A short history of funding and accomplishments post-Deepwater Horizon

By

Jessica R. Henkel1 and Alyssa Dausman2 1) Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Council, New Orleans, Louisiana; [email protected] 2) Water Institute of the Gulf, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; [email protected]

t has been a decade since BP’s Deep- settlements in research and restoration in agreements related to criminal penal- water Horizon (DWH) oil rig ex- the Gulf. For example, the $500 million BP ties between BP ($2.394 billion) and ploded and sank on 20 April 2010, voluntarily dedicated to research through Transocean ($150 million) and the U.S. killingI eleven workers and spreading at the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative Department of Justice. Provisions within least 3.19 million barrels of crude into (GOMRI); the $500 million awarded to the the plea agreements directed a total of the Gulf of Mexico (Graham et al. 2011; National Academy of Sciences, Engineer- $2.544 billion to NFWF over a five-year Trustees Council 2016). In response to ing, and Medicine, Gulf Research Program period to be used to support natural re- the spill, an estimated 1.84 million gal- (NASEM-GRP) resulting from two crimi- source projects in the five Gulf of Mexico lons of dispersant was utilized (OSAT-1 nal settlements; the $100 million to the states (Figure 1). 2010). Initial efforts to stop the spill failed, North American Wetlands Conservation Accomplishments and the DWH oil spill lasted for 87 days, Fund related to fines from violation of the Since 2013, NFWF-GEBF has awarded resulting in the largest spill in United Migratory Bird Treaty Act; as well as other over $1.4 billion for 164 projects (NFWF- States history, the contamination of more settlements for billions in restoration to the GEBF 2020). NFWF has worked closely than 43,000 square miles of Gulf waters, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation’s with state and federal resource agencies and the oiling of at least 1,300 miles of Gulf Environmental Benefit Fund (NFWF- to focus their restoration investments coastal shoreline from Texas to Florida GEBF)(Figure 1). where they would do the most good for (US DOJ 2015). With these dollars, the DWH tragedy fish, oysters, birds, marine mammals, sea As a result of the DWH spill, Gulf has given way to an unparalleled oppor- turtles and other wildlife populations. of Mexico ecosystems were devastated tunity to research, restore, and preserve The awards NFWF-GEBF have made and coastal economies were disrupted. the ecosystems of the Gulf of Mexico. This to date are expected to enhance more For example, natural resources such as paper provides a short review of the his- than 100,000 acres of coastal habitats, that coastal wetlands, sandy beaches, fish and tory and accomplishments of the largest include more than 40 miles of shoreline, shellfish, sea turtles, birds, deep-sea cor- funding allocations for research and res- 800 acres of oyster beds, 2,750 acres of als, and other living coastal and marine toration that have been made as a result of each and dune habitat, and more than life were greatly injured (Baker et al. 2017; the DWH oil spill. This history provides 36,000 acres of marsh habitat (NFWF- NCRL 2019). As many as 105,400 sea an important context for the publications GEBF 2018). These activities have worked birds, 167,000 sea turtles, and 8.3 billion included in this 10-year commemoration to conserve coastal habitats and artificial oysters were lost and over 5,000 vertical issue dedicated to Deepwater Horizon. reef systems important to many species feet of water column was exposed to oil RESTORATION FUNDING of Gulf fish, address light pollution and and/or dispersant. Investigations into National Fish and Wildlife protect important sea turtle nesting public health effects on coastal residents Foundation Gulf Environmental habitats, and protect critical rookery and responders are ongoing (US DOJ Benefit Fund (NFWF-GEBF) islands and beach nesting sites for birds. 2015; Trustees Council 2016). Background In addition to the wildlife benefits of the The oil spill triggered several criminal The National Fish and Wildlife Foun- NFWF-GEBF investments, these projects and civil suits (Figure 1), including the dation (NFWF), a nonprofit “dedicated to also have generated immediate and long- largest environmental settlement in U.S. sustaining, restoring and enhancing the term benefits to coastal communities history — $20.8 billion — on 4 April 2016 nation’s fish, wildlife, plants and habitats that rely on the natural resources that (Cruden et al. 2016), termed the “Global” for current and future generations,” has were impacted by the spill. For example, settlement. The 2016 Global settlement been a conservation leader in the Gulf several NFWF-GEBF projects provide ended all civil and criminal penalty claims of Mexico for more than two decades. restoration and protection for barrier against the owners and operators of the Following the DWH oil spill, NFWF islands, beaches and marshes that protect rig — BP, Anadarko, TransOcean and responded quickly, investing nearly $23 coastal communities from the effects of Halliburton — under the Clean Water Act million between 2010 and 2012 through hurricanes (NFWF-GEBF 2018). and the Oil Pollution Act. It also included the Recovered Oil Fund for Wildlife to The NFWF-GEBF represents one of economic damage claims submitted by the benefit the natural resources of the Gulf the first major conservation and restora- five Gulf states and their local governments Coast (NFWF-GEBF 2018). NFWF then tion funding sources that arose as a result (US DOJ 2015). The 2016 Global settle- launched the Gulf Environmental Ben- of the DWH spill. Many of the activities ment, to be paid out by BP over 15 years, efit Fund (GEBF) in 2013 in response funded by the NFWF-GEBF since 2013 was in addition to other investments and to remedial orders contained in plea Shore & Beach  Vol. 88, No. 1  Winter 2020 Page 11 government fund established in 1986 to aid in oil spill removal and damage as- sessment. In addition to creating the Gulf Coast Restoration Trust Fund, the RESTORE Act established a new federal entity — the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Council (RESTORE Council or Council). The Council includes the governors of the states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, and the secretaries of the U.S. Departments of Agriculture, Army, Commerce, Homeland Security, and the Interior, and is currently chaired by the administrator of the U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency. A total of $5.33 billion dollars resulted from 80% of the CWA penalties going to the Gulf Coast Restoration Trust Fund (from a total penalty amount of $6.659 billion [plus interest], based on CWA penalties of $1 billion [plus interest] from Transocean Deepwater Inc. and related entities; $159.5 million from Anadarko Petroleum Corporation; and $5.5 billion [plus interest] from BP). These funds are dedicated to five priorities, commonly referred to as “funding buckets”. Details of each of these buckets are listed below: Figure 1. This figure depicts n A “Direct Component,” managed a timeline showing the date, by the U.S. Treasury, for natural resource amount and location of funding allocations restoration or economic improvement resulting from the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill. Abbreviations: GOMRI = Gulf of efforts in the five Gulf states (35%, $1.86 Mexico Research Initiative; NRDA = Natural billion) (Bucket 1); Resource Damage Assessment; CWA = n A “Council Selected Restoration Clean Water Act; NFWF-GEBF = National Component” for a region-wide restora- Fish and Wildlife Foundation Gulf tion effort to restore, protect and revi- Environmental Benefit Fund; NASEM-GRP = talize the Gulf Coast according to the National Academies of Sciences, RESTORE Council’s Comprehensive Plan Engineering and Medicine, Gulf Research Program; OSLTF = Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund; NAWCF = National Wetlands Conservation Fund; (Council 2016) (30%, $1.6 billion + 50% GCRTF = Gulf Coast Restoration Trust Fund. interest) (Bucket 2); n A “Spill Impact Component” for will serve as a springboard for larger coast (Mabus 2010). Congress ultimately planning and implementing approved restoration investments and ecological passed the Resources and Ecosystem state projects, programs, and activities improvement in the Gulf in the years to Sustainability, Tourist Opportunities and (30%, $1.6 billion) (Bucket 3); come. Revived Economies of the Gulf Coast States Act (RESTORE Act) in 2012. The n The “NOAA Restore Science Pro- RESTORE Act: Restoration RESTORE Act dedicates 80% of any civil gram” for research to support the long- Background and administrative penalties paid under term sustainability of the Gulf ecosystem, On 5 October 2010, President Barack the CWA, after the date of enactment, by and the recreational, commercial, and Obama established the Gulf Coast Eco- responsible parties in connection with the charter fishing industry in the Gulf of system Restoration Task Force at the Deepwater Horizon oil spill to the Gulf Mexico (2.5%, $133.3 million + 25% recommendation of Ray Mabus, then Coast Restoration Trust Fund (GCRTF) interest) (Bucket 4); (Discussed under Secretary of the Navy and former Gov- for ecosystem restoration, economic “Research Funding”) and, ernor of the State of Mississippi (Mabus recovery, and tourism promotion in the n Establishing “Centers of Excellence” 2010). Secretary Mabus also recom- Gulf Coast region (RESTORE Act 2012). in each Gulf state through competitive mended that Congress dedicate Clean The remaining 20% (or $1.33 billion) subawards to nongovernmental orga- Water Act (CWA) civil penalties collected went to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund nizations and academic institutions in as a result of the DWH spill to the Gulf (listed as “OSLTF” in Figure 1), a general

Page 12 Shore & Beach  Vol. 88, No. 1  Winter 2020 the Gulf for science, monitoring, and “framework agreement” which BP termed matic damage assessment and restoration technology (2.5%, $133.3 million + 25% “Early Restoration” (Figure 1). BP made plan and programmatic environmental interest) (Bucket 5) (Discussed under $1 billion available for restoration projects impact statement in 2016 to restore the “Research Funding”). and planning to begin restoring injured Gulf and allocate funds from the settle- resources while injury and damage assess- ment with BP (Trustees Council 2016). Accomplishments ment was ongoing (with no agreement yet This document set five goals: The variety of funding types available on a final settlement). This was the first through the RESTORE Act has resulted in n Restore and conserve habitat: $4.7 agreement of its type in the history of the multiple areas of restoration accomplish- billion damage assessment in the United States. ments, but is also limited by the 15-year Seven trustees — the five Gulf states, the n Restore water quality: $410 million timeline of the BP payout (e.g. not eligible U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) and for large lump-sum investments). The n Replenish and protect coastal living the National Oceanographic and Atmo- U.S. Treasury has awarded more than resources: $1.8 billion spheric Administration (NOAA) — col- $335 million to activities in the five Gulf laboratively worked together, with public n Provide and enhance recreational states via Direct Component funding involvement, to select and implement opportunities: $420 million (Bucket 1) (U.S. Department of Treasury projects with the $1 billion from Early 2019). These funds have gone towards the n Restoration funding resulting in five draft Monitoring, adaptive management planning and implementation of activi- and final Early Restoration plans. (The and oversight: $1.5 billion ties such as stormwater and wastewater Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] improvement, county resiliency planning, Since the Global settlement, each TIG and the U.S. Department of Agriculture coral reef restoration, as well as several has been working to finalize restoration [USDA] were later added as trustees.) education and economic development plans and implement projects that will projects. In April 2016, there was a final DWH restore the natural resources injured by consent decree where BP agreed to pay the DWH spill. As of December 2018, the The RESTORE Council has awarded the DWH Trustee Council up to $8.8 bil- TIGs had expended approximately $555.3 more than $250 million for projects and lion (US DOJ 2016, this includes the $1 million for restoration activities (Trustees programs across the five Gulf States billion allocated in Early Restoration, and Council 2019a). The Trustees have been through its two funding buckets (Bucket $7.1 billion for restoration to be paid out working to implement similar restora- 2 and 3) (Council 2019a). To date, these over 15 years). In addition, up to an ad- tion type projects across the broad ge- activities have resulted in the conserva- ditional $700 million will be provided for ographies of the Gulf of Mexico through tion of almost 7,500 acres of coastal adaptive management and to respond to coordinated and leveraged restoration habitat, the restoration of more than 3 natural resource damages unknown at the activities. In addition, the Trustees con- 1,800 acres of wetlands, and provided time of the consent decree. Following the tinue to develop project-level guidelines funding for multiple restoration plan- Global settlement, the Trustee Council for monitoring and adaptive manage- ning studies, monitoring coordination, established seven restoration areas of fo- ment of their funded projects (Trustees and education and engagement activities cus, and a Trustee Implementation Group Council 2019b). Assessment and restora- (Council 2019b). (TIG) for each area. The restoration areas tion data generated by NRDA TIGs are available through the Data Integration, Natural Resources Damages include each of the five Gulf states, plus 2 Visualization, Exploration, and Reporting Assessment and Restoration Program region-wide and the open ocean. (DIVER) and Environmental Response Background Ⓡ Accomplishments Management Application (ERMA ) The oil spill also triggered a multi- Early Restoration activities under tools.4 A Cross-TIG Monitoring and agency, multi-government regulatory NRDA were intended to accelerate the Adaptive Management work group with administrative process known as a natural restoration of natural resources injured by representation by the nine Trustees was resource damages assessment (NRDA). the DWH spill, but not fully compensate established in part to synthesize and Under the Oil Pollution Act, the NRDA the public for all resulting injuries and evaluate monitoring information across process has the goal of restoring natural losses. Sixty-five projects with a total TIGs (Trustees Council 2019c). resources and services to the condition cost of approximately $877 million were they would have been had the oil spill not selected by Early Restoration, intended RESEARCH FUNDING occurred (H.R. 1465 1990). This process to partially address injuries to nearshore Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative involves assessing the extent of harm resources, birds, fish, sea turtles, and (GOMRI) to natural resources, and the amount recreational (Trustees Council 2016). Background of money necessary to fund projects to These projects included coastal habitat Approximately one month after the oil replace or restore those resources and the restoration, resource-specific restoration, spill began, while oil was still pouring into services they provide (H.R. 1465 1990). education, and infrastructure projects. the Gulf of Mexico, BP voluntarily com- The natural resource damage assessment mitted $500 million over 10 years to initi- and restoration process is implemented Following a five-year evaluation of the ate a research program primarily focused by federal, state, and tribal natural re- damage, the Trustees issued a program- 3) Project level information, reports, and download- 1 source “trustees” acting on behalf of the 1) Trustees are selected by the President and the able data are available at www.gulfspillrestoration. public. governors of the relevant states. 33 U.S.C. 2706(b). noaa.gov. On 20 April 2011 (one year after the 2) Details regarding funding allocation and restora- 4) Additional information and searchable data avail- tion areas are available at https://www.gulfspillres- able at https://www.diver.orr.noaa.gov, and https:// date of the spill), the government came to a toration.noaa.gov/restoration-areas. erma.noaa.gov/gulfofmexico/erma.html. Shore & Beach  Vol. 88, No. 1  Winter 2020 Page 13 on funding researchers in the five Gulf In addition to establishing an un- the program granted approximately $25 states (Figure 1). The program, the Gulf precedented source of research data and million through 25 awards as well as 19 of Mexico Research Initiative (GOMRI), analysis for Gulf of Mexico habitats, fellowships, and in 2018 the program administered by the Gulf of Mexico GOMRI has also funded public outreach funded 50 grants totaling almost $20 Alliance, has 20 board members and is efforts to translate and communicate re- million with 30 fellowships. Since its completely independent of BP. GOMRI search findings to local communities, and inception, the program has funded over objectives include the investigation of trained the next generation of scientists $62 million total in research and fellow- the impacts of the oil and dispersants across the Gulf and beyond. ships (DWH Project Tracker 2020). In on the ecosystems of the Gulf within the addition, the NASEM-GRP has funded National Academies of Sciences, context of improving our fundamental several consensus studies to help inform Engineering and Medicine Gulf understanding of the dynamics of oil their work and advance their goals. In Research Program (NASEM GRP) spills and the associated environmental 2018, the program funded studies to stresses and public health implications Background improve understanding of community (GOMRI 2019a). The National Academies of Sciences, resilience, chemical dispersant use in oil Engineering and Medicine Gulf Research spill response, effective mentoring, the Accomplishments Program (NASEM-GRP) was funded coupled natural-human system, and the Moving into 2020, the 10-year re- $500 million total from two criminal Gulf of Mexico Loop Current System search program will be sunsetting in the settlements in 2013 (Figure 1) to enhance (NASEM-GRP 2018). near future. GOMRI has made significant offshore energy system safety, human accomplishments in eight Core Areas: health, and environmental resources Because of the diverse nature of the in the Gulf of Mexico region and other program, the NASEM-GRP supports n Core Area 1: Plume & Circulation U.S. outer continental shelf regions that interdisciplinary research and engages Observations & Modeling support offshore energy production. The a wide variety of researchers from aca- n Core Area 2: Fate of Oil & Weath- settlement funds are to be expended over demic, industry, government, and non- ering: Biological & Physical-Chemical a 30-year time period. profits. The program also has robust data Degradation management and delivery requirements Four initiatives advance the Gulf Re- ensuring that all funded grants make n Core Area 3: Ecological/Ecosystem search Program: all data publicly available in approved Impacts n Healthy Ecosystems repositories. Given the 30(+) year life- n Core Area 4: Human Health and span of the NASEM-GRP, the program n Thriving Communities Socioeconomic Impacts will continue to play a critical role in n training future scientists and supporting n Safer Offshore Energy Systems Core Area 5: Ecosystem Services, interdisciplinary research and activities n Human Health and Socioeconomic Capacity Building that advance oil systems safety, commu- Impacts The NASEM-GRP advances these nity resilience, and healthy ecosystems in n Core Area 6: Microbiology, Metage- initiatives through grant opportunities, the Gulf for several decades. nomics & Bioinformatics fellowship programs, consensus studies, RESTORE Act: Research and collaboration and outreach efforts. n Core Area 7: Integrated/Linked Background The NASEM-GRP includes an Advisory Modeling System As mentioned above, a total of $5.3 Board of 20-25 appointed experts that billion dollars resulted from 80 percent n Core Area 8: Knowledge Exchange provide intellectual and strategic leader- of the CWA penalties going to the Gulf with User Communities: Lessons Learned ship to the NASEM-GRP staff and fellows Coast Ecosystem Restoration Trust Fund. and Operational Advice (NASEM-GRP 2018). In addition to on-the-ground restora- GOMRI has funded almost $400 mil- Accomplishments tion planning and implementation, the lion in research, brought together over In 2014 the NASEM-GRP developed RESTORE Act allocated funding for 2,500 scientists, has produced over 1,000 a strategic vision to guide its future in research and innovation via the NOAA peer-reviewed journal publications, and implementing the program (NASEM- RESTORE Science Program and Centers resulted in over 2,100 datasets all made GRP 2014). By 2015, the program began of Excellence funding (Buckets 4 and 5): publicly available through the Gulf of implementing the vision and granted The NOAA RESTORE Science Pro- Mexico Research Initiative Information over $6.5 million through investments gram for research to support the long- and Data Cooperative (GRIIDC) (GOM- in capacity building and exploratory, term sustainability of the Gulf ecosystem, RI 2019b). GOMRI founded GRIIDC synthesis, capacity building, research- and the recreational, commercial, and with the requirement that all GOMRI- practice, and research and development charter fishing industry in the Gulf of funded research data is uploaded and grants. The program continued increas- Mexico (2.5%, $133.3 million + 25% available to other researchers and the ing research investments in 2016, includ- interest) (Bucket 4); and public, becoming a resource to many ing a joint venture with the Robert Wood around the Gulf of Mexico and the world. Johnson Foundation to enhance commu- Establishing “Centers of Excellence” GRIIDC also accepts data from other nity resilience, as well as 20 fellowships to in each Gulf state through competitive funded research programs. GRIIDC is advance early career scientists. In 2017, subawards to nongovernmental orga- currently a repository for almost 2,700 5) Additional information and searchable data nizations and academic institutions in datasets from 292 research groups.5 available at https://data.gulfresearchinitiative.org. the Gulf for science, monitoring, and

Page 14 Shore & Beach  Vol. 88, No. 1  Winter 2020 technology (2.5%, $133.3 million + 25% realized. These collaborative efforts have ment Inventory of Existing Water Quality interest) (Bucket 5). been particularly active in working to Monitoring, Habitat Monitoring, and align monitoring and data management Mapping Program Metadata in the Gulf Accomplishments efforts in the Gulf. Below we highlight a of Mexico. This inventory integrated and Beginning in 2015, the NOAA RE- few of these efforts. expanded upon existing monitoring da- STORE Science Program has conducted tabases (i.e. Ocean Conservancy, Global The Gulf of Mexico Restoration and three funding competitions which have Change Monitoring Portal, and GOMA) Science Program Coordination Forum provided $35 million to 26 teams of to develop a more comprehensive direc- (GRSP), chaired by the NOAA RESTORE researchers and resource managers for tory of active and inactive monitoring and Science Program, serves as a venue for activities aimed to support the science mapping programs in the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf science programs to communicate and coordination necessary for a bet- Ultimately the information collected will on-going and future activities and pro- ter understanding and management of be made publicly accessible via a geo- mote coordination of joint activities that the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem (NOAA referenced, quality assured and controlled address shared issues across program RESTORE 2019). These teams and their inventory of key water quality and habitat (NOAA RESTORE 2018). The Coor- projects were selected using a competitive monitoring metadata for Gulf programs. dination Forum also publishes an an- selection process that includes review by This feature is planned for completion in nual funding calendar that consolidates panels of outside experts, and feedback 2020 (NOAA and USGS 2019). from resource managers and other end planned funding opportunities across all users (NOAA RESTORE 2018). Col- DWH programs.6 CONCLUSIONS lectively, these awards demonstrate the According to the Deepwater Horizon The DWH Long Term Data Manage- NOAA RESTORE Science Program’s Project Tracker Tool8 which tracks all ment (LTDM) Coordination working commitment to producing timely and reported restoration, conservation, and group was established in 2017 to foster high-quality scientific findings and science funding investments since the collaboration, data sharing and best products to support the management DWH oil spill, over 1,200 projects have management practices among the many and sustainability of the Gulf of Mexico been implemented totaling over $4 bil- groups working in coastal restoration ecosystem, including its fisheries. lion and leveraging over $500 million and research in the Gulf of Mexico. This (DWH Project Tracker 2020). This is a The RESTORE Act Centers of Ex- working group is facilitated by the Coastal significant investment considering the cellence (COE) have research grant Research Response Center at the Univer- “Global” settlement was in 2016 and is programs stood up in Texas, Louisiana, sity of New Hampshire in partnership limited by a 15-year payout from BP (the Mississippi, Alabama and Florida. While with National Oceanic and Atmospheric final payment is scheduled in 2032). By each state is allocated $26.66 million in Administration (NOAA).7 2032 it is expected that more than $17.5 settlement funds for the COE (subject In 2015, the RESTORE Council billion will have been made available for to the BP payout), every state’s COE is funded the Council Monitoring and restoration, conservation, and science to slightly different, for example there are Assessment Program (CMAP). CMAP, the Gulf of Mexico (this number does two established in Texas. The research which is administered jointly by NOAA not include the economic settlements). grant programs are set up to essentially and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), While much has been accomplished 10 support each state in filling research funded activities that include the develop- years post-spill, the Gulf of Mexico is still gaps related to their restoration and ment of basic, foundational components at the early stages of post-DWH recovery. management decisions around the Gulf for Gulf-wide monitoring to measure Significant governance challenges – mul- of Mexico. Up until now, 50 grants have beneficial impacts of investments in tiple responsible parties, settlements, and been funded in the five states totaling Gulf restoration by the Council (Council decision-making entities — have been more than $14.5 million and leverag- 2015). The program, in coordination with met with a willing community around the ing more than $350,000 (DWH Project the Gulf of Mexico Alliance (GOMA) Gulf of Mexico to coordinate and be good Tracker 2020). and through collaboration with the Gulf stewards of the funding and opportunity SCIENCE COOPERATION AND states, federal and local partners, aca- presented. Continued accomplishments COORDINATION ACROSS demia, non-governmental organizations, in restoration and science are expected FUNDING STREAMS AND and business and industry, has leveraged to be significant over the coming 10 years ORGANIZATIONS existing resources, capacities, and exper- as funds are made available, moving the While each of the organizations and tise and builds on existing monitoring Gulf of Mexico towards recovery from agencies funded as a result of the DWH data and programs. One of the highlights the spill. In addition, the lessons learned oil spill settlement are addressing differ- of the CMAP project is the development in research, restoration and multi-agency ent research and restoration needs in the of the Council Monitoring and Assess- coordination through DWH funded Gulf of Mexico, all of the funding agencies 6) Available at https://restoreactscienceprogram. activities can provide lasting benefits to described here have taken part in active noaa.gov/funding-opportunities/funding-oppor- other large-scale, multi-agency efforts, cooperation and collaboration efforts to tunities-2019-2021. restoration or otherwise, in the Gulf ensure DWH funds are leveraged, and 7) Additional information on this working group region and beyond for decades to come. the potential for this funding is fully available at https://crrc.unh.edu/data_management as well as elsewhere in this Journal issue. 8) Available at: https://dwhprojecttracker.org/.

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