IRELAND New Developments, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues
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2013 NATIONAL REPORT (2012 Data) TO THE EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point IRELAND New Developments, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues REITOX Acknowledgements Addiction service managers, drug treatment facilities and general practitioners Central Statistics Office Central Treatment List Coroner Service Customs Drugs Law Enforcement of the Revenue Commissioners Department of Education and Skills Department of Health Department of Justice and Equality Department of Social Protection Forensic Science Laboratory Garda National Drugs Unit General Mortality Register Health Protection Surveillance Centre Health Service Executive Hospital In-Patient Enquiry scheme Irish Prison Service The Garda Síochána Office for the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs Voluntary and community groups and academic researchers We would specially like to thank the following: Dr Joe Barry, Ms Theresa Barnett, Ms Elaine Butler, Dr Des Corrigan, Ms Caroline Comar, Mr Michael Conroy, Mr John Craven, Mr Niall Cullen, Ms Gretta Crowley, Ms Aileen Dooley, Mr Joe Doyle, Dr Brian Farrell, Mr Liam Hughes, Dr Pierce Kavanagh, Dr Eamon Keenan, Dr Alan Kelly, Mr John Moloney, Ms Niamh Murphy, Dr Kate O’Donnell, Dr Dan O’Driscoll, Ms Dairearca Ní Néill, Mr Brendan Ryan, Ms Susan Scally, Dr Bobby Smyth, Ms Sandra Tobin, Dr Lelia Thornton and Professor Miriam Wiley. Finally, we would like to express our sincere thanks to our Health Research Board colleagues working in the area of alcohol and drug related research Fiona Bannon, Anne Marie Carew, Ita Condron, Mary Dunne, Louise Farragher, Ena Lyn, Vivion McGuire, Deirdre Mongan, Joan Moore, Mairea Nelson and Simone Walsh who provided access to literature, analysed data from reporting systems or summarised literature for Drugnet Ireland. Brian Galvin Head of the Irish Focal Point This report was written by: Johnny Connolly Martin Keane Brigid Pike Carrie Garavan Jean Long Justine Horgan Suzi Lyons Dr Justine Horgan, prevalence expert at the Irish National Focal Point, died in August this year. Justine’s colleagues and friends in the Health Research Board were deeply saddened by her untimely death. Justine was a highly dedicated scientist with a commitment to ensuring that evidence of the highest quality was available to those making policy in the drugs field. We have lost an excellent colleague and a good friend and we will remember her time working with us with both fondness and regret. This report was compiled by Mairea Nelson and Brigid Pike. Please use the following citation: Health Research Board, Irish Focal Point (2013) 2013 National Report (2012 data) to the EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point. Ireland: new developments and trends. Dublin: Health Research Board. 2 Contents Summary of each chapter................................................................................ 6 Main points ............................................................................................................................ 6 Part A: New Developments and Trends........................................................ 12 1. Drug policy: legislation, strategies and economic analysis....................... 12 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 12 1.2 Legal framework ...................................................................................................... 13 1.2.1 Laws, regulations, directives or guidelines in the field of drug issues (demand & supply) ....................................................................................................... 13 1.2.2 Laws implementation ...................................................................................... 14 1.3 National action plan, strategy, evaluation and co-ordination .................................. 17 1.3.1 National action plan and/or strategy ................................................................ 17 1.3.2 Implementation and evaluation of national action plan and/or strategy .......... 18 1.3.3 Other drug policy developments e.g. government declaration, civil society initiatives ........................................................................................................ 23 1.3.4 Co-ordination arrangements ............................................................................ 25 1.4 Economic analysis ................................................................................................... 26 1.4.1 Public expenditures ......................................................................................... 27 1.4.2 Budget ............................................................................................................. 27 1.4.3 Social costs ...................................................................................................... 28 2. Drug Use in the General Population and Specific targeted-Groups .......... 29 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 29 2.2 Drug use in the general population (based on probabilistic sample) ....................... 30 2.3 Drug use in the school and youth population (based on probabilistic sample) ....... 36 2.4 Drug use among targeted groups/settings at national and local level (university students and conscript surveys, migrants, music venues gay clubs, gyms) ............. 39 3. Prevention ..................................................................................................... 40 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 40 3.2 Environmental prevention ....................................................................................... 41 3.2.1 Alcohol and tobacco policies .......................................................................... 41 3.2.2 Other social and normative changes ................................................................ 42 3.3 Universal prevention ................................................................................................ 42 3.3.1 School .............................................................................................................. 42 3.3.2 Family ............................................................................................................. 44 3.3.3 Community ...................................................................................................... 44 3.4 Selective prevention in at-risk groups and settings ................................................. 47 3.4.1 At-risk groups .................................................................................................. 47 3.4.2 At-risk families ................................................................................................ 48 3.4.3 Recreational settings (incl. reduction of drug and alcohol related harm) ........ 49 3.5 Indicated prevention ................................................................................................ 50 3.5.1 Children at risk with individually attributable risk factors (e.g. children with Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder, ,children with externalising or internalising disorders) Externalising : sensation seeking, conduct disorders; Internalising : extreme shyness, depression. .................................................. 50 3.6 National and local media campaigns ....................................................................... 51 4. Problem Drug Use (PDU) .............................................................................. 52 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 52 4.2 Prevalence and incidence estimates of PDUs .......................................................... 52 4.2.1 Indirect estimates of problem drug use ........................................................... 52 4.2.2 Estimates of incidence of problem drug use ................................................... 53 4.3 Data on PDUs from non-treatment sources (police, emergency, needle exchange etc) ........................................................................................................................... 53 4.3.1 PDUs in data sources other than TDI .............................................................. 53 4.4 Intensive, frequent, long-term and other problematic forms of use ......................... 57 3 4.4.1 Description of the forms of use falling outside the EMCDDA’s PDU definition (in vulnerable groups) .................................................................................... 57 4.4.2 Prevalence estimates of intensive, frequent, long term and other problematic forms of use, not included in the PDU definition .......................................... 57 5. Drug-related treatment: treatment demand and treatment availability ...... 58 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 58 5.2 General description, availability and quality assurance ........................................... 60 5.2.1 Strategy/policy ................................................................................................ 60 5.2.2 Treatment systems ........................................................................................... 62 5.2.2.1 Organisation and quality assurance ................................................................. 66 5.2.2.2