Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 410 24 Kaleayu Girmay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 480 25 Amare Kebede Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400
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Name of affected Location Cause of impact Type of Size of person/land holder/ (Woreda/Kebelle) property land Permanent fruit and other trees affected affected No in M2 Eucal Fruit Gesho Others yptus trees 26 Misgina G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 150 - - - 27 G/Kidan G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 520 28 Medhin Hadera Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 450 29 Hadush Alene Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 570 30 Halefom W/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 520 31 Halefom Gerima Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 890 32 Haleqa Fetuw Misgina Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200 33 Halefom Hagos Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 880 34 Tsegay Halefom Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 610 35 Meuz Kiros Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 570 36 Meresieet Abraha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400
37 Berhe Gebremariam Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 510
38 G/Medhin Embaye Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 600 39 Haleqa Abreha Gebrezgi Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 250 40 Birhanu Gebrekidan Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300 41 Haleqa Gebre Gerasse Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200 42 Reda Abreha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 130 43 Gebre Haftu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 170 44 Abraha Araya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300 45 Takele Tareke Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 380 46 Hailu Teklecheal Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400 47 Gebrihat Lema Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 50 48 Getachew Gebreziher Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290 49 Amate Alemu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 180 50 Wolecheal Haftu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 130
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Name of affected Location Cause of impact Type of Size of person/land holder/ (Woreda/Kebelle) property land Permanent fruit and other trees affected affected No in M2 Eucal Fruit Gesho Others yptus trees 51 Seged Mehari Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 180 52 Goitom Equar Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290 53 Solomon Hagos Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 70 54 Leus Gizaw Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 860 55 Harife G/tsadkan Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 110 56 Gebremedhin W/yohanes Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 270 57 Woldeslassie Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 550 58 Haleqa Mehari Kebedew Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300 59 Hadush Abreha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 360 60 Solomon Fitsum Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 570 61 G/mariam G/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290
62 Halefom Aredom Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 190
63 Negash Desta Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 240 64 Qeshi G/tsadkan H/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 270 65 Berhe Embaye Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 660 66 Tsadikan W/Gebriel Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 880 67 Desta Kaleayu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 440 68 Kindeya Gerlasse Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290 69 Hiluf G/abyezgi Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1280 70 G/egziher Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 730 71 Hiluf G/abyezgi Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 280 72 Kindeya Hishe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 70 73 Woldu Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 190 74 Gebrekiros Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 780 75 G/slassie Abreha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 510
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Name of affected Location Cause of impact Type of Size of person/land holder/ (Woreda/Kebelle) property land Permanent fruit and other trees affected affected No in M2 Eucal Fruit Gesho Others yptus trees 76 Woldu Mehari Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 220 77 Gebre Haftu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 220 78 Meresa G/mariam Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 80 79 Gebreziher Tadesse Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 500 80 Woldu Atsbeha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 230 81 Haleqa Hagazi Hiluf Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 440 82 Haleqa Hadush Hiluf Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400 83 G/tekle G/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 390 84 Woldu Teka Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 310 85 G/abiyezgi Hiluf Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 260 86 G/Hiwot Embaye Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 180
87 Gebremedhin Hadush Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1020
88 Hailu Tesfay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 2320 89 Gebre Hadera Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 2340 90 Tieumay Asefa Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1280 91 Haleqa Abreha Asefa Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1880 92 Qeshi Hailu Alem Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 2160 93 Qeshi Mebrahten Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 420 94 Hagos Abreha Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400 95 Gidey Gesesew Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 560 96 Kahsay Tegegn Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 450 97 Haleqa Adhane Hadush Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 380 98 Kassa Tela Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400 99 Fiseha Sibhatu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 480 100 Amete G/amlak Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 230
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Name of affected Location Cause of impact Type of Size of person/land holder/ (Woreda/Kebelle) property land Permanent fruit and other trees affected affected No in M2 Eucal Fruit Gesho Others yptus trees 101 Mehari Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 230 102 Qeshi Belete Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 440 103 Qeshi Halefom Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 540 104 Ataklti Mebrahten Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 120 105 Tadele Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 120 106 Negash Belete Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 240 107 Kindihafti Asefa Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 420 108 G/medhin Hagos Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 420 109 Birhanu G/kidan Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 590 110 Asefa Hadush Asay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340 111 Qeshi Mebrahten Arefe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1050
112 Amaze Gebremedhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290
113 Hagos Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100 114 G/egzher Halefom Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100 115 Negash Belete Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 430 116 Berhe G/Yohanes Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 350 117 Kahsu Adane Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200 118 Fiseha G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200 119 Mulu Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 440 120 Nigus Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320 121 Birhat Tsiruy Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 330 122 Tsega Hagos Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 150 123 Teka W/gebriel Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 800 124 Tadele Kebede Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 460 125 Haile Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 400
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Name of affected Location Cause of impact Type of Size of person/land holder/ (Woreda/Kebelle) property land Permanent fruit and other trees affected affected No in M2 Eucal Fruit Gesho Others yptus trees 126 Woldu Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 650 127 Gebremedhin Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 960 128 Roman Gezahen Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 250 129 Wolela Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 520 130 Kiros Woldu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 450 131 Akeza Eyasu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340 132 Hailu Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320 133 Mehari Meles Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 280 134 Tesfakiros Araya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 310 135 Desalegn Asmaw Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 730 136 Tikui Asefa Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 530
137 Desta Gebrezher Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340
138 Tadelu Absa Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 360 139 Mengistu Mehari Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100 140 Abraha Bashay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 660 141 Zimam G/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 440 142 Askual Adhane Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 260 143 Askual Adhane Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 800 144 Zimam G/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1490 145 Raese Debri Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1650 146 Qeshi Kiros Gebreslassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1150 147 Gebryohanes Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 650 148 Asefa Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 630 149 Kidanu Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 570 150 Qeshi Abadi Arafayne Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 600
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Name of affected Location Cause of impact Type of Size of person/land holder/ (Woreda/Kebelle) property land Permanent fruit and other trees affected affected No in M2 Eucal Fruit Gesho Others yptus trees 151 Kiros Lewte Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 630 152 Mebrat G/michael Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 620 153 Girmay Eibla Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300 154 Girmay Gebreziher Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 190 155 Fiseha Mebrahtu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 700 156 Tesfay Nigus Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 640 157 Abraha Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 350 158 Kidanu Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 350 159 Hailu Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 700 160 Alembirhan Tesfay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 280 161 Fireweini Gezae Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 380
162 G/slassie Yirga Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 360
163 Kidanu Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 350 164 Gebreyesus Amare Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320 165 Gebrehiwot Hindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 460 166 Gebrehanes Hindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 390 167 Hailekiros Sebeho Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 390 168 Muez Girmay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 390 169 Girmay Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 390 170 Reda Haregu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340 171 Birhat Gebretensay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340 172 G/slassie G/tensay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 520 173 Alemu Hindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 540 174 Mulu Berhe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 380 175 Hadush Mulu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300
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Name of affected Location Cause of impact Type of Size of person/land holder/ (Woreda/Kebelle) property land Permanent fruit and other trees affected affected No in M2 Eucal Fruit Gesho Others yptus trees 176 Tadesse Ashebir Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300 177 Abrehet G/slassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 310 178 Letekiros Enun Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 260 179 Tsegay Belay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 340 180 Gebremedhin Gidey Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320 181 Teka Gebretensay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320 182 Tsegay Haileslassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 420 183 Ashareg Gebreslassie Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 250 184 Tesfay Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 750 185 Desta Gerencheal Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 940 186 Yitbarek Biru Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 320
187 Tsega Teka Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290
188 Meresaeta Gebretatios Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 310 189 Asefa Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 660 190 Tsere Hishe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 880 191 Meleakemihret Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 650 192 Gebreyesus Amare Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 160 193 Abreha Tadele Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 800 194 Hailu Meles Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 250 195 Haleqa Seifu Tesfay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 730 196 Mesfin Hailu Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 1650 197 Hailu Gebremichael Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 250 198 Haleqa G/ania G/yohanes Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 300 199 G/hiwot Hindeya Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 150 200 Fiseha Belay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100
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Name of affected Location Cause of impact Type of Size of person/land holder/ (Woreda/Kebelle) property land Permanent fruit and other trees affected affected No in M2 Eucal Fruit trees Gesh Others yptus o 201 Haleqa G/kidan G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 160 202 Muez G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200 203 Muez Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 200 204 Haleqa Solomon Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 60 G/egziabher 205 Lilay Zenebe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 270 206 Qeshi Birhaten Arefe Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 20 207 Amaze G/medhin Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 290 208 Hagos Kahsay Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100 209 G/ezgiher Halefom Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 100 210 Negash Belete Chinferes Transmission line Farm land 430 211 Birhanu Tsiruy Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 150
212 Yemane Abreha Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 160
213 Kiros Girmay Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 60 214 Desta G/micheal Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 240 215 Nigisti G/slassie Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 130 216 Mengistu Mehari Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 160 217 Woldu Gidey Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 80 218 Tesfay Reda Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 250 219 Meleake-mihret Hailu Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 600 220 G/eyesus Amare Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 240 221 Belaynesh Adhana Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 750 222 Nigus Kahsay Mariam Dehan Transmission line Farm land 389 223 Gembela Farmers Gembela Transmission line Vegetable 300 - 5 banana trees Association farm land 30 Gauva trees 224 Qeshi Kindeya Kassaye Dandera Transmission line Farm land 400 225 G/Michael Kassaye Dandera Transmission line Farm land 220 226 Qeshi Hailu Abera Aynalem Transmission line Farm land 770 227 Haleqa Moges Miruts Aynalem Transmission line Farm land 290
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228 W/ro Timnit Tsige Quiha/Ashago Transmission line Farmland 638 + reservoire 229 Ato Halefom G/Kiros Quiha/Ashago Transmission line Farmland 951.6 + reservoire 230 Ato Desalegn Belay Quiha/Ashago Transmission line Farmland 333.2 + reservoire 231 Ato Berhe Halefom Quiha/Ashago Transmission line Farmland 49.04 + reservoire
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Annex IB: Long list of farmers who may be affected by displacement of top soil from parts of their farm lands resulting in partial failure of crops
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Size of Type of land Name of affected person/land Location property affected holder/ (Woreda/Kebelle) Cause of impact affected in M 1 Berhe Hadush Desta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 26 2 G/medhin Teferi Newro Messebo Transmission line Farm land 128 3 Amare Lomaw Geras Messebo Transmission line Farm land 128 4 Mulu Berhe Graylem Messebo Transmission line Farm land 29 5 Tesfay Reda Hadgu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 220 6 Tsega Enun G/medhin Messebo Transmission line Farm land 37 7 Mulu Gidey Girmay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 24 8 Tiuemay Hailu Gebru Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22 9 Mulu Hailu Girmay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27 10 Abeba Kahsay Zemariam Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22 11 Belay Gidey Arefaine Messebo Transmission line Farm land 34 12 Kidanu Hisha Kahsay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 14 13 Tiru Meresa Berhe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 14 14 Mergeta Tsegay Abadi Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 19 15 Qeshi Abraha Kahsay Zemariam Messebo Transmission line Farm land 17 16 Birhan Zereabruk Messebo Transmission line Farm land 29 17 Alemnesh Halefom Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 21 18 Belay Hailu Tella Messebo Transmission line Farm land 23 19 Girmay Euble Gelise Messebo Transmission line Farm land 10 20 Fiseha Kiros Gerase Messebo Transmission line Farm land 12 21 Hanesu G/hanise Hindeya Messebo Transmission line Farm land 19 22 Tesfay Abadi Arafayne Messebo Transmission line Farm land 10 23 Gebremedhin Birhanu Wune Messebo Transmission line Farm land 9
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24 Amaze Hagos Arefayne Messebo Transmission line Farm land 13 25 Gebre Yirga Messebo Transmission line Farm land 32 26 Asefa Berhe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 28 27 Abadi Gidey Mircha Messebo Transmission line Farm land 93 28 Hailu G/eziher Marsha Messebo Transmission line Farm land 16 29 Mulu Berhe Graylem Messebo Transmission line Farm land 76 30 Abeba Hindeya Kahsay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 107 31 Birhane Asay G/medhin Messebo Transmission line Farm land 102 32 Gidey Hindeya Desta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 106 33 Harefa G/yohanes Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 29 34 Emahoy Abrehet Debil Desta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 66 35 Abeba Belay Gerasse Messebo Transmission line Farm land 13 36 Hailay Desta G/mariam Messebo Transmission line Farm land 53 37 Hadush Teklu Kidanu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 50 38 Abadi Hadush Nega Messebo Transmission line Farm land 52 39 Endahafti Hadush Kidanu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 50 40 Kiros Gebremichael Hailu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 50 41 Wolde Gebrezgi Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31 42 Alemu Kiros Asefa Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31 43 Kiros Woldegebriel Woreta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 48 44 Hadush Belay Gebrekidan Messebo Transmission line Farm land 26 45 Mitslal Meresa Daye Messebo Transmission line Farm land 26 46 Hadush Gidey Girmay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 26 47 Harfa Kahsay Ambaye Messebo Transmission line Farm land 28 48 Asefa Kiros Asefa Messebo Transmission line Farm land 25 49 Kiros Tesfay Ketema Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27 50 G/giorgis G/michael Messebo Transmission line Farm land 25
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51 Meselech Melese Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27 52 Harfa G/Yohanes Geday Messebo Transmission line Farm land 25 53 Mehari Amare Negus Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20 54 Haleqa Mebrahtu Enun G/medhin Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20 55 Haregu Teklay Geday Messebo Transmission line Farm land 52 56 Hadush Mulu Berhe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20 57 Hailemicheal G/michael Messebo Transmission line Farm land 47 58 Qeshi Miruts Beyene Messebo Transmission line Farm land 46 59 Gebrekorkos Woldeabiyu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 50 60 Qeshi Nigus Gebrehailu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31 61 Hailu Gebre Hailu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31 62 Hagos Kiros Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31 63 Berhe Akelom Desta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31 64 Gebrehiwot Tesfay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31 65 Fitsumbirhan Gebremeskel Messebo Transmission line Farm land 23 66 Qeshi Tesfeu Enun Messebo Transmission line Farm land 28 67 Geremariam Hindeya Kahsay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 37 68 Birhanu Kiros Geremichael Messebo Transmission line Farm land 81 69 Gidena Gebreyes Gebru Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22 70 Solomon Belay Gerase Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22 71 Asefa Kiros Asefa Messebo Transmission line Farm land 41 72 Tekle Eyasu Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 47 73 Gesesew Meresa Hagos Messebo Transmission line Farm land 18 74 Abebe Amare Hishe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 18 75 Qeshi Mebrahtu Kidanu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31 76 Solomon Woldegebriels Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31 77 Kahsu Kidanu Teka Messebo Transmission line Farm land 70
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78 Woldu Kidanu Gebrihanese Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27 79 Mulu Belay Gebrekidan Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27 80 Woldegiorgis Halefom Gidey Messebo Transmission line Farm land 35 81 Birhane Gebush Gebrehiwot Messebo Transmission line Farm land 34 82 Kassa Girmay Shiferaw Messebo Transmission line Farm land 68 83 Aregawi Alemseged Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31 84 Abeba Belay Gerasse Messebo Transmission line Farm land 29 85 Gebreslasse Tsegay Kidanu Messebo Transmission line Farm land 29 86 Zewdu Gashaw Adane Messebo Transmission line Farm land 31 87 Gebrekiros Kassa Girmay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 33 88 Hadush Kidanu's Sister Messebo Transmission line Farm land 28 89 Almaz Mamo Amare Messebo Transmission line Farm land 28 90 Elf Halefom Tadesse Messebo Transmission line Farm land 8 91 Seyoum Desta Messebo Transmission line Farm land 8 92 Tsige Medhin Biley Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22 93 Woldebirhan Kiros G?kidan Messebo Transmission line Farm land 64 94 Haile Kinfe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 13 95 Shishay Tsiruy Kebedew Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22 96 Gebreziher Abraha Messebo Transmission line Farm land 14 97 Araya Entaw Messebo Transmission line Farm land 21 98 Tafesu Kidanu Woldegergis Messebo Transmission line Farm land 21 99 Gebrihet Teka Embaye Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20 100 Enda Kiros Gerekidan Messebo Transmission line Farm land 37 101 Woldu Gerekidan Tesfay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 50 102 Yirga Gebremariam Messebo Transmission line Farm land 26 103 Haleqa Mehari Nigus Messebo Transmission line Farm land 12 104 Belay Geres Gebrehanes Messebo Transmission line Farm land 8
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105 Amare Gebreslassie Messebo Transmission line Farm land 27 106 Desta Tadese Geday Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20 107 Gerecheal Asefa Girmay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20 108 Tsehay Teferi Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20 109 Tsegu Amare Asgedom Messebo Transmission line Farm land 13 110 Tadess Amare Gerasse Messebo Transmission line Farm land 10 111 Teklehaimanot Hailu Shama Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20 112 Gebremariam Hindeya Kahsay Messebo Transmission line Farm land 20 113 Abreha Tadese Gebrihet Messebo Transmission line Farm land 67 114 Kinfe Berhe Messebo Transmission line Farm land 22 115 Almie Mahber (Association) Messebo Transmission line Farm land 150 116 The Monk's land Messebo Transmission line Farm land 150 117 Dandera Elementary School Dandera Transmission line Farm land 60 118 Gidey Tsegay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 36.6 119 Kiros G/Tatios Dandera Transmission line Farm land 119.6 120 Qeshi Kahsay G/michael Dandera Transmission line Farm land 58 121 Abraha Medhin Dandera Transmission line Farm land 80 122 Haleqa Kahsu T/michael Dandera Transmission line Farm land 57 123 Dagnew Gerase Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50 124 Kahsay Alemayehu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 58 125 Embaye Desta Dandera Transmission line Farm land 46 126 Meresa Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 44 127 Mesfin Gidey Dandera Transmission line Farm land 18 128 Desalegn Fitsum Dandera Transmission line Farm land 39 129 Abreha Hiruy Dandera Transmission line Farm land 46 130 Mulu Desta Dandera Transmission line Farm land 56 131 Hagezom Hadera Dandera Transmission line Farm land 48
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132 Qeshi Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 74 133 Lilay Reda Dandera Transmission line Farm land 21.7 134 Teklit Goitana Dandera Transmission line Farm land 44 135 Mulu Asefa Dandera Transmission line Farm land 107 136 Mihret Amelmal Dandera Transmission line Farm land 38 137 Askale Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 81.5 138 Hishe G/Kidan Dandera Transmission line Farm land 44 139 Meresa G/medhin Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50 140 Fitsumbirhan Tadele Dandera Transmission line Farm land 144.5 141 Qeshi Teka Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 66 142 Qeshi Tsige Arefa Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50 143 Desaley Belay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 75 144 Tsehaynesh Arefe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 108 145 Tsehay Asefa Dandera Transmission line Farm land 71.4 146 Ezgu Hagos Dandera Transmission line Farm land 36.6 147 Abadi Araya Dandera Transmission line Farm land 48.5 148 Hadgu Alemayehu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 62 149 Fitsum Desta Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50 150 Gebremedhin Abraha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50 151 Berhe Bayray Dandera Transmission line Farm land 96.5 152 Mulu Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 64 153 Tesfay Gidey Dandera Transmission line Farm land 106 154 Niguse W/giorgis Dandera Transmission line Farm land 23.5 155 Niguse Desta Dandera Transmission line Farm land 63 156 Hailu Abera Dandera Transmission line Farm land 25.4 157 G/slassie Gebre maryram Dandera Transmission line Farm land 41 158 Equar Hailu & Gidey Abreha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 100
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159 Yohanes Hadera Dandera Transmission line Farm land 47 160 Abadi Araya Dandera Transmission line Farm land 49 161 Qeshi Gebreyohanes Hagos Dandera Transmission line Farm land 77 162 Mihret Assefa Dandera Transmission line Farm land 28 163 Fekadu Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 23 164 Lemlem Halefom Dandera Transmission line Farm land 111 165 Mehari G/slassie Dandera Transmission line Farm land 49 166 Fekadu Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 53 167 Hiwot Aregawi Dandera Transmission line Farm land 114 168 Hishe Mehari Dandera Transmission line Farm land 12 169 Qeshi Negese Embaye Dandera Transmission line Farm land 36 170 Kidanu G/slassie Dandera Transmission line Farm land 170 171 Asefa Gergis Dandera Transmission line Farm land 21 172 Tadese Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 67 173 Kebede Gidey Dandera Transmission line Farm land 25 174 Girma Teweldemariam Dandera Transmission line Farm land 60 175 Mehari Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 48 176 Baraki Medhin Dandera Transmission line Farm land 26 177 Gebrezghi Haregot Dandera Transmission line Farm land 23 178 Abreha Gebrehet Dandera Transmission line Farm land 67 179 Tieumay Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 132 180 Yigzaw Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 69.7 181 Geretekle Tella Dandera Transmission line Farm land 51 182 Kiros Zereu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 62 183 Desta Gebremedhin Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30 184 Haleqa Redaie Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30 185 Dimtsu Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 98.6
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186 Mulu Lema Dandera Transmission line Farm land 69 187 Haregot Endalew Dandera Transmission line Farm land 63 188 Berhe Hagos Dandera Transmission line Farm land 104 189 Zewdu Hadegu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 35 190 Kebede Tela Dandera Transmission line Farm land 139 191 Halefom Gebrekiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 44 192 Berhe Halefom Dandera Transmission line Farm land 45 193 Asmelash Hagazi Dandera Transmission line Farm land 128 194 Hishe Lemma Dandera Transmission line Farm land 200 195 Zimam Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 86 196 Hadish Belay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 74 197 Hagazi Hiluf Dandera Transmission line Farm land 98 198 Kahsay Abadi Dandera Transmission line Farm land 189 199 G/medhin Abay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 250 200 Kiros Hiluf Dandera Transmission line Farm land 89 201 Berhe Tsegay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 108 202 Teklu Kiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 46 203 Abadi Kiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 36 204 Mahari Bashay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 45 205 Gebrehiwot Hishe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 100 206 Afera Kiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 58 207 Hiluf Amare Dandera Transmission line Farm land 136 208 Araya Girmay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 78 209 Gebre Amare Dandera Transmission line Farm land 98 210 Tadese Tsegay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 29 211 Woldebirhan Amare Dandera Transmission line Farm land 58 212 Mebrat Hiluf Dandera Transmission line Farm land 70
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213 Tiuemay Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 26 214 Belay Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27 215 Mulu Belay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 40 216 Kassa Girmay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30 217 Abeba Belay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 29 218 Berhe Abreha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 75 219 Birhanu Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 75 220 Gidey Atsbaha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 80 221 Kahsay Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 70 222 G/meskel G/hiwot Dandera Transmission line Farm land 170 223 Lemlem Gezu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 16 224 Hailemariam Embaye Dandera Transmission line Farm land 75 225 Hishe Haregot Dandera Transmission line Farm land 82 225 G/medhin Hagos Dandera Transmission line Farm land 65 226 Haleqa Kahsu Melese Dandera Transmission line Farm land 33 227 Hadush Belete Dandera Transmission line Farm land 125 228 Habe Abay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 19 229 Minas Hadush Dandera Transmission line Farm land 38 230 Getachew G/michael Dandera Transmission line Farm land 116 231 Redaie Gerecheal Dandera Transmission line Farm land 105 232 Barieu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 43 233 Tadele Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30 234 Woldebirhan Kahsay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 150 235 Kidanu Kiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 8 236 Teklu Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 100 237 Haleqa Abreha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 40 238 Kahsay Atsbeha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 40
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239 Alene Embaye Dandera Transmission line Farm land 22 240 Asefa Atsbeha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 39 241 G/medhin Hagos Dandera Transmission line Farm land 9 242 Qeshi Equar Atsbeha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 60 243 Araya Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 87 244 Hailu Hadush Fekadu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 54 245 Haleqa Gerase Kiros Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50 246 Tadele Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 52 247 Araya Berhe Dandera Transmission line Farm land 98 248 Gebrekiros Haileslassie Dandera Transmission line Farm land 22 249 Qeshi Hailu Tesfay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 55 250 Tewelde Asefa Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27 251 Kidanu Gerase Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27 252 Birhane Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27 253 Kahsay Hadush Dandera Transmission line Farm land 74 254 Tiuemay Habbo Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27 255 Gebrekiros Teka Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27 256 Haleqa G/kiros Teka Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27 257 Kahsay Hadush Dandera Transmission line Farm land 27 258 Berhe Kebede Dandera Transmission line Farm land 25 259 Hailu Mehari Dandera Transmission line Farm land 25 260 Tesfay Reda Dandera Transmission line Farm land 25 261 Haleqa Araya W/gebriel Dandera Transmission line Farm land 11 262 Getachew G/michael Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30 263 Qeshi Mezgebe Kahsay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 45 264 G/hiwot Reda Dandera Transmission line Farm land 108 265 Aregawi Gebreyesus Dandera Transmission line Farm land 41
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266 Tsegabirhan Abreha Dandera Transmission line Farm land 58 267 Shige Solomon Dandera Transmission line Farm land 50 268 Belay Gerase Dandera Transmission line Farm land 46 269 Solomon Araya Dandera Transmission line Farm land 80 270 Hailemariam Adihana Dandera Transmission line Farm land 16 271 Qeshi Gidey Dandera Transmission line Farm land 36 272 Tadele Tsgay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 30 273 Hadush Kahsay Dandera Transmission line Farm land 40 274 Gerase Kidanu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 56 275 Tesfay Hailu Dandera Transmission line Farm land 76
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Annex II SCREENING OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS The Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF) has been designed to assist in the evaluation of sub- projects of the Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Ethiopia. The form is designed to place information in the hands of sub-project implementers and reviewers so that impacts and their mitigation measures, if any, can be identified and/or that requirements for further environmental analysis be determined.
The ESSF contains information that will allow reviewers to determine the characterization of the prevailing local bio-physical and social environment with the aim to assess the potential sub-project impacts on it. The ESSF will also identify potential socio-economic impacts that will require mitigation measures and/or resettlement and compensation.
Name of sub-project: Mekelle Emergency Water Supply S Project
Sector: Water Supply and Sanitation
Name of the Community/Woreda/Town in which the sub-project is to be implemented: Mekelle city, Tigray Regional State
Name of Implementing Agency: Mekelle Water Supply Enterprise
Name of the Approving Authority: Ministry of Water Resource
Name, job title, and contact details of the person responsible for filling out this ESSF:
Name: Tequam Tesfamariam and Zereu Girmay
Job title: ESIA Consultants
Telephone numbers: 0911-675791(mobile)/0911-347013
E-mail address: [email protected] / [email protected]
Date: July, 2010
Signature: TequamTesfamariam
Zereu Girmay
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PART A: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SUB - PROJECT
Please provide information on the type and scale of the sub-project (area, required land, approximate size of total building floor area).
Provide information about actions needed during the construction/rehabilitation of facilities including support/ancillary structures and activities required to build it, e.g. need to quarry or excavate borrow materials, installation pipes/lines to connect to energy or water source, access road etc.
Describe how the sub-project will operate including support/activities and resources required to operate it e.g. roads, disposal site, water supply, energy requirement, human resource etc.
PART B: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
Describe the sub- project location, sitting, surroundings (include a map, even a sketch map).
Project is located in Enderta woreda, Mekelle city, Tigray Regional state, 830 kms north of Addis Ababa.
Describe the land formation, topography, vegetation in/adjacent to the project area
The Land where the Dandera well field is located is flat to roll and land is predominantly used for farming, grazing and rural residences. The Chinferes well field is located at the bottom of a mountain valley on a flat river banks. The land use in the mountain valley is predominantly open grazing land with parts of the mountain designated for area closure. The vegetation covers of the project areas are barely thin.
Estimate and indicate where vegetation might need to be cleared.
The well fields and transmission lines to be installed mostly lie in open lands where the vegetation cover is quite sparse. Therefore the project will not induce clearing of meaningful size of vegetation.
Environmentally sensitive areas or threatened species
Are there any environmentally sensitive areas or threatened species (specify below) that could be adversely affected by the project?
(i) Intact natural forests: Yes ______No ______X_____
(ii) Riverine forest: Yes ______No _____X______
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(iv) Wetlands (lakes, rivers, swamp, seasonally inundated areas) Yes ______No __X___ (v) How far is the nearest wetland (lakes, rivers, seasonally inundated areas)? The nearest river is about 50m beside the Chinferes wells.
(vi) Area of high biodiversity: Yes ______No ___X______
(vii) Habitats of endangered/ threatened, or rare species for which protection is required under Ethiopian national law/local law and/or international agreements. Yes ______No ____X______
(viii) Others (describe). Yes ______-_____ No __-______
Rivers and Lakes Ecology
Is there a possibility that, due to construction and operation of the sub-project, the river and lake ecology will be adversely affected? Attention should be paid to water quality and quantity; the nature, productivity and use of aquatic habitats, and variations of these over time.
Yes _____X______No ______
Comments: The wells on Chinferes site are to be drilled on the riverbanks of Qawa and Ruba-wushti rivers. The well drilling and operation activities will impact the rivers.
Site Hydrogeology (according to available information): The Qawa and Ruba-wushti rivers drain into the Geba river which itself drains into the bigger Tekeze River.
Type of aquifer (continuous, fracture)/ fractured
Depth of aquifer/ 250 meters.
Seasonal fluctuations/ Medium
Known quality problems /None
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Surface Water
What is the water course in the surroundings of the site?
Nature (river, stream, spring, lake)/:
The main surface waters found in the Chinferes groundwater source areas are two small rivers named Qawa and Ruba-wushti. These rivers flow into the bigger Geba (Gobay) river and further downstream it join with the tributaries of Tekeze River. Mekelle city is not endowed with appreciable surface water resource. There are few small perennial streams such as the Illala River at the suburbs of the city. Surface waters on the Quiha and Dandera groundwater fields are also very scares.
Distance to site /
The Chinferes groundwater well fields are located at about 20kms distance northwest from Mekelle city. The Dandera well field is about 5km off the main road from Quiha town. The Quiha well (PW9) is located south of Mekelle city at a distance of about 10kms.
Downstream/upstream the site/:
The Dandera and Chinferes well fields are located South and Northwest of mekelle city at a distance of about 15 to 20kms.The city as such is located at the middle of the two well fields with the chinferes side being upstream and the Dandera side down stream of it.
Give an assessment of potential water course sensitivity to water point construction and operation:
The deep wells to be drilled on the Chinferes well field are situated along the immediate river banks of Qawa and Ruba-wushti rivers. The drilling activities will result in the disposal of drilling fluids that could have hazardous nature into the rivers.
Drainage conditions on-site
Description of present drainage conditions on site (site topography, infiltration capacity of soil):
The topography of the Chinferes well field is dominated by mountain valleys that are hilly and rolling. The valley floors where the well fields are situated are relatively flat and it forms the main drainage area for the surrounding basin. The topography of the Dandera and quiha well field side is mostly flat with sparsely distributed hills.
Risks of water retention (site in a low point): Over flooding of the chinferes well field.
Feasibility of simple drainage improvements to eliminate water retention problems: It can easily be made feasible
Water Use and Water Users
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Describe the water use in the vicinity of the site
Nature of water point / the chinferes, Dandera and Quiha wells are deep wells. The villagers in the locality use spring sources and shallow wells which has been dug and developed previously.
Distance: Mekelle city which is the ultimate user of the water from the deep wells have a distance of about 20kms from Dandera and Chinferes sites.
Downstream/upstream/: Chinferes, Dandera and Quiha villages are found in a radius of 1-3kms from the deep well ground water points to be developed.
Type of usage/: The spring and shallow well waters previously developed are used by the villagers for domestic use including drinking, bathing and also for cattle watering.
Give an assessment of potential water use sensitivity to water point construction and operation.
Apparently, the drilling of deep wells for groundwater development to lessen the shortage of water supply in Mekelle city will not have any sensitivity in the respective areas. This is because the local villages are dependent on previously developed shallow wells and springs and hence will not have special sensitivity for the new developments.
Is there potential for conflict between users; if so, how should this conflict be solved?
No potential conflict is expected between users from the implementation of the project.
Protected areas
Does the sub-project area (or components of the sub-project) occur within/adjacent to any protected areas designated by government (national park, national reserve, world heritage site etc.)
Yes ___x______No ______
If the project is outside of, but close to, any protected area, is it likely to adversely affect the ecology within the protected area areas (e.g. interference with the migration routes of mammals or birds).
Yes ______No ______X_____
Geology and Soils
Describe the Site Geology (according to available geological map):
Describe the soil as follows:
Type of soil/ red Litosol (Mekelle)
Sensitivity to erosion / Medium
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Extent of erosion already taking place on site/ Medium
Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas of possible geologic or soil instability (prone to: soil erosion, landslide, subsidence, earthquake etc)?
Yes ____ X ______No ______
Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas that have risks of large scale increase in soil salinity?
Yes _____x______No ______
Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas prone to floods, poorly drained, low- lying, or in a depression or block run-off water
Yes _____ x ______No ______
Contamination and Pollution Hazards
Is there a possibility that the sub-project will be at risk of contamination and pollution hazards (from latrines, dumpsite, industrial discharges, drilling oils etc)
Yes ______No ______x______
Landscape/aesthetics
Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the aesthetic attractiveness of the local landscape?
Yes ______No ___X______
Historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site
Based on available sources, consultation with local authorities, local knowledge and/or observations, could the sub-project alter any historical, archaeological, cultural heritage traditional (sacred, ritual area) site, cemetery, graves, or require excavation?
Yes ______No ____ X ______
In the event of a chance find, please contact the appropriate authorities:
- Regional Bureau of Culture and Tourism for chance finds encountered at the regional level; - Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MoCT) for chance finds encountered at the federal level. If there is no Regional Bureau of Culture and Tourism, contact MoCT direct.
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Resettlement and/or Land Acquisition
Will involuntary resettlement, land acquisition, relocation of property, or loss, denial or restriction of access to land and other economic resources be caused by project implementation?
Yes ______X _____ No ______
If “Yes” Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 is triggered. Please refer to the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for appropriate mitigation measures to be taken.
Loss of Crops, Fruit Trees and Household Infrastructure
Will the project result in the permanent or temporary loss of crops, fruit trees and household infra- structure (such as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens, livestock shed etc)?
Yes ____X______No ______
Block of access and routes or disrupt normal operations in the general area
Will the project interfere or block access, routes etc (for people, livestock and wildlife) or traffic routing and flows?
Yes ______No ______X______
Noise and Dust Pollution during Construction and Operations
Will the operating noise level exceed the allowable noise limits?
Yes ______No __X______
Will the construction result in emission of significant amounts of dust or hazardous fumes?
Yes ______No ___ __ X ______
Will the operation result in emission of significant amounts of dust or hazardous fumes?
Yes ______No ______X ______
Degradation and/or depletion of resources during construction and operation
Will the operation involve use of considerable amounts of natural resources (construction materials, water spillage, land, energy from biomass etc.) or may lead to their depletion or degradation at points of source?
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Yes ____X______No ______
Will the quarries have to be rehabilitated?
Yes ______X______No______
Solid or Liquid Wastes
Will the project generate solid or liquid wastes? (Including human excreta/sewage, hospital waste, asbestos)
Yes ______X______No ______
If “Yes”, does the sub-project include a plan for their adequate collection and disposal?
Yes ______No.______X______
Are there guidelines for the safe disposal of asbestos?
Yes ______No ___X______
Public Health
Will the sub-project contribute to an increase in malaria due to an increase in water supply?
Yes: ______X______No.______
Describe the current situation regarding malaria, assess potential impacts due to the sub-project, and recommend an appropriate mitigation measure
Malaria is not among the top ten diseases of the Mekelle area. However, the excavation of trenches for transmission line installation can result in creating breeding grounds for Mosquito and hence will spread malaria. Therefore, the trenches excavated and soils removed should be attended carefully not create breeding ground for mosquito.
Occupational health hazards
Will the project require large number of staff and labourers?
Yes ______X______No ______
Will the project require a large/long-term construction camp?
Yes ______No _X_____
Are the project activities prone to hazards, risks and could result in accidents and injuries to workers during construction or operation?
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Yes ______X______No ______
Could project activities result in accidents and injuries to third parties during construction or operation?
Yes ______X______No ______
Will the sub-project require frequent maintenance and or repair
Yes ______X______No ______
Public Consultation
Has public consultation and participation been sought?
Yes _____X______No ______
Document meetings in the Meeting Form and attach to this ESSF (Annex 3)
PART C: MITIGATION MEASURES
For all “Yes” responses above, describe briefly the measures taken to this effect.
Identified Impact Mitigation
the existing solid and liquid facilities will be construction of wastewater treatment or stressed due to increase in volume of solid and oxidation pond and appropriate conveyance liquid waste system are recommended to be in place
due to the excavation of the transmission mains adequate financial compensation is proposed to farmers will lose some of their economic trees be provided and crops
Malaria problem will increase due to the stagnant water bodies will be drained and increase in stagnant water bodies and lack of proper drainage will be proposed to be proper drainages constructed
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Sub-Project Categorization (tick applicable box)
CATEGORY A: This sub-project has been categorized as A (Schedule 1) due to one or more major adverse impacts, and therefore cannot be funded under WSSP. It will be either re-designed or re-submitted to the environmental screening process after re- design, or abandoned.
X CATEGORY B: This sub-project has been categorized as B (Schedule 2) due to potential environmental issue identified which can be mitigated as follows:
CATEGORY B1: The application of simple mitigation measures will suffice (using the Environmental and Social Checklist as a guide). No separate Environmental Impact Assessment will be required;
CATEGORY B2: A separate Environmental Impact Assessment will be required: X Preparation of a separate EIA to get a better understanding of the potential environmental and social issues that have been identified in the screening process and develop a specific Environmental and Social Management Plan
CATEGORY C: No significant environmental issue identified, no specific mitigation required; sub-project implementation can proceed. Environmental Guidelines for Construction Contractors shall be appended to construction contract and applied.
Prepared by (name, position, signature): Tequam Tesfamariam
Date: June 2008
Reviewed by (name, position, signature): ------
Date: ------
Cleared by (name, position, signature): ------
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Annex III List of Consulted Institutions
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No. Name of contacted Title Institution Tel person
1 Gidena Abebe General Manager, Mekelle water supply and 0914 300167 Sanitation Service
2 Ato Selomon Abera Core Process Owner Water Resources, Mines and - Energy Buraeu of Tigray
3 Ato Yibrah Tella Support Process Owner Mekelle water supply and 0914 734224 Sanitation Service
4 Ato Alene Birhane Civil Engineer Mekelle water supply and 0914 759654 Sanitation Service
5 Ato Hailu Seifu Water Supply Engineer Water Resources, Mines and 0914 761264 Energy Buraeu of Tigray
6 Ato Mengistu Surveyor Water Resources, Mines and 0914 727040 Energy Buraeu of Tigray
7 Ato Abreha Woldu Office Head Mekelle Zonal Health Office 034 40 66 88
8 Ato Zemenfeskidus Officer, Teachers Mekelle Zonal Education office 0914 757839 Fisseha development and management
9 Ato Fisseha Tadesse Officer, Education Mekelle Zonal Education office 034 401323 Supervision
10 Ato Gebreegziabher Core Process Owner TigrayCulture and Tourism 034 40 10 31 Naizgi Buraeu
11 Ato Mehari Office Head Rural Enderta Agriculture and 0914 106179 rural development office
12 Ato Yirga Tadesse EIA Expert Tigray Regional state land use 0914 741256 administration and environmental protection Agency
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Annex IV Minutes of the public consultation
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(I) Consultative Meeting with Stakeholders and Affected parties
Date: 9/10/2010 Sub-Project: Mekelle WSS
Location: - Mesebo and Gergenbes areas Kebelles: Romanat and Aynalem Woreda: Rural Enderta Region: Tigray
Attendees:
Mekelle WSS Enterprise: - Ato Yibrah Tela, Head of support process of the enterprise
- Ato Alene Birhane, Civil Engineer of the Enterprise
Other Stakeholders - Qeshi Mehari G/yohanes, Administrator of Mariam Dehan kebele
- Reese Debri Debesay Atsbeha, town elder
- Gebreslassie Kiros, Dandera land Administration
- About 46 participants from the impacted kebelles in Chinferes and Dandera areas (refer meeting minutes for name list)
Meeting Agenda and Purpose:
The purpose of the meeting was to brief and discuss with the participants regarding the project activities and the likely negative and positive significant impacts that will occur during its implementation. The meeting was also aiming to collect the issues of concern and interests of the various stakeholders and affected parties.
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Brief Summary of the Meeting:
The consultation meeting was attended by 46 participants representing stakeholders and affected parties from the rural and peri-urban kebelles of Enderta woreda and Mekelle city in which construction and operation activities of the project will be conducted. The participants came from chinferes and Dandera sides including Mariam Dehan, Mahbere Genet, Shibta, Gergenbes and Dandera rural and peri-urban kebelles. For the sake of convenience of the participants the consultation meeting was conducted in two places. In the morning consultation was conducted in Messebo area with the group of participants from the Chinferes side. In the afternoon consultation meeting was conducted with the group from Dandera side.
The ESIA consultant made presentations to the participants that cover the objectives of the project, the infrastructures to be built by each component of the project, and the positive and negative impacts that will arise during construction and operation of the project. The purpose was to create awareness and understanding of the project impacts among stakeholders and also to seek solutions to the anticipated adverse impacts by proposing appropriate mitigating measures.
Following the presentations of the ESIA consultant, the floor was opened for discussion. Several opinions, questions and comments were aired by the participants. Some of the issues raised in the meeting include the following:
- Whether trenches excavated for installation of transmission lines will be refilled timely to avoid unnecessary inconveniences and disturbances on the farming activities and to the daily movement of the community around?
- Whether the project will clear the material that will be arising from excavation of trenches for the transmission lines, so that the farming fields will not be spoiled by boulders and big rocks?
- Whether compensation will be paid to those parties whose perennial and non- perennial crops will be affected?
- Whether the project will compensate those farm lands with very thin and shallow top soil which will not grow crops for some seasons after the disturbance and displacement of the top soil by trench excavation?
- Whether the project can provide water points to those villages which have severe water shortage and through which the transmission line crosses.
In response to the issues raised by the participants explanations were given. It was agreed that the excavation works will disturb the farm fields and crops. For those farmers whose crops are damaged by the excavation works will be compensated in cash by applying the appropriate
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legislations. But it was noted that if the excavation is conducted in the dry season when there are no crops growing on the farming fields, compensation will not be paid for no crops are damaged. Those farmers whose farming fields will be spoiled by the excavation material will be taken care of. The contractor is obliged to clean the excavation sites by refilling the trenches with the excavated material and to timely remove the left over‘s. Under a circumstance where that is not done, farmers are requested to report in group to the Mekelle WSS for further action to be taken. On the other side, those farmers whose farming fields have thin and shallow top soil and which is disturbed by excavation will have to receive compensation after confirming the part of their farming fields which failed to grow crops.
The meeting was very lively and discussions continued until 11:30am during the morning session and up to 4:30pm in the afternoon session. The various stakeholders and affected party representatives were finally satisfied by the compensation mitigation measure and by the measures and actions to be taken for site clearing. As a result they endorsed the project and asked for its rapid implementation.
Main Issues for Follow-Up:
Description of the Issue Raised by Proposed follow-up To be done by Comments action
Cropping activities on Affected The contractor should be Mekelle WSS certain farmlands will be Farmers instructed firmly to clear project affected by excavation the transmission line material left unattended by installation sites by Affected farmers the contractor. carting away excavation material such as heavy rocks and boulders from the farming fields. Or the WSS project should find an alternative solution by hiring necessary machineries to do the work.
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Farming fields whose Affected The Mekelle WSS project Mekelle WSS shallow and thin layer farmers in collaboration with the project top soil is scrapped by local administrations excavation and as a should see to it that those Local result of which couldn‘t farmers who missed administrations grow crops for one or incomes by not being able and the farmers more seasons should be to grow crops on the association compensated for the their excavated part of their forgone incomes. farmland are listed out and compensated.
All farmers whose Affected Most of the farmers, - Mekelle WSS perennial and seasonal farmers especially on chinferes project crops are affected by the side, whose crops were excavation work should affected by the excavation - Land use be compensated activities of the project administration were compensated for the and lost income. However, environmental there are few remaining protection on the Dandera side bureau of Tigray whose names are regional state. indicated in the census table in Annex IA. Also - farmers whose land is Administrations used for building of local Kebelle reservoirs should be farmers compensated by giving association replacement land.
Prepared by: Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay SEIA Consultants
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Annex V Environmental Guidelines for construction Contractors
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Environmental Guidelines for construction Contractors
GENERAL: APPLICABILITY OF THESE ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES AND ESMP
1. These general environmental guidelines apply to any work to be undertaken under the UWSS Project. For certain work sites entailing specific environmental and/or social issues, a specific Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, including an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), has been prepared to address the above-mentioned specific issues in addition to these general environmental guidelines. In addition to these general environmental Guidelines, the Contractor shall therefore comply with any specific ESMP for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall be informed by the Client about such an ESMP for certain work sites, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that ESMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved ESMP after written instruction by the works supervisor to fulfil his obligation within the requested time, the Client reserves the right to arrange for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor.
2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an ESMP where such an ESMP applies.
3. These Environmental Guidelines, as well as any specific ESMP, apply to the Contractor. They also apply to any sub-contractors present on Project work sites at the request of the Contractor with permission from the Client.
GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES
4. In general, environmental protection measures to be taken at any work site shall include but not be limited to:
(a) Minimize the effect of dust on the environment resulting from earth mixing sites, lubricating equipment, construction related traffic on temporary or existing access roads, etc.
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to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity of work sites and access roads.
(b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) comply with Ethiopian standards and are generally kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities.
(c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels are maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. In the case of this particular project, the contractor when carrying out the construction work around the spring source should giving due attention and care to minimize and/or prevent disturbance of the spring formation
(d) Prevent any construction-generated substance, including oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works, from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs.
(e) Avoid or minimize the occurrence of standing water in holes, trenches, borrow areas, etc…
(f) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. Restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards.
(g) Upon discovery of graves, cemeteries, cultural sites of any kind, including ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the Client so that the Ministry in charge of Culture may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources.
(h) Prohibit construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a
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negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. Prohibit explicitly the transport of any bush meat in Contractor’s vehicles.
(i) Prohibit the transport of firearms in Project-related vehicles.
(j) Prohibit the transport of third parties in Project-related vehicles.
(k) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevent siltation, etc.
(l) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers camps.
(m) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation.
(n) Ensure public safety, and meet Ethiopian traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.
(o) Ensure that any trench, pit, excavation, hole or other hazardous feature is appropriately demarcated and signposted to prevent third-party intrusion and any safety hazard to third parties.
(p) Comply with Ethiopian speed limits, and for any traffic related with construction at UWSS Project sites, comply with the following speed limits unless Ethiopian speed limits are lower:
- Inhabited areas: 50 km/h
- Open road: 90 km/h.
(q) Ensure that, where unskilled daily-hired workforce is necessary, such workers are hired from neighbouring communities.
(r) Generally comply with any requirements of Ethiopian law and regulations.
5. besides the regular inspection of the sites by the supervisor appointed by the Client for Adherence to the Contract conditions and specifications, the Client may appoint an
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environmental inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State or Regional Environmental Authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the Client’s supervisor, the contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors.
PIPELINES
6. No trench shall be left open for more than 7 days, unless duly authorized by the supervisor upon Contractor’s request. Trenches and other excavation works shall be demarcated and/or signposted to avoid third party intrusion.
7. General conditions related with topsoil stripping, storage and restoration apply.
8. The Contractor will take measures to dispose of water used for pressure tests in a manner that does not affect neighbouring settlements.
WASTE MANAGEMENT
9. All drums, containers, bags, etc. containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be stored at construction sites on a sealed and/or bonded area in order to contain potential spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable Ethiopian government waste management regulations.
10. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops, housing quarters and generally from camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations.
11. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected, properly stored in sealed containers, and either disposed of appropriately at designated sites or be re-cycled.
12. Entry of runoff into construction sites, staging areas, camp sites, shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as berms, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution.
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13. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis.
14. Where temporary dump sites for clean excavated material are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the Client’s supervisor, where they will not result in supplemental erosion. Any compensation related with the use of such sites shall be settled prior to their use.
15. Areas for temporary storage of hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the supervisor and appropriate local and/or relevant national or local authorities before the commencement of work. Disposal of such waste shall be in existing, approved sites.
QUARRIES AND BORROW AREAS
16. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to review and approval by relevant local and national authorities.
17. New extraction sites: a) Shall not be located less than 1km from settlement areas, archaeological areas, cultural sites
– Including churches and cemeteries, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground. b) Shall not be located in water bodies, or adjacent to them, as well as to springs, wells, well fields. c) Shall not be located in or near forest reserves, natural habitats or national parks. d) Shall be designed and operated in the perspective of an easy and effective rehabilitation.
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Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. e) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing and safety hazards for third parties.
18. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations.
19. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees or other natural obstacles can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution, and generally at a distance from human settlements. Wind shall be taken into consideration when siting stockpile areas. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas.
20. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these guidelines, and any applicable ESMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the supervisor.
REHABILITATION OF WORK AND CAMP SITES
21. Topsoil shall be stripped, removed and stored for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet. Topsoil shall not be stored in large or high heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended.
22. Generally, rehabilitation of work and camp sites shall follow the following principles:
- To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired.
- Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil.
- Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation.
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- Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise.
MANAGEMENT OF WATER NEEDED FOR CONSTRUCTION PURPOSES
23. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water needs of local communities. To this effect, any temporary water abstraction for construction needs from either ground or surface water shall be submitted to the following community consultation process:
- Identification of water uses that may be affected by the planned water abstraction,
- Consultation with all identified groups of users about the planned water abstraction,
- In the event that a potential conflict is identified, report to the supervising authority.
This consultation process shall be documented by the Contractor (minutes of meeting) for review and eventual authorization of the water withdrawal by the Client’s supervisor.
24. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community as mentioned and after obtaining a permit from the relevant authority.
25. Abstraction of water from wetlands is prohibited.
26. Temporary damming of streams and rivers is submitted to approval by the supervisor.
It shall be done in such a way as to avoid disrupting water supplies to communities downstream, and to maintain the ecological balance of the river system.
27. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. Similarly, wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. Washing bays shall be sited accordingly. Unless site conditions are not favourable, it will generally be infiltrated through soak pits or similar.
28. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion.
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TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNITY SAFETY
29. Location of temporary access roads shall be done in consultation with the local community and based on the screening results, especially in important or sensitive environments. Temporary access roads shall not traverse wetland areas or other ecologically sensitive areas. The construction of any access roads shall be submitted to a prior consultation process with potentially affected communities that will have to be documented (minutes of meetings) for supervisor’s review and approval.
30. Upon the completion of civil works, all temporary access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated.
31. Measures shall be taken to suppress dust emissions generated by Project traffic.
32. Maximum speed limits for any traffic related with construction at UWSS Project sites shall be the following, unless Ethiopian speed limits are locally lower:
- Inhabited areas: 50 km/h
- Open road: 90 km/h.
SALVAGING AND DISPOSAL OF OBSOLETE COMPONENTS FOUND BY REHABILITATION WORKS
33. Obsolete materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures shall be salvaged and disposed of in a manner approved by the supervisor. The Contractor has to agree with the supervisor which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites.
34. Any asbestos cement material that might be uncovered when performing rehabilitation works will be considered as hazardous material and disposed of in a designated facility.
COMPENSATION OF DAMAGE TO PROPERTY
35. Compensation of land acquired permanently for Project purposes will be handled under Client responsibility based on the provisions of the RPF. However, in the event that the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damages property; he shall repair the property to the
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owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner/user a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims.
36. In any case where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the supervisor.
CONTRACTOR’SHEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN (HSE-MP)
37. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an HSE-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an ESMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes:
38. The Contractor’s HSE-MP shall provide at least:
- A description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an ESMP;
- A description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts;
- A description of all planned monitoring activities and the reporting thereof; and
- The internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.
39. The Contractor’s HSE-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s HSE-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts.
HSE REPORTING
40. The Contractor shall prepare bi-monthly progress reports to the Client on compliance with these general conditions, the sub-project ESMP if any, and his own HSE-MP. The Contractor’s reports will include information on: Tequam T/Mariam and Zereu Girmay Page 145
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- HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities;
- Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof);
- Non-compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;
- Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects; and
- Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings.
41. The reporting of any significant HSE incidents shall be done as soon as practicable.
Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. The Contractor should keep his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as Annexes to the bi-monthly reports. Details of HSE performance will be reported to the Client.
TRAINING OF CONTRACTOR’S PERSONNEL
42. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project ESMP, and his own HSE-MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training will be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the HSE-MP. Training activities will be documented for potential review by the Client.
43. Amongst other issues, training will include an awareness session for all employees on
HIV-AIDS addressing the following topics:
- What is HIV/AIDS?
- How is HIV/AIDS contracted?
- HIV/AIDS prevention.
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Annex VI: Environmental Scores and Range Values
Environmental Scores & Range Bands
Environmental Score Range Description Range Band (ES) Value (RV)
108 to 72 5 Major positive change/impact
71 to 36 4 Significant positive change/impact
35 to 19 3 Moderate positive change/impact
10 to 18 2 Positive change/impact
1 to 9 1 Slight positive change/impact
0 0 No change
- 1 to 19 -1 Slight negative change/impact
-10 to -18 -2 Negative change/impact
-19 to 35 -3 Moderate negative change/Impact
-36 to -71 -4 Significant negative change/impact
-72 to -108 -5 Major negative change/impact
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