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Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic in the San Juan Basin George G New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/11 Late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic in the San Juan Basin George G. Simpson, 1960, pp. 75-77 in: Rio Chama Country, Beaumont, E. C.; Read, C. B.; [eds.], New Mexico Geological Society 11th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 129 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 1960 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico. Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peer-reviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download. Non-members will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication. Members have access to all papers. This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico. However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget. Therefore, only research papers are available for download. Road logs, mini-papers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks. Copyright Information Publications of the New Mexico Geological Society, printed and electronic, are protected by the copyright laws of the United States. No material from the NMGS website, or printed and electronic publications, may be reprinted or redistributed without NMGS permission. Contact us for permission to reprint portions of any of our publications. One printed copy of any materials from the NMGS website or our print and electronic publications may be made for individual use without our permission. Teachers and students may make unlimited copies for educational use. Any other use of these materials requires explicit permission. This page is intentionally left blank to maintain order of facing pages. NEW MEXICO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY <> ELEVENTH FIELD CONFERENCE 75 Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic in the San Juan Basin GEORGE GAYLORD SIMPSON Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University Northwestern New Mexico is famous among strati- and more precisely correlated. The nomenclature also has graphers and paleontologists as one of the few places been revised, not only by provision of names for subdivided where the Mesozoic-Cenozoic boundary has been precisely rock units but also by replacement of the terms "Wasatch" established in a fairly continuous sequence of continental and "Laramie," which have become almost meaningless as sediments. This area also has the type provincial stage rock units and are not in any case correctly applicable in sequence for most of the American continental Paleocene. this area where the rocks never were continuous with and That sequence was the basis for redefinition of the Paleo- are not really equivalent to those of the type areas. Exten- cene as now generally accepted by American stratigraphers, sive areal mapping and further stratigraphic studies have and in that sense this may be considered the type or at been carried out especially by the U.S. Geological Survey, least neotype area for the Paleocene epoch as a whole. notably by Bauer, Reeside, and Dane, among several others. SEQUENCE AND AGES HISTORICAL NOTE What might be called the classical sequence occurs J. S. Newberry, traveling with the Macomb expedition along the arc of late Cretaceous-Paleocene exposures from in 1859, was probably the first trained geologist to examine the vicinity of Aztec to that of Cuba. Conditions in the the crucial Cretaceous-Eocene sequence. He established the northernmost part of the San Juan Basin, mainly in Colo- presence of fossiliferous marine Cretaceous overlain by a rado, are notably different and will be discussed separately. minimum of 2,000 feet of sandstones and "marls" in which Late Cretaceous only silicified wood and obscure plant impressions, indeter- The continental late Cretaceous overlies the Pictured minate as to age, were found. He assigned all these beds Cliffs sandstone in the west and the southwest and lies to the Cretaceous but mentioned the possilibility that the directly on Lewis shale in the east and southeast, where the upper part might extend into the Eocene. Pictured Cliffs is not recognized in surface exposures. The In 1874 E. D. Cope, working for the Wheeler Survey, continental beds are a highly heterogeneous mass of somber found fossil mammals, which he immediately recognized as and banded shales, sandstones, and ( mostly in the lowest Eocene, in the striking exposures of the two major arroyos beds) coal. These beds seem to be conformable throughout between Yegua Canyon and Ojo San Jose (a spring near and there is no demonstrated or probable significant dif- the present site of Regina). In the vicinity of the later town ference in age among them. Brown proposed the name Ojo of Cuba, and especially the southern end of what is now Alamo for the whole mass, but Bauer and subsequent called Cuba Mesa, Cope identified another series of "soapy authors have confined that name to the thin (up to about marls" below the Eocene sandstones but above the recog- 100 feet) top sandstone member. In the western and south- nized Cretaceous. He gave the name "Puerco Marls" to western exposures the lower coal-bearing beds or called those beds and, although he found no identifiable fossils Fruitland, with the Kirtland between Fruitland and Ojo there, he hazarded the excellent guess that they might be Alamo. (The massive Farmington sandstone is generally equivalent to the Fort Union beds of th Upper Missouri, as considered a wedgelike member of the Kirtland.) Fruitland indeed they are, in part. and Kirtland differ only b7 the presence of potentially com- In 1880 David Baldwin, a colorful pioneer fossil col- mercial coal in the former. Both "formations" thin to the lector, discovered fossil mammals in Copes Puerco beds and eastward and so do the coals until they are no longer of sent them to Cope. Baldwin was an untrained and almost possible commercial interest. In the vicinity of Cuba only illiterate but perceptive field stratigrapher, and his observa- the Kirtland is recognized and mapped. It would, how- tions and collections soon enabled Cope to interpret the ever, seem more significant stratigraphically to say that the whole Cretaceous-Eocene sequence of the San Juan Basin Fruitland-Kirtland constitutes a single formation with coal in in a broad but essentially correct way. The Cope-Baldwin the lower part to westward, rather than to speak of two collaboration continued until 1888, after which both turned formations one of which is absent to eastward. to other fields. Cope recognized that the Puerco mammals The Ojo Alamo "sandstone" has numerous and some- were essentially of Tertiary type, but more primitive than times thick clay lenses, but these are usually covered and those of the "Wasatch," the oldest previously recognized inconspicuous on surface exposures. The Ojo Alamo does continental Eocene. His sequence was: not thin markedly to eastward, and it retains its individual- "Wasatch" — Lower Eocene, with a rich mam- ity not only in the Cuba area but also for some miles north- malian fauna similar to that of the "Was- ward from Regina where, however, it is exposed only inter- atch" of Wyoming. mittently and usually poorly. Puerco — "Lowest Eocene," with a very primitive Turtles, crocodiles, and dinosaurs occur in Fruitland, mammalian fauna, in detail unlike any other Kirtland, and Ojo Alamo, most abundantly in the Kirtland. then known. Some species have been recorded from only one of the "Laramie" — Continental late Cretaceous, with three "formations," but this is probably due to the chances dinosaurs, (Marine late Cretaceous.) of collecting. The whole fauna seems to be essentially a In the 1890s the American Museum of Natural History unit. The facies is somewhat different from those of more began work on this sequence that it has pursued inter- northern faunas and correlation may not be quite exact. mittently ever since then. Large collections of fossil verte- brates were obtained and accurately placed in stratigraphic The Fruitland-Kirtland Ojo Alamo fauna is clearly of very sections. Mostly as a result of the American Museums work, late Cretaceous age, but perhaps not quite as late as the all three of Copes pertinent units have been subdivided uppermost Lance in Wyoming and Montana. 76 NEW MEXICO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY a ELEVENTH FIELD CONFERENCE Nacimiento Formation formation, a mass of highly varied continental sediments, Copes "Puerco marls," overlying the Ojo Alamo, were predominently greenish in color and containing much an- found by Wortman and Matthew to contain two sharply desitic debris. Known fossils from the Animas are few and different successive faunas. The name Puerco was restricted somewhat equivocal as to age, and the local sections are to the beds containing the older fauna and the younger highly variable with no single key beds extending more beds were called Torrejon. Although long given formation than a few miles at most. Precise equivalents in the Animas status, these beds have never been distinguished except by of the Fruitland, Kirtland, Ojo Alamo, and Nacimiento have faunas, which are too sparsely distributed to serve for therefore not been distinguished. From late Cretaceous mapping. Gardner accordingly proposed that the mapping through middle Paleocene, andesitic sediments were appar- unit be called the Nacimiento group, and that is now gener- ently derived from the north simultaneously with sedimenta- ally accepted but as a formation. The Puerco and Torrejon tion of more usual clays and sands from the south or south- are now considered as faunas and faunal zones within the west into the southern and central parts of the basin.
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