PRACTICAL VETERINARY URINALYSIS 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

Carolyn Sink | 9780470958247 | | | | | Practical Veterinary Urinalysis 1st edition PDF Book

Only aspergillosis presents in the hyphal form. An in-depth discussion of physical properties, chemical analysis, and sediment analysis is covered in separate chapters. They are aptly named as they reflect a cast of the renal tubular lumen. IgG, IgM, fibrinogen. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 20 1 : 2— Ames, IA: Blackwell Publishing. If patient is dehydrated or azotemic, renal insufficiency or extra-renal impairment of concentrating ability is likely Table 3. Briefly, the external genitalia should be cleansed prior to catheterization and only sterile lubricant and sterilized catheter, instruments, and syringe used Barsanti ; Reine and Langston Veterinary Clinical Pathology 31 2 : 56— This bench-top guide covers sample handling guidelines, interpretation of dry chemical analysis, and recommendations for physical and microscopic evaluation. Any positive protein result found in dilute urine should be investigated further Wamsley and Alleman Schrier RW, ed. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Urea production and excretion The liver converts ammonia, which is a product of intestinal protein catabolism, into urea. The content of the book is distilled from the fifth edition Pouring off the supernatant is less ideal as overaggressive decanting can compromise sediment consistency. Ideally, urine is collected midstream as first-stream urine is more likely to contain bacteria, cells, and other debris from the vulva, urethra, or prepuce. Mundt L, Shanahan. Decreased temperature enhances the precipitation of crystals, so refrigerated specimens often incur this in vitro interference. Reagent strip methodology When cations are present in the urine sample, protons are released by a complexing agent in the reagent pad. Prerenal is not expected to directly result in hypoalbuminemia. Mundt L, Shanahan K, eds. Note: May be mistaken for crystals which are more amber in color with less smooth edges. In contrast to urea, creatinine is not reabsorbed by the renal tubules. Since urobilinogen test pads are found on most dry reagent strips used in human medicine, urobilinogen is commonly incorporated in veterinary urinalysis studies. Increased numbers of transitional cells may be present within urine sediment secondary to hyperplastic transitional epithelium of the bladder. Chemically counteracting these properties in the laboratory causes crystals to dissolve, and these solubility characteristics can assist in crystal identification. Other causes same as for . is sensed by receptors in the hypothalamus. Sodium and chloride, however, can be reabsorbed from the tubular fluid in this segment primarily under the influence of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone ADH , and other substances. They are highly refractile using bright field microscopy. Submerge tip of transfer straw in specimen. Routine Urinalysis : Chemical Analysis 45 system is overwhelmed, and the excess hemoglobin dimers pass through the glomerulus, enter the ultrafiltrate, and are either resorbed by the renal tubules or are excreted into the urine. Concurrent pink or red-tinged plasma, indicative of hemoglobinemia, supports a diagnosis of . Practical Veterinary Urinalysis 1st edition Writer

Yellow brown to brown, varying-sized spherules. Chromogens utilized for this methodology vary by reagent strip manufacturer; as always, appropriate color charts must be consulted for reaction grading. Identified in patients with acute renal failure that ingested melamine- and cyanuric- contaminated pet food. Severe muscle injury rhabdomyolysis can cause . Specific measurement of urine osmolality is infrequently necessary in clinical cases. USG varies in normal animals depending on water intake and hydration status: dogs 1. Neoplastic cells exhibit a two- to threefold. PLoS Genetics 4 11 : e In severe infections, mycelia hyphal structures may be observed. This method can be employed for samples other than urine, Table 4. Ketone bodies enter the urine by both glomerular filtration of plasma and by tubular secretion; only acetone has the ability to be reabsorbed after entering the tubular fluid. Increases risk of uric acid uroliths stones , especially in acidic urine. Mutations in the SLC2A9 gene cause and hyperuricemia in the dog. Often, temperature-compensated refractometers provide scales that are calibrated for normal human urine, but veterinary refractometers calibrated for assessment of canine and feline urine are available. Same case as 5. Sources: Data from Bonfanti et al. Report This. Variations may be due to normal metabolic functions, physical exertion, drug administration, or pathological conditions, although urine color is often used as an indicator of hydration status. Energy production, which typically relies on carbohydrate metabolism, is shifted to break down and utilize lipid and free fatty acids instead of carbohydrates. Multistix reagent strips can detect urobilinogen in concentrations as low as 0. Drain excess urine from the test strip by withdrawing the strip against the rim of the container or blot the edge of the strip on absorbent paper. Do not allow test pad reagents to leach. Basic examination of urine. Tubes must withstand centrifugation, and if an automated system is used, compatibility with the loading rack or carrier is necessary. A small amount of creatinine, however, is excreted by the proximal tubule in male dogs. Practical Veterinary Urinalysis 1st edition Reviews

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA Do not perform testing in the presence of alkaline fumes or volatile acids. Chapter 6 Tubular reabsorption Proximal renal tubular epithelial cells reabsorb, through the process of endocytosis, LMW proteins and albumin that pass through the GFB and enter the tubular fluid Birn and Christensen ; Comper ; Comper ; Comper et al. The presence of numerous mixed bacteria in the urine sample would suggest sampling from the intestine. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. Tamm—Horsfall protein is a major constituent of mucus. These casts result from extreme urine stasis; the waxy cast matrix is surmised to result from degeneration of cellular or granular hyaline casts. The Proteinuria endothelial cell surface displays a negatively charged glycocalyx, which is thought to be important in exclusion of albumin from the ultrafiltrate. Biochemical changes that would be seen concurrently with myoglobinuria include increased levels of plasma creatine kinase CK and aspartate transaminase AST ; AST can also elevate with hemolysis so CK is preferred for diagnosis of muscle injury. This parameter is deemed unreliable for veterinary samples Archer ; Holan et al. RBCs settle quickly in collection containers, producing a false-negative test strip result Strasinger and DiLorenzo Casts are classified according to these inclusions, which can be any element. Creatinine excretion Creatinine is produced at a constant rate from normal muscle metabolism where creatine in muscle is converted to creatinine Gregory ; Kaneko ; Stockham and Scott Once again, it is important to visualize the mucoprotein cast matrix, as amorphous clumps or fecal debris can be mistaken for granular casts. Specific gravity SG which ranges from 1. Veterinary Clinics. Chemical Analysis. Supravital staining enhances nuclear detail and can assist in identification. Quality assurance measures and quality goals are defined, assuring laboratorians that the results they produce are reliable. Water deprivation test in the dog: maximal normal values. The most efficient method in the diagnosis of skin diseases These endothelial cells have pores fenestrations within the cells that allow for the passage of fluid. PLoS Genetics 4 11 : e In veterinary medicine, copper reduction tests can be used to verify a questionable reagent strip reaction in samples demonstrating significant pigmenturia Stockham and Scott Blood Clinical significance Chapter 4 A positive dipstick reaction for blood can result from , hemoglobinuria, or myoglobinuria; the presence of any of these substances in urine is an abnormal finding. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Dry reagent strips Dipstick methods for specific gravity assessment are inaccurate for veterinary specimens and not recommended, although detailed information regarding the dipstick test methodology can be found in Chapter 4. Only conjugated bilirubin is water soluble and able to be freely filtered by the glomerulus. Only aspergillosis presents in the hyphal form. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative. Urine protein results should be interpreted in association with specific gravity. In Fundamentals of Veterinary. Osmolality Osmolality is the concentration of solutes in a solution Kaneko ; Stockham and Scott ; Watson Mundt L, Shanahan K. An expected finding in urine sediment from horses but not dogs or cats. As the loop descends into the renal medulla, which is maintained at a higher osmolality due to higher concentrations of both sodium and urea, the water will exit the loop in an attempt to equilibrate with the surrounding interstitium, thus serving to conserve water. Variations between manufacturers are highlighted when differences exist. Advanced Diagnostics. American Journal of Veterinary Research 70 2 : — Atlas of Dermatopathology: Practical Differential Diagnosis by. Note: May be mistaken for bilirubin crystals which are more amber in color with less smooth edges. Subsequent formed elements are often difficult to discern, but this is circumvented through acuity of fine focus. The reader is guided to Chapter 6 for further discussion of . Evaluation of the association between sex and risk of forming urate uroliths in Dalmatians. Causes of pathological urinary tract hemorrhage include trauma, inflammation, neoplasia, inherited and acquired primary and secondary hemostatic disorders, and idiopathic disorders.

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Both functional and physiological aspects of the urinary system are reviewed with disease processes highlighted. Related Searches. Routine Urinalysis: Chemical Analys. Adequate renal function Dehydration or hypoperfusion should be considered in a dehydrated patient Urine is more concentrated than the glomerular ultrafiltrate. Routine Urinalysis : Physical Properties 25 Table 3. Increased plasma osmolality results in ADH release, which stimulates the collecting tubules and ducts to reabsorb water. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have. Reporting guidelines can be found in Table 3. As RBC casts age, cells deteriorate but the red-orange hue remains. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 31 2 : 56— Renal Failure 31 2 : —3. Care of reagent strips Consult packet insert and color chart for changes in procedure, color reactivity or interferences. Male dogs can often be catheterized awake; the majority of female dogs and both male and female cats must be sedated or anesthetized prior to urinary catheterization. Confirmatory testing Reducing substances Chapter 4 Copper reduction tests are utilized in human medicine to screen pediatric patients for reducing substances in the urine, specifically galactose, although other sugars will react i. Relate physical, chemical, and microscopic findings. Solute number, size, and weight all influence the specific gravity of a urine sample. Specimen collection and handling are reviewed with emphasis on differences in laboratory findings between three frequently used methods. Postrenal causes of azotemia also result in an inability to excrete urea and creatinine from the body. Australian Veterinary Journal. Elliot J, Grauer GF, eds. An in- depth discussion of urine physical properties, chemical analysis, and sediment analysis is covered in separate chapters. Also, centrifugation of larger amounts can be technically challenging given equipment available in general practice. Do not remove desiccant packet from container. Morphologic variety is caused by the ability of the cell to absorb water and stretching of cells by a full bladder. Chapter 5 Stain The decision to stain urine sediment is a matter of personal preference. In Urinalysis :. Ultrafiltrate is the product of glomerular filtration of blood following its passage through a glomerular filtration barrier, the glomerular capillary wall GCW. Provided by Sarstedt, with permission The container should not leach interfering substances or particles into the urine sample, and the exterior of the container must possess enough surface area for labeling. Calculate the maximum number of fields in the viewing area. Take the reading at the point where the dividing lines between light and dark field cross the scale. Nicole M. But when considered together, the Chapter 2 Timed or hour specimen A hour excretion study is used to determine urinary excretion of an analyte, such as electrolytes or protein, and is considered the most definitive method of measurement Stockham and Scott The GBM contains specific molecules i. Description required. Research in Veterinary. The interactions and specific attributes of the components of the GCW listed above collectively determine glomerular selectivity. Reece WO. Variations between manufacturers are highlighted when differences exist. Sink , Nicole M. Glomerular filtration is driven by both blood volume and pressure and is considered a primarily passive process. The largest contributors to plasma osmolality are sodium, urea, and glucose Stockham and Scott Specific measurement of urine osmolality is infrequently necessary in clinical cases. Includes bibliographical references and index. Your Name required. Microscopic examination of urine. Casts are classified according to these inclusions, which can be any element. The ultrafiltrate is then further altered by tubular reabsorption and secretion. Tamm—Horsfall protein is a major constituent of mucus.

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