Appendix H

Theories of Public Policy

In studying the reasons for changes in government policy objectives, an important element of the analysis is to investigate a number of theories of the policy-making process. The political science and public policy literature since the 1950s is a rich source of theory building that can be used for the purposes of the thesis. The central concern of the thesis has been about why policy change occurs.

The canvassing of various policy models is important because it is possible that the nature of the regional policy process itself has played a part in the decline of balanced development as a policy objective (see Chapter Nine). Moreover, the models that attempt to explain the policy process may shed light on the changing nature of the policy environment. As Hawker et al argue, " ... the study of policy processes will reveal how institutions work to shape and direct ideas and political pressures. Public policies do not spring fully formed from environmental conditions, however important these may be" (Hawker et al 1979: 9).

But first, what do we mean by "policy"? According to Heclo, there are eight definitions of policy. Heclo states that policy is "... usually considered to apply to something bigger than particular decisions, but smaller than general social movements" (Hawker et al 1979: 7). According to Hawker et al "... public policy consists of continuing patterns of political and administrative activity that are shaped both by deliberate decisions and by the interplay of political and environmental forces" (Hawker et al 1979: 22).

Davis et al state that public policy is a "... process in which values, interests and resources compete through institutions to influence government action" (Davis et al 1993: 7). Elsewhere, they describe public policy as "... the interaction of values, interests and resources, guided through institutions and mediated by politics" (Davis et al 1993: 15). Lasswell saw policy making as involving "... five intellectual tasks [which] are performed at varying levels of insight and understanding: clarification of goals; description of trends; analysis of conditions; projection of future developments; and invention, evaluation and selection of alternatives" (quoted in Hawker et al 1979: 277-78). According to Hawker et al, factors that affect the shape of public policy include:

• Social and economic conditions; • Prevailing ideas; • Institutions and individuals; • Technical and analytical procedures; and • General theories of how policy is made.

They conclude that the policy process is uncertain, complex, fragmented and subject to diverse influences (Hawker et al 1979: 23). Elsewhere, they claim it is characterised by fragmentation and muddle, not by rationality and sequence (Hawker

443 et al 1979: 285). Thomas Dye, who has written extensively on public policy processes, has developed nine policy models:

• Institutional – policy as institutional output; • Process – policy as political activity; • Group – policy as group equilibrium; • Elite – policy as elite preference; • Rational – policy as maximum social gain; • Incremental – policy as variation on the past; • Game theory – policy as rational choice in competitive situations; • Public choice – policy as collective decision-making by self-interested individuals; and • Systems – policy as system output (Dye 1992: 20).

Other writers use similar schemata to describe the policy process. The two basic models most often compared and contrasted are the "rational comprehensive" model and the incremental model. Further, distinctions are drawn (eg Murray Frazer 1986) between the rational approach which seeks the best solution to policy problems and a "satisficing" model in which a sub-optimal but satisfactory solution is found to be adequate for a policy issue. Herbert Simon wrote in the 1950s about "bounded rationality" in relation to satisficing, stating that "... decision makers would sacrifice complete objectivity in order to satisfy the need for a speedy and workable solution" (Davis et al 1993: 160).

The incremental policy model first proposed by Charles Lindblom in the 1950s has proved resilient as a descriptor of the policy process. Lindblom referred to the "science of muddling through" and saw most policy outcomes as marginal changes based on past experience. Dye dismisses the rational policy model completely, stating that " ... there are so many barriers to rational decision-making that it rarely takes place at all in government ..." (Davis et al 1993: 161).

More recent models have been proposed by other writers including Etzioni and Dror. The "iterative mixed-scanning model" developed by Etzioni (Davis et al 1993: 167) sees policy as a choice among different options considered. Cohen et al (Davis et al 1993: 172-3) proposed a "garbage can" model of policy, in which a " ... complex but random combination of problems, solutions and participants ... move from one choice opportunity to the next".

Public Policy and Agenda Setting

There are also theories of decision making and agenda setting that abound in the public policy literature, and these sometimes overlap with understandings of the policy process more generally. They are clearly important in a study of policy change. According to Dye, "who decides what will be decided" is the most important stage of the policy-making process (Dye 1992: 334). Again, Davis et al state that "how decisions are made is an integral part of public policy" (Davis et al 1993: 157).

444 Lasswell identified seven stages of decision making – intelligence, recommendation, prescription, invocation, application, appraisal and termination. Equally, Bridgman and Davis has described a "policy cycle", involving a number of sequential stages in the decision-making process (Bridgman and Davis 1998: 21-29), including setting the policy agenda:

There is a crucial moment in the policy cycle, a point at which a private concern is transformed into a policy issue. Suddenly the concern commands the resources of government, while a myriad of others languish as merely private concerns (Bridgman and Davis: 1998: 30).

Downs has written about the "issue attention cycle", and how issues briefly capture the public imagination, then quietly fade from view, without necessarily being resolved. Writing in 1972 about the coming to prominence of the environmental movement, Downs stated:

American public attention rarely remains sharply focused upon any one domestic issue for very long – even if it involves a continuing problem of crucial importance to society (Downs 1972: 38).

In his issue attention cycle:

Each of these problems suddenly leaps into prominence, remains there for a short time, and then – though still largely unresolved – gradually fades from the center of public attention (Downs 1972: 38).

Downs saw the characteristics of issues that go through the attention cycle as follows:

1. the majority of people not suffering from the problem nearly as much as a minority;

2. sufferings caused by the problem are generated by social arrangements that provide significant benefits to a majority or a powerful minority of the population;

3. the problem has no intrinsically exciting qualities – or no longer has them (Downs 1972: 41).

On the face of it, the issue of balanced development lends itself to analysis in terms of Downs issue attention cycle.

Bachrach and Baratz explored the notion of "non-decisions" and how certain political issues come to be kept off the policy-making agenda. According to them:

A non-decision ... is a decision that results in the suppression or thwarting of a latent or manifest challenge to the values and interests of the decision-maker ... non-decision-making is a means by which demands for change in the existing allocation of benefits and privileges in the community can be suffocated before they are even voiced; or kept covert; or killed before they gain access to the relevant decision-making arena; or failing all these things,

445 maimed or destroyed in the decision-implementing stage of the policy process (Bachrach and Baratz 1970: 44).

Elsewhere, Bachrach and Baratz refer to occasions:

... when dominant values, and accepted rules of the game, the existing power relations among groups ... simply or in combination, effectively prevent certain grievances from developing into fully-fledged issues which call for decisions (quoted in Davis et al 1993: 170).

The concept of non-decisions and the nature of the agenda setting process is clearly of interest in examining the consistent failure of balanced development to achieve policy prominence in the 1980s and 1990s, despite the continued dominance of the NSW economy by Sydney and the persistent calls from regional areas for its implementation. Hurley has referred to decentralisation as "... an event which did not happen", despite its acknowledgement over many years as a political objective. In some ways, the study of the place of balanced development in regional policy in New South Wales in recent times has been about "non-decision-making".

Consistent with Bachrach and Baratzs theme, there have been frequent accusations of "Sydney-centrism" or "metro-centrism" by balanced development supporters and others, consistent with the view that city based "elites" or interest groups have continued to hold sway over successive governments. Yet Bachrach and Baratz suggest that, not only do policies occur in the absence of clear decision making (as in Lindlom 1968, quoted elsewhere), but that there is a "conspiracy" to keep certain matters off the political agenda. This is a much stronger claim, and one that is far more difficult to sustain, for example in the case of balanced development.

Models of the Policy Process

In summary, public policy analyses offer rich opportunities for extending the depth of analysis of regional policy making and the decline of balanced development in New South Wales.

• The rational model – did various New South Wales and Commonwealth governments since 1975 reach conclusions about regional policy options in response to perceived regional problems? (Chapter Six)

• The incremental model – did governments simply build on earlier regional policies in the 1980s and 1990s and change policies at the margin, in effect "muddling through", or was there a more fundamental shift (as in Kuhns notion of paradigms; Kuhn 1970)? (Chapter Nine)

• The ideological model – did regional policy development reflect new ideas or new thinking among decision-makers about regional development since the 1970s? (Chapter Eight)

• The interest group model – did regional policy outcomes reflect the playing out of group politics or the agendas of opinion leaders? Were the interests/ideas relating

446 to the push for balanced development well represented and were the actions of its champions effective? (Chapter Seven)

• The satisficing model – were regional policy outcomes simply sub-optimal but satisfactory alternatives to the preferred solution (that is the solution sought by proponents of balanced development)? (Chapter Nine)

• The non-decision model – did balanced development disappear from the regional policy agenda as a result of deliberate decisions, or was it a case of non-decisions causing its ultimate decline as a policy objective? If it was a case of "policy inertia", was this a deliberate strategy on the part of interests opposed to the pursuit of balanced development (see Polsbys critique of Bachrach and Baratz; Polsby 1980). (Chapter Nine)

In applying these models to political events in New South Wales, it may be possible to draw reasonably firm conclusions about the causes of the decline of balanced development as a regional policy objective in New South Wales since 1975. It should be noted that the purpose of developing and testing models of policy processes, decision making and agenda setting is not to prove the efficacy of one model over others, but to shed further light on the changes that have occurred in regional policy.

447 Appendix I

Overview of the New South Wales Political System

While government policies will be considered at both State and Commonwealth level in the thesis, the subject is closely linked to the New South Wales polity. This is the stage, as it were, on which the action takes place.

Unusually, given the importance of the State to the national economy and society, relatively little has been written about New South Wales politics, and even less about policy making. For example, only one book has been written on the Greiner and Fahey Coalition Governments (Laffin and Painter 1995). A number have been written on the Wran Government, largely focusing on Wran personally. There is little that has been written on the Askin Government and its Coalition successors (1965- 76), a period critical to the thesis. A number of works have dealt with the major political parties, but often these have more been focused on politics at the Commonwealth level.

New South Wales has largely been a "Labor State". For example, Labor held office uninterrupted for 24 years from 1941 to 1965, from 1976 to 1988, and since 1995. For the principal period under consideration in the thesis, from 1975-76 to the present, New South Wales has experienced considerable years in government by both the major parties, with Labor holding office for eighteen years and the Coalition for seven years. The Coalition also held office from 1965 to 1976, a period which is also considered in the thesis.

At the Commonwealth level, there have also been considerable periods of government by each of the major parties during the time under review. The Coalition has held power for thirteen years and Labor also for thirteen years. In the years from 1965 to 1.975, the Coalition held office for seven of the ten years.

The Coalition consists of the largely (though not totally) city-based Liberal Party, normally the senior partner in the Coalition, and the National (formerly Country, then National Country) Party, which holds seats only in the non-metropolitan region. The National Party has been strong particularly in regions such as the North Coast and the New England, though this is changing due to demographic shifts and a recent willingness of country voters to abandon their traditional voting patterns.

The Coalitions ideology has a mix of support for free enterprise and, in the case of the National Party, for support for regional areas based on its core philosophy of "countrymindedness". Clearly this has been a recipe for tensions, since support for regionally based policies, especially where they involve elements of protection (such as in statutory marketing arrangements for agriculture), runs directly counter to the Liberal Partys free enterprise beliefs.

The NSW Labor Party generally garners its electoral support from the greater metropolitan region, including strong pockets of support in the industrial Hunter and Illawarra areas. However, while Labor seldom holds more than a handful of country seats, the Party has a history of success in country regions, for example during the

448 Wran and (current) Carr Government periods (see Appendix J). Generally, Labor Governments at State level have been less interested in regional development than their Federal counterparts. The activism of Labor at the national level must be seen, however, in the context of its general definition of "regional" as including metropolitan regions.

In the case of the Coalition, the reverse has been the case, in that Coalition governments in New South Wales have been far more interested in regional development than their own national colleagues. This is largely due to the States rights issue, the view that the Constitution allocates the issue of regional development to the States.

While all governments need to win at least some country seats to be assured of a solid majority in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, the power of the non- metropolitan constituency has waned considerably over the course of the last century due to the urbanisation process and the increasing dominance of the States population by the metropolitan region. For a time in the 1970s, the country was protected electorally by a quota system whereby country New South Wales was guaranteed one third of the States then ninety seats.

Regional development interests have achieved representation through the National Party traditionally, and more recently through the rise of Country Independents and the formation of "Country Labor", a formal branch of the ALP. Local government, while being generally weak in the face of State government and facing perennial and increasing financial stresses, has been for many years a strong supporter of regional development.

Government in New South Wales has generally been dominated by strong leaders. Power is centred in the Cabinet, and the Premier plays a critical policy and coordination role. Strong central agencies, particularly the Treasury, the Public Service Board (until its abolition in the late 1970s), and more recently The Cabinet Office and the Premiers Department, provide a further element of centralisation. It should also be noted that the central agencies, particularly the Treasury, have been generally long-term and consistent supporters of the free market, and this has had implications for interventionist regional policies.

Since colonial times, government and administration have been focused strongly on Sydney, much to the continuing frustration of non-metropolitan interests.

The State has lacked the role of a coordinator general backed by legislation, unlike, for example, the Queensland model. Hence State development agencies have not acquired the status of a central agency of government, and have therefore been subject to the normal, sometimes tense, relations with central agencies experienced by most line departments.

Overall, New South Wales government is marked by the politics of convergence. While the stuff of State government generally is largely devoid of ideological content, in New South Wales the political parties have increasingly grown similar in their political management styles and policy approaches. Much of State government priorities, whichever party is in office, revolve around service delivery with the

449 perennial issues of electoral importance being education, health and law and order. The parties similarly pursue State development and support for resource development, investment, industry and jobs. There has been a general reluctance to overturn the policy approaches of previous administrations in the area of development policies.

450 Appendix J

The State ALP and Country Voters

The NSW Labor Party has had a long and relatively successful relationship with regional voters, continuing to the present Carr Government. This has at times continued while country voters were not well disposed towards national Labor governments. As Simms and Turner have noted:

One of the distinctive features of NSW Labor has been its persisting ability to appeal to country areas, even though the bulk of its support has long been found in metropolitan and industrial-mining areas (Simms and Turner in Chaples et al 1985: 109).

According to Jack Hallam, Minister for Decentralisation and Minister for Agriculture in various Wran administrations:

Political allegiance by class is less binding in rural and provincial towns and cities (with the exception of industrial towns or cities such as Broken Hill) than in Sydney, Newcastle and Wollongong. This is because of the importance in country areas of regional loyalties (Hallam quoted in Chaples et al 1985: 109-10).

The Labor Partys strength in regional New South Wales is not new, and goes back to its very early days. In fact, only six of the ALPs then 25 Legislative Assembly seats it held in 1904 were from Sydney. The ALPs regional strength was particularly reinforced by the legacy of Premier McKell and his successors as Premier from the 1940s (See Clune 1984 a and b)

According to Wrans Press Secretary Brian Dale, referring to what he has termed to the "scrub vote":

McKell showed the ALP that there was life, and votes, on the western side of the Great Dividing Range (Dale 1985: 35).

McKells strategy had been built around both political strategies and policy decisions. As Simms and Turner have noted:

Sensitive to the problems of small farmers, he included realistic policies on rural finance and debt postponement, farm rehabilitation, tenure conversion, closer settlement, farm mechanization, rural electrification and decentralization (Simms and Turner in Chaples et al 1985: 114).

Interestingly, McKell is said by Simms and Turner to have "... sold to the party and to the electorate a master plan of balanced development" (Simms and Turner in Chaples et al: 114). According to Clune:

451 The election of the Wran Labor Government in 1976 saw a conscious attempt to revive the McKell legacy and rebuild Labors rural strength in NSW (Clune 1984a: 97).

Wran said that the State Opposition believed that many country people deserved special treatment in government policies on employment, education, decentralisation and rural subsidies (Dale 1985: 34). According to Clune, the Wran Cabinet met in country regions on seventeen occasions between 1976 and 1983. These Cabinet meetings were invariably followed by announcements of initiatives specifically favourable to the region visited (Clune 1984a: 97-98). As Clune has pointed out, representation in Cabinet of country members, including in senior portfolios and disproportionate to their numbers in Caucus, won further favour in the country (Clune 1984a). Policy decisions such as the extension of the XPT train services also gained favour with regional electorates.

Wraps success raises the question as to whether country voters see "regional development" more in terms of government decisions generally favourable to them rather than in terms of decisions specifically designed to enhance balanced development.

452 Bibliography

Abbott T (2001) "Against Roonism — Combatting the Culture of Despair", The Australian, 21 March Abelson P (1996) "Sydneys Future: An Economic Approach", Australian Planner, Volume 33, No 2 Aitkin D A (1970) The Political Likelihood of New Towns in Australia, Proceedings of the Towards Cities of the Twenty-First Century Canberra Forum, May Aitkin D A (1972) The Country Party in New South Wales: A Study of Organisation and Survival, ANU Press, Canberra Aitkin D A (1977) Stability and Change in Australian Politics, ANU Press, Canberra Aitkin D A (1985) "`Countrymindedness — The Spread of an Idea", Australian Cultural History, No 4 Alexander I (1994) "DURD Revisited? Federal Policy Initiatives for Urban and Regional Planning 1991-94", Urban Policy and Research, Volume 12, No 1 Allison G T (1971) Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, Little, Brown and Co, Boston Alonso W (1973) "A Report on Australian Urban Development Issues", in Cities Commission Urban and Regional Development Overseas Experts' Reports, Occasional Paper No 1 Alonso W (1975a) "Location Theory", in Friedmann J, Alonso W (eds) Regional Policy: Readings in Theory and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts Alonso W (1975b) "The Economics of Urban Size", in Friedmann J, Alonso W (eds) Regional Policy: Readings in Theory and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts Alonso W (1975c) "Urban and Regional Imbalances in Economic Development", in Friedmann J, Alonso W (eds) Regional Policy: Readings in Theory and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts Alonso W (1975d) "Problems, Purposes, and Implicit Policies for a National Strategy of Urbanization", in Friedmann J, Alonso W (eds) Regional Policy: Readings in Theory and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts Anderson J (1999a) One Nation or Two? Securing a Future for Rural and Regional Australia, Address to the National Press Club, Canberra, 17 February Anderson J (1999b) Regional Australia: Meeting the Challenges, Budget Statement Anderson J (1999c) Closing Address to the Regional Australia Summit, 29 October Anderson J (2000a) Regional Australia: Making a Difference, Budget Statement Anderson J (2000b) Launch of the Regional Solutions Program, Parliament House, Canberra, 27 October Anderson J (2001 a) Stronger Regions, A Stronger Australia, Canberra Anderson J (2001b) The Foundations for Future Growth: Commonwealth Programmes and Services in Regional Australia, 1996-2001, Canberra Anderson J (2001c) Stronger Regions, A Stronger Australia, Speech at the National Press Club, 29 August

453 Anderson J (2001d) Regional Australia: Partners in Growth, Budget Statement Apthorpe G (undated) Introducing Enterprise Zones: The Tool for the Future of Regional Development in Australia Argy F (1998) Australia at the Crossroads: Radical Free Market or Progressive Liberalism, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Armidale Express (2001) "Support for Plan to Revitalise New England", Armidale Express, 10 August Armstrong H (2001) "Regional Selective Assistance: Is the Spend Enough and is it Targeting the Right Places?" Regional Studies, Volume 35, No 3, July Armstrong H, Taylor J (1993) Regional Economics and Policy, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead Arnot R H (1973) "Regionalism and Possibilities for Dispersal of Urban Settlement in Australia", Royal Australian Planning Institute Journal, July Australian Bankers Association (1998) Demographic Trends and Services Provision in Australia, Report prepared by KPMG Management Consulting Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (1999) Changes in Nonmetropolitan Population, Jobs and Industries, Preliminary Report to the Department of Transport and Regional Services, October Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (2001) Country Australia: Influences on Employment and Population Growth, Research Report 2001.1, Prepared by Garnaut J, Connell P, Lindsay R, Rodriguez V Australian Bureau of Statistics (1996) Family and Labour Force Characteristics for SLAs, 2017.1 Australian Bureau of Statistics (1998) Australian Social Trends, 4102.0 Australian Bureau of Statistics (2001a) Regional Population Growth: Australia and New Zealand, 3218.0, February Australian Bureau of Statistics (2001b) Long Term Retail Price Index, January Australian Catholic Welfare Commission (1998) Valuing Rural Communities: An Invigorated Approach to Rural Development Policy, Discussion Paper No 13 Australian Chamber of Manufactures NSW Division (1989) Manufacturing Location Decisions – A Discussion Paper, Prepared for the State Development Council Australian Council for Balanced Development (1971) Proceedings of the National Development Conference, 19-20 August Australian Financial Review (2001) "Nats Plan to Revitalise Regions", Australian Financial Review, 3 April Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute (1999) Community Opportunity and Vulnerability in Australia's Cities and Towns: Characteristics, Patterns and Implications, Report by Baum S, Stimson R, OConnor K, Mullins P, Davis R Australian Institute of Political Science (1966) Australian Cities: Chaos or Planned Growth? Proceedings of the 32nd Summer School, January Australian Institute of Urban Studies (1972a) First Report of the Task Force on New Cities for Australia: Efficient and Humane Alternatives to Over-concentrated Growth, August

454 Australian Institute of Urban Studies (1972b) The New Cities Report, Seminar on New Cities for Australia, October Australian Labor Party (1982) Platform, Constitution and Rules, 35th National Conference Australian Labor Party (1995) Labor's Plan for Regional Development Australian Labor Party (1999) A Fair Share of Jobs and Service for the Country, The Carr Governments Plan for Rural New South Wales Australian Urban and Regional Review (1994) Metropolitan Planning in Australia, Workshop Papers Number 3 Ayres P (1987) Malcolm Fraser: A Biography, Heinemann, Melbourne Bachrach P, Baratz P (1970) Power and Poverty: Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press, New York Beer A (1998) "Economic Rationalism and the Decline of Local Economic Development in Australia", Local Economy, Volume 13, No 2 Beer A (1999) Regional Cities within Australia's Evolving Urban System, 1991-96, Paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand Regional Science Association International Conference, Newcastle, September Beer A (2000) "Regional Policy and Development in Australia: Running Out of Solutions", in Pritchard B, McManus P (eds) Land of Discontent: The Dynamics of Change in Rural and Regional Australia, UNSW Press, Sydney Beer A, Maude A, Bolam A (1994) Beyond the Capitals: Urban Growth in Regional Australia, Urban Futures Research Program, AGPS, Canberra Beer, A, Maude, A (1997) Effectiveness of State Frameworks for Local Economic Development, Report prepared for the Southern Development Board, Adelaide, the Economic Development Authority and the Local Government Association of South Australia, May Beeson P (1992) "Agglomeration Economies and Productivity Growth" in Mills E S, McDonald J F (eds) Sources of Metropolitan Growth, Centre for Policy Research, New Jersey Bell S (1997) Ungoverning the Economy: The Political Economy of Australian Economic Policy, Oxford University Press, Melbourne Bennett S (2001) "1978", in Hogan M, Clune D (eds) The People's Choice: Electoral Politics in 20th Century New South Wales, Volume 3, Parliament of New South Wales and University of Sydney Birrell R (1991) "Infrastructure Costs on the Urban Fringe", in Economic Planning and Advisory Council Background Papers on Urban and Regional Issues, Background Paper No 10, AGPS, Canberra BIS Shrapnel (1989) Australian State Government Investment Incentives, unpublished report to the NSW Department of State Development, December 1989 Blainey G (1996) Quality of Life in Regional Australia: Yesterday and Tomorrow, Hunter Valley Research Foundation, 1996 Lecture Series Blainey G (1997) "Regional Communities Die at Our Peril: Blainey", The Land, 30 January Blainey G (2001) The Great Divide, The Boyer Lectures, Program Three, Australian Broadcasting Corporation Transcript

455 Blakely E (1985) Regional Science and Local Economic Development: Policy and Analytical Framework for Australia, Papers of the Tenth Australian and New Zealand Regional Science Association Conference, Adelaide Blakely, E (1989) Planning Local Economic Development: Theory and Practice, Sage Library of Social Research Bolam A (1992) "The Australian Manufacturing Shift: The Experience of Country Localities", Urban Policy and Research, Volume 10, No 2 Bolton R (1992) " Place Prosperity vs People Prosperity Revisited: An Old Issue with a New Angle", Urban Studies, Vol 29, No 2 Borne W D (1975) First Report on Population and Australia: A Demographic Analysis and Projection, National Population Inquiry, Three Volumes Borne W D, Mansfield M (eds) (1981) Implications of Australian Population Trends, Conference Proceedings Boudeville J R (1966) Problems of Regional Economic Planning, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh Braby R H (1976) "Urban Growth and Policy: A Multi-Nodal Approach", in McMaster J C, Webb G R (eds) Australian Urban Economics: A Reader, Australian and New Zealand Book Company, Sydney Bray J R, and Mudd W (1998) The Contribution of DSS Payments to Regional Income, Department of Social Security Technical Series No 2 Bridgman P, Davis G (1998) Australian Policy Handbook, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Brown R F (1996) Industry Clusters: A New Approach to Economic Development in Regional Australia, Occasional Paper No 2, Public Service and Merit Protection Commission Bureau of Industry Economics (1985) The Regional Impact of Structural Change – An Assessment of Regional Policies in Australia, Research Report No 18, AGPS, Canberra Bureau of Industry Economics (1994) Regional Development: Patterns and Policy Implications, Research Report No 56, AGPS, Canberra Bureau of Industry Economics (1994) Regional Development: Patterns and Policy Implications, Research Report No 56, AGPS, Canberra Bureau of Rural Sciences (1999) Country Matters: Social Atlas of Rural and Regional Australia, Canberra Burgess P (1996) The High Performance Community As An Economic Development Model, Draft Paper, Center for the New West, Denver, February Burnley I H (1975) "Urbanization in Australia, 1947-71", in Goldstein S, Sly D F (eds) Patterns of Urbanisation: Comparative Country Studies, Volume 1, Working Paper 3, International Union for the Scientific Study of Population Burnley I H (1980) The Australian Urban System: Growth, Change and Differentiation, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne Burnley, I H (1988) "Population Turnaround and the Peopling of the Countryside? Migration from Sydney to Country Districts of New South Wales", Australian Geographer, Volume 19, No 2, November Butler G J, Mandeville T D (1981) Regional Economics: An Australian Introduction, University of Queensland Press

456 Butlin N G (1964) Investment in Australian Economic Development 1861-1900, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Butlin N G, Barnard A, Pincus J J (1982) Government and Capitalism: Public and Private Choice in Twentieth Century Australia, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Butterfield W A (1965) "Rural Areas and Decentralisation", Public Administration, Volume 14, No 1, March Cameron N (1993) Advancing Regional Futures — the Regional Australia — Now Campaign, Paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand Regional Science Association Conference, Armidale, December Capling A, Galligan B (1992) Beyond the Protective State: The Political Economy of Australia's Manufacturing Industry Policy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Can- R J (1993) Carr's Plan to Save Hawkesbury-Nepean River, Press Release 2 August Can- R J (1997) The Carr Government Answers the Call of Country New South Wales, Press Release, 11 March Carr R J (2000) Premier Rejects Rural Figures, Press Release, 25 October Carroll J (ed) (1992) The Australian Quest for Identity, Oxford University Press, Melbourne Carroll J, Manne R (eds) (1992) Shutdown: The Failure of Economic Rationalism and How to Rescue Australia, Text Publishing, Melbourne Carter R (1978) Australian Regional Development Policy in the 1970s, Canadian Journal of Regional Science, Volume 1, No 2 Carter R (1983) Debunking Decentralisation Myths: The Case for Region-Specific Policies in Australia, Paper presented to the 23 rd European Regional Science Association Congress, Poitiers, September Catley R (1996) Globalising Australian Capitalism, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne Central Economic Zone (1995) Sydney and the Bush: Building a Better Future, Submission to the Urban Strategy Group, September Chaples E (1985) "24 March 1984: What Happened and Why", in Chaples E, Nelson H, Turner K (eds) The Wran Model: Electoral Politics in New South Wales in 1981 and 1984, Oxford University Press, Melbourne Christaller W (1966) Central Places in Southern Germany, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, translation of the 1933 original Cities Commission (1975) Bulletin, No 12, April Clare R (1991) "Future Regional Developments", in Economic Planning and Advisory Council Background Papers on Urban and Regional Issues, Background Paper No 10, AGPS, Canberra Clare R (1993) "The New Growth Industry: Regional and Urban Policy", Directions in Government, November Clune D H (1984a) "The New South Wales Election of 1941", Australian Journal of Politics and History, Volume 30, No 3

457 Clune D H (1984b) "The State Labor Partys Electoral Record in Rural New South Wales 1904-1981", Labour History, November Coates B E, Knox P L, Johnston R J (1977) Geography and Inequality, Oxford University Press, Oxford Cobb R W, Elder C D (1972) Participation in American Politics: The Dynamics of Agenda Building, Allyn and Bacon, Boston Coffey W, Polese M (1985) "Local Development: Conceptual Bases and Policy Implications", Regional Studies, Volume 19 Cohen M, March J, Olsen J (1972) "A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice", Administrative Science Quarterly, Volume 17, No 1 Cole, G (1985) "Pragmatic Politics Reshaping the 70s Planning Experiments", The Australian, 17 January Colebatch H (1993) "Policy-making and Volatility: What is the Problem?" in Hede A, Prasser S (eds) Policy-making in Volatile Times, Southwood Press, Sydney Coleman W, Hagger A (2001) Exasperating Calculators: The Rage Over Economic Rationalism and the Campaign Against Australian Economists, Macleay Press, Sydney Collits P (1995) "Business Costs in Non-Metropolitan Regions: Research Findings and Policy Issues", Regional Policy and Practice, Volume 4, No 1, May Collits P (1997a) Small Towns – the Big Picture, Paper presented at the Centre for Australian Regional and Enterprise Development Innovations in Economic Development Roundtable, September Collits P (1997b) Community Economic Development in New South Wales: History, Theory and Practice, Paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand Regional Science Association International Conference, Wellington (NZ), December Collits P (1998) Hilmer, Hanson and Regional Development: The Impact of Competition Policy on Regional Australia and the Political Response, Paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand Regional Science Association Conference, Tanunda, September Collits P (1998) "From Balanced Development to Sustainable Development: Recent Regional Policy Approaches in New South Wales", in Epps W R (ed) Sustaining Rural Systems in the Context of Global Change, Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the IGU Commission for the Sustainability of Rural Systems and Land Use/Cover Change Study Group, University of New England, Armidale, July 1997 Collits P (1999a) Should Governments Try to "Save" Small Towns? Small Town Decline as a Regional Policy Problem, Paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand Regional Science Association International Conference, Newcastle, September Collits P (1999b) "Up-skilling Local and Regional Leaders and Economic Development Practitioners: a Survey of Current Issues and Possible Future Directions", Regional Policy and Practice, Volume 8, No 1, May Collits P (2000a) Small Town Decline and Survival: Trends, Causes and Policy Issues, Paper presented to the Future of Australias Country Towns Conference, Bendigo, June

458 Collits P (2000b) Achieving Genuine Statewide Development: A Department of State and Regional Development Perspective, Speech to the Local Government and Shires Associations State Assembly, July Collits P (2001) "Small Town Decline and Survival: Trends, Causes and Policy Issues", in Rogers M F and Collins Y J M (eds), The Future of Australia's Country Towns, Centre for Sustainable Regional Communities, La Trobe University Collits P, Gastin B (1997) "Big Town Small Town: the Centralisation of Services and Economic Activity, the Decline of Small Towns and the Policy Response in New South Wales", Regional Policy and Practice, Volume 6, No 2, November Committee of Commonwealth/State Officials on Decentralisation (1972) Report, October Commonwealth of Australia (1965) Report of the Committee of Economic Inquiry, Canberra Commonwealth of Australia (1977) White Paper on Manufacturing Industry, AGPS, Canberra Condliffe J B (1964) The Development of Australia, Australian Development Research Foundation, Sydney Corbett D (1996) Australian Public Sector Management, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Costa M, Duffy M (1993) "Labor and Economic Rationalism" in James C, Jones C, Norton A (eds) A Defence of Economic Rationalism, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Country Manufacturers Association of NSW (1993) Advantages/Disadvantages of Manufacturing by Country Location Country Mayors Association (1981) Constitution Country Mayors Association (1992) Balanced State Development – A Solution for the Future Country Mayors Association (1993) A Strategy for Balanced State Development, Report prepared by Kinhill Engineers Pty Ltd and Michels Warren, Department of Employment, Education and Training, AGPS, Canberra Country Mayors Association (1994a) Policies for Balanced State Development Country Mayors Association (1994b) The Case for Balanced Development in NSW, Paper presented by the Chairman of the NSW Country Mayors Association to Country Seminars, August to October Country Press Australia (1996) Survey on the Impact of Rationalisation in Country and Regional Areas of Australia Country Summit (1996) Final Communique, Tamworth, November Country Summit (1998a) Official Summit Program and Papers for Delegates, March Country Summit (1998b) Report on 1998 Wagga Wagga Summit, April Country Summit Alliance (1999) Brochure, February Cribb J (1994) "Farewell to the Heartland", The Australian Magazine, 12-13 February 1994 Cunningham C (1996) The Blue Mountains Rediscovered, Kangaroo Press, Sydney Daily Liberal, Dubbo (1996) Editorial, Daily Liberal,16 July

459 Daily Telegraph Mirror (1995) "Carr Moves to Halt City Expansion", Daily Telegraph Mirror, 8 April Dale B (1985) Ascent to Power: Wran and the Media, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Daly M (1968) Report on Some Sociological Aspects of Life in New South Wales Country Towns, Prepared for the Department of Decentralisation and Development Daly M (1973) "Decentralisation: the New South Wales Case", Geography Bulletin, Volume 5, No 1, March Daly M (1988) "The Australian City: Development in an Open World", in Heathcote R L (ed) The Australian Experience: Essays in Australian Land Settlement and Resource Management, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne Darwent D F (1975) "Growth Poles and Growth Centers in Regional Planning: A Review", in Friedmann J, Alonso W (eds) Regional Policy: Readings in Theory and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts Davidson B, Lees J (1993) An Investigation of Poverty in Rural and Remote Regions of Australia, University of New England Davis G, Wanna J, Warhurst J, Weller P (1993) Public Policy in Australia, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Davis R, Stimson R (1998) "Disillusionment and Disenchantment at the Fringe: Explaining the Geography of the One Nation Party Vote at the Queensland Election", People and Place, Volume 6, No 3 Day, P D (1972) The Economic and Sociological Case for Decentralisation, Paper delivered to the 44th ANZAAS Conference De Crespigny A, Cronin J (eds) (1978) Ideologies of Politics, Oxford University Press, Cape Town Dempsey R (2001) "1968", in Hogan M, Clune D (eds) The People's Choice: Electoral Politics in 20th Century New South Wales, Volume 3, Parliament of New South Wales and University of Sydney Department of Business and Consumer Affairs (1989) Regional Development and Decentralisation: A Discussion Paper Department of Business and Consumer Affairs (1990) Regional Development — A New Balance for the 90's Department of Business and Consumer Affairs (undated) Analysis of Payroll Tax Rebate Files, unpublished Department of Business and Regional Development (1993a) Developing Regional New South Wales: A Consultative Paper Department of Business and Regional Development (1993b) Report on a Review of Financial Assistance Schemes for Business, Industry and Regional Development, July, unpublished Department of Business and Regional Development (1993c) Response to the Country Mayors' Association's A Strategy For Balanced State Development, unpublished Department of Business and Regional Development (1994) Making Regional Development Happen, NSW Governments Statement on Regional Development Department of Commerce and Trade (1999) Capacity Building in Regional Western Australia, A Technical Paper, July 1999

460 Department of Decentralisation (1979) Annual Report 1978-79 Department of Decentralisation and Development (1970) Annual Report 1969-70 Department of Decentralisation and Development (1971a) Annual Report 1969-70 Department of Decentralisation and Development (1971b) New South Wales Horizons, September/October Department of Decentralisation and Development (1972a) Annual Report 1971-72 Department of Decentralisation and Development (1972b) New South Wales Horizons, November/December Department of Decentralisation and Development (1973a) Annual Report 1972-73 Department of Decentralisation and Development (1973b) New South Wales Horizons, January/February Department of Decentralisation and Development (1973c) New South Wales Horizons, May/June Department of Decentralisation and Development (1974a) Annual Report 1973-74 Department of Decentralisation and Development (1974b) New South Wales Horizons, January/February Department of Decentralisation and Development (1975) Annual Report 1974-75 Department of Decentralisation and Development (1976) Annual Report 1975-76 Department of Decentralisation and Development (1977) Annual Report 1976-77 Department of Decentralisation and Development (1978) Annual Report 1977-78 Department of Employment, Workplace Relations and Small Business (2001) Small Area Labour Markets, March Quarter Department of Environment and Planning (1984) Planning Issues in the Sydney Region: Urban Consolidation, Sydney Department of Environment and Planning (1988) Sydney Into Its Third Century, Sydney Department of Environment, Housing and Community Development (1976) Annual Report Department of Environment, Housing and Community Development (1977) Annual Report Department of Housing and Regional Development (1993) Processes of Regional Development: Changing Research Perspectives of the Past Decade, Occasional Paper Department of Housing and Regional Development (1995) The Commonwealth's Regional Development Strategy, Paper delivered at the Australian and New Zealand Regional Science Association Conference, Brisbane, December Department of Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1987) Australian Regional Developments: Country Centres Project 1986-87, AGPS, Canberra Department of Industrial Development and Decentralisation (1981) Annual Report 1980-81 Department of Industrial Development and Decentralisation (1982) Annual Report 1981-82

461 Department of Industrial Development and Decentralisation (1983) Annual Report 1982-83 Department of Industrial Development and Decentralisation (1984) Annual Report 1983-84 Department of Industrial Development and Decentralisation (1985) Annual Report 1984-85 Department of Industrial Development and Decentralisation (1986) Annual Report 1985-86 Department of Industrial Development and Decentralisation (1987) Corporate Plan Department of Planning (1993) Sydney's Future, A Discussion Paper on Planning the Greater Metropolitan Region Department of Planning (1995a) Cities for the 21st Century, Integrated Urban Management for Sydney, Newcastle, the Central Coast and Wollongong Department of Planning (1995b) State Planning: Planning for Regional NSW, Building on Local Strengths Department of Planning (1992) Inland Centres of New South Wales: Trends and Opportunities, Information Paper Department of State and Regional Development (1996) Regional Business Development Scheme: Program Review/Evaluation, unpublished Department of State and Regional Development (1997) Summary of Report on Industries at Risk from Urban Encroachment, prepared by Peter Bryant Department of State and Regional Development (2000) Submission to the Standing Committee on State Development Inquiry into Opportunities for Strengthening Rural Towns Department of State and Regional Development (2001) Annual Report 2000-01 Department of Transport and Regional Development (1996) Roles and Responsibilities in Regional Development, Discussion Paper, unpublished, May Department of Urban and Regional Development (1973) Annual Report 1972-73 Department of Urban and Regional Development (1974a) A National Strategy for Urban and Regional Development, An Interim Statement, Canberra Department of Urban and Regional Development (1974b) Annual Report 1973-74 Department of Urban and Regional Development (1975) Studies Commissioned by the Committee of Commonwealth/State Officials on Decentralisation, AGPS, Canberra Derriman P (1999) "Passion and Creativity Give a New Future to Our Old Country Villages", Sydney Morning Herald, 14 August Development Corporation of New South Wales (1969) Report on Selective Decentralisation Development Corporation of New South Wales (1982) Report of the Bathurst/Orange Growth Centre Review Committee Development Corporation of New South Wales (1969) Report on Selective Decentralisation: The Case for Concentration upon Growth Points as a Strategy for Effective Decentralisation Downs A (1957) An Economic Theory of Democracy, Harper and Row, New York

462 Downs A (1967) Inside Bureaucracy, Little, Brown and Co, Boston Downs A (1972) "Up and Down with Ecology – the Issue Attention Cycle", The Public Interest, Volume 28 Drane N T (1966) "Requirements for an Industrial Decentralisation Policy", Australian Quarterly, Volume 38, No 2, June Dror Y (1968) Public Policymaking Reexamined, Chandler, New York Duffy M (2001) "Suitors Line Up to Woo the Bush", Daily Telegraph, 15 January Duncan C, Epps W R (1992) "The Demise of `Countrymindedness: New Players or Changing Values in Australian Rural Politics?" Political Geography, Volume 11, No 5, September Dye T (1992) Understanding Public Policy, Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs Economic Planning Advisory Council (1991a) Urban and Regional Trends and Issues, Council Paper No 46, AGPS, Canberra Economic Planning and Advisory Council (1991b) Background Papers on Urban and Regional Issues, Background Paper No 10, AGPS, Canberra Egan M (1997) Response to Questions from Fiona Stewart, Western Advocate, 3 April Ellyard P (2000) Reconstructing Country Towns for Thrival in a Planetist Future, Paper presented to the Future of Australias Country Towns Conference, Bendigo, June 2000 Emanuel A (1973) "A Report on the New Cities Program and Urban and Regional Development Policy", in Cities Commission Urban and Regional Development Overseas Experts' Reports, Occasional Paper No 1 Epps W R (ed) (1998) Sustaining Rural Systems in the Context of Global Change, Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the IGU Commission for the Sustainability of Rural Systems and Land Use/Cover Change Study Group, University of New England, Armidale, July 1997 Epps, W R, Sorensen, A (1995) "Local Leadership in the Rural Heartland", Central Queensland Journal of Regional Development, Vol 3, No 4 Fagan R (1987) "Local Employment Initiatives: Long-Term Strategy for Localities or Flavour of the Month?" Australian Geographer, Volume 18, No 1 Fagan R, Webber M (1994) Global Restructuring: The Australian Experience, Oxford University Press, Melbourne Farrell J J (1992) Bones for the Growling Dog? The New State Movements in Northern New South Wales 1915-30, MA Honours Thesis, University of New England Fisher J L (1971) "Policies for Balanced Growth", Growth and Change, Volume 2, No 2 Flora J L, et al (1992) "Self-Development: A Viable Rural Development Option?" Policy Studies Journal, Volume 20, No 2 Forster C (1995) Australian Cities: Continuity and Change, Oxford University Press, Melbourne

463 Forth G (2001) "Following the Yellow Brick Road and the Future of Australias Declining Country Towns", in Rogers M F and Collins Y M J (eds) The Future of Australia's Country Towns, Centre for Sustainable Regional Communities, La Trobe University Forward R (ed) (1974) Public Policy in Australia, Cheshire, Melbourne Frazer M (1986) "Inadequacies in the Processes of Policy Development in Australia", Australian Journal of Public Administration, Volume 45, No 1, March Friedman M, Friedman R (1962) Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, Chicago Friedman M, Friedman R (1980) Free To Choose, Macmillan, Melbourne Friedman M, Friedman R (1984) The Tyranny of the Status Quo, Secker and Warburg, London Friedmann J (1966) Regional Development Policy: A Case Study of Venezuela, MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts Friedmann J (1971) "The Feasibility of a National Settlement Policy", Growth and Change, Volume 2, No 2 Fukuyama F (1992) The End of History and the Last Man, Free Press, New York Fukuyama F (1999) The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of the Social Order, Free Press, New York Fulop L, Brennan M (1997) Meeting the Challenge: Regional Economic Development Organisations (REDOs) in Australia, National Study for the Australian Local Government Association Galbraith J K (1958) The Affluent Society, Hamish Hamilton, London Gardner R A (1968) Decentralisation: A Communications Breakdown, Gardner Publishing, Melbourne Garlick S (1991) Future Directions in Regional Development Policy, Paper presented at the Pacific Regional Science Conference Organisation Conference, Cairns, July Garlick S (1992a) The Path to Successful Regional Development — Local Choice, Paper presented at the Regional Development in the 1990s: Fact or Fiction Conference, Wagga Wagga, July Garlick S (1992b) Balancing the Trends in Regional Growth and Change Through Increased Community Involvement in Local Economic Development, Paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand Regional Science Association Conference, Ballarat, December Garlick S (1992c) Competitive Regional Development: The Commonwealth Approach and Progress, Paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand Regional Science Association Conference, Ballarat, December Gastin B (1996) The Economic Development of Small Towns in New South Wales, Thesis submitted for the Degree of Master of Urban Studies, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Sydney, March Geno B (1997) Literature Review of Small Towns in Australia, Paper presented at the Centre for Australian Regional and Enterprise Development Innovations in Regional Development Roundtable, September

464 Gerritsen R (2000) "The Management of Government and its Consequences for Service Delivery in Regional Australia" in Pritchard B, McManus P, Land of Discontent: The Dynamics of Change in Rural and Regional Australia, UNSW Press, Sydney Gittins R (2000) in Sydney Morning Herald, 16 February Glass, R E (1976) The Attraction of Manufacturing Employment to Decentralised Locations, Department of Environment, Housing and Community Development, Report No 21, December Glynn S (1970) Urbanisation in Australian History 1788-1900, Nelson, Melbourne Golding P (1996) Black Jack McKewen: Political Gladiator, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne Gore C (1984) Regions in Question: Space, Development Theory and Regional Policy, Methuen, London Government of Victoria (1992) A Place to Live: Urban Development 1992-2031 Graham B D (1966) The Formation of the Australian Country Parties, ANU Press, Canberra Grattan M (2000) "Blacksmiths Grandson Hammers Banjo Patersons of the Bush" Sydney Morning Herald, 16 March Gray I, Lawrence G (2001) A Future for Regional Australia: Escaping Global Misfortune, Cambridge University Press Greenwood I (1976) "Basis for Development of Growth Centres in Australia", The Valuer, July Gregory R G, Hunter B (1995) The Macro Economy and the Growth of Urban Ghettos and Urban Poverty in Australia, Discussion Paper No 325, Economics Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra Greiner N (1989) Strategic Economic Development, News Release, 30 June Greiner N (1993) "Keeping New South Wales a Triple-A State", in James C, Jones C, Norton A (eds) A Defence of Economic Rationalism, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Grimson K (1992) "Governments Under Fire at Development Meeting", Wagga Wagga Daily Advertiser , 15 July Grimson K (1993) "Regional Development Ignored by State Government, Conference Told", Wagga Wagga Daily Advertiser, 26 October Hagan J, Clothier C (2001) "1988" in Hogan M, Clune D (eds) The People's Choice: Electoral Politics in 20th Century New South Wales, Volume 3, Parliament of New South Wales and University of Sydney Hallam J (1983) The Untold Story: Labor in Rural New South Wales, George Allen and Unwin, Sydney Hamnett S, Bunker R (1987) Urban Australia: Planning Issues and Policies, Mansell Publishing, Melbourne Hamnett S, Freestone R (eds) (2000) The Australian Metropolis: A Planning History, Allen and Unwin, Sydney

465 Hansen N (1971) "The Problem of Spatial Resource Allocation", Growth and Change, Volume 2, No 2 Hansen N (1975) "Criteria for a Growth Centre Policy", in Friedmann J, Alonso W (eds) Regional Policy: Readings in Theory and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts Hansen N (1976) "Are Regional Policies Needed?" The Review of Regional Studies, Volume 6, No 1, Spring 1976 Hansen N (ed) (1972) Growth Centers in Regional Economic Development, The Free Press, New York Hansen N, Higgins B, Savoie D J (1990) Regional Policy in a Changing World, Plenum Press, New York Harris, C P, Dixon K E (1978) Regional Planning in New South Wales and Victoria Since 1944 with Special Reference to the Albury-Wodonga Growth Centre, Centre for Research on Federal Financial Relations, Canberra Harrison P (1972) "Planning the Metropolis", in Parker, R S, Troy P (eds) The Politics of Urban Growth, ANU Press, Canberra Harrison P (1973) Policy Objectives for Australian Cities, Commissioned Paper No 10, National Population Inquiry Harwin D (2001) "1971", in Hogan M, Clune D (eds) The People's Choice: Electoral Politics in 20th Century New South Wales, Volume 3, Parliament of New South Wales and University of Sydney Hauser P M (1971) "The Population Issues", Growth and Change Volume 2, No 2 Hawker G, Smith R F I, Weller P (1979) Politics and Policy in Australia, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane Hayek F A (1944) The Road to Serfdom, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London Hayek, F A (1960) The Constitution of Liberty, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London Hayek F A (1978) "Liberalism", in de Crespigny A, Cronin J (eds) Ideologies of Politics, Oxford University Press, Cape Town Henderson G (1994) Menzies' Child: The Liberal Party of Australia 1944-94, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Henderson I (1997) "Bush Hit Hardest in Jobs Divide", The Australian, 5 November Henning C (2000) "Why We Must Hate Sydney", The Eye, 5 April Henry M, Drabenstott M (1996) "A New Micro View of the US Rural Economy", Federal Reserve Bank Economic Review, Second Quarter Henton, D, Melville, J, Walesh, K (1997) Grassroots Leaders For A New Economy: How Civic Entrepreneurs Are Building Prosperous Communities, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco Hermansen T (1972) "Development Poles and Related Theories: A Synoptic Review " in Kuklinski A (ed) Growth Poles and Growth Centres in Regional Planning, Mouton, The Hague Hewson J (2000) "Good Times Roll in the Bush", Australian Financial Review, 4 February

466 Higgins B (1989) "Australian Regional Development in International Perspective", in Higgins B, Zagorski K (eds) Australian Regional Developments: Readings in Regional Experiences, Policies and Prospects, Publication No 10 Higgins B, Savoie, D J (1995) Regional Development Theories and Their Application, Transaction, New Jersey Hill R (1995) "Sydney: Too Big for Australias Good?" The Bulletin, 2 May Hirschman A (1958) The Strategy of Economic Development, Yale University Press, New Haven Hockey J (2001) A Vision for Sydney, Paper delivered to the Committee for Sydney Hodgkinson A, Nyland C, Pomfret S (2001) "The Determination of Location In New South Wales, Regional Studies, Volume 35, No 1 Hogan M (2001) "1904", in Hogan M, Clune D (eds) The People's Choice: Electoral Politics in 20th Century New South Wales, Volume 1, Parliament of New South Wales and University of Sydney Hogan M (2001) "1907" in Hogan M, Clune D (eds) The People's Choice: Electoral Politics in 20th Century New South Wales, Volume 1, Parliament of New South Wales and University of Sydney Hogan M, Clune D (eds) (2001) The People's Choice: Electoral Politics in 20th Century New South Wales, Three Volumes, Parliament of New South Wales and University of Sydney Hogwood B W, Gunn L A (1984) Policy Analysis for the Real World, Oxford University Press, Oxford Holland S (1976) Capital Versus the Regions, Macmillan, London Holliday S (2000) Policy Issues For Sydney's Growth and Regional Development, Address to the State Assembly of Local Government, July Holmes J H (1977) Regional Policies: The Need for New Directions? Papers of the Second Australian and New Zealand Regional Science Association Conference, Sydney, December Holmes J H (1977) "The Urban System" in Jeans D N (ed) Australia: A Geography, Sydney University Press, Sydney Hood C (1994) Explaining Economic Policy Reversals, Open University Press, Buckingham Hoover E M (1975) An Introduction to Regional Economics, Alfred A Knopf, New York Hope A D (2000) Selected Poetry and Prose, Halstead, Sydney Hotelling H (1926) "The Law of Returns Under Competitive Conditions", The Economic Journal, Volume 39, March House of Representatives (1992) Patterns of Urban Settlement: Consolidating the Future? Report of the Committee for Long Term Strategies House of Representatives (2000) Time Running Out: Shaping Regional Australia's Future, Report of the Standing Committee on Primary Industries and Regional Services Inquiry into Infrastructure and the Development of Australias Regional Areas

467 Howlett M, Ramesh M (1995) Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems, Oxford University Press, Oxford Hughes B (1980) Exit Full Employment: Economic Policy in the Stone Age, Angus and Robertson, Sydney Hugo G (1986) Australia's Changing Population — Trends and Implications, Oxford University Press, Melbourne Hugo G (1994) "The Turnaround in Australia: Some First Observations from the 1991 Census", Australian Geographer, Volume 25, No 1, May Hugo G (2000) What is Happening in Rural and Regional Populations? Paper presented at the Future of Australias Country Towns Conference, Bendigo, June Hugo G (2001) "What is Really Happening in Rural and Regional Populations", in Rogers M F and Collins Y M J (eds) The Future of Australia's Country Towns, Centre for Sustainable Regional Communities, La Trobe University Hugonnier B (1999) Regional Development Tendencies in OECD Countries, Keynote Presentation at the Regional Australia Summit, October Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission (1999) Bush Talks Hurley F (1989) An Event That Never Happened: The History and Politics of Decentralisation in Victoria and NSW 1885-1985, PhD Thesis, Deakin University Hurley F (1993) The Issue Attention Cycle and Regional Development: Is it Really Back on the Political Agenda? Paper presented to the 17 th Australian and New Zealand Regional Science Association Conference, Armidale, December Industry Commission (1992) Taxation and Financial Policy Impacts on Urban Settlement, Draft Report, December Industry Commission (1993) Impediments to Regional Industry Adjustment, Report No 35 Industry Commission (1996) State, Territory and Local Government Assistance to Industry, Report No 55, October Isard W (1960) Methods of Regional Analysis: An Introduction to Regional Science, Technology Press, Massachussetts, Wiley and Sons, New York Ivison C, Roseth J (1973) "A Decade of Population Trends in New South Wales", Royal Australian Planning Institute Journal, April Jackson G (1975) Policies for Development of Manufacturing Industry, Green Paper, AGPS, Canberra Jacobs J (1969) The Economy of Cities, Jonathan Cape, London Jacobs J (1985) Cities and the Wealth of Nations: Principles of Economic Life, Penguin, Harmondsworth James C, Jones C, Norton A (eds) (1993) A Defence of Economic Rationalism, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Jarvie W (1981) Internal Migration and Structural Change in Australia 1966-71, Papers of the Australian and New Zealand Regional Science Association Jay C (1971) "Decentralisation: Mayors Reject Pressure Politics", Australian Financial Review, 17 May

468 Jay C (1972) "Selective Decentralisation: An End to Parochialism", Australian Financial Review, 19 September; "Selective Decentralisation: A Political Consensus"; Australian Financial Review 20 September; "Selective Decentralisation: the Political Arena", Australian Financial Review 21 September; "Selective Decentralisation: Regional Growth", Australian Financial Review 21 September Jay C (1978) Towards Urban Strategies for Australia, Australian Institute of Urban Studies, Canberra Jensen R C (1997) Rural Australia: Past, Present and Future, Paper presented at the Rural Australia Toward 2000 Conference, Charles Sturt University, July John D (1993) Address at the Launch of the CMA's Strategy for Balanced Development in New South Wales, Sydney, 21 May Jones M A (1976) "Optimum City Size", Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, Volume 9, No 2 Jones M A (1979) "Australian Urban Policy", Politics, Volume 14, No 2, November Jones M A (1993) Transforming Australian Local Government: Making It Work, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Jones R (1986) "Son of DURD or Nobodys Child? Urban Policy Aspects of Federal-Local Government Relations", Urban Policy and Research, Volume 4, No 4 Jopson D (1999) "Demand for Audit of Dying Towns", Sydney Morning Herald, 8 June Juddery B (1974) At the Centre: the Australian Bureaucracy in the 1970s, Cheshire, Melbourne Kaldor N (1970) "The Case for Regional Policies", Scottish Journal of Political Economy, November Kasper W (1996) Competitive Federalism Revisited: Bidding Wars, or Getting the Fundamentals Right? Federalism Project Issues Paper No 5, Institute of Public Affairs Keating M (1993) "The Influence of Economists", in King S, Lloyd P (eds) Economic Rationalism: Dead End or Way Forward, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Keating M, Wanna J, Weller P (eds) (2000) Institutions on the Edge? Capacity for Governance, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Keating P (1992) One Nation, February, AGPS, Canberra Keating P (1994) Working Nation: Policies and Programs, May, AGPS, Canberra Keating P (1995) Community and Nation, AGPS, Canberra Kelly P (1992) The End of Certainty: The Story of the 1980s, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Kelty W (1993) Developing Australia: A Regional Perspective, Three Volumes, Canberra Kemp D (1978) Society and Electoral Behaviour in Australia, Queensland University Press, Brisbane

469 Kenyon P (1999) Don't Wait for the Cavalry, It's 'Do It Yourself' Time: An Australian Community Development Perspective, Keynote Presentation, Regional Australia Summit, October Kerr A (1970) "The Economics of Urban Concentration", Economic Activity, Volume 13, No 2, April Kerr A (1972) "Growth Centres as Stimuli to Development", Economic Activity, Volume 15, No 3, July Kilmartin L (1976) "Urban Policy in Australia: The Case of Decentralisation", Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, Volume 9, No 2 Kingdon J (1984) Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies, Little, Brown and Co, Boston Krugman P (1991a) Geography and Trade, Leuven University Press, Leuven and MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts Krugman P (1991b) "Increasing Returns and Economic Geography", Journal of Political Economy, Volume 99, No 3 Krugman P (1995) Development, Geography, and Economic Theory, MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts Krugman P (1998) "Space: the Final Frontier", Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 12, No 2, Spring Kuhn T (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Press, Chicago Kukathas C (1989) Hayek and Modern Liberalism, Clarendon Press, Oxford Kukathas C (2001) "Liberalism: The International Context", in Nethercote J (ed) Liberalism and the Australian Federation, Federation Press, Sydney Laffin M, Painter M (eds) (1995) Reform and Reaction: Lesson From the Coalition Government in New South Wales 1988-1995, Macmillan, Melbourne Lansdown R (1971) "Canberra: An Exemplar for Many Decentralised Australian Cities", Australian Quarterly, Volume 43, No 3, September Lansdown R (1977) "Issues of National Settlement Policy", Australian Quarterly, Volume 49, No 1, March Latham M (1998) Civilising Global Capital: New Thinking for Australian Labor, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Latham M (2001) "Rural Roar Drowns Out the Voiceless", Daily Telegraph, 5 March 2001 Larcombe G (1986) "New South Wales: The Political Economy of an Industrial State", in Head B (ed) The Politics of Development in Australia, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Lawrence G (1987) The Rural Crisis in Australia, Pluto Press, Sydney Lees J W (1987) "Country Towns - The Fabric of Rural Australia", The Valuer, Volume 29, No 5, January Legislative Assembly (1961) Parliamentary Hansard, 24 August Legislative Assembly (1977) Parliamentary Hansard, 24 August Legislative Assembly (1988) Parliamentary Hansard, 20 October

470 Legislative Assembly (2000) Parliamentary Hansard, 11 April Legislative Assembly (2001a) Parliamentary Hansard, 4 September Legislative Assembly (2001b) Parliamentary Hansard, 16 October Legislative Council (1966) Parliamentary Hansard, 1 March Legislative Council (1991) Payroll Tax Concessions for Country Industries, Standing Committee on State Development Report No 6, December Legislative Council (1993) Regional Business Development in New South Wales: Trends, Policies and Issues, Discussion Paper No 4, Standing Committee on State Development Legislative Council (1994a) Achieving Sustainable Growth: Volume One, Principles for Setting Policy, Standing Committee on State Development Report No 10 Legislative Council (1994b) Achieving Sustainable Growth: Volume Two, Initiatives for Implementing Policy, Standing Committee on State Development Report No 11 Lepani B, Freed G, Murphy P, McGillivray A (1995) The Economic Role of Cities: Australia in the Global Economy, Department of Housing and Regional Development, Urban Futures Research Program, AGPS, Canberra Liberal and National Parties (1996) Recharging Our Regions, Policy Statement Lindblom C (1959) "The Science of Muddling Through" Public Administration Review, Volume 19, No 2 Lindblom C (1965) The Intelligence of Democracy: Decision Making Through Mutual Adjustment, The Free Press, New York Lindblom C (1968) The Policy-Making Process, Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, New Jersey Linge G (1967) "Governments and the Location of Secondary Industry in Australia", Economic Geography, Volume 43, No 1, January Linge G (ed) (1976) Restructuring Employment Opportunities in Australia, Australian National University Llewellyn-Smith M (1970) "Canberra Forum 1970 – Towards the Cities of the 21st Century", Royal Australian Planning Institute Journal, July Lloyd C, Anderton N (1990) "From Growth Centres to Growth Centres?" Australian Planner, Volume 28, No 1, March Lloyd C, Reid G (1974) Out of the Wilderness: The Return of Labor, Cassell Australia, Melbourne Lloyd C, Troy, P (1981) Innovation and Reaction: The Life and Death of the Federal Department of Urban and Regional Development, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Lloyd C, Troy P (1984) "Duck Creek Revisited? The Case for National Urban and Regional Policies" in Halligan B, Paris C (eds) Australian Urban Politics, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne Local Government and Shires Associations of NSW (2000) A Framework for Whole of State Development, Prepared by National Economics Logan A (1979) "Recent Directions of Regional Policy in Australia", Regional Studies, Volume 13, No 2 Logan M I (1965) "Implications of Population Changes in NSW Country Towns 1954-1961", Australian Planning Institute Journal, October

471 Logan M I, Whitelaw J S, McKay J, Humphreys J (1975) Urban and Regional Australia: Analysis and Policy Issues, Sorrett Social Science, Melbourne Logan M I, Whitelaw J S, McKay J (1981) Urbanization: The Australian Experience, Shillington House, Melbourne Long S (1998a) "Red Alert on Jobs in the Bush", Australian Financial Review, 8 October Long S (1998b) "The Future of Work: A Fractured Nation", Australian Financial Review, 24-25 October Long S (1999) "Doling Out Division", Australian Financial Review, 5 February Lonsdale R E (1971) "Decentralization: The American Experience and its Relevance for Australia", Australian Journal of Social Issues, Volume 6, No 2 Lonsdale R E (1972) "Manufacturing Decentralisation: the Discouraging Record in Australia", Land Economics, Volume 48 Losch A (1964) The Economics of Location, Translation from Second, Revised Edition, Yale University Press, New Haven Losch A (1975) "The Nature of Economic Regions", in Friedmann J, Alonso W (eds) Regional Policy: Readings in Theory and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts Loveday P (1979) "Australian Political Thought" in Lucy R (ed) The Pieces of Politics, Macmillan, Melbourne Loveday P (1982) Promoting Industry: Recent Australian Political Experience, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane Low N (1984) "Labors Policy in Housing and Urban Affairs", Urban Policy and Research, Volume 2, No 3, September Luchetti A (1965) Decentralisation of Secondary Industries, Seminar on Decentralisation, Orange, June Lucy R (ed) (1979a) The Pieces of Politics, Macmillan, Melbourne Lucy R (1979b) "Wrans Our Man: the 1978 NSW State Election", Politics, Volume 14, No 1, May Lucy R (1982) "Wran Acts: the 1981 NSW State Election", Politics, Volume 17, No 1, May Lucy R (1985) "The National Country Party" in Chaples E, Nelson H, Turner K (eds) The Wran Model: Electoral Politics in New South Wales in 1981 and 1984, Oxford University Press, Melbourne Lucy R (1985) "New South Wales" in Costar B, Woodward D (eds) Country to National: Australian Rural Politics and Beyond, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Maher C, Stimson R (1994) Regional Population Growth in Australia: Nature, Impacts and Implications, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, AGPS, Canberra Macintyre B (2002) "Pinning the Pivots of History", The Australian, Higher Education Supplement, 30 January Maitland Mercury (1996) "Rural Cities Unite to Survive", Maitland Mercury, 1 May

472 Manning I (2001) Enterprise Zones: Creating Jobs and Prosperity in Regional Australia, Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia and the Local Government and Shires Associations of New South Wales Marsh I (2000) "Gaps in Policy-making Capacities: Interest Groups, Social Movements, Think Tanks and the Media", in Keating M, Wanna J, Weller P (eds) Institutions on the Edge? Capacity for Governance, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Martin B (1996) Revolt on the Wide Brown Land, The Bulletin, 27 August Mathews R L (ed) (1981) Regional Disparities and Economic Development, Canberra Mathews R L (1989) "Fiscal Response to Regional Disparities", in Higgins B, Zagorski K (eds) Australian Regional Developments: Readings in Regional Experiences, Policies and Prospects, Publication No 10 Matthews T (1989) "Interest Groups", in Smith R, Watson L (eds) Politics in Australia, Allen and Unwin, Sydney McCarty J W (1970) "Australian Capital Cities in the Nineteenth Century", Australian Economic History Review, Volume 10 McCarty J W (1978) "Australian Capital Cities in the Nineteenth Century", in McCarty J W, Schedvin C B (eds) Australian Capital Cities: Historical Essays, Sydney University Press, Sydney McDonald P (1993) Regional Development in NSW: Future Directions, Address to the Regional Economic Development Seminar, Sydney, June McGregor C (1999) "The Great Divide", Sydney Morning Herald, 27 February McKenzie F (1994) Regional Population Decline in Australia: Impacts and Policy Implications, Bureau of Immigration and Population Research, AGPS, Canberra McKewen J (1965) Decentralisation of Secondary Industries, Seminar on Decentralisation, Orange, June McKinsey and Company (1994) Lead Local Compete Global: Unlocking the Growth Potential of Australia's Regions, Final Report for the Department of Housing and Regional Development, July McKinsey and Company (1996) Supporting Regional Leadership: Unfinished Business, Report to the Department of Transport and Regional Development McLoughlin P (1986) "Regional Development, Policy and the Commonwealth", Australian Planner, Volume 24, No 1, March Megalogenis G (1994) "Report Explodes Myth of Regional Decline", The Australian, 31 March Merrett D T (1978) "Australian Capital Cities in the Twentieth Century", in McCarty J W, Schedvin C B (eds) Australian Capital Cities: Historical Essays, Sydney University Press, Sydney Mills E S, McDonald J F (eds) (1992) Sources of Metropolitan Growth, Centre for Policy Research, New Jersey Mulgan R (1998) Politicising the Australian Public Service? Research Paper 3 1998-99, Parliamentary Library, Canberra Municipal Association of Victoria (undated) Ready Set Go, Action Manual for Community Economic Development

473 Murphy D (1994) "Black Holes in the Bush", The Bulletin, 9 August Murphy P (1993) "Immigration and the Management of Australian Cities: The Case of Sydney", Urban Studies, Volume 30, No 9 Murphy P (2001) Sea Change: Re-inventing Rural and Regional Australia, State Library of NSW Lecture Series, 15 August Murphy P, Roman, D (1989) "Regional Development Policy in New South Wales: Contempory Needs and Options", Australian Quarterly, Volume 61, No 2, May Myrdal G (1957) Economic Theory and Under-developed Regions, Duckworth and Co, London National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling (2000) Regional Divide? A Study of Incomes in Regional Australia, Discussion Paper No 51 National Committee of Audit (1996) Report to the Commonwealth Government, AGPS, Canberra National Competition Council (1999) National Competition Policy: Some Impacts on Society and the Economy, Canberra National Economics (1998) State of the Regions, Report prepared for the Australian Local Government Association National Economics (1999) State of the Regions, Report prepared for the Australian Local Government Association National Economics (2000) State of the Regions, Report prepared for the Australian Local Government Association National Farmers Federation (1998) Why the Bush is Angry, Address by Wendy Craik to the Committee for the Economic Development of Australia, Sydney, September National Party (1999) A New Deal for Country New South Wales, Election Policies National Population Council (1991) Population Issues and Australia's Future, Discussion Paper, Canberra Neilson L (1976) "The Growth Centres Programme", in McMaster J C, Webb G R (eds) Australian Urban Economics, Australian and New Zealand Book Company, Sydney Neutze G M (1965) Economic Policy and the Size of Cities, Australian National University, Canberra Neutze G M (1976) "The Case for New Cities in Australia" in McMaster J C, Webb G R (eds) Australian Urban Economics: A Reader, Australian and New Zealand Book Company, Sydney Neutze G M (1977) Urban Development in Australia: A Descriptive Analysis, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Neutze G M (1978) Australian Urban Policy, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Neutze G M (1979) "Costs and Benefits of Retaining Small Towns in Remote Areas", Paper presented to the Regional Science Association Conference, Albury Neutze G M (1985) "City, Country, Town: Australian Peculiarities", Australian Cultural History, No 4 New South Wales Farmers Association (2001) The Great Divide, The Primary Report, No 2

474 New South Wales Government (1992) New South Wales Facing the World New South Wales Government (1993) Submission to Industry Commission Inquiry: Impediments to Regional Industry Adjustment, February New South Wales Government (1994) Statement on Regional Development: Making Regional Development Happen New South Wales Government (1998a) Rebuilding Country New South Wales, Directions Statement on Regional Growth and Lifestyles, May New South Wales Government (1998b) Government Beyond the Major Cities New South Wales Government (1999) Working Together for Stronger Rural Communities, A Statement of Commitment to Rural Social Justice by the NSW Government, February New South Wales Government (2000) Staying in Town New South Wales Government (2001) Meeting the Challenges: the Rebuilding of Country NSW Continues New South Wales Treasury (1995) Budget Speech New South Wales Treasury (2000) Budget Speech New South Wales Treasury (2001a) Budget Speech New South Wales Treasury (2001b) Budget Paper, No 3, Volume 2 Nicholas Clark and Associates (1997) Success in Country Manufacturing, Unpublished Report to the Department of State and Regional Development Northern Daily Leader (1996) "Egans Message to Regions: You Have to Woo Investors", Northern Daily Leader, 2 May Nozick R (1974) Anarchy, State and Utopia, Basic Books, Basil Blackwell, Oxford Nugent S (1998) "Why Sydney Keeps Growing – Trends in Population Distribution in New South Wales 1991-1996", People and Place, Volume 6, No 4 OConnor K (2001) "Coastal Development: Just a Little Shift in Australias Geography", People and Place, Volume 9, No 4 OConnor K, Stimson R (1995) The Economic Role of Cities: Economic Change and City Development Australia 1971-1991, Department of Housing and Regional Development, Urban Futures Research Program, AGPS, Canberra OConnor K, Stimson R, Taylor S (1998) "Convergence and Divergence in the Australian Space Economy", Australian Geographical Studies, Volume 36, No 2, July OConnor K, Stimson R, Daly M (2001) Australia's Changing Economic Geography: A Society Dividing, Oxford University Press, Melbourne OFaircheallaigh, Wanna J, Weller P (1999) Public Sector Management in Australia: New Challenges, New Directions, Macmillan, Melbourne OReilly D (1995) "Labors Economic Regionalism", Australian Business Monthly, January Ohmae K (1991) The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy, HarperBusiness, New York Olson M (1971) The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Harvard University Press, Cambridge Massachusetts

475 Olson M (1982) The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation and Social Rigidities, Yale University Press, New Haven Orchard L (1995) "National Urban Policies in the 1990s", in Troy P (ed) Australian Cities: Issues, Strategies and Policies for Urban Australia in the 1990s, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Orchard L (1999a) "Shifting Visions in National Urban and Regional Policy 1: The Formative Years", Australian Planner, Volume 36, No 1 Orchard L (1999b) "Shifting Visions in National Urban and Regional Policy 2: The Whitlam Program, the Backlash and the Keating Revival", Australian Planner, Volume 36, No 4 Orchard L, Sandercock L (1989) "Urban Policies", in Head B, Patience A (eds) From Fraser to Hawke: Australian Public Policy in the 1980s, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne Osborne D, Gaebler T (1992) Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector, Plume, New York Overall J (1995) Canberra: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, Federal Capital Press, Canberra Painter M (1977) "New Forces in State Politics: The Challenge for Labor in New South Wales", Current Affairs Bulletin, Volume 53, No 8, January Painter M (1987) Steering the Modern State: Changes in Central Coordination in Three Australian State Governments, Sydney University Press, Sydney Painter M (1996) "Economic Policy, Market Liberalism and the End of Australian Politics, Australian Journal of Political Science, Volume 31, No 3 Painter M, Carey B (1979) Politics Between Departments: The Fragmentation of Executive Control in Australian Government, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane Parker R S (1978) The Government of New South Wales, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane Parkin A (1982) Governing the Cities: The Australian Experience in Perspective, Macmillan, Sydney Parkin A (1984) "The States and the Cities: A Comparative Perspective", in Halligan J, Paris C (eds) Australian Urban Politics, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne Payne M, Mills G (1973) "The Case for New Cities in Australia", Royal Australian Planning Institute Journal, January Perroux F (1950) "Economic Space: Theory and Application", Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 64, February Phillips E A (1979) The Last Word, Final Report of the Central Western Regional Advisory Council, June Planning Research Centre (1989) Rural Settlements Project, Three Volumes Polsby N W (1980) Community Power and Political Theory: A Further Look at Problems of Evidence and Inference, Second Edition, Yale University Press, New Haven Porter M E (1990) The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Macmillan, London

476 Powell J M (1988a) An Historical Geography of Modern Australia: The Restive Fringe, Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography 11, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Powell J M (1988b) "Decentralisation", in The Australian Encyclopedia, Australian Geographical Society, Sydney Powell R (1996) The Future of Regional Australia: The Regional Scene, Presentation to a Business Briefing, Armidale, September Powell R (1997a) "Market Economies and Small Towns", Regional & Enterprise Development Network, Newsletter of the Centre for Australian Regional and Enterprise Development, Volume 2, No 1, April Powell R (1997b) The Level Playing Field and Regional Development, Paper presented to the Pacific Regional Science Conference Organisation conference, Wellington, New Zealand, December Powell R (1999) Revitalising Australian Regions, Paper presented to the Australian and New Zealand Regional Science Association Conference, Newcastle, September Pred A R (1966) The Spatial Dynamics of US Urban-Industrial Growth, 1800-1914: Interpretive and Theoretical Essays, MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts Pretty K (1996) "New State Bid Quashed", Northern Daily Leader, 29 August Priorities Review Staff (1976) Report on the Borrie Report, AGPS, Canberra Pritchard B, McManus P (eds) (2000) Land of Discontent: The Dynamics of Change in Rural and Regional Australia, UNSW Press, Sydney Productivity Commission (1998) Aspects of Structural Change in Australia, Research Paper, December Productivity Commission (1999a) Impact of Competition Policy Reforms on Rural and Regional Australia, Draft Report Productivity Commission (1999b) Structural Adjustment: Exploring the Policy Issues, Workshop Proceedings, Canberra 21 May Prudhomme R (1994) On the Economic Role of Cities, Paper presented to the Conference on Cities in the New Global Economy, Melbourne Pryor R J (ed) (1976) Population Redistribution: Policy Research, Studies in Migration and Urbanisation, No 2, Department of Demography, Australian National University Public Accounts Committee (2001) Industry Assistance, Report No 130, June Public Sector Research Centre (1991) Metropolitan and Non-metropolitan Areas: Comparative Economies, Report commissioned by the Department of Employment, Education and Training Pusey M (1991) Economic Rationalism in Canberra: A Nation Building State Changes Its Mind, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne Quiggin J (1996) Great Expectations: Microeconomic Reform and Australia, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Real Estate Institute of New South Wales (1995) Whole of State Approach to State Development

477 Rees S, Rodley G, Stilwell F (eds) (1993) Beyond the Market: Alternatives to Economic Rationalism, Pluto Press, Sydney Regional Australia Now (undated) Regional Australia Now Regional Australia Summit Steering Committee (2000) Final Report, December Reich R (1991) The Work of Nations, Simon and Schuster, London Richardson C (2001) "The Fraser Years", in Nethercote J (ed) Liberalism and the Australian Federation, Federation Press, Sydney Richardson H W (1976) "The Argument for Very Large Cities Reconsidered: A Comment", Urban Studies, Volume 13 Richardson H W (1973a) Elements of Regional Economics, Penguin Richardson H W (1973b) The Economics of Urban Size, Saxon House, Lexington Rittel H, Webber M (1973) "Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning", Policy Sciences, Volume 4 Rochefort D A, Cobb R W (1993) "Problem Definition, Agenda Access, and Policy Choice", Policy Studies Journal, Volume 21, No 1 Rolley F, Humphreys J (1993) "Rural Welfare — The Human Face of Australias Countryside" in Sorensen A D and Epps W R (eds) Prospects and Policies for Rural Australia, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne Rogers M F and Collins Y M J (eds) (2001) The Future of Australia's Country Towns, Centre for Sustainable Regional Communities, La Trobe University Rose A J (1966) "Metropolitan Primacy as the Normal State", Pacific Viewpoint, Volume 7 Rose A J (1967) Patterns of Cities, Nelson, Sydney Rothwell N (1997) "Cry From the Bush", The Weekend Australian, 15 February Rowland D T (1979) Internal Migration in Australia, Census Monograph Series, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra Royal Australian Planning Institute (1974) "Challenge to Change 1973", NSW Division Summer School, Royal Australian Planning Institute Journal, Volume 12, No 1, January Royal Australian Planning Institute (1995) Urban Settlement, New Planner, No 23, September/October Royal Australian Planning Institute (2000) Liveable Communities: A National Agenda, October Rural Development Centre (1993) Business Growth and Export Development: Issues for Firms in Rural Areas Ryan R J (1973) "Urban Dispersal in Australia", Australian Journal of Social Issues, Volume 8, No 1 Salt B (2001) The Big Shift: Welcome to the Third Australian Culture, The Bernard Salt Report, Hardie Grant Books Sandercock L (1975) Cities for Sale: Property, Politics and Urban Planning in Australia, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne

478 Sandercock L (1979) "Urban Policy" in Head B, Patience A (eds) From Whitlam to Fraser: Reform and Reaction in Australian Politics, Oxford University Press, Melbourne Sandercock L (1990) Property, Politics and Urban Planning: A History of Australian City Planning 1890-1990, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick Sandercock L, Berry M (1983) Urban Political Economy: The Australian Case, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Sanzone, J (1993) The Pitfalls of Economic Development in the United States, Paper presented to the ANZRSAI Conference, Armidale, December Schneider M (1998) "Economic Rationalism, Economic Rationalists and Economists", Quadrant, October Scott P (ed) (1978) Australian Cities and Public Policy, Georgian House, Melbourne Searle G (1974) "A Re-examination of the Case Against Decentralisation, Royal Australian Planning Institute Journal, Volume 12, No 2 Scott R (ed) (1980) Interest Groups and Public Policy, Macmillan, Melbourne Searle G (1978) Factors Affecting Government Location Decisions, With Regard to the New South Wales Decentralisation Programme, PhD Thesis, Macquarie University Searle G (1981) "The Role of the State in Regional Development: The Example of Non-Metropolitan New South Wales", Antipode, Volume 13, No 1 Searle G (1991) Australian State Government Development Policies Since 1973: Local Socio-Political Mediation of Global Capitalist Evolution, Paper given at the Pacific Regional Science Conference Organisation Twelfth Meeting, Cairns, July Searle G (1996) Sydney as a Global City, A Discussion Paper, Department of Urban Affairs and Planning, Department of State and Regional Development Searle G (1998) From Spatial Equity to Global Opportunism: Planning for Economic Development in Sydney Since 1975, Paper given at the Australian and New Zealand Regional Science Association Conference, Tanunda, September Searle G (2000) Interview, in Australian Broadcasting Corporation Country Reality, Background Briefing, Radio National Transcript, 5 November Seddon G (ed) (1977) Urbanisation, Papers delivered at the 48 th Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science Conference Self P (1990) "The Challenge of Regional Development", Australian Planner, Volume 28, No 2, June Self P (1995) "Alternative Urban Policies: the Case for Regional Development", in Troy P (ed) Australian Cities: Issues, Strategies and Policies for Urban Australia in the 1990s, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Senate (1999) Jobs for the Regions, Report on the Employment, Workplace Relations, Small Business and Education References Committee Inquiry into Regional Employment and Unemployment, September Sharp J (1996) Rebuilding Regional Australia, Budget Statement Sharp J (1997) Regional Australia: Leading the Way, Budget Statement Sharp J (1998) "We are One, Were Australians", Sydney Morning Herald, 19 June Shaw A G L (1972) The Story of Australia, Faber, London

479 Simmons D (1992) Towards a More Competitive Regional Australia, Address to the Regional Development in the 1990s: Fact or Fiction Seminar, Wagga Wagga, July Simms M (1983) State Interventionism and Coalition Governments 1949-66", in Head B (ed) State and Economy in Australia, Oxford University Press, Melbourne Simms M, Turner K (1985) "Labor in the Countryside" in Chaples E, Nelson H, Turner K (eds) The Wran Model: Electoral Politics in New South Wales in 1981 and 1984, Oxford University Press, Melbourne Simon H A (1957) Administrative Behaviour: A Study of Decision Making Processes in Administrative Organization, Macmillan, New York Simons P L, Lonergan N G (1976) in McMaster J C, Webb G R (eds) Australian Urban Economics: A Reader, Australian and New Zealand Book Company, Sydney Smith A (1982) The Wealth of Nations, Penguin, Harmondsworth Smith R (2001) "1999" in Hogan M, Clune D (eds) The People's Choice: Electoral Politics in 20th Century New South Wales, Volume 3, Parliament of New South Wales and University of Sydney Society of St Vincent de Paul (1998) In Defence of the Bush: Issues Confronting Rural People in NSW/ACT, A Social Justice Statement, April Solomon R J (1982) "Liberals and Urban Affairs", Australian Planner, February Sorensen A D (1976) "Office Activities as an Economic Base for Urban Decentralisation in Australia", in McMaster J C, Webb G R (eds) Australian Urban Economics: A Reader, Australian and New Zealand Book Company, Sydney Sorensen A D (1985) "On Corpses and Ghosts: A Surrealistic Approach to Regional Policy", Urban Policy and Research, Volume 3, No 4, December Sorensen A D (1990) "Will Local Employment Initiatives Promote Regional Development?" Policy, Winter Sorensen A D (1993) "The Future of the Country Town: Strategies for Local Economic Development" in Sorensen A D, Epps W R (eds) Prospects and Policies for Rural Australia, Longman Cheshire Sorensen A D (1994a) "The Folly of Regional Policy", Agenda, Volume 1, No 1 Sorensen A D (1994b) "Silk Purse or Sows Ear: Canberras Recent Approaches to Regional Development Policy", Policy, Spring Sorensen A D (2000) Regional Development: Some Issues for Policy Makers, Australian Parliamentary Library Research Paper 26 Sorensen A D (2001) Financial Flows and Regional Economic Development: A Preliminary Conceptualisation, Paper given at the Regional Science Association Conference, Bendigo, October Sorensen A D (forthcoming) "Regional Economic Governance" in Bell S (ed) Australian Economic Governance, Oxford University Press, Melbourne Sorensen A D (undated) GeoPlan 345: Regional Development Policy, Study Guide, School of Human and Environmental Studies, University of New England Sorensen A D, Grant B (2000) "Marginality, Regionalism and the One Nation Vote: Exploring Socio-economic Correlations", in Simms M, Warhurst J (eds) Howard's Agenda, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane

480 Sorensen A D, Weinand H (1991) "Regional Well-being in Australia Revisited", Australian Geographical Studies, Volume 29, No 1, April Spate 0 H K (1968) Australia, Ernest Benn, London Spearritt P (1978) Sydney Since the Twenties, Hale and Iremonger, Sydney Spearritt P (2000) Sydney's Century: A History, UNSW Press, Sydney Spearritt P, de Marco C (1988) Planning Sydney's Future, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Spiller M (1999) "From Victim to Vanguard: The Remaking of Regional Planning in Australia", Australian Planner, Volume 36, No 4 Sproats K W (1983) A Tale of Two Towns: Policy and Action in the Bathurst- Orange Growth Centre: A Case of Perceptions, Politics and Power in Centrally Commanded Regional Policy Planning, PhD Thesis, University of New England Sproats K W (1990) "Lessons from an Over-ambitious Initiative in Selective Decentralisation", Australian Planner, Volume 28, No 1, March State Planning Authority (1967) Growth and Change: Prelude to a Plan State Planning Authority (1968) Sydney Region Outline Plan: 1970-2000 AD Stayner R (2000) Rural Realities, Paper for the Symposium on Australian Values — Rural Policies, Canberra, August Stayner R, Reeve I (1990) "Uncoupling": Relationships Between Agriculture and the Local Economies of Rural Areas in New South Wales, Rural Development Centre, Armidale Steinke J C (1970) Regional Trends in Australian Population Distribution 1947-66, Report to the Department of Decentralisation and Development Steketee M, Cockburn M (1986) Wran: An Unauthorized Biography, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Stewart J (1991) "Australian Public Policy and the Problem of Fragmentation", Australian Journal of Public Administration, Volume 50, No 3, September Stewart J (1994) The Lie of the Level Playing Field: Industry Policy and Australia's Future, Text Publishing, Melbourne Stewart R (1995) "Economic Development", in Laffin M, Painter M (eds) Reform and Reversal: Lessons from the Coalition Government in New South Wales 1988- 1995 , Macmillan, Melbourne Stilwell F (1974) Australian Urban and Regional Development, Australian and New Zealand Book Company, Sydney Stilwell F (1983) "State and Capital in Urban and Regional Development", in Head B (ed) State and Economy in Australia, Oxford University Press, Melbourne Stilwell F (1992a) Understanding Cities and Regions: Spatial Political Economy, Pluto Press, Sydney Stilwell F (1992b) Economic Rationalism, Cities and Regions, Keynote Address to the Australian and New Zealand Regional Science Association Conference, Ballarat, July Stilwell F (1993) Reshaping Australia: Urban Problems and Policies, Pluto Press, Sydney Stilwell F (1997) "Australias Population: Is Stability Uneconomic?" People and Place, Volume 5, No 3

481 Stilwell F (1998) Going Global? Australian Cities and the Challenge of Globalisation, Transnational Corporations Research Project, University of Sydney Stilwell F, Hardwick J (1973) Regional Development in Australia, Planning Research Centre, University of Sydney Stilwell F, Larcombe G (1980) Economic Crisis, Cities and Regions: An Analysis of Current Urban and Regional Problems in Australia, Pergamon, Sydney Stimson R (1995) "Processes of Globalisation, Economic Restructuring and the Emergence of a New Space Economy of Cities and Regions in Australia", in Brotchie J, Batty M, Blakely E, Hall P, Newton P (eds) Cities in Competition: Productive and Sustainable Cities for the 21 st Century, Longman, Melbourne Stimson R (2001) "Dividing Societies: The Socio-Political Spatial Implications of Restructuring in Australia", Australian Geographical Studies, Volume 39, No 2, July Stretton, H (1970) Ideas for Australian Cities, Orphan Press, Adelaide Study Group on Structural Adjustment (1979) Report, March, AGPS, Canberra Sunday Telegraph (1995) "Bush Town Rallies as Govt Budget Axe Falls", Sunday Telegraph, 19 November Sydney Morning Herald (1995) "Carr Calls for Decentralisation", Sydney Morning Herald, 8 April Taylor M (1991) "Economic Restructuring and Regional Change in Australia", Australian Geographical Studies, Volume 29, No 2, October Taylor M, Garlick S (1989) "Commonwealth Government Involvement in Regional Development in the 1980s: A Local Approach", in Higgins B, Zagorski K (eds) Australian Regional Developments: Readings in Regional Experiences, Policies and Prospects, Publication No 10 Thatcher M (1993) The Downing Street Years, HarperCollins, London Thatcher M (1995) The Path to Power, HarperCollins, London Thomas M (1972) "The Regional Problem, Structural Change and Growth Pole Theory", in Kuklinski A (ed) Growth Poles and Growth Centres in Regional Planning, Mouton, The Hague Thompson E, Painter M, Wheelwright T, Mutch S (1986) "New South Wales", in Galligan B (ed) Australian State Politics, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne Thompson W (1975) "Internal and External Factors in the Development of Urban Economies", in Friedmann J, Alonso W (eds) Regional Policy: Readings in Theory and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts Tonts M (2000) "The Restructuring of Australias Rural Communities", in Pritchard B, McManus P (eds) Land of Discontent: The Dynamics of Change in Rural and Regional Australia, UNSW Press, Sydney Troy P (1976) "Federalism and Urban Affairs", Royal Australian Planning Institute Journal, Volume 14, No 1 / 2, January/April Troy P (1993) "Loves Labor Lost: Whitlam and Urban and Regional Development", in Emy H, Hughes 0, Mathews R (eds) Whitlam Re-visited: Policy Development, Policies and Outcomes, Pluto Press, Sydney Troy P (ed) (1995) Australian Cities: Issues, Strategies and Policies for Urban Australia in the 1990s, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

482 Tullock G, Buchanan J (1962) The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor Tullock G, Perlman M (1976) The Vote Motive, Institute of Economic Affairs Turner H B (1970) "New South Wales" in Rorke J (ed) Politics at State Level – Australia, Department of Adult Education, University of Sydney Turner K (1985) "Back to a Contest: 1981-4" in Chaples E, Nelson H, Turner K (eds) The Wran Model: Electoral Politics in New South Wales in 1981 and 1984, Oxford University Press, Melbourne Turner K (2001) "1981" in Hogan M, Clune D (eds) The People's Choice: Electoral Politics in 20th Century New South Wales, Volume 3, Parliament of New South Wales and University of Sydney Uren T (1970) Cities of the Twenty-First Century, Proceedings of the Towards Cities of the Twenty-First Century Canberra Forum, May Uren T (1974) Urban and Regional Development 1974-75, Budget Statement Uren T (1975) Urban and Regional Development 1975-76, Budget Statement Uren T (1985) "The Scope for Commonwealth Regional Economic Policies", Urban Policy and Research, Volume 3, No 4, December Uren T (1995) Straight Left, Random House, Sydney Vaile M (1998) Regional Australia: Our Commitment, Budget Statement Van Dugteren T (1971) "A Time to Decentralise", Current Affairs Bulletin, December Van Dugteren T (ed) (1978) Rural Australia: The Other Nation, Australian Institute of Political Science Verrall D, Ward I, Hay P (1985) "Community, Country, Party: Roots of Rural Conservatism", in Costar B, Woodward D (eds) Country to National: Australian Rural Politics and Beyond, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Vinson T (1999) Unequal in Life: the Distribution of Social Disadvantage in Victoria and New South Wales, Report prepared for the Ignatius Centre for Social Policy and Research, August Vipond J (1977) "Are National Decentralisation Policies Necessary?" Australian Quarterly, Volume 49, Number 1, June Vipond J (1983) A Survey of Regional Economic Policy in Australia, Legislative Research Service, Commonwealth Parliament, Discussion Paper No 10 Vipond J (1989) "Australian Experiments with Regional Policies" in Higgins B, Zagorski K (eds) Australian Regional Developments: Readings in Regional Experiences, Policies and Prospects, Publication No 10 Vipond J (1990) "The Role of Government in Regional and Urban Development", in Economic Planning Advisory Council Regional Policies: Future Directions, Papers presented at the EPAC Seminar, March, AGPS, Canberra Wahlquist A (1996) "The Gutting of Rural New South Wales", The Land, 8, 15 and 22 August Wahlquist A (1998) "Great Dividing Rage", The Weekend Australian, 26 September Walmsley D J, Sorensen A (1993) Contemporary Australia: Explorations in Economy, Society and Geography, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne

483 Walmsley D J, Weinand H C (1997) "Is Australia Becoming More Unequal?" Australian Geographer, Volume 28, No 1 Walsh K-A (1996) "Death by a Thousand Cuts", The Bulletin, 27 August Walsh P (1995) Confessions of a Failed Finance Minister, Random House, Sydney Walter J (1986) The Ministers' Minders: Personal Advisers in National Government, Oxford University Press, Melbourne Ward R (1958) The Australian Legend, Oxford University Press, Melbourne Warhurst J (1993) "Changing Relationships: Interest Groups and Policy-making in the 1990s", in Hede A, Prasser S (eds) Policy-making in Volatile Times, Southwood Press, Sydney Warhurst J, Stewart J, Head B (1988) "The Promotion of Industry", in Galligan B (ed) Comparative State Policies, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne Watson S, Murphy P (1993) "Into the Nineties: The Regional Impacts of Twenty Years of Economic Restructuring in Australia", Australian Planner, December Watson S, Murphy P (1995) "Winners, Losers and Curates Eggs: Urban and Regional Outcomes of Australian Economic Restructuring 1971-1991", Geoforum, Volume 26, No 4 Weller P (1989) "Politicisation and the Australian Public Service", Australian Journal of Public Administration, Volume 48, No 4, December Weller P (2001) Australia's Mandarins: The Frank and the Fearless? Allen and Unwin, Sydney Weller P, Grattan M (1981) Can Ministers Cope? Australian Federal Ministers At Work, Hutchinson, Melbourne Wellington Times (1996) "CEZ Survey of Business Shows Complex Needs", Wellington Times, 4 September Western J S, Wilson P R (eds) (1977) Planning in Turbulent Environments, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane Western Australian Planning Commission (1996) State Planning Strategy Whitlam E G (1965) "Cities in a Federation", Australian Planning Institute Journal, October Whitlam E G (1985) The Whitlam Government: 1972-1975, Viking, Melbourne Whitlam E G (1968) Cities for People: Problems and Solutions in Urban and Regional Development, Address to the Urban Affairs Symposium of the NSW Fabian Society, 2 October Whitwell G (1993) "Economic Affairs", in Emy H, Hughes 0, Mathews R (eds) Whitlam Re-visited: Policy Development, Policies and Outcomes, Pluto Press, Sydney Whitwell G (1994) "The Power of Economic Ideas? Keynesian Economic Policies in Post-war Australia" in Bell S, Head B (eds) State, Economy and Public Policy in Australia, Oxford University Press, Melbourne Wildman P, et al (1990) "Push from the Bush: Revitalisation Strategies for Smaller Rural Towns", Urban Policy and Research, Volume 8, No 2, June

484 Wilson R K (1978) "Urban and Regional Policy" in Scotton R B, Ferber H (eds) Public Expenditures and Social Policy in Australia, Volume One, The Whitlam Years, Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, University of Melbourne, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne Wilson R K (1980) Australia's Resources and Their Development, Department of Adult Education, University of Sydney Windshuttle K (1987) Local Employment Initiatives: Integrating Social, Labour Market and Economic Objectives for Innovative Job Creation, National Advisory Group on Local Employment Initiatives, Research Paper No 1, AGPS, Canberra Windsor T (1998) Letter to Country Summit Participants, 24 August Winston D (1957) Sydney's Great Experiment: The Progress of the Cumberland County Plan, Angus and Robertson, Sydney Winston D (1970) Population Explosion and Urban Development, A Talk to Staff and Students of the. University of Sydney in the Series "Man Against Himself' organised by the Genesis Committee, July Woods P (1999) Speech to the State Assembly of Local Government, April Woolmington E R (1963) The Geographical Scope of Support for the New State Movement in Northern New South Wales, PhD Thesis, University of New England Woolmington E R (1971) "Government Policy and Decentralisation", in Linge G and Rimmer P J Government Influence and the Location of Economic Activity, Canberra Woolmington E R (1972) "Population, Location and Urban Growth", in Sinden J A (ed) The Natural Resources of Australia: Prospects and Problems for Development, Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science, Angus and Robertson, Sydney Woolmington E R, Pigram J, Hobbs J (1971) "Attitudes Towards Decentralisation" Paper delivered to the 43rd ANZAAS Conference Yergin D, Stanislaw J (1998) The Commanding Heights: The Battle Between Government and the Marketplace that is Remaking the Modern World, Simon and Schuster, New York

Notes

1. In addition to the references above, numerous regional and metropolitan newspapers were consulted, too numerous to include here. Well quoted, they are referred to individually in the text.

2. The author attended meetings of the CMA between 1995 and 2001 as part of the research for the thesis. Where information gained from these meetings is used in the text (principally in Chapter Seven), it is acknowledged in footnotes. In addition, the author was involved directly in a number of internal DBRD and DSRD regional policy discussions that had a bearing on events described in the thesis. These are acknowledged in footnotes to the text where appropriate.

485 3. A number of informal discussions took place with key informants. Those quoted in the text are Warwick Bennett (November 1996), former Chairman of the CMA, and Professor John Steinke (May 1998). Other discussions included the following:

• Professor Patrick Troy (former adviser to Tom Uren and Deputy Secretary, DURD) • Mr Bob Lansdown (former Secretary, DURD and EHCD) • Mr Keith Coughlan (former Associate Commissioner, Cities Commission) • Ms Narelle Kennedy (author of BACA 1989) • Associate Professor Chris Cunningham (former employee of DDD and SPA) • Professor Kevin Sproats (see above) • Dr Glen Searle (see above) • Mr Phil Day (former Director, DDD)

486