International Journal of Research p-ISSN: 2348-6848 e-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2015

Backward Class Movements and its Historical Struggles in Tamil Nadu Politics

S.Murugananthan Ph.D Research Scholar (Full Time) Department of Political Science Presidency College (Autonomous) Chennai, Tamilnadu, India - 600 005. Mobile No: 9176483347, Mail Id: [email protected] Abstract Since the first non-Brahmin association was this presidency, the Brahmin caste was established in the name “The Madras Non- awide-ranging from another andit was top Brahmin Association” till Pattali Makkal level in the way of life followingby the Katchi (PMK) there were many struggle Varna system (Four Varnas). And the higher conducted to get reservation in the caste peoples passionately preserved their Government Jobs and admission for traditional styles of life by cooking or College, but the dominant people called serving food in a particular manner and Aryans, also called Brahmins were able to maintain hygiene. But the lower caste get more number of seats in both peoples followed their life style differently government organization with the influence with compared to Higher castes people. The of their talent. To stop this social hierarchy caste has been defined based on the the non-Brahmin movement such the Justice traditional occupation. So, the modern Party was established, also Periyar “Self- political development had divided the Respect Movement and Diravidar Hindus of the peninsular (it means three side Kazhagam got a historical role against the covered by sea and one covered by land) Brahmins. Further, C.N. Anna and his India into three groups. The Brahmins follower role is very important in Tamil (forward), non-Brahmins (backward) and Nadu Politics. In this way, Dr. S. Harijans(Scheduled Castes). In India the Ramadoss’s Road Roko was very powerful caste has economic, social and religious to get reservation for the Vanniyar Peoples. aspects. In the economic field it prohibits based on occupation and in the religious Key Words: field it lays down certain customs and rituals. This same way followedeven in Brahmins; Non-Brahmins; Justice Party; madras presidency,a person‟s social status is Periyar; Anna; MGR; Karunanidhi; PMK defined by the caste rather than his economic means or the occupation he follows. The composite State of Madras Presidencyoccupied the places Tamilnadu, Status of the Brahmins in Madras greater parts of Andrapradesh, some parts Presidency of Kerala (Princely State of Thiruvithangur) The Brahmins has been living with the and some parts in Karnataka (Princely State honour“The Highest Caste” in Hindu social of Mysore).It was a home of obscurantism hierarchy, and occupied top level position in and custom where caste had taken deep root the society. Though they have only a less and its effect were huge than North India. In

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number of the population, they have had of the total population of Madras ability to reach in all aspects of their life and Presidency, but enjoyed more than 70 per have been in the fore-front in many fields. cent of the total government posts. Even But nothing their contribution to the society though the non-Brahmin accounted in the other than they were upper stage through Madras Presidency above 85%, they are favour for British rulers and opponents to very low percentage in the Government the non-Brahmins people. The English jobs. The following tables 1 and 2 shows education enabled Brahmins to join whether how many jobs and seats for government service in more number. collegeoccupied by the Brahmins in Madras Theirstrength constituted about 3.5per cent presidency. Table No: 1

Deputy Caste Group Sub Judges District Munsifs Population Collectors Brahmins 77 15 93 3.2 Non-Brahmin 30 3 25 85.6 Hindus Muslims 15 nil 2 6.6 Indian Christians 7 nil 5 2.7 Though the Brahmins 3.2%, they occupied 15 sub-Collectors, 2 District Munsifs and 77 seats for Deputy Collectors, 15 sub- Indian Christians strength 2.7%, they Judges, 93 District Munsifs, the non- occupied 7 sub-Collectors, 5 District Brahmins 85.6%, but they got only 30 sub- Munsifs.In this first table the Brahmins were Collectors, 3 sub-Judges, 25 District the highest number occupied the Munsifs , the Muslims 6.6%, they occupied government jobs. Table No: 2

1911 1921 1931 Community Per cent Per cent of Per cent of Per cent of Per cent of Per cent of of Population Population students Population students students Brahmin 3.0 35.5 3.5 39.5 2.0 31.0 Non-Brahmin 86.0 41.5 85.5 44.5 86.0 47.0 Muslim 6.5 5.5 6.5 5.0 7.0 6.0 Christian 3.0 13.5 3.0 10.5 4.0 12.0

Others 1.5 4.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 4.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

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Source: Census of India, Madras, 1911, change the name for the fast growth. Then, the Vol.XII, Part II, p.62. 1921, Vol. XIII, Part II, „Madras United League‟ reorganized and pp. 62, 161.1931, Vol. XIV, Part II, pp. 256, renamed as “Dravidian Association” under the 275. Reports on Public Instruction in the Madras leadership Dr. C. Natesamudaliarin October 1, Presidency for the years 1911,1921 and 1931. 1912. This new association was played actively in such way conduct Conference, Public This tableshows the following three censuses of meetings, discussion meetings and rallies. This Madras presidency in 1911, 1921 and 1931, the Dravidian Association admired all the non- Brahmins were only, 3, 3.5 and 2 per cent Brahmins peoples like Students, Educated respectively of the population. But the people, populistetc.For the Magnet speech all percentage of students among them was 35.5, non-Brahmins people eagerly participated the 39.5 and 31 respectively. It reflects their Dravidian Association function. When the first enthusiasm for learning, in the same case the Annual Day function conducted, some famous non-Brahmin were 86, 85.5 and 86 per cent people like Sir. P. ThiyagarayaChettiar, respectively of the total Population. The RamasamyNingaar and percentage of students among them was only TharavatMadhavanNayar (T.M. Nayar) these 41.5, 44.5 and 47 respectively. when well-known persons eagerly participated in that comparison between the Brahmins and non- function.For more publicity of the Dravidian Brahmins, the non-Brahmins were far away in Association the leaders aimed to establish a social status. Because, the low level of newspaper. In this way this association education among them was responsible for the established three Newspaper with name of poor percentage of employment in government Dravidian, Justice, AndhiraPrakasika in services.Both tables shows the Brahmins were language in Tamil, English, Telungu the top level in job reservation and literacy rate. respectively. As all these three newspaper need to control within one organization.So that, the

South Indian People Association (stock Formation of Justice Party Company) was formed.Itsanother aim was to establish a hostel for the non-Brahmin students To oppose the Brahmins dominant the First non- under the head of Dr. C. Natesamudaliar.After Brahmin association was established in the they got success in both idea, They got next name “The Madras Non-Brahmin Association” ideas was to reorganize and rename the name was established by the two lawyers, P. Dravidian Association to oppose the strong team Subramaniyam and M. Purushothama Naidu, of Brahmins (Annipesant gave supported to and it was aimed to recruit a thousand of non- Brahmins and the congress, all of these three in Brahmin members in 1909. But this association one way) Then, the non-Brahmins leaders did not get publicity and support among the gathered and discussed to change the name, non-Brahmin people. Because, both of the finally, the name was changed as South Indian organizer were very weak for economic sources, Liberal Federation under the leadership of P. so their association failed.After 3 year, in 1912 ThiyagarayaChettiyar, T.M, Nayar.These both some of the non-Brahmin people like leaders were well-versed among the Saravanapillai,DuraiswamiMudhaliar, N. people.After formed South Indian Liberal Narayanaswamy Naidu and G. Veerasamy Federation, it eagerly played a vital role to Naidu established a new organization called awake the non-Brahmin people and the speech “Madras United League” this organization was of leaders was a admirable by the people. Day gradually grown. But this growth was not by day it was getting popularity among the enough as expectation. So, there was need to people. Due to the popularity, the people

Available online:http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ P a g e | 1469 International Journal of Research p-ISSN: 2348-6848 e-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2015 themselves called the South Indian Liberal oratory of the Justice Party loyalists who Federation as Justice Party.Later, the Justice exploded the myth of the intellectual superiority Party published a Manifesto in 1916 that was of the Brahmins and proved beyond doubt that it called as the “Non-Brahmin Manifesto”, this only non-Brahmins could get equality of Manifesto says, the total population of Madras opportunity with the Brahmins, they would not Presidency is about 4.5 core. In this the non- only equal but even shine them in all walks of Brahmins people are about 4 core and the tax life.Even though, the Congress was very paying people most are non-Brahmins, even powerful since 1920 to 1937, the Justice party though strength, the non-Brahmin people don‟t was the main alternative political party to them have any ability to stop the Brahmins dominant. in Madras presidency.inthe 1937 election, the The Brahmins are occupying the most and Justice party lost to the Congress. Due to the highest Jobs in the government, in Indian Civil defeat of Justice party, it came under E.V. Service and other competitive exam also the Ramaswamy leadership. Justice Party opposed Brahmins has been passing. To stop this and campaigned against the non-cooperation hierarchy, the non-Brahminspeople mustbe movement of M.K. Gandhi, it primarily due to helped each and every one to develop their his praise for Brahminism. It also oppose the social status. Always, must be aware and the anti-Hindi agitations since 1937 to 1940. children must be send to school. We should strive for the political development, social E.V.Ramaswamyand His Early Political Life developmentsocial rights, and against Ramasamy was second son of Erode untouchablity, and we should develop ourselves VenkatasamyNayakar and Ramasamy also in Education, Politics, Society and Economy. called with the famous name as E.V.R ,Periyar (it means great sage)etc. his Father was a The main aim of the Justice party was to defeat popular business man in Erode. E.V.R. not the enormously growing political influence of study much but he used to help to his father.He the Brahmins and o secure by sustained effort was an active man and had a lot of friends. the rightful place for the non-Brahimn people in Generally, E.V.R was unselfish man and he has social affairs. In the election held on November thought of mind to help for other people and he 20, 1920 the MonteguChemsford reforms in was forward thinker. When E.V.R helping to his 1919. The Justice party won a majority of seats father profession, he also became very famous and ford a new government under the chief as his father famous in Erode.As his famous he minister Subburayalu Reddy.For the first time was elected for the post „Chairman‟in the Brahmins were crushed by the Justice party Municipality of Erode in 1917. This was the since it captured power. The justice party first step in public life and E.V.R. had good ministers started implementing their relationship with many popular people in programmed of rendering social justice to the Congress party like, Rajaji, Varadarajulu Naidu. non-Brahmin community. The Justice Party Though admired with the Gandhi Principles, ministry in the Madras Presidency enjoyed a E.V.R, not join. It was due to the efforts of Dr. majority not only in the government but in Varadarajulu Naide and Rajaji, that E.V.R power to further the interest of the non-Brahmin entered in the congress organization. E.V.R community and break theirhandcuffs of social enormous protest was, against toddy shop deprivation the party concerned itself with the closing, also he cut down his own Coconut problem of communal representation in various Trees (about 500 Tree) to be role model for areas of government service, which meant the other people. E.V.R participated in Gandhiji‟s virtual ending of Brahimn monopoly there. The non-cooperation movement, and he resigned legislative council hall vibrated with the fiery from all post. In that situation he got more

Available online:http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ P a g e | 1470 International Journal of Research p-ISSN: 2348-6848 e-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2015 enthusiasm to fight against free form alcohol E.V.R was against to the Congress and this is and Untouchability. Also, his thought was to reason for E.V.R came out from the Congress wear Khadhi(it means the clothes weaving by party. E.V.R. understood step by step theRajaji Hand and Leg) clothesand he was takking andGandhijiVarnasrama Thought (Congress himself the Khadhi Clothes and going Village was against in E.V.R‟s communual by Village as a hawker to urge the people to Representation in the following congress wear. conference, 1920 Thirunelveli, 1921 Thanjavur, Also anincident was happening in a place of 1922 Thiruppur, 1924 Thiruvannamalai, 1925 Kerala (ThiruvidhangurSamasthanam) called Kanchipuram, E.V.R. released himself from the „Vaikom‟, the issue was the Harijans (Ezhavas Congress party. After came out from congress, people) people must not use the road near the E.V.R.began to attack congress party through Mahadevar Temple. This issue was sent to campaigns and public meetings. This E.V.R. by his non-Brahmin Congress colleague circumstances was the way for formation „Self in Kerala. After this message, E.V.R arrived at Respect Movement‟ at 1926. Vaikom and agitated for this ritual customs, The self-respect movement was very eagerness when the agitation was going on E.V.R. was to fight against the Untouchablity. An incident arrested and imprisoned. Due to the sever of the has been happening inMayaranatharswamy agitation he was released. As the Vaikom Temple(Maayuram-formerly known struggle was spread in every nook and corner he by Mayiladuthurai in Tamilnadu) that is became popular.he was given the title the Hero theDepressed Class people should not enter of Vaikom (VaikomVeerar) by the people. inside the Temple this is order from the local Later, E.V.R. involved in agitation against the heads. theself-respect Movement agitated this separate Kitchen, Mess, Prayer Assembly etc. incident and solved, wherever the caste between Brahmins and non-Brahimns students Hierarchy custom happening there the self- at a Gurugulam in Seranmadevi, in Respect Movements would fight whether E.V.R ThirunelveliDistrict. V.V.S Iyar who was said, in this way, the self-respect movement entrusted with the responsibility of running the fought every nook and corner in the madras Gurugulam, but he maintained Untouchablity presidency for the justice. inside the Gurugulam. As E.V.R involvement Iyar resigned from thepost head of the Gurugulam in May 1925.E.V.R the patriot and E.V.R’s Role in Justice Party and Birth of the social reformer could not stand this communal DiravidaKazhagam nonsense and when his efforts to do away with casteism inside the Congress failed, he had no In contemporary Indian politics the justice alternative but to walk out of its fold. He party was isolated by its many controversial understood that with many, to practice was not activities in such way it had the anti-Brahmin so easy as to preach. As one who believed that attitude shaped many of its ideas and policies by social tyranny should be put an end to before the opposing Brahmins in civil service, political freedom, he began to direct his government jobs, politics, also it opposed Home attention solely to free the down-trodden castes rule movement and also campaigned against the from the clutches of the arrogant Brahmin non-cooperation movement of M.K. Gandhi (it minority. And the justice party provided the primarily due to his praise for Brahmanism). right platform for him and so he joined that After congress, started Self-Respect movement party and reinforced the Self-respect Movement and gave outside support to the Justice party. He which he had started for the elimination of organized many public meetings and conference social backwardness. In this way in every issue to put awareness among the people. By

Available online:http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ P a g e | 1471 International Journal of Research p-ISSN: 2348-6848 e-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2015 influence E.V.R rational Knowledge,the Justice opportunity to contact with E.V.R. in the party people participated in Self-Respect SenguntharYourth conference held in Thiruppur movement meetings and conferences.E.V.R also in 1935. For anti-Hindi compulsion, Anna agitated The compulsory introduction of Hindi addressed an effective speech in a number of with Justice party, like this way both meetings throughout the Madras Presidency. organization ideologies was same, the justice Since E.V.R elected as Chairman of Justice party step by step pull him into its circle and Party Anna began work for the party with new later EV.R was elected Chairman of Justice hope and redoubled vigour and some basic party in 1938.After became president of the changes were brought in the Justice party Justice party hisideology was more powerful to (onlyDominion status for India) but now asking oppose the Congress, and favour for the non- complete Independence. Brahmins. For the honesty of the Party member the name of Justice Party changed as Anna started own weekly newspaper Dravida “DravidarKazhagam” (Dravidaian Nadu in 1942 to carry the message of the Association)under the leadership of E.V.R in Justice party to every village and Selam Conference in1944. hamlet.Prolonged discussion and Ideology of C.N.A the South Indian Liberal Federation C.N.Annaduraiand circumstancesleading to name was changed as DiravidarKazhagamin the formDravidarMunteraKazhagam. conference of the at Salem in August 27, 1944 under the President ship of E.V.R. and C.N.A C.N. Annadurai also called as Anna (Elder was elected as general Secretary.While in this Brother), was an orator while he was studying way both of them leading the DiravidarKazham, in“Pachiyappa” college in chennai. He was Some misunderstanding (clash)raised between distinction student and he got some post in his EVR and C.N.A suchthe first issue is EVR had college period such post Secretary of the described the August 15, 1947 and January College in 1931, Chairman of the College in 26,1950 dates as the mourning days (transfer of 1933. Anna was a great admirer of E.V. power meant change from the British to the Ramasamy writings and Speeches, so that, Anna Brahmins-Baniyas combine) even CNA cheered entitled himself as a member of the „Self- as a good day.Another main issue was the Respect Youth League” his political life began controversy of E.V.Ramasamy and from this way. As, Anna was a enthusiastic Maniyammai difference age marriage On 18th of desire for social Justice made him gravitate to June 1949. While Some secret meeting was the Justice party. Though studied the policies of going between CNA and his supporters to different political parties he was attracted occupying the EVR Property and through social reformation ideas of Justice Party DravidarKahagam. When, This message came Anna engaged some times in translating the to EVR ear, his thought against CAN,then EVR speeches of the Justice party from Tamil to found a reliable women as a wife to safeguard English who were more conversant with the his DiravidarKazhagam and his property, English Language then with their mother announced his marriage. But C NA and other tongue. In this way his Political aspiration leaders opposed to his decision. Even a lot of began.The Justice party provide a platform to pressure came to EVR against his unmatched Anna ample opportunity to struggle for social (EVR-71 and Maniammai-28) marriage he was causes and with his gift for oratory he soon strong in his decision and he got marriage June came to be recognize as one of the foremost 18, 1949 as his wish. This is the main issue to speakers of the day. When Anna Joined Justice split between EVR and C.N.Aand this marriage party he had the privilege for working under the was a transgression of rationalist social reforms leadership of E.V.R, and Anna had an

Available online:http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ P a g e | 1472 International Journal of Research p-ISSN: 2348-6848 e-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2015 said C.N.A. then, Anna and his followers came When Anna was in Power he done many social out of theDiravidarKazhagam and he and his reforms followed by EVR ideologies. After followers such peoples V. R. Nedunchezhiyan, Anna, M. Karunanidhi and M.G.R followed K. A. Mathiazhagan, K. Anbazhagan, N.V. Anna Ideologies. Especially, demand of Natarajan, E. V. K. Sampath and thousands of VanniayrSangam caste based reservation (this is others at Robinson park in Rayapuram was handled by M.G.R at first,later Enacted by (Chennai) on the date of 17th September 1949, Karunanidhi after MGR sudden death) and announced the formation of the DMK its Arundhadiayar 3% reservation in Literature meaning of Karunanidhi(DmK) rule. In the way, the non- DravidaMunnetraKazhagam (Dravidian Brahmins people got reservation in Government Progress Federation) and came to power in jobs and equal rights after Many Historical 1967 in Madras state 18 years after its formation struggle by the leadership of eminent leaders. and C.N.A (party general secretary) was Chief In this way the non-Brahmin ideology followed Minister till 1969 in the Madras. Thus, the alsoPattaliMakkalKatchi (PMK) and its main Dravidian Era begin in Madras state achievement is reservation20% for Most (Tamilnadu). Backward Class (MBC community) and this party played very crucial role in Appearance ofAnna previousLegislative Assembly and Lock Saba DravidaMunnetraKazhagam election since formation and yet,its impact is very dominant inTamilnadu politics After C.N.A death in 1969, there came the power tussle between V. R. Nedunchezhiyan PattaliMakkalKatchi (PMK) and M. Karunanidhi, but most of the top leaders Mathiazhagan, NanjilManoharan and the Actor Based on E.V.R. and Ambedhkar (non- M.G. Ramachandiran(M.G.R) supported to M. Brahmins)ideologies, in the year1980, the Karunanidhi as Chief Minister. Later the party VanniyarSangham founded by Dr. S. Ramadoss. reorganized and created a new post called party Later, VanniyarSangham converted as a president for Nedunchezhiyan (senior leader political party “PattaliMakkalKatchi” (PMK) in after C.N.A) and M.G.R appointed as the Party 1989, the PMK is formed caste based Treasurer. After some years, the political orientation like previous party, dispute between M.G.R and Karunanidhi, for RamasamyPadayatchi-Toilers part and the dishonesty inside the party. Due to ManickaveluNaickers-commanweel party,and dishonesty(looting the party money), in 1972, both of these partyincluded the people of M.G.R called for the boycott of the party Vanniyar and Goundar community. Hence, the General Council, with the crisis falling into call PMK is caste based organization and it is for probe by M.G.R, and he was eventually stronger in the northern part of Tamilnadu and suspended from the General Council and the where the Vanniyar population 20%. And the DMK party. After dispute with Karunanidhi, PMK was struggled for social justice M.G.R emerged a new party called the name particularly,for backward class people “Anna DravidaMunnetraKazhagam”, later it development, and it was conducted a historical was changes as “All India Anna Road Roko for 2% in Central Government and DravidaMunnetraKazhagam”(AIADMK) in 20% in State Government Jobs reservationin 19 1972 and it won a first seat for Loksabha at December,1986 for the reservation of Vanniyar Dindugul in 1974 by the by-Election. Later, it peoplesin Government Jobs. Finally, the won in Legislative Assembly elections in 1977 VanniyarSangam succeded for the reservation and MGR became Chief Minister. The for their people (Vanniyar reservation included AIADMK stayed in power in the state till 1987. with Most Backward Class category) in DMK

Available online:http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ P a g e | 1473 International Journal of Research p-ISSN: 2348-6848 e-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2015 rule(Karunanidhi rule). The PMK was a Citizens, and Democracy in South alternative party alliance between DMK and India”,Oxford University Press. AIADMK, in both election Legislative Assembly and Parliamentary election since its [4.] Rajini Kothari, (1970) “Cast in Indian formation in Tamilnadu. PMK was able to get a Politics”, Orient Blackswan, Hyderabad. significant share of power both in Central and State government after its formation, primarily [5.] Sarashwathi.S, (1974) “Minority in due to coalition pressures and arm twisting Madras State (Group interests tactics. Also, Dr. S. Ramadoss said, The PMK inModerns Politics)”,ImpexIndia ,Delhi will win and rule the Tamilnadu in 2016 – 6. assembly election and it will be a People rule Like “AamAthmi Party- AravindKejariwal” in [6.] Rudolph and Rudolph,(1969) Delhi “Modernity of TradionPolical Conclusion development inIndia ”, Oriental Long Man, New Delhi. The Brahmins and non-Brahmins were as two category in the Madras Presidency.Though the [7.] Srinivas.M.N,.(1996)“Caste its non-Brahmins people very high percentage for Twentieth Century Avatar” Penguins the population but it was very low percentage in Books,NewDelhi. the job reservation. After many struggle, the Dravidian people got opportunity and [8.] Kannupillai, Dr. V, (2011)“Why in reservation in the Government job. Particularly, Caste System only in India”Centre for the Justice party leaders such Dr. C. developing society, Trichy, Tamilnadu - NadesaMudaliar, Sir, P. ThiyagarayarChettiyar, 21. T.M.Nayar,E.V.Ramasamy,C.N.Annadurai, M.G. [9.] Annamalai, Dr. M ,(2008) “Emergence Ramachandiran M. Karunanidhi, and Dr. S. of Depressed Classes in Ramadoss all of these leaders aim was same in Tamilnadu”Prema Publication,Cheyyar, uplift the backward class peopleand their role is Tamilnadu – 604 407. very important in Tamil Nadu Politics.

Notes and References [10.] Veeramani .K., (1998) “ The History of the Struggle for Social [1.] Nishantsingh, Dr,(2011)“Caste and Justice in Tamil Nadu”, Religion in Society”,Ancient Publishing DravidarKazhagam Publication, house , Delhi. PeriyarThidal- Chennai,p.5

[2.] PonnaWignaraja, (1993) “New Social [11.] Ganesan. P.C., (2011) “Builders Movements in the South- of Modern India – C.N. Annadurai”, Empowerment of the Publication division, Ministry of people”,VistaarPublicatgions, New information and Broadcasting Delhi. Government of India.

[3.] Narendra Subramanian,(1999) [12.] Muthukumar. R., (2010) “Ethnicity and Populist “DiravidaIyakkaVaralaru” (History of Mobilization:Political Parties,

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Drivida Movement) in Tamil, Movements in Peninsular India”, KizhakkuPathippagam, Chennai-14. Poompozhil Publishers, Chennai – 41.

[13.] Varadarajulu Naidu, T. [15.] DiwanBahadur,. (2010) “The Justice Andre Beteille, (1991) “Society and Movement – Politics in India: Essays in a Comparative Perspective (Caste and [14.] 1917”, DravidarKazhagam Politics in Tamilnadu)”, TheAthlone Publications, Chennai – 7.Rajaraman. P. Press, London. Dr., (2013) “Glimpses of Social 1.

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