Kolkata metropolitan area pdf

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(previous page) (next page) Metropolitan Region Abhirampur Agarpara Alipur, Jaynagar Amodghata Amtala Andul Ankurhati Argari Ariadaha Asuti Baguiati Baharu Baidyabati Balaram Pota Balarampur, Budge Budge Bally, Bally-Jagachha Bally, Howrah Bamangachhi Bamunari Bandel Bangur Avenue Bankra Bansberia Banupur Baranagar Barasat Barkalikapur Barrackpore Barrackpur Cantonment Baruipur Baruipur (CT) Belepole Belur, benjanhari Acharial Bhadrakali, Hooghly Bhadreswar, Hooghly Bhandardaha Bhangar Raghunathpur Bhasa, Bishnupur Bhatpara Bhattanagar Bidhannagar Bidyadharpur Bijpur , North 24 Parganas Bipra Noapara Birati Birlapur Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas Bora Gagangohalia Bowali Brahmapur, West Bengal Budge Budge Buita Calcutta Riverside Chak Baria Chak Enayetnagar Chak Kashipur Chakapara Champahati Champdani Chamrail Chandannagar Chanddandaha Chata Kalikapur Chinsurah Dakshin Jhapardaha Dakshin Rajyadharpur Dakshin Ray Sonarpur Bishnupur Debanandapur Dharmapur, West Bengal Dhuilya Dum Dum Dum Dum Park Dunlop , Kolkata Durganagar, Kolkata Duttapukur Eksara Ganye Gangadharpur Garia , Baruipur Garshyamnagar Garulia Gayespur Ghola, North 24 Parganas Ghoshpara Bally Ghusuri Gobindapur, Bhangar Gondalpara Halisahar Hanspukuria Hariharpur, Baruipur Harinavi Hatgachha Hatiara Howrah Hridaypur Hugli-Chuchura Ichapore Jagacha Jagadishpur Jagatdal Jaynagar Majilpur Jhorhat Joka, Kolkata Kai khali Kalara Kalikapur Barasat Kalikapur, Sonarpur Kalua, Maheshtala Kalyani, West Bengal Kamalgazi Kamarhati Kanaipur Kanchrapara Kanganbaria Kantlia Kanyanagar Keota , Hooghly Kesabpur, Kestopur Khalia Khantora Khardaha Khodar Bazar Kodalia Komarhat Konnagar Kriparampur Kulihanda Lake Town , Kolkata Liluah Madhyamgram Maheshtala Mahiari Makardaha Mallikpur Manikpur, West Bengal Mankundu Maricha, Bhangar Mourigram Nabagram Colony Nadabhanga Nagerbazar Nahazari Naihati Naldanga, Hooghly Nalpur Narendrapur Naridana Natibpur Nawabganj, North 24 Parganas New Barrackpore New Town, Kolkata Nibra Nimta Nischintapur, Budge Budge Noapara, Baranagar Northpur North Dum Dum Nun , North 24 Parganas Panchghara, Baruipur Panchpara Panihati Patharberia Patulia Petua Pilkhana, West Bengal Poali Podrah Pujali Radhanagar , Sonarpur Raghudebbati Raghunathpur (PS-Dankuni) Rahara, Kolkata Raigachhi Rajarhat Rajpur Sonarpur Ramchandrapur, Maheshtala Ramchandrapur, Sonarpur Ramchandrapur, West Bengal Rameswarpur, Maheshtala Ramkrishnapur, Bishnupur Raynagar Rishra Rishra Rishra, Sreerampur Utpara Sahaganj Sahebpur Salap (previous page) Retrieved from 2 This category has only the following subcategory. • Neighborhoods in Howrah (16 P) The following 30 pages are in this category, out of about 231 in total. This list may not reflect recent changes (for more information). (previous page) (next page) Salkia Samali Sankrail Santoshpur, Uluberia Saptagram Sarenga Sarsuna Serampore Shankhanagar Sheoraphuli Shyamnagar, West Bengal Simla, West Bengal Sodepur Solgohalia South Dum Dum Subhashgram Sukchar Teghoria Tentulkuli Tikiapara Titagarh Tribeni Hooghly Uluberia Uttar Durgapur Uttar Pirpur Uttar Raypur Uttarpara Uttarpar Uttarparutta (previous page) (next page For more uses, see Calcutta (Disambiguation) and Kolkata (Disambiguation). Megacity in West Bengal, IndiaKolkataCalcuttaMegacityClockwise from above: Victoria Memorial, St. Paul's Cathedral, Central Business District, Rabindra Setu, City Tram Line, Vidyasagar SetuNickname(s): Cultural Capital of India[1]KolkataLocation in West Bengal, IndiaMap of KolkataKolkataKolkata (West Bengal)Map of West Bengal KolkataKolkata (India)Map of IndiaKolkataKolkata (Asia) Map of AsiaKolkataKolkata (Earth)Map of AsiaKolkataKolkata (Earth)View map of earthViewCoordinates:: 22°34'21'N 88°21'50'E / 22.5726°N 88.3639°E / 22.5726; 88.3639Coordinates: 22°34'21'N 88°21'50'E / 22.5726°N 88.3639°E / 22.5726; 88.3639Country IndiaState West BengalDivisionPresidencyDistrictKolkata[2][3][4][5][6][A]Government • TypeMunicipal Corporation • BodyKolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) • MayorFirhad Hakim (AITC) • SheriffMani Shankar Mukherjee • Police commissionerAnuj Sharma, IPSArea[7] [8] • Megacity206.08 km2 (79.151 sq mi) • Metro1,886.67 km2 (728.45 sq mi)Elevation9 m (30 ft)Population (2011)[7][9] • Megacity4,496,694 • Rank7th • Density22,000/km2 (57,000/sq mi) • Metro[10][11] 14,112,53614,617,882 (Extended UA) • Metro rank3rdDemonymsKolkatan CalcuttanLanguages • OfficialBengali • English[12] • Additional officialHindi • Urdu • Nepali • Odia • Santali • Punjabi • Kamtapuri • Rajbanshi • Kurmali[12]Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)ZIP code(s)700 xxxArea code(s)+91-33Vehicle registrationWB-01 to WB-10UN/LOCODEIN CCUMetro GDP/PPP$60–$150 billion[13]HDI (2004) 0.78[14] (High)Websitekmcgov.in ^ The Kolkata metropolitan area also includes portions of North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas , Howrah, Nadia and Hooghly districts. See: Urban structure. This article contains Bengali text. Without proper rendering support, question marks, boxes, or other Kolkata (/k'l'ké/[15] or /k'l'k't/,[16] Bengali: [kolkata] (listen), also known as Calcutta /k'l'kékét/,[16] the official name until 2001) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal, located on the eastern bank of the , about 80 kilometers west of the border with Bangladesh. It is the main business, trade and financial centre of East India and the main communication port for the North-East Indian states[17] and has the third largest urban economy in India. [13] According to the 2011 Indian Census, Kolkata is the seventh most populous city in India, with 4.5 million inhabitants within the city limits and a population of more than 14.1 million people in the Kolkata metropolitan area, making it the third most populous metropolitan area in India. The port of Calcutta is India's oldest operating port and the only major river port. Calcutta is known as the Cultural Capital of India for the historical and architectural importance of the city. [1] In the late 17th century, the three villages that preceded Calcutta were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal Suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading license in 1690,[18] the area was expanded by the company into an increasingly fortified trading post. Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Calcutta in 1756, and the East India Company recaptured it the following year. In 1793, the East Indian company was strong enough to abolish rule and assumed full sovereignty of the region. Under corporate rule and later under the , Calcutta served as the capital of Britain-held territories in India until 1911, when its perceived geographical disadvantages, combined with growing nationalism in Bengal, led to a relocation of the capital to New Delhi. Calcutta was the center of the Indian independence movement. After independence in 1947, Calcutta, once the center of Indian trade, culture, and politics, suffered from decades of political violence and economic stagnation. [19] The culture of Calcutta is a demographically diverse city and offers peculiarities that include unmistakably tightly knit neighborhoods (paras) and freestyle conversations (adda). Kolkata is home to West Bengal's Film Industry Tollywood and cultural institutions such as the Academy of Fine Arts, the Victoria Memorial, , the Indian Museum and the National Library of India. Among the scientific institutions, Kolkata is home to the Agri Horticultural Society of India, the Geological Survey of India, the Botanical Survey of India, the Calcutta Mathematical Society, the Indian Science Congress Association, the Zoological Survey of India, the Institution of Engineers, the Anthropological India and the Indian Public Health Association. Four Nobel laureates and two Nobel laureates are associated the city. [20] Although Kolkata is home to the most important cricket venues and franchises, it differs from other Indian cities in that it focuses on football and other sports. Etymology Main Article: Etymology of Calcutta The word Kolkata (Bengali: [Akolkata]) derives from the city (Bengali: [K'likata]), the Bengali name of one of the three villages that preceded the arrival of the British in the area where the city was finally founded; the other two villages were and Govindapur. [21] There are several explanations for the etymology of this name: Kolikata is believed to be a variation of Kalikkhetré (Bengali: কালীে, which means field [of the goddess] Kali. It can also be a variation of 'Kalikshetra' (Sanskrit: कालीे, lit. area of the goddess Kali). Another theory is that the name derives from . [22] Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila (Bengali: ) or flat area. [23] The name may have its origin in the words khal (Bengali: খাল )), which means channel, followed by Kaa (Bengali: কাটা [ˈkaʈa]), which can mean dug. [24] According to another theory, the area specialized in the production of Quicklime or koli chun (Bengali: চু ন) and coir or kata (Bengali: [Kata]); therefore it was called Kolikata). [23] Although the name of the city was always pronounced kolkata or in Bengali, the anglitized form of Calcutta was the official name until 2001, when it was changed to Kolkata to reflect the Bengali pronunciation. [25] History Main article: Fort William, seat of the British East India Company British colonial rule The discovery and archaeological investigation of Chandraketugarh, 35 kilometers north of Calcutta, prove that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited for more than two millennia. [26] [27] Kolkata's recorded history began in 1690 with the arrival of the English East India Company, which consolidated its trading business in Bengal. , an administrator who worked for the company, was formerly known as the founder of the city; [28] In response to a public petition[29], the Supreme Court of Calcutta ruled in 2003 that the city does not have a founder. [30] The area occupied by the present city comprised three villages: Kalikata, Gobindapur and Sutanuti. Kalikata was a fishing village; Sutanuti was a fishing village on the riverbank. They were part of an estate of the Mughal Emperor; the Jagirdari (a land grant granted by a king to his nobles) were held tax rights to the villages by the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family of landowners, or Zamindare. This were transferred to the East India Company in 1698. [31]:1 [31]:1 In 1712, the British completed the construction of Fort William on the east bank of the Hooghly River to protect their commercial factory. [32] Faced with frequent skirmishes with French forces, the British began modernizing their fortifications in 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, condemned the militarization and tax evasion by the company. His warning went unheeded, and the Nawab attacked; He conquered Fort William, which led to the assassination of several East Indian company representatives in the . [33] A force of company soldiers and British troops led by recaptured the city the following year. [33] After the Treaty of Allahabad of 1765 after the Battle of Buxar, the East Indian company was appointed imperial tax collector of the Mughal Emperor in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, while the Mughal-appointed Nawabs continued to rule the province. [34] Calcutta was declared the seat of the East India Company in 1773. [35] In 1793, the rule of the Nawabs was abolished and the East Indian company took full control of the city and the province. In the early 19th century, the swamps surrounding the city were drained; The government area was built along the banks of the Hooghly River. Richard Wellesley, Governor-General of fort William between 1797 and 1805, was instrumental in the development of the city and its public architecture. [36] In the late 18th and 19th centuries, the city was a center of the East India Company's opium trade. [37] A census in 1837 recorded the population of the city with 229,700 inhabitants, of which the British were only 3,138 inhabitants. [38] The same source says that another 177,000 lived in the suburbs and neighboring villages, making the entire population of the great Calcutta 406,700. In 1864, a typhoon hit the city, killing about 60,000 people in Calcutta. [39] The panoramic view of Calcutta from the Shaheed Minar (Octerlony Monument), 1832, drawn by Jacob Janssen In the 1850s, Calcutta had two areas: White Town, which was mainly British and focused on chowringhee and Dalhousie Square; and Black Town, mainly Indian and centered on North Calcutta. [40] The city experienced rapid industrial growth from the early 1850s, especially in the textile and jute industries; This encouraged British companies to invest heavily in infrastructure projects, including Telegraph links and Howrah station. The coalescence of British and Indian culture led to the emergence of a new Babu class of urban Indians, whose members were often bureaucrats, professionals, newspaper readers and Anglophiles; they were usually part of Hindu communities of the upper [41] In the 19th century, the led to increased socio-cultural sophistication City dwellers. In 1883, the first national conference of the Indian National Association, India's first self-confessed nationalist organization, was held in Calcutta. [42] Bengali billboards on Harrison Street. Calcutta was the largest trading center in British India. Map of Calcutta, ca 1914 The division of Bengal in 1905 according to religious lines led to mass protests, which made Calcutta a less hospitable place for the British. [43] In 1911, the capital was moved to New Delhi. [45] Calcutta remained a center of revolutionary organizations associated with the Indian independence movement. The city and its port were bombed several times by the Japanese between 1942 and 1944, during World War II. [46] [47] Simultaneously with the war, millions of people starved to death during the famine in Bengal in 1943 due to a combination of military, administrative and natural factors. [48] Calls for the creation of a Muslim state led to an episode of communal violence in 1946, in which more than 4,000 people were killed. [49] [50] [51] The led to further clashes and demographic change – many Muslims moved to (now Bangladesh), while hundreds of thousands of Hindus fled to the city. [52] In the 1960s and 1970s, severe power outages, strikes, and a violent Marxist-Maoist movement of groups known as Naxalites damaged much of the city's infrastructure, leading to economic stagnation. [19] The Bangladesh liberation war in 1971 led to a massive influx of thousands of refugees, many of them destitified, straining Calcutta's infrastructure. In the mid-1980s, Mumbai (then Bombay) overtook Calcutta as India's most populous city. In 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi called Kolkata a dying city in the face of his socio-political problems. [54] In 1977-2011, West Bengal was ruled from Calcutta by the Left Front, which was dominated by the Communist Party of India (CPM). It was the longest-serving democratically elected communist government in the world, in which Kolkata was an important base for Indian communism. [55] [56] In the 2011 elections to the Legislative Assembly in West Bengal, the Left Front lost to the Trinamool Congress. The city's economic recovery picked up after the 1990s, when India began to introduce market-friendly reforms. Since 2000, the it-tech services sector has revived Kolkata's stagnating economy. The city's production base is also growing significantly. [58] Geography Main article: Geography of the skyline of Calcutta of Calcutta from Howrah Aerial view of the skyline of Calcutta, of the Victoria Memorial and distribution approximately north-south along the east bank of the Hooghly River, Kolkata lies in the lower Ganges delta of east India about 75 km west of the international border with Bangladesh; the height of the city is 1.5-9 m m A large part of the city was originally a wetland, which was reclaimed over the decades to accommodate a burgeoning population. [60] The undeveloped areas known as East Kolkata Wetlands were designated by the Ramsar Convention (1975) as a wetland of international importance. [61] As with most indo-Gangetic Plain, soil and water are predominantly of pre-flood origin. Kolkata is located above the Bengal Basin, a periccatorian tertiary basin. [62] The Bengal basin consists of three units: shelf or platform in the west; central hinge or shelf/slope break; and deep basin part in the east and southeast. Kolkata is located on the western part of the hinge zone, which is about 25 km wide at a depth of about 45,000 m (148,000 ft) below the surface. [62] The shelf and hinge zones have many errors, some of which are active. The total thickness of the sediment below Calcutta is almost 7,500 m (24,600 ft) above the crystalline cellar; of these, the Supreme is 350-450 m (1,150-1,480 ft) Quaternary, followed by 4,500-5,500 m (14,760-18,040 ft) of tertiary sediments, 500-700 m (1,640-2,300 ft) trap washing of chalk traps and 600-800 m (1,970-2,620 ft) permian carboniferous Gondwana rocks. [62] The quaternary sediments consist of clay, silt and several varieties of sand and gravel. These sediments are sandwiched between two clay beds: the lower one at a depth of 250-650 m (820-2,130 ft); the upper 10-40 m (30-130 ft) thickness. [63] According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the city is in the order of I to V to increase the vulnerability to earthquakes, within the earthquake zone III. [64] Urban structure The Kolkata metropolitan area covers 1,886.67 km2 and from 2011 includes 4 municipal authorities (including Kolkata Municipal Corporation), 37 local communities and 24 Panchayat samitis. [65]:7 In 2006, the urban agglomeration comprised 72 cities and 527 towns and villages. [66] The suburbs of Kolkata include parts of the following districts: North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly and Nadia. [67]:15 Calcutta, which is under the authority of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), has an area of 206.08 km2. [66] The east-west dimension of the city is comparatively narrow and extends from the Hooghly River in the west to the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass in the east – a span of 9-10 km. [68] The north-south distance is larger and its axis is used to divide the city into north, central, south and east Calcutta. Satellite view of Calcutta North Calcutta is the oldest part of the city. It is characterized by 19th century architecture and narrow streets and includes areas such as Jorasanko, Rajabazar, Maniktala, Ultadanga, , Bagbazar, Cossipore, Cossipore, Etc. The northern suburbs such as Dum Dum, Baranagar, Belgharia, Sodepur, Khardaha, New Barrackpore, Madhyamgram, Barrackpore, Barasat, etc. are also located within the city of Kolkata (as a metropolitan structure). [67]:65-66 Central Kolkata is home to the central business district. It contains B.B.D. Bagh, formerly known as Dalhousie Square, and the Esplanade to the east; Strand Road is located to the west. [69] The West Bengal Secretariat, the General Post Office, the Reserve Bank of India, the , the Lalbazar Police Headquarters and several other government and private offices are located there. Another business centre is the area south of Park Street, which includes thoroughfares such as Chowringhee Road, Camac Street, Wood Street, Loudon Street, Shakespeare Sarani and AJC Bose Road. [70] South Limestone developed after India's independence in 1947; It includes upscale neighborhoods such as Bhawanipore, Alipore, Ballygunge, Kasba, Dhakuria, Santoshpur, Garia, Golf Green, Tollygunge, New Alipore, Behala etc. The southern suburbs such as Maheshtala, Budge Budge, Rajpur Sonarpur, Baruipur, etc. are also located within the city of Kolkata (as a metropolitan area). [21] The Maidan is a large open field in the heart of the city, known as the lung of Calcutta,[71] and home to sporting events and public gatherings. [72] The Victoria Memorial and Kolkata Race Course are located at the southern end of Maidan. Other parks include Central Park in Bidhannagar and Millennium Park on Strand Road on the Hooghly River. Two planned townships in the Kolkata region are Bidhannagar, also known as Salt Lake City and northeast of the city; and Rajarhat, also called Neustadt and located east of Bidhannagar. [21] [73] In the 2000s, Sector V in Bidhannagar developed into a business center for IT and telecommunications companies. [74] [75] Both Bidhannagar and Neustadt are outside the borders of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation in their own municipalities. [73] Climate main article: Climate of CalcuttaKolkata is subject to a tropical wet-and-dry climate, which is called aw under the Köppen climate classification. According to a report by the United Nations Development Programme, the wind and cyclone zone is very high as a very high risk of damage. [64] Temperature The average annual temperature is 26.8 °C; monthly average temperatures of 19-30 °C. The summers (March-June) are hot and humid, with temperatures in the low 30s Celsius; In dry periods, maximum temperatures in May and June are often above 40 °C. [76] Winter lasts about two and a half months, with seasonal lows dropping to 9-11 °C (48-52 °F) in December and January. May is with daytime temperatures from 27 to 37 °C hottest month; The coldest month of the year is from 12 to 23 °C. ℃. highest measured temperature is 43.9 °C (111.0 °F), and the lowest is 5 °C (41 °F). [76] Winter is mild and the weather is very pleasant at this time of year. The city is often hit by heavy rains or dusty storm gusts in April to June, followed by thunderstorms or hail showers that bring cooling relief to the prevailing humidity. These thunderstorms are convectionive and locally known as kal béishakhi (কালৈবশাখী) or Nor'westers in English. [77] Rain rain soaks brought through the Bay of Bengalbranch of the southwestern summer monsoon[78] Lashes Kolkata between June and September, supplying it with most of its annual rainfall of about 1,850 mm (73 in). The highest monthly rainfall occurs in July and August. During these months, incessant rain often brings life for days to a stable for the city's inhabitants. The city receives 2,107 hours of sunshine per year, with maximum solar radiation in April. [79] Kolkata was hit by several hurricanes; These include systems from 1737 and 1864, which killed thousands. [80] [81] In 2009, the severe Cyclone Aila and in 2020 the extremely severe Cyclone Amphan caused extensive damage in Calcutta by bringing catastrophic winds and torrential rains. climate data for Calcutta (Alipore) 1981-2010, extreme 1901-2012 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr Jun Jul Sep Sep Oct Oct Nov Dec Year Record High °C (°F) 32.8(91.0) 38.4(101.1) 41.1(106.0) 43.3(109.9)) 43.7 (110.7) 43.9 (111.0) 39.9 (103.8) 38.4 (101.1) 38.9 (102.0) 39.0 (102.2) 34.9 (9 4.8 32.5 (90.5) 43.9 (111.0) Mean simonermaximum °C (°F) 29.8 (85.6) 33.5 (92.3) 37.4 (99.3) 38.5 (101.3) 38,3 8(101.8) 38.0(100.4) 35.9(96.6) 35.0(95.0) 35.3 (95.5) 35.1 (95.2) 32.9 (91.2) 29.8( 85.6) 39.8 (103.6) Average high °C (°F) 25.8 (78.4) 29.2 (84.6) 33.5 (92.3) 35.3 (95.5) 35.3 (95.5) 33.8 (92.8) 32.4 (90.90.9 3) 32.2(90.0) 32.4(90.3) 32.2(90.0) 30.1 (86.2) 27.0 (80.6) 31.6 (88.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 20.0 (68.0) 23.6 (7 4.5 28.0(82.4) 30.4(86.7) 30.9 (87.6) 30.4 (86.7) 29.4 (84.9) 29.3 (84.7) 29.2(84.6) 28.1 (82.6) 25.0 (77.7 0 21.2(70.2) 27.1 (80.8) Average low °C (°F) 14.1 (57.4) 17.8 (64.0) 22.4 (72.3) 25.3 (77.5) 26.4 (79.5) 26.8 (80.2) 26.5 (79.7) 26.4 (79.5) 26.0 (78.8) 24.1 (75.4) 19.7 (67.5) 15.2 (59.4) 22.6 (72.7) Mean minimum °C (°F) 10.7 (51.3) 12.3) 12.3 9(55.2) 17.6 (63.7) 20.4(68.7) 21.5 (70.7) 23.7(74.7) 24.3(75.7) 24.4 (75.9) 23.8 (74.8) 20 .6(69.1) 15 .4(59.7) 11.8(53.2) 10.4(50.7) Record low °C (°F) 6.7 (44.1) 7.2 (45.0) 10.0(50.0) 16.1 (61.0) 17.9 (64.2) 20.4(6 8.7) 20.6(69.1) 22.6(72.7) 20.6(69.1) 17.2(63.0) 10.6 (51.1) 7.2(45.0) 6.7 (44.1) Average rainfall mm (inch) 10.4(0.41) 20.9 (0.82) 35.2 (1.39) 58.9 (2.32) 133.1 (5.24) 300.6 (11.83) 396.0 (15.59) 344.5 (13.56) 318.1 (12.52) 180.5 (7.11) 35.1 (1.38) 3.2 (0.13) 1.836.5 (72.30) Average 1.1 1.7 2.2 3.4 7.0 12.8 17.7 16.9 13.9 7.4 1.3 0.5 85.9 Average relative humidity%) (%) (at 17:30 IST) 61 54 51 62 68 77 82 83 83 75 67 65 69 Average monthly hours of sunshine 213.9 211.9 229.4 240.0 232.5 135.0 105.4 117.8 126.0 201.5 216.0 204.6 2,234 Average daily hours of sunshine 6.9 7.5 7.. 4 8.0 7.5 4.5 3.4 3.8 4.2 6.5 7.2 6.6 6.1 Source 1: India Meteorological Department (Sun 1971-2000)[82][83][84] Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (Mean temperatures 1981- 2010)[85] Environmental issues Main article : Environmental problems in Calcutta Pollution is a major problem in Calcutta. From 2008[update], the annual concentration of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide was within India's national air quality standards, but particulate matter levels were high and went up for five consecutive years, leading to smog and haze. [86] [87] The high level of air pollution in the city has led to an increase in respiratory diseases caused by pollution, such as lung cancer. [88] Economy of Kolkata Reserve Bank of India building, Kolkata Flower hawkers in a roadside market Kolkata is the commercial and financial center of East and Northeast India[67] and home to the Kolkata Stock Exchange. [89] [90] It is an important commercial and military port and the only city in eastern India, apart from Bhubaneswar, which has an international airport. Once India's leading city, Kolkata experienced a steady economic decline in the decades after India's independence, due to soaring population growth and a surge in militant trade unionism, which included frequent strikes backed by left-wing parties. [58] From the 1960s to the end of the 1990s, several factories were closed and shops relocated. [58] The lack of capital and resources contributed to the depressed state of the city's economy and led to an unwelcome sobriquet: the dying city. [91] The city's fortunes improved after the Indian economy was liberalized in the 1990s and the government of West Bengal changed its economic policy. [58] Recent estimates of the economy of the Kolkata metropolitan region ranged from 60 to 150 billion dollars (GDP) and have placed it on the third most productive metro area in India. [13] Flexible production is the norm in Calcutta, which has an informal sector that employs more than 40% of the workforce. [21] In 2005, an unorganized group, The Street Vendors, generated a business worth 87.72 billion U.S. dollars (2 billion U.S. dollars). [92] In 2001[update], around 0.81% of the urban labour force was employed in the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining, etc.); 15.49 % worked in the secondary sector (industry and manufacturing); and 83.69 % worked in the tertiary sector (services). [67]:19 Ab most households in slums were employed in informal sector occupations; 36.5% were involved in the care of the urban middle class (as maids, drivers, etc.) and 22.2% were casual workers. [93]:11 About 34% of the available labour force in Slums were unemployed. [93]:11 According to an estimate, almost a quarter of the population lives on less than 27 rupees (equivalent to 45 US cents) per day. [94] As in many other Indian cities, information technology became a high-growth sector in Calcutta from the late 1990s; The city's IT sector grew by 70% per year – a rate twice the national average. [58] In the 2000s, investment in real estate, infrastructure, retail and hospitality increased; several large shopping centres and hotels have been launched. [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] Companies such as ITC Limited, CESC Limited, , , Eveready Industries India, Lux Industries, Rupa Company, , Birla Corporation and are headquartered in the city. Philips India, PricewaterhouseCoopers India, Tata Global Beverages, are based and zonal headquarters in Kolkata. Calcutta is home to the three major public banks: , UCO Bank and ; and a private bank . The Reserve Bank of India has its eastern zonal office in Calcutta, and India's government, Kolkata, is one of the four mints in India. Some of the oldest public sector companies are headquartered in the city, such as Limited, National Insurance Company, Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers, Tea Board of India, Geological Survey of India, Zoological Survey of India, Botanical Survey of India, Jute Corporation of India, National Test House, and the Ordnance Factories Board of the Indian Ministry of Defense. Panoramic view of Downtown Sector V, one of Calcutta's most important IT hubs, seen from the lakes around Bidhannagar. Major buildings such as Technopolis, Godrej Waterside, TCS Lords, Eden and Wanderers Park, Gobsyn Crystal, Pinnacle, RDB Boulevard, West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation (WEBEL) Bhawan are on display. Demographics See also: Ethnic Communities in Calcutta Population of Calcutta CensusPopulation %± 19011,009,853—19111,117,96610.7%19211,158,4973 6 %19311,289,46111.3%19412,352,39982.4%19512,956,47525.7%19613.35 1,25013.4%19713,727,02011.2%19814,126,84610.7%19914,399,8196.6%200 14 ,572,8763.9%20114,496,694,1.7%Source:[100] Residential high-rises in the southern city The demonism for the inhabitants of Calcutta are Calcuttan and Kolkatan. [101] [102] According to preliminary results of the 2011 census, the , which covers an area of 185 km2, had a population of 4,486,679; [103] its population density was 24,252/km2. [103] This represents a decrease of 1.88% in the decade 2001/11. The gender ratio is 899 women per 1000 men – less than in the [104] The relationship is depressed by the influx of working men from the surrounding rural areas, from the rest of West Bengal; pressed; Men often leave their families behind. [105] Kolkata's literacy rate of 87.14%[104] exceeds the national average of 74%. [106] The final population of the 2011 census was 4,496,694. [9] The municipal agglomeration had 14,112,536 inhabitants in 2011. [10] Bengali Hindus make up the majority of the population of Calcutta; Marwaris, Biharis and Muslims make up large minorities. [107] The smaller communities of Kolkata include Chinese, Tamils, Nepalese, Pathans/Afghans (locally known as Kabuliwala[108]) Odias, Telugus, Assamese, Gujaratis, Anglo-Indians, Armenians, Greeks, Tibetans, Maharashtrians, Konkanis, Malayalees, Punjabis and Parsis. [31]:3 The number of Armenians, Greeks, Jews and other foreign groups of origin declined in the 20th century. [109] The Jewish population of Calcutta was 5,000 during World War II, but declined after Indian independence and the founding of Israel; [110] Until 2013, there were 25 Jews in the city. [111] India's only Chinatown is in the east of Calcutta; [109] Once home to 20,000 ethnic Chinese, its population dropped to about 2,000 in 2009[update][109] as a result of several factors such as repatriation and denial of Indian citizenship after the 1962 Sino-Indian War and immigration abroad for better economic opportunities. [112] The Chinese community traditionally worked in the local tanning industry and operated Chinese restaurants. [109] [113] Kolkata urban agglomeration Population growth Census Total %± 1981 9,194,000 — 1991 11,021,900 19.9% 2001 13.114.700 19.0% 2011 14.112.536 7.6% Source: Census of India[10] Others include Sikmhis, Buddhism & Other religions (0.03%) Religion in Calcutta[114] Religion Percent Hinduism 76.51% Islam 20.60% Christianity 0.88% Jainism 0.47% Other 1.54% Bengali, the official state language, is the predominant language in Calcutta. [115] English is also used, especially by employees. Hindi and Urdu are spoken of by a considerable minority. [116] [117] According to the 2011 Census, 76.51% of the population are Hindu, 20.60% Muslim, 0.88% Christian and 0.47% Jain. [118] The rest of the population includes Sikhs, Buddhists and other religions, which make up 0.45% of the population; 1.09% did not report any religion in the census. [118] Kolkata reported 67.6% of the crimes of special and municipal laws registered in 35 major Indian cities in 2004. [119] In 2010, the Police District of Calcutta registered 15,510 cases of the Indian Penal Code, the eighth highest total in the country. [120] In 2010, the crime rate was 117.3 per 100,000, below the national rate of 187.6; it was the Rate among the largest cities in India. [121] In 2003[update], about a third of the population, or 1.5 million people, lived in 3,500 unregistered squatters and 2,011 registered slums. [93]:4[122]:92 Approved slums (with access to basic basic Latrines, waste disposal by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation) can be roughly divided into two groups – bustees, where slum dwellers have a long-term lease with the landowners; and udbastu colonies, settlements that had been leased by the government to refugees from present-day Bangladesh. [122] [93]:5 The unapproved slums (without basic services to the municipality) are inhabited by squatters who lived on incoming land, mainly along canals, railway lines and roads. [122]:92[93]:5 According to the 2005 National Family Health Survey, about 14% of households in Calcutta were poor, while 33% lived in slums, suggesting that a significant proportion of households in slum areas were economically better off than the bottom quarter of urban households in terms of wealth status. [123]:23 Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for founding and working with the in Calcutta, an organization whose primary mission was to love and nurture the people no one was willing to look after. [124] Government and Public Services Civic Administration Main Article: The Civic Administration of Calcutta Is administered by several government agencies. The Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) oversees and manages the civil infrastructure of the 16 boroughs, which together comprise 144 municipalities. [115] Each municipality elects a council member to the KMC. Each district has a committee of councillors, each of whom is elected to represent a municipality. Through the district committees, the company takes over urban planning and maintains roads, state-sponsored schools, hospitals and municipal markets. [125] As The top organ of Kolkata, the company performs its duties through the mayor on the council, which consists of a mayor, a deputy mayor and ten other elected members of the KMC. [126] The KMC's tasks include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, waste disposal, street lighting and building regulations. [125] The administrative authorities of Calcutta have areas of responsibility that do not correspond. In ascending order enumerated by area, they are: Kolkata district; the police station of Calcutta and the area of kolkata Municipal Corporation or Kolkata City; [127] and the Calcutta metropolitan region, which is the city's urban agglomeration. The authority that oversees the latter, the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, is responsible for the legal planning and development of the larger Calcutta. [128] Kolkata Municipal Corporation was ranked 1st out of 21 cities for best governance and governance in India in 2014. It reached 4.0 to 10 compared to the The Kolkata Port Trust, a central government agency, manages the city's river port. From 2012[update], the All India Trinamool Congress controls the KMC; Mayor is Firhad Hakim while The deputy mayor is Atin Ghosh. [130] The city has an apolitical titular post, that of the sheriff of Calcutta, who leads various city-related functions and conferences. [131] As the seat of the government of West Bengal, Kolkata houses not only the offices of local government agencies, but also the West Bengal Legislative Assembly; the Secretariat of State, which is housed in the writer's building; and the Supreme Court of Calcutta. Most state institutions and institutions are located in the center of the city in B. B. D. Bagh (formerly known as Dalhousie Square). The Calcutta High Court is the oldest High Court in India. This was preceded by the Supreme Court at Fort William, which was established in 1774. The Supreme Court of Calcutta is responsible for the State of West Bengal and the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Calcutta has lower courts: the Court for Small Causes and the Municipal Civil Court decide civil cases; the Sessions Court in criminal matters. [132] [133] [134] The Police of Calcutta, headed by a police commissioner, is supervised by the West Bengal Ministry of the Interior. [135] [136] Kolkata District elects two representatives of the Indian lower house, The Lok Sabha, and 11 representatives in the State Legislative Assembly. [137] Utilities A telecommunications tower of the service provider Tata Communications The Kolkata Municipal Corporation supplies the city with drinking water from the Hooghly River; [138] Most of it is treated and cleaned at the Palta pumping station in the North 24 Parganas district. [139] [Failed review] About 95% of the 4,000 tons of garbage the city produces daily are transported to landfills in Dhapa, east of the city. [140] [141] In order to promote the recycling of waste and waste water, agriculture in landfills is promoted. [142] Parts of the city lack proper sewerage, leading to unhygienic methods of waste disposal. In 1856, the Bengali government appointed George Turnbull as commissioner for drainage and sewerage to improve the city's sewerage system. Turnbull's main task was to be the chief engineer of the East Indian Railway Company, who was responsible for the construction of the first railway line from Howrah to Varanasi (then Benares). The electricity is supplied to the city by the privately operated Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC); The West Bengal State Electricity Board supplies it in the suburbs. [143] [144] The fire brigade is managed by the West Bengal Fire Service, a government agency. [145] In 2012[Update], the city had 16 fire stations. [146] The state-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, or BSNL, as well as private including Vodafone, Bharti Airtel, Reliance, Idea Cellular, Aircel, Tata DoCoMo, Tata Teleservices, Virgin Mobile and MTS India, are the leading mobile phones and mobile phones Providers in the city. [147]:25-26:179 With Kolkata becoming the first city in India to have mobile phone and 4G connectivity, GSM and CDMA cellular coverage is extensive. [148] [149] As of 2010[update], Kolkata has 7 percent of total broadband Internet consumers in India; BSNL, VSNL, Tata Indicom, Sify, Airtel and Reliance are among the main suppliers. [150] [151] Military and diplomatic facilities The Eastern Command of the Indian Army is stationed in the city. As one of the largest cities in India and the largest city in the east and northeast of India, Kolkata is home to diplomatic missions from many countries such as Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Canada, the People's Republic of China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United States. The U.S. Consulate in Calcutta is the second oldest consulate of the U.S. State Department and dates from November 19, 1792. [152] The Diplomatic Representation of more than 65 countries and international organization is present in Calcutta as consulate, honorary consulate, cultural center, Deputy High Commission and Economic Department and Trade Representation. [153] Transport Main article: The tram system of Kolkata The tram system of Kolkata is the oldest functioning electric tram system in Asia A street in Calcutta with buses, taxis, auto rickshaws, cars and other modes of transport The terminal of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport The is the oldest metro system in India Public transport is provided by the Kolkata S-Bahn , the Kolkata Metro, trams, rickshaws, taxis and buses. The S-Bahn network connects the remote suburbs of the city. According to a 2013 survey by the International Association of Public Transport, Calcutta is one of the six Indian cities surveyed in terms of a public transport system. [154] [155] The Kolkata Metro, which has been in operation since 1984, is the oldest underground transport system in India. [156] It extends over the north-south length of the city. In 2020, part of the second line was inaugurated to cover part of Salt Lake. This east-west line will connect Salt Lake with Howrah The two lines cover a distance of 33.02 km. As of 2020[update], four subway lines were under construction. [157] Kolkata has five long-distance stations in Howrah (India's largest railway complex), Sealdah, Chitpur, Shalimar and Santragachi, which connect Kolkata by rail with most cities in West Bengal and other major cities in India. [158] The city serves as the headquarters of three railway zones of eighteen regional departments of the Indian Railways – the Kolkata Metro Railways, the Eastern Railway and the Railway. [159] Kolkata has rail and road connections with Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. [160] [161] [162] The yellow taxi remains a favorite favorite The priority of rideshare companies on the transport market Buses, which are the most frequently used means of transport, are operated by public authorities and private operators. [163] Kolkata is the only Indian city with a tram network operated by the Calcutta Tramways Company. [164] The slow trams are limited to certain areas of the city. Water impact, caused by heavy rains during the summer monsoon, sometimes interrupts the transport network. [165] [166] Public transport includes car rickshaws, which often travel on certain routes, and yellow taxis. Almost all taxis of Calcutta are antiquated Hindustan ambassadors of make; Newer air-conditioned radio taxis are also in operation. [167] [168] In parts of the city, rickshaws and hand-drawn rickshaws are patronised by the public for short trips. [169] Due to its diverse and varied public transport, privately run vehicles are not as common in Calcutta as in other major Indian cities. [170] The city recorded a steady increase in the number of vehicles registered; Data for 2002 showed a 44% increase over a seven-year period. [171] In 2004[update], the city's street space, adjusted for population density, was only 6%, compared to 23% in Delhi and 17% in Mumbai. [172] The Kolkata Metro has somewhat alleviated traffic congestion, as has the addition of new roads and overflights. Agencies that provide long-distance bus services include the Calcutta State Transport Corporation, the South Bengal State Transport Corporation, the North Bengal State Transport Corporation and various private operators. The main bus terminals of the city are located in Esplanade and Babughat. [173] The Kolkata Delhi and Kolkata Chennai anngs of the Golden Square and National Highway 12 begin from the city. [174] Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport in Dum Dum, about 10 miles northeast of the city center, offers domestic and international flights. In 2013, the airport was modernised to handle the increased air traffic. [175] [176] Founded in 1870, the port of Calcutta is India's oldest and only major river port. [177] The Kolkata Port Trust manages docks in Calcutta and Haldia. [178] The port provides passenger services to Port Blair, the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; Freighter service to ports throughout India and around the world is operated by the Shipping Corporation of India. [177] [179] Ferry connections connect Calcutta with its twin town of Howrah, which is located across the Hooghly River. [180] [181] Health Care See also: Health Care at Kolkata Calcutta Medical College, the second institution in Asia, modern medicine (after 'Ecole de Médicine de Pondichéry'), IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, largest hospital in West Bengal and one of the oldest in Calcutta. Since 2011[update], the health system in Calcutta consists of 48 state hospitals, hospitals, under the Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal and 366 private medical institutions; [182] These facilities provide the city with 27,687 hospital beds. [182] For every 10,000 inhabitants of the city there are 61.7 hospital beds[183], which is above the national average of 9 hospital beds per 10,000. [184] Ten medical and dental colleges are located in the Kolkata metropolitan area, which act as tertiary referral clinics in the state. [185] Calcutta Medical College, founded in 1835, was the first institution in Asia to teach modern medicine. [187] However, these facilities are not sufficient to meet the city's health needs. [188] [189] [190] More than 78% in Calcutta prefer the private medical sector over the public medical sector[123]:109 due to public health congestion, lack of a nearby facility and excessive waiting times in public institutions. [123]:61 According to the Indian 2005 National Family Health Survey, only a small proportion of Kolkata households were covered by a health care system or health insurance. [123]:41 The total fertility rate in Calcutta was 1.4, the lowest of the eight cities studied. [123]:45 In Calcutta, 77% of married women used contraceptives, which was the highest among the cities studied, but the use of modern contraceptive methods was the lowest (46).[ 123]:47 Infant mortality rate in Calcutta was 41 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate in children under five years was 49 per 1,000 live births. [123]:48 Calcutta came in second place (5%) among the cities studied for children who have not had vaccinations under the General Vaccination Programme since 2005[update]. [123]:48 Kolkata came in second place with access to an Anganwadi centre under the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme for 57% of children aged 0 to 71 months. [123]:51 The proportion of malnourished, anemic and underweight children in Calcutta was lower than other cities studied. [123]:54-55 About 18% of men and 30% of women in Calcutta are obese – most of them belong to the non- poor strata of society. [123]:105 In 2005, Calcutta had the highest percentage (55%) among the cities surveyed by Anemic women, while 20% of men in Calcutta were anemic. [123]:56-57 Diseases such as diabetes, asthma, Goitre and other thyroid diseases were found in a large number of people. [123]:57-59 Tropical diseases such as malaria, dengue and chikungunya are widespread in Calcutta, although their incidence is decreasing. [191] [192] Kolkata is districts in India with a high number of people with AIDS; it has been designated as a high-risk district. [193] [194] Since 2014, the life expectancy of a person born in the city has been four years lower than in the suburbs due to higher air pollution. [195] Education Main article: Education in Calcutta Calcutta Institute of Management Calcutta West Bengal national university of juridical sciences Aerial view of Amity University, Kolkata Presidency University, Kolkata Kolkata schools are run by the state government or private organizations, many of which are religious. Bengali and English are the main teaching languages; Urdu and Hindi are also used, especially in the center of Calcutta. [196] [197] The schools in Calcutta follow the plan 10+2+3. After secondary education, students typically participate in schools that have a secondary institution and are affiliated to the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education, ICSE, or CBSE. [196] You usually choose to focus on liberal art, economics, or science. Vocational training programmes are also available. [196] Some Kolkata schools, such as La Martiniere Calcutta, Calcutta Boys' School, , St. James' School (Kolkata), St. Xavier's Collegiate School, and Loreto House, are among the best schools in the country. [198] Indian Institute of Foreign TradeAs of 2010[update], the Kolkata urban agglomeration is home of 14 universities run by the state government. [199] The colleges are each affiliated with a university or institution based either in Calcutta or elsewhere in India. , founded in 1780 as Mohammedan College of Calcutta, is the oldest post-secondary educational institution in the city. [200] Founded in 1857, the is the first modern university in South Asia. [201] Founded in 1855, Presidency College, Kolkata (formerly Hindu College) was one of the oldest and most important colleges in India. She was associated with the University of Calcutta until 2010, when she was re-appointed to the presidency in 2010. Bengal Engineering and Science University (BESU) is the second oldest engineering university in the country in Howrah. [202] At Institute of National Importance, BESU was converted into India's first IIEST. is known for its art, science and engineering faculties. [203] The Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, the first of the Indian Institutes of Management, was founded in 1961 in Joka, a town in the southwestern suburbs. Calcutta is also home to the renowned Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, which was founded here in 2006. [204] The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences is one of the autonomous law faculties of India,[205][206] and the Indian Statistical Institute is a public research institute and university. The state-owned Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal (MAKAUT, WB), formerly West Bengal University of Technology (WBUT), is the largest technological university in terms of Enrolment of students and the number of institutions affiliated by them. Private institutions include Ramakrishna Ramakrishna Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute and University of Engineering & Management (UEM). Well-known scholars born, worked or studied in Calcutta are the physicists Satyendra Nath Bose, Meghnad Saha,[207] and Jagadish Chandra Bose; [208] Chemist Prafulla Chandra Roy; [207] the statisticians Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis and Anil Kumar Gain; [207] Doctor Upendranath Brahmachari; [207] Educator Ashutosh Mukherjee; [209] and the Nobel laureate ,[210] C. V. Raman,[208] and Amartya Sen.[211] Kolkata hosts many leading research institutes such as Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bose Institute, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta, All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health , Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI), S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences (SNBNCBS), Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management (IISWBM), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC) and Indian Centre for Space Physics. The Nobel laureate Sir C. V. Raman did his groundbreaking work in Raman Effect in IACS. Culture main article: Culture of the Kolkata Victoria Memorial at night Kolkata is known for its literary, artistic and revolutionary heritage; As the former capital of India, it was the birthplace of modern Indian literary and artistic thought. [212] Kolkata was described as a city of angry, creative energy[213] and the cultural [or literary] capital of India. [214] [215] The presence of paras, which are neighborhoods with a strong sense of community, is characteristic of the city. [216] Typically, each para has its own community club and occasionally a playing field. [216] The inhabitants conduct addas or leisurely chats, which often take place in the form of free-style intellectual conversations. [217] [218] The city has a tradition of political graffiti, depicting everything from outrageous slander to witty banter and limericks, caricatures and propaganda. [219] [220] The Indian Museum is the oldest and one of the largest museums in IndiaKolkata has many buildings adorned with Indo-Islamic and Indo-Saracen architectural motifs. Several well-preserved large-scale buildings from the colonial period were declared heirlooms; [221] others are at different stages of decay. [222] [223] The Indian Museum was founded in 1814 as the oldest museum in the country and houses large collections showing Indian natural history and art. [224] The is a classic example of a Manor house built in the city. The Victoria Memorial, a place of interest in Calcutta, has a museum documenting the history of the city. The National Library of India is the leading public library in Science City is the largest science center in the Indian subcontinent. [225] National Library of IndiaThe popularity of commercial theatres in the city has declined since the 1980s. [226]:99[227] Group theatre of Calcutta, a cultural movement that began in the 1940s in contrast to the then popular commercial theatres, are theatres that are neither professional nor commercial and are centers of various experiments in the subject, content and production; [228] Group theatres use the Proscenium stage to highlight socially relevant messages. [226]:99[229] Chitpur town of the city houses several production companies of Jatra, a tradition of folk drama popular in rural Bengal. [230] [231] Kolkata is home to the Bengali cinema industry, called Tollywood for Tollygunj, home to most of the state's film studios. [232] His long tradition of art films includes world-renowned film directors such as Oscar-winning director , , Mrinal Sen, Tapan Sinha and contemporary directors such as Aparna Sen, Buddhadeb Dasgupta, Goutam Ghose and Rituparno Ghosh. [233] In the 19th and 20th centuries, Bengali literature was modernized by works by authors such as Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam and Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay. [234] Coupled with social reforms led by Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, and others, this formed a large part of the Bengali Renaissance. [235] In the middle and in the last parts of the 20th century, postmodernism was as much a favour as literary movements advocated by the Kallol movement, the hungry and the small magazines. [236] The vast majority of the city's publishers are concentrated in and around College Street, ... half a mile of bookshops and bookstalls that flock to the pavement and sell new and used books. [237] Kolkata Kalighat painting originated in the 19th century as a local style that reflected a variety of themes such as mythology and quotidian life. [238] The Government College of Art and Craft, founded in 1864, was the cradle and workplace of important artists such as Abanindranath Tagore, Jamini Roy, and Nandalal Bose. [239] The Academy of Fine Arts was the birthplace of the Bengali art school, which emerged as an avant-garde and nationalist movement that reacted to the prevailing academic art styles of the early 20th century. [240] [241] The Academy of Fine Arts and other art galleries regularly organize art exhibitions. The city is for its appreciation of (songs written by Rabindranath Tagore) and Indian classical music, with Concerts and recitals, such as Dover Lane Music Conference, are held throughout the year; Bengali folk music, including Baul folk ballads, Kirtans and and Festival music; and modern music, including Bengali-language Adhunik songs. [242] [243] Since the early 1990s, new genres have emerged, including one that includes alternative folk-rock Bengali bands. [242] Another new style, jibonmukhi gaan (songs about life), is based on realism. [226]:105 The most important elements of Calcutta's cuisine include rice and a fish curry known as Machher Jhol,[244] that can be accompanied by desserts such as Roshogolla, Sandesch and a sweet yoghurt known as Mishti dohi. Bengal's wide repertoire of seafood dishes includes various preparations of Ilish, a fish popular with Calcutta. Street food such as Beguni (fried egg-shaped eggtopin slices), Kati buns (flatbread with vegetables or chicken, mutton or egg filling), Phuchka (a fried cream with tamarind sauce) and Indian Chinese cuisine from Chinatown are popular. [245] [246] [247] [248] Although Bengali women traditionally wear the sari, the Shalwar Kameez and Western clothing are gaining acceptance among younger women. [249] Western clothing is more popular with men, although the traditional Dhoti and Kurta can be seen at festivals. Durga Puja, held in September-October, is Kolkata's most important and largest festival; it is an occasion for glamorous celebrations and artistic decorations. [250] [251] The Bengali New Year, known as Poila Boishak, and the Harvest Festival of Poush Parbon are among the city's other festivals; Also celebrated are Kali Puja, Diwali, Holi, Jagaddhatri Puja, Saraswati Puja, Rathayatra, Janmashtami, Maha Shivratri, Vishwakarma Puja, Lakshmi Puja, Ganesh Chathurthi, Makar Sankranti, Gajan, Kalpataru Day, Bhai Phonta, Maghotsab, Eid, Muharram, Christmas, Buddha Purnima and Maha. Cultural events include Rabindra Jayanti, Independence Day (15 August), Republic Day (26 January), , Dover Lane Music Festival, Kolkata Film Festival, Nandikar's National Theatre Festival, Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally and Gandhi Jayanti. Dance accompanied by Rabindra Sangeet, a musical genre by Rabindranath Tagore Sandesh, a typical Bengali candy from Chhena A murti, or representation of the goddess Durga during the Durga Puja Festival , a Hindu temple Media See also: Kolkata in the media and list of Bengali television stations Akashvani Bhawan, the main office of the state, Kolkata The first newspaper in India, the Bengal Gazette began the publication of the city in 1780. [252] Kolkata's widely used Bengali-language newspapers include Anandabazar Patrika, Bartaman, Ei Samay Sangbadpatra, Sangbad Pratidin, Aajkaal, Dainik Statesman, and Ganashakti. [253] The Statesman and The Telegraph two major English-language newspapers produced and published in Calcutta. Other popular English-language newspapers are published and calcutta includes The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Indian Express and the Asian Age. [253] As the largest trading hub in eastern India, Kolkata has several financial problems, including The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Business Line, and Business Standard. [253] [254] Popular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati, Odia, Punjabi and Chinese are read by minorities. [253] [109] The most important magazines based in Calcutta include Desh, Sananda, Saptahik Bartaman, Unish-Kuri, Anandalok and Anandamela. [253] Historically, Calcutta was the center of the Bengali small magazine movement. [255] [256] All India Radio, the state broadcaster, broadcasts several AM radio stations in the city. Kolkata has 10 local radio stations broadcasting on FM, including three from AIR. India's state-owned television channel Doordarshan offers two free-to-air terrestrial channels,[257] while a mix of Bengali, Foreign, English and other regional channels is accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services or Internet-based television. [258] [259] [260] Bengali 24-hour television news channels include ABP Ananda, Tara Newz, Kolkata TV, 24 Ghanta and Kolkata TV. [261] Sport See also: Football in Kolkata Marathon and during the opening ceremony of the Indian Super LeagueThe most popular sports in Calcutta are football and cricket. Unlike most parts of India, the inhabitants show a great passion for football. [262] The city is home to top national football clubs such as Mohun Bagan A.C., East Bengal F.C. and Mohammedan Sporting Club. [263] The Calcutta Football League is the oldest football league in Asia. [265] Mohun Bagan A.C., one of the oldest football clubs in Asia, is the only organization known as the National Club of India. [266] [267] Football matches between Mohun Bagan and East Bengal, known as the Kolkata derby, have a huge audience and rivalry between the patrons. [268] The multi-used Salt Lake Stadium, also known as Yuva Bharati Krirangan, is India's largest stadium with seating. Most of the 2017 U-17 World Cup matches were played at Salt Lake Stadium, including both semifinals and finals. Kolkata also made up 45% of the total attendance in 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup with an average of 55,345 spectators. [269] Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second oldest cricket club in the world. [270] [271] A Twenty20 cricket match between Kolkata Knight Riders and Pune Warriors during the Indian Premier League at As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Calcutta is played on the grounds and in the streets of the city. [272] [273] Kolkata has the Indian Premier League franchise Kolkata Knight Riders; Cricket Association of the cricket in West Bengal is also based in the city. Kolkata also has an Indian Super League franchise known as Atlético de Kolkata. Tournaments, especially with cricket, football, badminton and carrom, are regularly organized locally or within the club. [216] The Maidan, a vast field that serves as the city's largest park, is home to several smaller football and cricket clubs and coaching institutes. [274] Eden Gardens, which has a capacity of 68,000 from 2017[update],[275] hosted the 1987 Cricket World Cup final. It is home to the Bengalcricket team and the Kolkata Knight Riders. Kolkata's Netaji Indoor Stadium hosted the 1981 Asian Basketball Championship, in which India's national basketball team ranked 5th, ahead of teams that belong to Asia's basketball elite, such as Iran. The city has three 18-hole golf courses. The oldest is located at the Royal Calcutta Golf Club, the first golf club built outside the UK. [276] [277] The other two are at the Tollygunge Club and Fort William. The hosts horse races and polo matches. [278] The Calcutta Polo Club is considered to be the oldest surviving polo club in the world. [279] [280] [281] The Calcutta Racket Club is a squash and racket club in Kolkata, France. It was founded in 1793, making it one of the oldest clubs in the world and the first in the Indian subcontinent. [282] [283] The Calcutta South Club is the venue for national and international tennis tournaments. In 1946, the first National Championship took place on the grass court. [284] [285] Between 2005 and 2007, the Sunfeast Open, a Tier III tournament at the Women's Tennis Association Circuit, was held at Netaji Indoor Stadium. it has since been discontinued. [286] [287] The Calcutta Rowing Club organizes rowing competitions and training events. Kolkata, considered the leading centre of rugby union in India, gives its name to the oldest international tournament in rugby union, the Calcutta Cup. [288] [289] [290] The Automobile Association of Eastern India,[291][292] and the Bengal Motor Sports Club are involved in the promotion of motorsport and car rallies in Calcutta and West Bengal. [293] [294] The , an event of the Bengal Hockey Association, which was first held in 1895, is India's oldest field hockey tournament. it is usually held on the Mohun Bagan floor of Maidan. [295] Athletes from Calcutta include Sourav Ganguly, Pankaj Roy and Jhulan Goswami, the former captains of the Indian cricket team. Olympic tennis bronze medallist Leander Paes, golfer Arjun Atwal and former footballers Sailen Manna, Chuni Goswami, P. K. Banerjee and Subrata Twin cities See also: List of twin cities in India Dhaka, Bangladesh[297] Kunming, China (October 2013)[297][298] Thessaloniki (21 January 2005)[297][299] Naples, Naples, Karachi, Pakistan[300] Incheon, South Korea[297][301] Odessa, Ukraine[297][302] Jersey City, New Jersey, United States[297] Long Beach, California, United States[297] Dallas, Texas, United States[297] See also list of children's museums in India List of people from Kolkata West Bengal References * India: telegraph.co.uk. 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Retrieved November 17, 2013. • Agreement on the establishment of sister city relations between Calcutta, Republic of India and Kunming, People's Republic of China. 23 October 2013. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018. * The Twinning of Thessaloniki and Calcutta. 21 January 2005. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018. * Islamabad to get a new partner city. Dawn. 5 January 2016. Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2018. * Incheon Metropolitan City - Incheon City - Sister Cities. Incheon Metropolitan City. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. * Sister cities. Official website of Odessa. Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2018. Further reading Chaudhuri, S (1990). Calcutta: the living city. I and II Kolkata: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19- 562585-1. Dutta, Krishna (2003). Calcutta: a cultural and literary history. Oxford, UK: Signal Books. ISBN 978-1-902669-59-5. Mitra, A (1976). Calcutta Diary. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-3082-3. Mukherjee, SC (1991). The changing face of Calcutta: an architectural approach. Kolkata: Government of West Bengal. ASIN B0000D6TXX. Roy, A. City Requiem, Calcutta: Gender and the Politics of Poverty. Minneapolis, USA: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-3932-8. Thomas, Frederic C. (1997). Calcutta poor: Elegien on a city over prep. Armonk, New York City: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-1-56324-981-5. Dominique Lapierre (1985). La de la joie (The City of Joy). Calcutta: Arrow. ISBN 978-0-09-914091-7. Singh, Malvika (2011). Kolkata: A Soul City Soul City und Famed Cities of India). Akademische Stiftung. S. 110. ISBN 978-81-7188-886-3. Hazra, Indrajit (1. Dezember 2013). Grand Delusions: A Short Biography of Kolkata. Aleph Buchgesellschaft. S. 156. ISBN 978-93-82277-28-6. Ghosh, Amitav (22. April 2009). Calcutta Chromosome: A Novel of Fevers, Delirium and Discovery. Pinguin Indien. S. 200. ISBN 978-0-14-306655-2. Deb, Binaya Krishna .. Die frühe Geschichte und das Wachstum von Kalkutta. Harvard University: Romesh Chandra Ghose. S. 278. Kalkutta. Chaudhuri, Sukanta (1990). Kalkutta, die lebendige Stadt: Die Vergangenheit. University of Michigan: Oxford University Press. S. 292. ISBN 978-0-19-562718-3. Roy, Ananya (1. Oktober 2002). City Requiem, Calcutta: Gender and Politics of Poverty. University of Minnesota Press. S. 352. ISBN 978-0-8166-3933-5. Chatterjee, Jayabrato; Khullar, Rupinder (1. Januar 2004). Kalkutta: die Traumstadt. der University of Michigan: Ubs Publishers' Distributors. S. 93. ISBN 978-81-7476-471-3. Moorhouse, Geoffrey (1971). Kalkutta. Penguin Bücher Indien. S. 393. ISBN 978-0-14-009557-9. Chatterjee, Partha (2012). The Black Hole of Empire: History of a Global Practice of Power. Princeton University Press. S. 425. ISBN 978-0-691-15201-1. Chattopadhyay, Swati (2005). Vertretung von Kalkutta: Modernität, Nationalismus und die koloniale Unheimlichkeit. Psychologie Presse. S. 314. ISBN 978-0-415- 34359-6. Dey, Ishita; Samaddar, Ranabir (2016). Jenseits von Kalkutta: Rajarhat und die Dystopie der urbanen Imagination. Routledge. S. 304. ISBN 9781134931378. Husain, Zakir; Dutta, Mousumi (2013). Frauen in Kalkuttas IT-Branche: Satisficing Between Work and Household. Springer Wissenschaft & Wirtschaftsmedien. S. 133. ISBN 9788132215936. Bose, Pablo Shiladitya (2015). Stadtentwicklung in Indien: Global Indians in the Remaking of Kolkata. Routledge. S. 178. ISBN 9781317596738. Ray, Raka; Qayum, Seemin (2009). Kulturen der Knechtschaft: Modernität, Häuslichkeit und Klasse in Indien. Stanford University Press. S. 255. ISBN 9780804760713. Ghosh, Anindita (2016). Claiming the City: Protest, Crime, and Scandals in Colonial Calcutta, ca. 1860-1920. Oxford University Press. S. 340. ISBN 978-0199464791. Sanyal, Shukla (2014). Revolutionäre Broschüren, Propaganda und politische Kultur im kolonialen Bengalen. Cambridge University Press. S. 219. ISBN 9781107065468. Henry Elmsley, Busteed. Echoes from Old Calcutta: Being Chiefly Reminiscences of the Days of , Francis, and Impey. Asiatische Bildungsdienste. S. 359. ISBN 9788120612952. Fruzzetti, Lina; Östör, ékos (2003). Kalkutta Gespräche. Orient Blackswan. S. 242. ISBN 9788180280092. Richards, E. P. (2014). Der Zustand, die Verbesserung und die Stadtplanung der Stadt Kalkutta und der angrenzenden Gebiete: Der Richards-Bericht. Routledge. S. 492. ISBN 9781317617006. Chatterjee, Arnab; Yarlagadda, Sudhakar (2007). Ökonomphysik der Ökonomo-Kolkata Ökonomo-Kolkata Springer Science & Business Media. 248. ISBN 9788847003897. Sarkar, Tanika (2015). Calcutta: The stormy decades. Social Science Press. 486. ISBN 978-9383166077. Choudhury, Ranabir Ray (2016). A City in the Making: Aspects of Calcutta's Early Growth. Niyogi Books. 564. ISBN 978-9385285288. Banerjee, Sumanta (2016). Memoirs of Roads: Calcutta from Colonial Urbanization to Global Modernization. Oxford University Press. 192. ISBN 978-0199468102. External Links Kolkata Municipal Corporation Kolkata at Curlie Kolkata Travel Guide by Wikivoyage Kolkata Encyclopédia Britannica Entry PortaleAccess Related TopicsGeography PortalIndia PortalMore information onWikipedia'sSister projectsMediafrom CommonsTravel guidesfrom WikivoyageNews storiesfrom WikinewsDefinitionsfrom WiktionaryTextbooksfrom WikibooksQuotations from WikiquoteSource texts For more uses, see 4G (Disambiguation). Part of a series on mobile phone generations analogy 0G 1G digital 2.5G 2.75G 3G 3.5G 3.75G 3.9G/3.95G 4G 4G/4.5G 4.5G/4.9G 5G 6G vte 4G is the fourth generation of broadband mobile network technology to follow 3G. A 4G system must provide functionality defined by ITU in IMT Advanced. Potential and current applications include changed mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-resolution mobile television, video conferencing, and 3D television. The First-Release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard was commercially used in Oslo, Norway and Stockholm (Sweden) in 1998 and has since been used in most parts of the world. However, it was discussed whether first versions should be considered as 4G LTE. Technical overview In March 1998, the International Telecommunications Union Radio Communications (ITU-R) sector set a number of requirements for 4G standards. the International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification was set as a minimum speed requirement for 100 megabits per second (Mbps) (12.5 megabytes per second) 4G services for high mobility communication (e.g. trains and cars) and 1 gigabit per second (Gbps) for low mobility communication (e.g. pedestrians and stationary users). [1] Because the first-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE support far less than 1 Gbps peak bitrate, they are not fully IMT Advanced compliant, but are often branded as 4G by service providers. According to the operators, one generation of the network refers to the use of a new, non-backward compatible technology. On 6 December 2010, that these two technologies, as well as other technologies beyond 3G that do not meet the IMT Advanced requirements, meet, be considered 4G, provided they are precursors to IMT Advanced compliant versions and a significant improvement in performance and capabilities related to the first third-generation systems now in use. [2] Mobile WiMAX Release 2 (also known as WirelessMAN-Advanced or IEEE 802.16m) and LTE Advanced (LTE-A) are IMT Advanced-compatible backward-compatible versions of the two systems mentioned above, which were standardized in spring 2011 and have promising speeds in the order of 1 Gbps. Services were expected in 2013. [needs to be updated] Unlike previous generations, a 4G system does not support a traditional telephony service, but relies on IP-based communication (All-Internet Protocol) such as IP telephony. As can be seen below, the spread-spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems is abandoned in all 4G candidate systems and replaced by OFDMA multi-carrier transmission and other frequency range (FDE) systems, which makes it possible to transmit very high bit rates despite extensive multi-path radio propagation (echoes). The peak bitrate is further improved by intelligent antenna arrays for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication. Background In the field of mobile communications, a generation generally refers to a change in the basic nature of the service, non-backward-compatible transmission technology, higher peak bitrates, new frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz, and higher capacity for many simultaneous data transfers (higher system spectral efficiency in bit/second/hertz/location). Since the first move in 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992, new mobile generations have appeared about every ten years. In 2001, 3G multimedia support, spread-spectrum transmission and a minimum peak bitrate of 200 kbps followed, followed in 2011/2012 by real 4G, which refers to ALL-Internet Protocol (IP) packet switched networks that grant access to mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit) networks. While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used for future global communications, they do not carry out the standardization or development work themselves, but rely on the work of other standard bodies such as IEEE, WiMAX Forum and 3GPP. In the mid-1990s, the ITU-R standardization organization published the IMT-2000 requirements as a framework for which standards should be considered 3G systems and require a peak bitrate of 200 kbps. In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems. The fastest 3G-based standard in the UMTS family the HSPA+ standard, which has been commercially available since 2009 and offers 28 Mbps downstream (22 Mbps upstream) without MIMO, i.e. with only one antenna, and accelerated up to 42 Mbps in 2011 Bit rate downstream with DC-HSPA+ (simultaneous use of two 5 MHz UMTS carriers)[3] or 2x2 MIMO. Theoretically, speeds of up to 672 Mbps are possible, but have not yet been used. The fastest 3G-based standard in the CDMA2000 family is the EV-DO Rev. B, which has been available since 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbps downstream. Frequencies for 4G LTE networks See here: LTE frequency bands IMT-Advanced requirements This article refers to 4G with IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced), as defined by ITU-R. An IMT Advanced cellular system must meet the following requirements:[4] Based on an all-IP packet switched network. Top data rates of up to approx. 100 Mbps for high mobility such as mobile access and up to approx. 1 Gbps for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access. [1] Can you dynamically share and use network resources to support more concurrent users per cell. Use scalable channel bandwidths of 5-20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.[1][5] Have a spectral efficiency of the peak connection of 15 bit/s. Hz in the downlink and 6.75 bits/s Hz in the up-link (i.e. 1 Gbps in the downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth). The spectral efficiency of the system in inner envelopes is 3 bits/s Hz cell for downlink and 2.25 bits/s Hz cell for up-link. [1] Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks. In September 2009, the Technology Proposals of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) were presented as 4G candidates. [6] Basically, all proposals are based on two technologies: LTE Advanced, standardized by the 3GPP 802.16m standardized by the IEEE implementations of Mobile WiMAX and First-Release LTE were largely considered a stopgap solution that would provide a significant boost until WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m specification) and LTE Advanced were used. The latter standard versions were ratified in spring 2011. The first set of 3GPP requirements for LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008. [7] LTE Advanced was standardized in 2010 as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. Some sources consider first-release LTE and mobile WiMAX implementations to be pre-4G or near-4G because they do not fully meet the planned requirements of 1 Gbps for stationary reception and 100 Mbps for mobile devices. Confusion has been caused by some mobile operators who have advertised products as 4G, but according to some sources are pre-4G versions, commonly referred to as 3.9G, which do not follow the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standards, but today 4G can be named according to ITU-R. Vodafone Netherlands, for example, advertised LTE as 4G, while LTE Advanced was advertised as a 4G+ service. A common argument for Branding 3.9G systems as a new generation is that they use different frequency bands than 3G technologies; that they are based on a new radio interface and that the standards are not backwards compatible with 3G, while some of the standards are forward compatible with IMT 2000 compliant versions of the same standards. System Standards IMT-2000 Compliant 4G Standards As of October 2010, the ITU-R 5D Working Group approved two industry-wide technologies (LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced)[8] for inclusion in the ITU's International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced Program, which focuses on global communications systems that will be available in a few years. LTE Advanced See also: 3GPP Long Term Evolution Evolution (LTE) below LTE Advanced (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is a candidate for the IMT Advanced Standard, which was officially submitted by the 4GPP organization to ITU-T in autumn 2009 and is expected to be released in 2013. [needs to be updated] The goal of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to meet and exceed ITU requirements. [9] LTE Advanced is essentially an improvement for LTE. It is not a new technology, but an improvement of the existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes it more cost-effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced, which is similar to upgrading from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will also use additional frequencies and multiplexing to achieve higher data speeds. Coordinated multi-point transmission will also allow more system capacity to handle improved data speeds. Release 10 of LTE is expected to reach IMT Advanced speeds. Release 8 currently supports up to 300 Mbps download speeds that still fall short of IMT Advanced standards. [10] Data Speeds of LTE-Advanced LTE Advanced Peak Download 1000 Mbps Peak Upload 0500 Mbps IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced The IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced Evolution from 802.16e is under development, with the aim of meeting the IMT- Advanced criteria of 1 Gbps for stationary reception and 100 Mbps for mobile reception. [11] Forerunner Versions 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) See also: LTE Advanced via Demilie-Lte modem Huawei 4G+ Dual Band Modem The Pre-4G 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is often referred to as 4G – LTE, but the first LTE version does not fully meet THE IMT Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net bitrate capacity of up to 100 Mbps in the downlink and 50 Mbps in the uplink when using a 20 MHz channel – and more when using multiple input multiple output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays. The physical radio interface was called High Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA) at an early stage, which is now Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Access (E-UTRA). The first LTE USB dongles do not support any other wireless interface. The world's first publicly available LTE service was launched in the two Scandinavian capitals Stockholm (Ericsson and Nokia Siemens Networks systems) and Oslo (a Huawei system) on 14, 2009 and branded 4G. The user terminals were manufactured by Samsung. [12] As of November 2012, the five publicly available LTE services in the United States will be provided by MetroPCS,[13] Verizon Wireless,[14] AT&T Mobility, U.S. Cellular,[15] Sprint,[16] and T-Mobile US. [17] T-Mobile Hungary launched a public beta test (called friendly user test) on October 7, 2011 and has been offering commercial 4G LTE services since January 1, 2012. [Quote required] In South Korea, SK Telecom and LG U+ have been providing access to LTE services for data devices, which are to be rolled out nationwide by 2012, since July 1, 2011. [18] KT Telecom ceased its 2G service until March 2012 and completed the nationwide LTE service at the same frequency by 1.8 GHz by June 2012. In the UNITED Kingdom, EE's LTE services were introduced by O2 and Vodafone in October 2012[19] and Three in December 2013. [21] Data speeds of LTE LTE Peak download 0100 Mbps Peak upload 0050 Mbps Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) Mobile Wireless Broadband Access (MWBA) standard (also known as WiBro in South Korea) is sometimes branded as 4G, and offers peak data rates of 128 Mbps downlink and 56 Mbps uplink over 20 MHz wide channels. [Quote Required] In June 2006, KT launched the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service in Seoul, South Korea. [22] Sprint has started using Mobile WiMAX since September 29, 2008 and branded it a 4G network, although the current version does not meet THE IMT Advanced requirements on 4G systems. [23] In Russia, Belarus and Nicaragua wiMax broadband Internet access were offered by a Russian company Scartel, and was also called 4G, Yota. [24] Data speeds of WiMAX WiMAX Peak download 0128 Mbps Peak upload 0056 Mbps In the latest version of the standard, WiMax 2.1, the standard has been updated to not be compatible with previous WiMax standards and is instead interchangeable with the LTE TDD system, effectively merging WiMax standard with LTE. TD-LTE for China Market This section may contain a synthesis of material that is not demonstrably mentioned or refers to the main topic. Relevant discussions can be found on the conversation page. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Just as long-term evolution (LTE) and WiMAX are strongly promoted in the global telecommunications industry, the first (LTE) is also the most powerful 4G mobile technology and has quickly occupied the Chinese market. TD-LTE, one of the two variants of LTE air interface technologies, is not yet fully developed, but many domestic and international turn to TD-LTE one after the other. IBM's data shows that 67% of operators are considering LTE as this is the main source of their future market. The above messages also confirm IBM's assertion that, although only 8% of the By using WiMAX, WiMAX can provide its customers with the fastest network transmission and challenge LTE on the market. TD-LTE is not the first 4G cellular broadband data standard, but it is China's 4G standard that has been modified and released by China's largest telecommunications operator China Mobile. After a series of field trials, the commercial phase is to be released in the next two years. Ulf Ewaldsson, Ericsson's vice president, said: China's Ministry of Industry and China Mobile will hold a large-scale field test in the fourth quarter of this year, and by then Ericsson will help. But if you look at the current trend, it is still questionable whether this standard advocated by China Mobile is widely recognized by the international market. Discontinued candidate systems UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C) Main article: Ultra Mobile Broadband UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) was the brand name for a discontinued 4G project within the 3GPP2 standardization group to improve the CDMA2000 cellular standard for next-generation applications and requirements. In November 2008, Qualcomm, the main sponsor of UMB, announced that it would end the development of the technology and prefer LTE instead. [25] The goal was to reach data speeds above 275 Mbps downstream and above 75 Mbps upstream. Flash-OFDM In an early stage, the Flash OFDM system should be further developed into a 4G standard. iBurst and MBWA Systems (IEEE 802.20) The iBurst system (or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access) was considered a 4G predecessor at an early stage. It was later developed into the Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) system, also known as IEEE 802.20. Main Technologies in All Candidate Systems This section requires additional citations for review. Please help to improve this article by adding quotes to reliable sources. Non-paged material can be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Main features The following main features can be observed in all proposed 4G technologies: Physical layer transfer techniques are as follows:[26] MIMO: To achieve extremely high spectral efficiency through spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO frequency domain equalization, e.g. Multi-Carrier Modulation (OFDM) in downlink or single-carrier frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) in the uplink: To use the frequency-selective channel property without complex equalization Frequency domain statistics multiplexing, e.g. (OFDMA) or (Single-Carrier FDMA) (SC-FDMA, a.k.a. linear pre-coded OFDMA, LP-OFDMA) different subchannels to different users based on channel conditions Turbo-principle error correction codes: To minimize the required SNR at the receiving side Planning: To use the time-dependent channel link adjustment: Adaptive modulation and error correction codes Mobile IP for mobility IP-based femtocells (home node connected to fixed Internet broadband infrastructure) Unlike previous generations, 4G systems do not support switching switched telephony. IEEE 802.20, UMB and OFDM standards[27] lack soft handover support, also known as cooperative relaying. Multiplexing and Access Schemes This section contains information of unclear or questionable meaning or relevance to the subject matter of the article. Please help to improve this section by clarifying or removing indiscriminate details. If the importance cannot be set, the section is likely to be moved to another article, pseudoredirected, or removed. Sources Find: 4G – News Newspapers Books Scholar JSTOR (May 2010) (Learn how and when this template message is removed) Recently new access schemes such as Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Interleaved FDMA and Multi-Carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) are gaining in importance for the next generation of systems. These are based on efficient FFT algorithms and frequency range balancing, resulting in a lower number of multiplications per second. They also make it possible to control the bandwidth and to make the spectrum flexible. However, they require advanced dynamic channel allocation and adaptive traffic planning. WiMax uses OFDMA in the downlink and uplink. For LTE (telecommunications), OFDMA is used for the downlink; In contrast, single-carrier FDMA is used for the uplink because OFDMA contributes more to the PAPR-related problems and leads to nonlinear operation of amplifiers. IFDMA offers fewer power fluctuations and therefore requires energy-efficient linear amplifiers. Similarly, MC-CDMA is included in the proposal for the IEEE 802.20 standard. These access schemes offer the same efficiencies as older technologies as CDMA. In addition, scalability and higher data rates can be achieved. The other important advantage of the above access techniques is that they require less complexity to balance with the recipient. This is an additional advantage, especially in MIMO environments, since the spatial multiplex transfer of MIMO systems inherently requires a high level of complexity balancing at the receiver. In addition to improvements in these multiplexing systems, improved modulation techniques are used. While previous standards largely used phase shift keying, more efficient systems such as 64QAM are proposed for use with the 3GPP Long Term Evolution standards. IPv6 supports main article: Network Layer, Internet Protocol, and IPv6 Im to 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of power- and packet-switched network nodes, 4G is based only on packet switching. This requires low latency latency Transfer. Because IPv4 addresses are (almost) exhausted, [Note 1][28] IPv6 is essential to support the large number of wirelessly enabled devices that communicate over IP. Increasing the number of IP addresses available eliminates the need for Network Address Translation (NAT), a method that allows a limited number of addresses to be shared across a larger group of devices, with a number of problems and limitations. When using IPv6, communication with older IPv4 devices that are not also connected to IPv6 still requires some kind of NAT. Since June 2009[update], Verizon has released specifications [1] that all 4G devices on its network require to support IPv6. [29] Advanced antenna systems Main article: MIMO and MU-MIMO The performance of radio communication depends on an antenna system called an intelligent or intelligent antenna. Recently, several antenna technologies have been developed to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability and remote communication. At the beginning of the 1990s, many transmission systems were proposed to meet the growing data rate needs of data communication. A technology, spatial multiplexing, gained in importance for bandwidth preservation and energy efficiency. Spatial multiplexing involves the provision of multiple antennas on the transmitter and receiver. Independent currents can then be transmitted simultaneously from all antennas. This technology, called miMO (as a branch of intelligent antenna), multiplies the base data rate by (each smaller) the number of transmitting antennas or the number of receiving antennas. In addition, the reliability of transferring high-speed data in the fading channel can be improved by using more antennas on the transmitter or receiver. This is called a variety of transmission or reception. Both broadcasting/receiving diversity and room multiplexing are divided into space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require channel knowledge at the transmitter. The other category is closed-loop multi-antenna technologies that require channel knowledge at the transmitter. Open-Wireless Architecture and Software-Defined Radio (SDR) One of the key technologies for 4G and beyond is called Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) and supports multiple wireless air interfaces in an open architecture platform. SDR is a form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless standards, the final shape of a 4G device will represent different standards. This can be realized efficiently with the SDR technology, which is used in the field of can be reclassified. History of 4G and Pre-4G Technologies The 4G system was originally launched by DARPA, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. [Quote Required] DARPA chose the distributed architecture and the end-to-end Internet Protocol (IP) and believed Networks where each mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices on the network, eliminating the spoke-and-stroke weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems. [30] [Page Required] Since the 2.5G GPRS system, cellular systems offer two infrastructures: packet-switched nodes for data services and switching nodes for voice calls. For 4G systems, the circuit-switched infrastructure is abandoned and only one packet- switched network is provided, while 2.5G and 3G systems require both packet-switched and circuit-switched network nodes, i.e. two infrastructures in parallel. This means that in 4G traditional voice calls are replaced by IP telephony. In 2002, the strategic vision for 4G, known as IMT Advanced, was set out. In 2004, LTE was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo from Japan. [31] In 2005, OFDMA transmission technology was selected as a candidate for the HSOPA downlink, which was later renamed 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) Air Interface E-UTRA. In November 2005, KT Corporation demonstrated the WiMAX mobile service in Busan, South Korea. [32] In April 2006, KT Corporation launched the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service in Seoul, South Korea. [33] In mid-2006, Sprint announced that it would invest approximately USD 5 billion in WiMAX technology development over the next few years[34] (USD 6.34 billion in real terms[35]). Since then, Sprint has suffered many setbacks that have led to heavy quarterly losses. On May 7, 2008, Sprint, Imagine, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time Warner announced a bundling of an average of 120 MHz spectrum; Sprint merged its Xohm WiMAX division with Clearwire to form a company that will adopt the name Clear. In February 2007, the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo tested a 4G communication system prototype with 4×4 MIMO called VSF-OFCDM at 100 Mbps when moving and 1 Gbps in stationary operation. NTT DoCoMo has completed a trial version in which they achieved a maximum packet transfer rate of approximately 5 Gbps in the downlink with 12×12 MIMO with a frequency bandwidth of 100 MHz while moving at 10 km/h[36] and plans to release the first commercial network in 2010. In September 2007, NTT Docomo demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 200 Mbps with power consumption below 100 mW during testing. [37] In January 2008, a frequency auction by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) began for the 700 MHz of former analogue TV frequencies. As a result, most of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next largest to AT&T.[38] Both companies have stated their intention to support LTE. In January 2008, Commissioner Viviane Reding proposed a reassignment of 500-800 MHz frequencies communication, including WiMAX. [39] On February 15, 2008, Skyworks Solutions released a front-end module for e-UTRAN. [40] [41] [42] In November 2008, ITU-R founded the PERFORMANCE requirements of IMT-Advanced by publishing a circular calling the candidates for Radio Access Technologies (RATs) for IMT-Advanced. [43] In April 2008, shortly after receiving the Circular, 3GPP organized a workshop on IMT-Advanced in which it was decided that LTE Advanced, a further development of the current LTE standard, will meet or even exceed the IMT Advanced requirements following the ITU-R agenda. In April 2008, LG and Nortel showed e-UTRA data rates of 50 Mbps at 110 km/h.[44] On November 12, 2008 HTC announced the first WiMAX-enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G[45]. On 15 December 2008, San Miguel Corporation, the largest food and beverage group in Southeast Asia, signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Qatar Telecom QSC (Qtel) to build wireless broadband and mobile projects in the Philippines. The joint venture formed wi-Tribe Philippines, which offers 4G in the country. [46] Around the same time, Globe Telecom rolled out the first WiMAX service in the Philippines. On March 3, 2009, the Lithuanian LRTC announced the first 4G operational mobile network in the Baltic States. [47] In December 2009, Sprint began advertising the 4G service in selected cities in the United States, even though the average download speed was only 3-6 Mbps with top speeds of 10 Mbps (not available in all markets). [48] On 14 December 2009, the first commercial LTE operation in the Scandinavian capitals of Stockholm and Oslo was carried out by the Swedish-Finnish network operator TeliaSonera and its Norwegian brand name NetCom (Norway). TeliaSonera is brandishering the 4G network. The modem devices offered were manufactured by Samsung (Dongle GT-B3710) and the network infrastructure of Huawei (in Oslo) and Ericsson (in Stockholm). TeliaSonera plans to introduce nationwide LTE in Sweden, Norway and Finland. [49] [50] TeliaSonera used 10 MHz spectral bandwidth and single-in-single-out to provide physical layer network bitrates of up to 50 Mbps downlink and 25 Mbps in the uplink. Introductory tests revealed TCP throughput of 42.8 Mbps downlink and 5.3 Mbps uplink in Stockholm. [51] On June 4, 2010, Sprint released the first WiMAX smartphone in the United States, htc Evo 4G.[52] On November 4, 2010, the Samsung Craft offered by MetroPCS announced the first commercially available LTE smartphone[53] at the ITU World Radiocommunication Seminar 2010 that LTE, WiMax and similar developed 3G technologies could be considered 4G. [2] In 2011, the Argentine Claro launched a Pre-4G HSPA+ network in the country. In 2011, Thailand's Truemove-H launched a Pre-4G HSPA+ network with nationwide availability. March 17, 2011, Verizon's HTC Thunderbolt was the second LTE smartphone to be sold commercially in the United States. [54] [55] In February 2012, Ericsson demonstrated mobile television via LTE and used the eMBMS (extended multimedia broadcast multicast service). [56] Since 2009, the LTE standard has evolved considerably over the years, leading to many deployments by various operators around the world. An overview of commercial LTE networks and their respective historical development can be found at: List of LTE networks. Among the numerous deployments, many operators are thinking about the use and operation of LTE networks. For a summary of the planned LTE deployments, see: List of planned LTE networks. Disadvantages 4G leads to potential inconvenience for those who want to travel internationally or change the carrier. In order to make and receive 4G voice calls, the subscriber handset must not only have a suitable frequency band (and in some cases require unlocking), but must also have the appropriate activation settings for the local network operator and/or country. While a phone purchased from a particular carrier can be expected to work with that carrier, it may be impossible to make 4G voice calls on another carrier's network without a software update specific to the local carrier and the phone model in question, although a fallback to 3G for voice calls may still be possible if a 3G network with a suitable frequency band is available). [57] Beyond 4G research main article: 5G A major concern for renovating 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger part of the cell, especially for users in exposed position between multiple base stations. In current research, this problem is addressed by macrodiversity techniques, also known as Group Cooperative Relay, and also by Beam Division Multiple Access (BDMA). [58] Penetrating networks are an amorphous and currently completely hypothetical concept in which the user can simultaneously be connected to several wireless access technologies and move seamlessly between them (see Vertical Handover, IEEE 802.21). These access technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access technology. This concept also includes smart radio (also known as cognitive radio) technology to efficiently manage frequency usage and transmission performance, as well as the use of mesh routing protocols to create a penetrating network. See also 4G-LTE Filter Comparison of Cellular Standards GSM, CDMA, LTE Comparison of Wireless Data Standards HSPA+, WiMAX, EV-DO 5G Notes - The exact exhaustion status is difficult to determine as it is unknown how many unused addresses exist in ISPs and how addresses that are permanently unused by their owners can still be released and transferred to others. 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