ANALELE ȘTIINȚIFICE ALE UNIVERSITĂȚII „ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA” DIN IAȘI (SERIE NOUĂ)

S E C Ț I U N E A I BIOLOGIE ANIMALĂ

TOMUL LXIV 2018-2020

Editura Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Gheorghe Mustață, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași,

Executive Editor: Dr. Ștefan Zamfirescu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania

Co-editors: Dr. Lotus Meșter, University of Bucharest, Romania Dr. Ion Moglan, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania Dr. Habil. Mircea Nicoară, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania Dr. Antonio Palanca-Soler, University of Vigo, Dr. Costică Misăilă, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania Dr. Habil. Ryszard Gołdyn, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Dr. Nuri Bașusta, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey Dr. Wietske Prummel, Royal University of Groningen, the Dr. Ion Cojocaru, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania Dr. Habil. Luminița Bejenaru, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania

Subject Editors: Dr. Simina Stanc, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania Dr. Habil. Mircea-Dan Mitroiu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania Dr. Constantin Ion, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania

Scientific Board: Dr. Patrick Gillet, Western Catholic University of Angers, Dr. Vladimir Pešic, Universtity of Montenegro, Potgorica, Montenegro Dr. Iordache Ion, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania Dr. Mircea Varvara, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania Dr. Ion Andriescu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania Dr. Ionel Miron, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania Dr. Dumitru Murariu, Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History, Bucharest, Romania Dr. Christine Lefevre, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France Dr. Carmen Gache, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania Dr. Ioan Coroiu, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Dr. Zeliha Selamoğlu Talas, Nigde University, Nigde, Turkey Dr. Anca-Narcisa Neagu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania Dr. Habil. Zbigniew Bochenski, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of , Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland Dr. Erika Gál, Archaeological Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest,

Editorial address: Facultatea de Biologie Telephone: +40232201072 Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași Fax: +40232201472 Bd. Carol I, Nr. 20A, 700505 Iași, România http://www.bio.uaic.ro/publicatii/anale_zoologie/anale_zoo_index.html

Analele Științifice ale Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași, s. Biologie animală, 64, 2018-2020

CONTENTS

ARTICLES ...... 3 Ion COJOCARU – REPORTING OF THE SPECIES OF PONTO- CASPIAN ORIGIN LIMNOMYSIS BENEDENI CZERNIAVSKY, 1882 (CRUSTACEA, MYSIDACEA) IN THE NATURA 2000 SITE ROSPA0109 BELCEȘTI ACCUMULATIONS (ROMANIA) ...... 3 Mina-Adriana MOȘNEAGU – THE DIVERSITY OF COLEOPTERANS AND THE IMPACT OF THEIR ATTACK ON THE OLD BOOK COLLECTIONS IN THE EAST OF ROMANIA ...... 7 Ion COJOCARU – REPORTING OF THE SPECIES CRENITIS PUNCTATOSTRIATA (LETZNER, 1840) (COLEOPTERA, HYDROPHILIDAE) IN PEAT BOGS OF ROMANIA...... 13 Camil Ștefan LUNGU-CONSTANTINEANU – ICHNEUMON (HYMENOPTERA, ICHNEUMONIDAE) FROM HALOPHILIC AREAS OF THE DANUBE DELTA BIOSPHERE RESERVE ...... 19 Surya S. BABU and Raju K. THOMAS – PRESENT STATUS OF AVIFAUNA IN THE POKKALI WETLANDS OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT, KERALA, INDIA...... 29 Vasilica LOGHIN – ANTHROPIZATION EFFECT ON THE AVIFAUNAL DIVERSITY IN IASI WETLANDS – A CASE STUDY OF “CIRIC” PARK FOREST ...... 39 Daniel MALAXA, Luminița BEJENARU and Simina STANC – EVALUATION OF RESOURCES USED IN NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENTS OF VINČA CULTURE: ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL REVIEW ...... 47

- 1 - Contents

Simina-Margareta STANC, Alexandra-Elena CABAT, Aurel- Constantin MOTOTOLEA and Luminița BEJENARU – PRELIMINARY DATA REGARDING THE FAUNAL MATERIAL FROM THE OTTOMAN CULTURAL LEVEL, DISCOVERED AT ULMETUM (PANTELIMON COMMUNE, CONSTANȚA COUNTY, ROMANIA) ...... 63

OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS ...... 71 Constantin TOMA – EMERITUS UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR GHEORGHE MUSTAȚĂ AT THE AGE 80 YEARS ...... 71

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REPORTING OF THE SPECIES OF PONTO-CASPIAN ORIGIN LIMNOMYSIS BENEDENI CZERNIAVSKY, 1882 (CRUSTACEA, MYSIDACEA) IN THE NATURA 2000 SITE ROSPA0109 BELCEȘTI ACCUMULATIONS (ROMANIA)

Ion COJOCARU

Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, B-dul Carol I, no. 20A, 700505 Iași, Romania; [email protected]

Abstract. In this note we signal the presence of the species Limnomysis benedeni (Crustacea, Mysidacea), crustacean of Ponto-Caspian origin, in some fish ponds within the Natura 2000 site ROSPA0109 Belcești Accumulations (Prut river basin, northeastern Romania).

Keywords: Limnomysis benedeni, Natura 2000 site, fish ponds, Prut river basin, Romania

Rezumat. Semnalarea speciei de origine ponto-caspică Limnomysis benedeni Czerniavsky, 1882 (Crustacea, Mysidacea) în situl Natura 2000 ROSPA0109 Acumulările Belcești (România). În această notă semnalăm prezența speciei Limnomysis benedeni (Crustacea, Mysidacea), crustaceu de origine ponto-caspică, în unele iazuri piscicole din cadrul sitului Natura 2000 ROSPA0109 Acumulările Belcești (bazinul râului Prut, nord-estul României).

Cuvinte cheie: Limnomysis benedeni, sit Natura 2000, iazuri piscicole, bazinul râului Prut, România

Introduction Limnomysis benedeni is a crustacean of the Mysidae family (6-13 mm long, in rare cases 5-15 mm) native to the brackish and fresh waters of the Ponto-Caspian region. The authors consider this species either a Caspian relict, adapted to sweetened waters (native species), or an invasive species (Băcescu, 1954). The species has been reported in the sweetened waters of the Caspian Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea, and in their tributary flowing waters (Băcescu, 1954). Since the 1940s, the species continues to spread to the west, in continental , in the Danube Basin (Băcescu, 1954, Woynárovich, 1954, Nesemann et al. 1995, Borza et al., 2011), Rhine (Wittmann & Ariani 2009), to the Baltic Sea (Olenin & Leppäkoski, 1999; Arbaciauskas, 2002) and the North Sea (Audzijonyte et al., 2009). The main source of these expansion waves would be, based on genetic analyzes, the Danube Delta (Audzijonyte et al. 2009). The spread inside the continent was done either by natural migration or by intentional introduction, as a source of fish food, or unintentional introduction. In Romania, the species L. benedeni is considered native (Băcescu, 1940; Popescu and Prunescu-Arion, 1960; Witmann, 2007; Audzijonyte et al., 2009). L. benedeni lives in smoothly flowing and stagnant waters, rich in aquatic macrophytes, and on flooded shores or associated with artificial hard substrate (Wittmann 1995). The Belcești Accumulations, where this mysid was reported, are part of the Prut river basin and form a protected area (special avifauna protection area - SPA) located in

- 3 - Ion COJOCARU northeastern Romania, on the territory of Iași county.

Material and Methods Adult individuals of L. benedeni, males and females (including females with nauplius larvae in the marsupium) were collected from four fish ponds from the Natura 2000 site ROSPA0109 Belcești Accumulations: Huc Pond, Plopilor Pond, Cicadaia Lake (from the valley of the Gurguiata brook) and Tansa Lake (from the valley of the Bahlui river) (Tab. 1). The samples were taken in May and August 2018 and targeted benthic and necto-benthic macronevertebrates. In each station, the sampling was performed using a limnological net (with 0.25 mm mesh) on a 10 m linear route, in the shore area, according to the "Synthetic guide for monitoring invertebrate species of community interest in Romania" (2015).

Table 1. Collection data of Limnomysis benedeni in the Natura 2000 site, ROSPA0109 Belcești accumulations.

L. benedeni (number of Lake Coordinates Date/ Station individuals) lat.47.33546° N Cicadaia Lake 5.05.2018 6 long. 27.10276° E lat. 47.33022° N 5.05.2018 3 long. 27.11368° E Plopilor Pond lat. 47.314899° N 12.08. 2018 1500 (estimated) long.27.123675° E lat.47.296733° N Huc Pond 12.08.2018 7000 (estimated) long. 27.135111 E lat. 47.29690 N 5.05.2018 156 long. 27.07123 E Tansa Lake lat. 47.288633° N 12.08. 2018 5600 (estimated) long. 27.078592° E

Figure 1. Sample with Limnomysis benedeni.

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Results and Discussion Limnomysis benedeni was found in macronevertebrate samples taken from four ponds and six sampling stations (Tab. 1). The main macrophytes in the sampling stations were Phragmites, Typha, Potamogeton, Myriophillum, in addition, in the Tansa station (in May), there was a large amount of Spirogyra algae. In the samples collected in May, the abundance of this species was low. In contrast, in the samples collected in August L. benedeni was the most abundant species of macronevertebrate, with estimated values between 1500 and 7000 individuals (Tab. 1). In these samples, the only macronevertebrate with a similar abundance was Micronecta scholtzi (Fieber, 1860) (Heteroptera, Corixidae), and in Huc pond, cladocerans and copepods. Collection data suggest that L. benedeni populations are heterogeneously distributed in the shoreline of ponds, depending on the season and the distribution of macrophyte populations. The existence in large numbers of this small crustacean in fish ponds can have a special trophic importance for juvenile fish and even for adult fish (Chiriac & Udrescu, 1965).

Conclusions This is the first report of the species Limnomysis benedeni Czerniavsky, 1882, a misyd of Ponto-Caspian marine origin, in the Natura 2000 site ROSPA0109 Belcești Accumulations, located in the Prut river basin, a tributary of the Danube.

References Arbaciauskas, K., 2002. Ponto-caspian amphipods and mysids in the inland waters of : history of introduction, current distribution and relations with native malacostracans, in book Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management (editors: E. Leppäkoski, S. Gollasch and S. Olenin), Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 104-115. Audzijonyte, A., Wittmann, K.J., Ovcarenko, I., and Väinölä, R., 2009. Invasion phylogeography of the Ponto- Caspian crustacean Limnomysis benedeni dispersing across Europe. Diversity and Distributions, 15: 346- 355. Băcescu, M., 1940. Les Mysidacés des eaux Roumaines (Etudes taxonomique, morphologique, biogéographiqueet biologique). Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy 26: 453-804. Băcescu, M., 1954. Crustacea, Mysidacea. Fauna R.P.R. vol. 4, fasc.3. Editura Academiei R.P.R., București. Borza, P., Czirok, A., Deak, C., Ficsors, M., Horvai, V., Horvath, Z., Juhasz, P., Kovacs, K. and Ferenc C., 2011. Invasive mysids (Crustacea: Malacostraca: Mysida) in Hungary: distributions and dispersal mechanisms. North-Western Journal of Zoology 7(2): 222-228. Chiriac, E., Udrescu M., 1965. Ghidul naturalistului în lumea apelor dulci, Editura Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti. Nesemann, H., Pöckl, P., and Wittmann, K.J., 1995. Distribution of epigean Malacostraca in the middle and upper Danube (Hungary, , ). Miscellanea Zoologica Hungarica, 10: 49-68. Olenin, S., and Leppäkoski, E., 1999. Non-native animals in the Baltic Sea: alteration of benthic habitats in coastal inlets and lagoons. Hydrobiologia, 393: 233–243. Popescu, E., and Prunescu-Arion, E. 1960. Kizučenii bentičeskoi fauni Dunaia v raione porogov (ot km. 1042 do km 955), Revue de Biologie Bucarest, 5: 345-362. Wittmann, K.J., 1995. Zur Einwanderung potamophiler Malacostraca in die obere Donau: Limnomysis benedeni (Mysidacea), Corophium curvispinum (Amphipoda) und Atyaephyra desmaresti (Decapoda). Lauterbornia, 20: 77-85. Wittmann, K.J., 2007. Continued massive invasion of Mysidae in the Rhine and Danube river systems, with first records of the order Mysidacea (Crustacea: Malacostraca: Peracarida) for . Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 114: 65–86. Wittmann, K.J., Ariani, A.P., 2009. Reappraisal and range extension of nonindigenous Mysidae (Crustacea, Mysida) in continental and coastal waters of eastern France. Biological Invasions 11: 401-407. Woynárovich, E., 1954. Vorkommen der Limnomysis benedeni Czern. im ungarischen Donauabschnitt. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 1: 177-185. ***Acumulările Belcești – Arie de protecție specială avifaunistică; http://biodiversitate.mmediu.ro/rio/natura2000/ view?doc_id=ROSP A0109 (accessed on March 24, 2018)

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***Ghid sintetic pentru monitorizarea speciilor de nevertebrate de interes comunitar din România, Asocierea S.C. Compania de Consultanță și Asistență Tehnică SRL și SC Integra Trading SRL, București, 2015. ***Protectedplanet.net – Acumulările Belcești (arie de protecție specială avifaunistică); https://www.protectedplanet.net/acumularile-belcesti-special-protection-area-birds-directive (accessed on March 24, 2018).

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THE DIVERSITY OF COLEOPTERANS AND THE IMPACT OF THEIR ATTACK ON THE OLD BOOK COLLECTIONS IN THE EAST OF ROMANIA

Mina-Adriana MOȘNEAGU

“Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași, Faculty of Orthodox Theology, Carol I, 20A, 700505, Iași, Romania, [email protected]

Abstract. The paper presents the species of Coleoptera that have caused damage to old book collections in the East of Romania. 18 species of Coleoptera out of 5 families were identified. The degradation caused by affected both the book block and the covers, causing aesthetic and functional damage.

Keywords: Coleoptera, pests, books, biodeterioration

Rezumat. Diversitatea coleopterelor și impactul atacului acestora in colecțiile de carte veche din Estul României. Lucrarea prezintă speciile de coleoptere care au produs daune in colecții de carte veche din estul României. Au fost identificate 18 specii de coleoptere din 5 familii. Degradările produse de insecte au afectat atât blocul de carte, cât și copertele, producând daune estetice și funcționale.

Cuvinte cheie: Coleoptera, dăunători, cărți, biodeteriorare

Introduction Information about harmful insects from old book collections in Romania was published by Mustaţă (1978, 1998, 2001), Gămălie & Mustaţă (2005, 2006), Gămălie- Moldovan (2005, 2006), Moşneagu (2005, 2009, 2014), Moșneagu & Mustață (2007). The authors reported the presence of species belonging to the orders of Blattodea, Coleoptera, , Psocoptera, Thysanura. The large number of harmful insects is determined by the variety of materials in the structure of the old books (paper, cardboard, wood, adhesives, leather, textiles). Among the reported pests, coleopterans caused the most significant damage, being able to eat all the components of organic origin in the structure of books. Cockroaches, booklice and silverfish produce superficial erosions and stains but are not able to cause significant damage to books. Lepidoptera mainly damage the textile materials in the bookbinding (covers, sewing threads). are those that produce flight holes and galleries in the textblock and covers, thus endangering the integrity of the books, texts and decorations. Coleopterans cause aesthetic damage to books (1.0-3.5 mm diameter flight holes, galleries, excrement, deformations, superficial erosions, chromatic alterations) and functional (cracks, fractures, loss of material). In the larval stage, the insects dig galleries, eat the materials and eliminate excrements, while in the adult stage, the insects produce flight holes in the surface of the books for the mating flight.

Material and Methods The research was carried out on 20 collections (libraries, museums, churches) from

- 7 - Mina-Adriana MOȘNEAGU the counties of Bacău, Iaşi, Neamţ, Suceava, Vaslui, insects (living or dead), larvae, larval exuviae and excrements being collected. 1029 books from 16-19th century were studied. The books' textblock were made of manual or industrial paper, and from wood or cardboard covered in leather, leather substitute or paper for the hardcovers. Yarns of vegetable (hemp, linen) or animal (wool) origin were used for sewing. Animal glue and wheat paste were used for the bindings. Identifying the species was performed by means of binoculars, by observing the characteristics of the external and internal morphology of the adults, larvae, larval exuviae collected from the books. The frequency of the species was calculated in relation to the total number of books studied according to the formula: F1 = p1 / P1 x 100, where p1 - the number of books in which a species was found and P1 - the total number of researched books. Also, the frequency of the species was calculated in relation to the number of collections in which it was identified, using the formula F2 = p2 / P2 x 100, where p2 - the number of collections in which a species was identified and P2 - the total number of collections investigated.

Results and Discussion Out of the 1029 books studied 120 showed no traces of an attack. Signs of an insect attack (flight holes, larval galleries) were identified in 375 books, but they did not have remains of biological material to identify harmful species. Insects (whole or fragments, adults or larvae) and excrements were taken from 534 books, which allowed the identification of the harmful species. Thus, 18 species of Coleoptera were identified that are part of 5 families of beetles: Anobiidae, Curculionidae, , Ptinidae, Tenebrionidae (Table 1).

Table 1. Frequency of coleopterans identified in the old book collections in eastern Romania.

Pest family Pest species Ratio of species Ratio of species frequency frequency to number of to number of collections books studied F1 (%) studied F2 (%) Anobiidae Anobium punctatum 10.86% 55.00% Lasioderma serricorne 0.19% 5.00% Stegobium paniceum 59.93% 40.00% Ptilinus pectinicornis 0.37% 10.00% Xestobium rufovillosum 19.29% 65.00% Curculionidae Stereocorynes truncorum 0.94% 5.00% Dermestidae Attagenus pellio 1.31% 20.00% Attagenus piceus 0.19% 5.00% polonicus 0.56% 10.00% Anthrenus museorum 0.37% 5.00% Anthrenus verbasci 0.19% 5.00% Ptinidae Mezium affine 0.37% 5.00% Niptus hololeucus 0.37% 5.00% Ptinus fur 2.25% 35.00% Ptinus brunneus 1.69% 20.00% Ptinus raptor 0.56% 10.00% Ptinus villiger 0.19% 5.00% Tenebrionidae Tribolium castaneum 0.37% 10.00%

59.93% of the 534 books from which insects were taken, were harmed by Stegobium paniceum. The species Anobium punctatum and Xestobium rufovillosum harmed about 10- 20% of the books. The other species were found in a somewhat small number (0.19-2.25%)

- 8 - Analele Științifice ale Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași, s. Biologie animală, 64: 7-12, 2018-2020 compared to the total number of books that had been studied (Fig. 1).

The ratio of the species frequency to the number of the books in research F1 (%)

70% 59.93% 60% 50% 40%

30% 19.29%

20% 10.86%

10%

2.25%

1.69%

1.31%

0.94%

0.56% 0.56%

0.37% 0.37% 0.37% 0.37% 0.37%

0.19% 0.19% 0.19% 0.19% 0%

Figure 1. The ratio of the species frequency to the number of the books in research.

The ratio of the species frequency to the number of the collections studied F2 (%) 70% 65% 60% 55% 50% 40% 40% 35% 30% 20% 20% 20% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 0%

Figure 2. The ratio of the species frequency to the number of the collections in research.

- 9 - Mina-Adriana MOȘNEAGU

In the 20 collections studied, the species Xestobium rufovillosum (65%), Anobium punctatum (55%) and Stegobium paniceum (40%) were found most frequently. Ptinus fur was identified in 35% of locations (fig. 2). Attagenus pellio and Ptinus brunneus were identified in 20% of locations. The species Lasioderma serricorne, Ptilinus pectinicornis, Stereocorynes truncorum, Attagenus piceus, Anthrenus polonicus, Anthrenus museorum, Anthrenus verbasci, Mezium affine, Niptus hololeucus, Ptinus raptor, Ptinus villiger and Tribolium castaneum were identified in 5-10% of collections. The large number of books harmed by Stegobium paniceum is determined by the large number of old books glued with wheat paste. When the book has a wooden cover, the attack is insignificant, the damage being reduced to a few galleries between endsheets and wood, or near the spine. When the cover is made of cardboard, Stegobium paniceum causes great damage, larvae and adults invading the entire cover. Over the years they produce dozens of galleries and flight holes that fracture infested materials (Fig. 3a-b). From the covers, the larvae have the ability to penetrate the textblock, 5-8 mm deep, producing galleries of 1.0- 1.5 mm in diameter. The species Anobium punctatum, Xestobium rufovillosum, Ptilinus pectinicornis were usually identified in books with wooden covers. Being xilofagous species, they have the ability to digest paper and wood in the structure of books. These species are the only ones capable of fracturing the textblock and covers when digging galleries to feed or from the book (Fig. 3c-g). The galleries of Xestobium rufovillosum are large, with a diameter of about 3.5-4.0 mm, filled with shredded paper and cookie-shaped faecal pellets (Fig. 3e). The high presence of Xestobium rufovillosum in old books was associated with their presence in the buildings that housed the collections. Buildings with high humidity in the walls (churches, memorial houses), over time, are biodegraded by fungi. Rotten wood attracts Xestobium rufovillosum insects and, thus, the insects reach the books from the wood of the buildings. The attack of Ptinidae and Curculionidae was encountered as well in books with high humidity and signs of fungal attack (colored spots released as a result of their biological activity). The flight holes and galleries produced by the spider beetles are at the level of the cardboard covers and the endsheets (fig. 3h-k). Stereocorynes truncorum caused damage both in the textblock and in the covers (flight holes of about 2 mm in diameter). The keratophagous Dermestidae reach the books after they have been attacked by xilophagous species. They eat the dead insects, and then they attack the components of animal origin in the book (wool, glue). The damage caused by the species of Attagenus sp. and Anthrenus sp. is relatively small, major problems occurring only when they eat the textile fibers in the seam of the book. The damage caused by coleopterans are unsightly (especially when there are living or dead insects in the galleries), destroying the texts and decorations of the books (fig. 3c-g). From the damaged volumes, shredded materials, excrements full of spores of microorganisms, hairs of larvae (especially skin beetles) fall down. These tiny residues cause health problems for people who inhale them.

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a. b. c.

d. e. f.

g. h. i.

j. k. l.

Figure 3. Damaged books by: Stegobium paniceum (a-b), Xestobium rufovillosum (c-f), Anobium punctatum (g), Ptinus fur (h-j), Mezium affine (k); combined attack of Xestobium rufovillosum and Stegobium paniceum (l).

Conclusions A number of 1029 books from 20 old book collections from museums, churches, libraries in 5 counties in eastern Romania were studied. 18 species of coleopterans have been identified that have caused damage to the books. The species Stegobium paniceum, Xestobium rufovillosum and Anobium punctatum are the most common and cause the most significant damage in old book collections. Books kept in high humidity conditions were attacked by Xestobium rufovillosum, Ptinus sp. and curculionides. Cardboard covers are the most exposed to insect attack, being accessible to all the identified species. Stegobium paniceum causes major damage in the books with carboard covers glued with wheat paste.

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In books with wooden covers, the greatest damage is caused by xylophagous insects of the species Anobium punctatum and Xestobium rufovillosum.

References Gămălie, G., 2005. Coleoptere dăunătoare cărţilor. In lucrările Conferinţei Naţionale pentru protecţia mediului prin biotehnologii, 27-28 mai 2005, Brașov, 2: 779-786. Gămălie, G., 2006. Old books damaging ptinids (Insecta, Coleoptera, Ptinidae) in Romania. Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii “Al. I. Cuza”, s. Biologie animală, LII: 137-146. Gămălie, G., Mustaţă, M., 2005. Damages produced by Ptinidae on the books of the ecclesiasticla heritage. Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii “Al. I. Cuza”, s. Biologie animală, LI: 31-40. Gămălie, G., Mustaţă, M., 2006. The Attack of Anobiids on Books from the Ecclesiastic Patrimony. European Journal of Science and Theology, 2(2): 77-83. Moşneagu M., 2005. Anobiidae semnalate în depozitul de carte veche de la M-rea Golia. Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii “Al. I. Cuza”, s. Teologie, X: 623-628. Moşneagu, M., Gămălie, G., 2006. Coleoptere dăunătoare bunurilor de patrimoniu de la Mănăstirea Agapia. Oltenia. Studii şi comunicări. Ştiinţele Naturii. Craiova, XXII: 184-190. Moşneagu, M. & Mustaţă, M., 2007. The attack of the anobiids species on the patrimonial goods of St. John the Baptist Church in Iasi. In lucrările conferinţei Agricultural and food sciences, process and technologies, Universitatea “Lucian Blaga” Sibiu, 297-302. Moşneagu, M., 2009. The susceptibility of different organic materials to insect attack in various ecclesiastical collections from Moldavia. Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii “Al. I. Cuza”, s. Teologie, XIV(2): 155- 168. Moşneagu, M., 2014. Pest Insects that Damage the Leather in the Old Book Bindings. Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii “Al. I. Cuza”, s. Teologie, XIX(2): 133-138. Mustaţă, M., 1978. Aspecte privind atacul unor insecte dăunătoare lemnului şi cărţilor din casa „Dosoftei” şi măsurile de combatere efectuate. Cercetări Istorice (serie nouă), Muzeul de Istorie a Moldovei, IX-X: 71-82. Mustaţă, M., 1998. Insecte dăunătoare bunurilor de patrimoniu. Editura Universităţii „Al. I. Cuza”, Iaşi. Mustaţă, M., 2001. Insecte dăunătoare cărţilor. Editura Corson, Iaşi.

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REPORTING OF THE SPECIES CRENITIS PUNCTATOSTRIATA (LETZNER, 1840) (COLEOPTERA, HYDROPHILIDAE) IN PEAT BOGS OF ROMANIA

Ion COJOCARU

Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, B-dul Carol I, no. 20A, 700505 Iași, Romania; [email protected]

Abstract. Crenitis punctatostriata is a species of aquatic associated with the Spagnetum, whose presence in Romania is questionable, being considered rare and vulnerable in some countries of Europe. In this paper we mention the species Crenitis punctatostriata (Letzner, 1840) in the peat bog with the Sphagnum moss from the Natura 2000 site Poiana Stampei in Romania.

Keywords: Crenitis punctatostriata, relict, peatlands, Natura 2000, Romania

Rezumat. Semnalarea speciei Crenitis punctatostriata (Letzner, 1840) (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) în turbării din România. Crenitis punctatostriata este o specie de coleopter acvatic asociată sfagnetumului, a cărei prezență în România este discutabilă, fiind considerată rară și vulnerabilă în unele țări din Europa. În această lucrare semnalăm specia Crenitis punctatostriata (Letzner, 1840) în turbăria cu mușchiul Sphagnum din situl Natura 2000 Poiana Stampei din România.

Cuvinte cheie: Crenitis punctatostriata, relict, turbării, Natura 2000, România

Introduction The genus Crenitis Bedel, 1881 comprises 41 species, widespread in Eurasia, Africa and America (Hansen, 1999; Hebauer, 1994, 2005). In Europe there is only one species - Crenitis punctatostriata (Letzner, 1840), western palearctic (Hebauer, 1994). In 1954 H. Bertrand mentions the species Crenitis punctatostriata in Central Europe (Bertrand, 1954). În 1976 W. Matthey cites Crenitis in France and publishes a study on the larvae, adults and habitat of this species (Matthey, 1976). The species is also reported in Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Switzerland (Illies, 1967). The western limit of the spread of the species is (Leloup et Jacquemart, 1963, in Matthey, 1976) and France (Roman, 1974, Richoux, 1982; Tachet et al., 1991). The species has not been reported in , Scandinavia (Illies, 1967, in Matthey, 1976) and (Chiesa, 1959, in Matthey, 1976). The larva was discovered in 1929 in a German peat bog by Fritz Van Emden (Van Emden, 1932). In the "Catalog of Palearctic Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera)ˮ, Crenitis punctatostriata is mentioned as present in Austria, Belgium, , Germany, Poland, and Switzerland (Przewoźny & Fikáček, 2016). Freude et al. 1971 also mentions the species in Central Europe. There is no reliable source regarding the presence of Crenitis punctatostriata in Romania. In a field guide on Romania's flora and fauna this species is mentioned (Nițu and Decu, 2002), but the bibliographic source is missing. The citation of this species of peat bog from Lake Ciric (Iasi) - lake of hilly area - is uncertain (Nicoară et al. (2009). Other authors (Gîdei, 2005) do not include Crenitis punctatostriata among the Hydrophilidae species present in the fauna of Romania.

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Crenitis punctatostriata has been reported in peat bogs with Sphagnum moss (Sphagnetum) and in the exploitation channels (Matthey, 1976). Adults are aquatic and do not prefer depths greater than 40 cm; they appear in the second part of June. Larvae do not swim, they sit in the Sphagnum moss mass (Matthey, 1976). Hebauer ranks Crenitis punctatostriata in the category of tyrphobionts species - species limited to peat habitat ("tall ") (Hebauer, 1994). The degree of threat of the species Crenitis punctatostriata in Europe is currently not evaluated (IUCN). The European Nature Information System (EUNIS) species component has very limited information about this species. (https://eunis.eea.europa). In the Czech Republic, Crenitis punctatostriata was classified in the following categories: detritophile, thyrophyle (in peat habitat), relict and vulnerable (Boukal et al., 2007). In Poland, this species is considered a rarity and was included in the red list of endangered animals and on the verge of extinction (Greń, 2009).

Material and Methods The material consists of nine individuals of Crenitis punctatostriata (Letzner, 1840) taken from the "Tinovul Mare Poiana Stampei" reservation (Sit Natura 2000 ROSCI0247). "Tinovul Mare Poiana Stampei" is a protected area (http: //www.cdep.ro) of national interest, which corresponds to category IV IUCN (botanical nature reserve). The reservation is located in Suceava county (Fig. 1a), on the administrative territory of Poiana Stampei commune, in the Dornelor Depression, in the northwestern part of Călimani National Park, at an altitude between 900 and 1024 m. The nature reserve was declared a protected area in 2000 and has been designated as a site of community importance (ROSCI0247 - https: //ro.wikipedia.org) and a wetland of international importance (https://ro.wikipedia.org). This encompasses a natural area of forested oligotrophic marshes, which houses a diverse range of hygrophilous vegetation, specific to peat bogs, protected at European level (https: //en.wikipedia.org), and preserves some wildlife species on the IUCN red list. Of the invertebrates, more important are species of dragonflies, lepidoptera (https: //en.wikipedia.org). In this peat bog we carried out collections for four consecutive years (2016-2019), in the second part of June, the species being identified only in 2016 and 2019. The collection was made with a limnological fillet from the water mesh, not more than 30 cm deep, which border the access path in the peat bog (Fig. 1b), as well as from the edge of the peat bog.

(a) (b)

Figure 1. The protected area "Tinovul Mare Poiana Stampei". (a) geographical location; (b) access path to the reservation (photo: 21 June 2016).

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On June 21, 2016, four individuals were taken from Crenitis puncttatostriata (three males and one female), and on June 22, 2019 (GPS Coordinates: N 47°18'1.1224″; E 25°6'47.30417″) five individuals were taken (four females and one male).

Results and Discussion The genus Crenitis most closely resembles morphologically (in habitus, size, tails, maxillary palps and antennae) with the genus Paracymus, but it can be clearly distinguished from the latter by the presence of an elite punctuation ordered in striae (Fig. 2). We found the species Crenitis punctatostriata only in the adult stage, in the second part of June, when larval development was probably already completed. The specimens were obtained only from the habitat with Sphagnum. In the samples taken from the edge of the peat bog, where the Sphagnum moss does not develop, the species Crenitis punctatostriata was not reported. Of the accompanying species identified in the samples with Crenitis, the most important are: Anacaena globulus (Hydrophilidae), Hydraena sp., Ochthebius sp. (Hydraenidae), Helophorus sp. (Helophoridae), sp., Hydroporus sp. (), Stenus sp. (Staphylinidae), Bembidion sp. (Carabidae); larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera), larvae of Limnephilidae (Trichoptera) and small bivalves Pisidium sp. (Sphaeriidae). The entomocenosis of Crenitis includes, according to Matthey (1976): larvae of Chironomidae and Aedes communis Deg. (Culicidae); larvae of Asynarchus coenosus Curt. (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae), adults of Hydroporus tristis Payk., H. erythrocephalus L. (Dytiscidae), Anacaena limbata Fab. and Enochrus quadripunctatus Hbst (Hydrophilidae). In Germany C. punctatostriata is regularly associated with Hydroporus ferrugineus, Agabus guttatus and Agabus congener, sometimes with Hydroporus tristis and H. memnonius (Hebauer, 1994).

Figure 2. Crenitis punctatostriata (Letzner, 1840) – habitus in dorsal view (Poiana Stampei, June 22, 2019).

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Conclusions In the protected area of "Tinovul Mare Poiana Stampei" was identified the species Crenitis punctatostriata (Letzner, 1840), a species of hydrophilid considered rare or vulnerable in some countries of Europe (Greń, 2009), whose presence in Romania was uncertain. Although the species was identified only in two (2016 and 2019) of the four annual sampling stages (2016-2019), it cannot be concluded that the species is rare because the collections were made only on a transect of the reservation, following the route of access to the peat bog. On the other hand, in 2017 and 2018 the collections were difficult because the water reserves in the area accessible to the sampling were very diminished. The collections had a qualitative character, identifying faunal elements, not quantitative ones. However, it is noted that the most identified beetles belonged to the genera Hydroporus, Helophorus and Anacaena, and Hydraena and Ochthebius were fewer than Crenitis. At the edge of the peat bog, in the absence of Sphagnum moss, Crenitis is absent, and Anacaena and Helophorus are dominant.

Acknowledgements We thank Dr. Ovidiu Popovici for the support provided in photographing specimens of insects studied.

References Bertrand, H., 1954. Les insects aquatiques d'Europe. Paul Lechevalier, Paris. Boukal, DS., Boukal M., Fikáček, M., Hájek, J., Klečka, J., Skalický, S., Šťastný, J. & Trávníček, D., 2007. Katalog vodních brouků České republiky, Klapalekiana, 43 (Suppl.): 1-289. Freude, H., Harde, K. W., Lohse, G. A., 1971. Die Käfer Mitteleoropas, Band 3, Goecke Evers, Krefeld Verlag. Gîdei, P., 2005. Coleoptera Romaniae, Dytiscoidea, Sphaeriusoidea, Hydrophiloidea, Histeroidea, PIM, Iaşi. Greń, C., 2009. Chrząszcze wodne (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae, Haliplidae, Hydrophilidae, Elmidae) obszaru źródliskowego Wisły w rezerwacie przyrody „Barania Góra” (Beskid Śląski), Acta entomologica silesiana 17: 41-52. Hansen M. 1999: Hydrophiloidea (s. str.) (Coleoptera). World Catalogue of lnsects 2: 416 pp. Hebauer F. 1994: The Crenitis of the Old World (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Acta Coleopterologica 10(2): 3–40. Illies, J., 1967. (editor): Limnofauna Europaea. Eine Zusammenstellung aller die europäischen Binnengewässer bewohnenden mehrzelligen Tierarten mit Angaben über ihre Verbreitung und Ökologie. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag. Matthey, W., 1976. Observations sur Crenitis punctatostriata (Letzn.) (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) dans les tourbières Jurassiennes: habitats des larves et des adultes. Bulletin de la Société Neuchâteloise des Sciences Naturelles 99: 45-52. Nicoară, M., Erhan, M., Plăvan, G., Cojocaru, I., Davideanu, A., and Nicoară A., 2009. The Ecological Complex Role of the Macroinvertebrate Fauna from the River Ciric (Iași, România). Analele Științifice ale Universității „Al. I. Cuzaˮ Iași, s. Biologie Animală LV: 15-132. Nițu, E. Decu, V., 2002. Cap. 64, Coleoptera (domeniul acvatic). În Diversitatea lumii vii. Determniatorul ilustrat al florei şi faunei României. Ed. Bucura Mond, Bucureşti (sub red. S. Godeanu), vol. 3: 522-571. Przewoźny, M. & Fikáček, M. 2016: Catalogue of Palearctic Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera). Internet version 2016- 01-01. Richoux Ph., 1982. Introduction pratique à la systématique des organismes des eaux continentales françaises. 2. Coléoptères aquatiques (genres: adultes et larves) (Suite). In: Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon 8, pp. 257-272; doi: https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.1982.10555 Roman, E., 1974. Crenitis punctatostriata, coleoptere d’eau douce nouveau pour la France, Bulletin de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, n° 4: 111-113. Tachet, H., Bournaud, M., Richoux, Ph., 1991. Introduccion a l'etude des macroinvertebres des eaux douces. Ed. Univ. Lyon. Van Emden, F., 1932. Ergebnisse einiger Moorexkursionen im West-Erzgebirge, Koleopt. Rundschau 18: 140-150. *** Cdep.ro - Legea nr.5 din 6 martie 2000, publicată în Monitorul Oficial al României nr.152 din 12 aprilie 2000; http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=22636 (accessed on June 28, 2019).

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***Directiva Consiliului European 92/43/CE din 21 mai 1992, privind conservarea habitatelor naturale și a speciilor de faună și floră sălbatică; http://agvps.ro/docs/Directiva%2092-43.pdf (accessed on June 28, 2019). *** https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/232728 (accessed on June 26, 2019). *** Ramsar.org - Zone umede de importanță internațională din România; https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinovul _Poiana_Stampei (accessed on June 28, 2019). ***Tinovul Mare Poiana Stampei - Sit Natura 2000, http://natura2000.mmediu.ro/site/233/rosci0247.html (accessed on June 28, 2019).

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Analele Științifice ale Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași, s. Biologie animală, 64: 19-28, 2018-2020

ICHNEUMON FLIES (HYMENOPTERA, ICHNEUMONIDAE) FROM HALOPHILIC AREAS OF THE DANUBE DELTA BIOSPHERE RESERVE

Camil Ștefan LUNGU-CONSTANTINEANU

Institute of Biological Research, Lascăr Catargi 47, 700107, Iași, Romania, [email protected]

Abstract. The paper presents nine species of ichneumon flies, three of them being reported for the first time in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve: Temelucha interruptor (Grav.), Trychosis atripes (Grav.) and Diplazon deletus (Thoms.). Research has been carried out in some halophilic areas of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve. There are reported representatives of fauna (Insecta and Araneida) from the salty meadows from Murighiol, Sarinasuf (the shores of Lake Razelm), Plopu and Enisala. The stations Sarinasuf and Plopu have been studied for the first time, from an ichneumonological point of view. One particular interest was the identification of the ichneumon flies species in all studied areas.

Keywords: Ichneumonidae, halophilic meadows, Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, Romania

Rezumat. Ihneumonide (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) din zone halofile din Rezervația Biosferei Delta Dunării. Lucrarea prezintă nouă specii de ihneumonide, din care trei sunt semnalate pentru prima dată din Rezervatia Biosferei Delta Dunarii: Temelucha interruptor (Grav.), Trychosis atripes (Grav.) și Diplazon deletus (Thoms.). Cercetarile au fost efectuate in unele zone halofile din Rezervatia Biosferei Delta Dunarii. Sunt semnalați reprezentanți ai faunei de artropode (Insecta si Araneida) din pajiști sărăturate de la Murighiol, Sarinasuf (malul lacului Razelm), Plopu și Enisala. Un interes deosebit a prezentat identificarea speciilor de ihneumonide din aceste zone. Stațiile Sarinasuf și Plopu au fost studiate pentru prima dată, din punct de vedere ihneumonologic. Unul dintre interesele principale a fost identificarea speciilor de ihneumonide din toate ariile studiate.

Cuvinte cheie: Ichneumonidae, pajiști halofile, Rezervația Biosferei Delta Dunării, România

Introduction The Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve is located in South-Eastern Romania, in the historical province of Dobrogea. So far, there is no assessment of the number of ichneumon flies species in Danube Delta. Following the present study, a catalogue of Ichneumonidae species from the Danube Delta will be released. However, about 650 species have been reported in Dobrogea's ichneumonological fauna, in all types of habitats, in more than 50 scientific papers, by several authors such as Lungu-Constantineanu and Constantineanu (2016), Constantineanu and Constantineanu (1985, 1993, 1994, 2001), Constantineanu et al., (1995), and Pisică (1998-1999). However, the Ichneumonidae species recorded in halophilic areas, are a few.

Material and Methods We carried out qualitative and quantitative analysis of the entomofauna and the diversity study of the ichneumon flies fauna (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in four salty meadows: Murighiol, Sarinasuf, Plopu and Enisala. The vegetation on these stations was very weak represented: Murighiol, salty meadow with Puccinellia limosa (Schur) Holmb., Hordeum marinum Huds. (Poaceae), Juncus gerardii Loisel (Juncaceae) etc.

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Sarinasuf, salty meadow (grassland) on the shores of lake Razelm with Juncus gerardii, Halimione verucifera (Chenopodiaceae), Salicornia europaea L. (Amaranthaceae), etc. Plopu, saltland with Salicornia europaea, meadow with Bassia hirsuta (Linnaeus) (Amaranthaceae). Enisala, salty meadow with Limonium gmelinii (Wild.) Kuntze (Plumbaginaceae), Halimione verucifera, (M. Bieb.) Aellen (Syn.: Atriplex verucifera M. Bieb.) and Salicornia europaea. The stations Sarinasuf and Plopu have been studied for the first time in Danube Delta, from the ichneumonological point of view. The insect collecting was made between 6-7 June 2017. To collect the insects, the entomological net was used. The mowing method (x100) was used in the salty meadows surveyed. Insects captured inside the entomological net have been moved into special zipper bags, in which we have pre-loaded alcohol to neutralize the insects. In each zipper bag we introduced a label with the day, place and type of vegetation from where the collection was made. Each zipper bag has constituted a sample. Thus, for studying the arthropod fauna in the surveyed stations, four samples were obtained, which were studied in the laboratory later. Each sample was cleared of vegetal remains, then the , particularly insects, were separated by scientific order. The insects were identified using the Olympus binocular magnifier, determination keys and comparison method. The faunal material obtained was subjected to the microscopic study and was classified by systematic groups, the most important being analysed up to families. For each studied station, was recorded sample by sample, drawing inventory sheets and calculating the relative abundance of the arthropod systematic groups.

Results and Discussion There were collected 85 arthropods (Araneidae and Insecta), belonging to the following orders: Aranea (Arachnida), Collembola, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera (Insecta), entomofauna representing 82.35% of systematic groups, the rest of 17.65% being araneids. In tables 1-4, we present the relative abundance of arthropod fauna from the four salty meadows.

Table 1. Arthropod fauna in Murighiol station, Tulcea county, 6.06.2017.

Systematic category No. individuals Abundance % Order Inferior systematic category A B Aranea 4 100,0 23,53 Orthoptera 1 100,0 5,88 Heteroptera 2 100,0 11,76 Coleoptera 4 23,53 Coccinellidae 2 50,0 11,76 Other 2 50,0 11,76 Diptera 1 5,88 Nematocera 1 100,0 5,88 Hymenoptera 5 29,41 Aculeata 3 60,0 17,64 Formicidae 3 100,0 17,64 Parasitica 2 40,0 11,76 Ichneumonidae 2 100,0 11,76 TOTAL 17 A = relative abundance reported to the systematic category B = relative abundance reported to the total number of individuals collected

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Table 2. Arthropod fauna in Sarinasuf station (Lake Razelm shores), Tulcea county, 6.06.2017.

Systematic category Abundance No. individuals % Order Inferior systematic category A B Aranea 5 20,83 Collembola 2 8,33 Orthoptera 1 4,16 Thysanoptera 2 8,33 Heteroptera 1 4,16 Coleoptera 4 16,66 Coccinellidae 1 25,0 4,16 Other 3 75,0 1,25 Lepidoptera 2 8,33 Diptera 2 8,33 Nematocera 2 100,0 8,33 Hymenoptera 5 20,83 Aculeata 3 60,00 1,25 Formicidae 3 100,0 1,25 Parasitica 2 40,0 8,33 Ichneumonidae 2 100,0 8,33 TOTAL 24 A = relative abundance reported to the systematic category B = relative abundance reported to the total number of individuals collected

Table 3. Arthropod fauna in Plopu station, Tulcea county, 7.06.2017.

Systematic category Abundance No. individuals % Order Inferior systematic category A B Aranea 3 14,28 Thysanoptera 1 4,76 Heteroptera 1 4,76 Coleoptera 4 19,04 Coccinelidae 3 75,0 14,28 Other 1 25,0 4,76 Lepidoptera 1 4,76 Diptera 2 9,52 Brachycera 1 50,0 4,76 Nematocera 1 50,0 4,76 Hymenoptera 9 42,85 Aculeata 6 66,67 28,57 Vespidae 1 16,67 4,76 Formicidae 5 83,33 23,80 Parasitica 3 33,33 14,28 Braconidae 1 33,33 4,76 Ichneumonidae 2 66,67 9,52 TOTAL 21 A = relative abundance reported to the systematic category B = relative abundance reported to the total number of individuals collected

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Table 4. Arthropod fauna in Enisala station, Tulcea county, 7.06.2017.

Systematic category Abundance No. individuals % Order Inferior systematic category A B Aranea 3 13,04 Orthoptera 1 4,34 Heteroptera 2 8,69 Homoptera: 1 4,34 Cicadidae 1 100,0 4,34 Coleoptera 4 17,39 Coccinelidae 2 50,0 8,69 Other 2 50,0 8,69 Diptera 3 13,04 Brachycera 1 33,33 4,34 Nematocera 2 66,67 8,69

Hymenoptera 9 69,13 Aculeata 5 55,55 21,74 Vespidae 1 20,0 4,34 Formicidae 4 80,0 17,39 Parasitica 4 44,45 17,39 Braconidae 1 25,0 4,34 Ichneumonidae 3 75,0 13,04 TOTAL 23 A = relative abundance reported to the systematic category B = relative abundance reported to the total number of individuals collected

Comparing the present study with earlier studies (Lungu-Constantineanu and Constantineanu, 2016; Constantineanu and Constantineanu, 1985, 1993, 1994, 2001), it is noted that the arthropod fauna (Araneida and Insecta) in salty areas of the Danube Delta, is much poor than in agricultural crops or forest plantations. This is due to the type of station, like salty and sandy meadows with low vegetation areas, that do not provide the right environment for the development of parasitoid hymenoptera and their hosts. The presence of parasitic hymenoptera varied in each station, as follows: 2 individuals each in Murighiol and Sarinasuf (2.18%), 3 individuals at Plopu (3.27%) and 4 individuals at Enisala (4.37%). There were collected 9 individuals (10.58% of total collected arthropods), belonging to 9 genera, of 8 subfamilies: Acaenitinae, Campopleginae, Cremastinae, Cryptinae, Diplazontinae, Ichneumoninae, Metopiinae and Pimplinae. We present the synopsis of ichneumonidae species collected from the four stations:

Order HYMENOPTERA Linnaeus, 1758 Suborder Apocrita Gerstaecker, 1758 Family Ichneumonidae Latreille, 1802 Subfamily ACAENITINAE Kirby, 1837

1. Phaenolobus saltans (Gravenhorst, 1829), ♂. Syn.: Acoenites saltans Gravenhorst, 1829; Phaenolobus saltans Schmiedeknecht, 1888.

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Material: ♂. 1 ♂, Sarinasuf, 6.06.2017. Body length: 8-10 mm. Hosts: Oberea erythrocephala Schr. (Col., Cerambicidae), Chamaesphecia palustris Ktz. (Lep., Sesiidae). Geographical distribution: Central and Southern Europe, Kazahstan. In Romania is a common species, being previously reported from Ineu, Arad county; Mehadia, Bocşa Montană, Caraş-Severin county; Pir, Satu Mare county (Kiss, 1922-1924); Ocna Dejului, Cluj county; Cehu Silvaniei, Sălaj county (Kiss, 1931-1932); Sibiu (Kiss, 1925-1926), Turnişor – Sibiu, Sibiu county (Constantineanu, 1958); Periprava, Letea - Danube Delta, Tulcea county (Constantineanu & Constantineanu, 1968); Plavişeviţa, Mehedinţi county (Constantineanu et all, 1975); Bicaz, Neamţ county, Rudna, Timiş county, Agigea, Constanţa county, Munteni, Galaţi county, Iaşi, Hârlău, Iaşi county (Constantineanu & Pisică, 1977); Ilganii de Jos, Danube Delta, Tulcea county (Constantineanu & Constantineanu, 1985).

Subfamily CAMPOPLEGINAE Fӧrster, 1869

2. Sinophorus xanthostomus (Gravenhorst, 1829), ♀. Syn.: Sinophorus deserticola (Tosquinet, 1896); Sinophorus pineticola (Thomson, 1887). Material: 1 ♀, Plopu, 7.06.2017. Body length: 6-8mm. Hosts: Lepidoptera caterpillars such as Pieris brassicae L., Pieris rapae L. (Pieridae), Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.), Helicoverpa armigera (Hübn.), Heliothis peltigera (Denis & Schiff.), Spodoptera exigua (Hübn.) (Noctuidae), Loxostege sticticalis L., Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübn.) (Crambidae ex-Pyralidae), Adscita statices L., Zygaena trifolii (Esper), Zygaena viciae (Denis & Schiff.) (Zygaenidae). Geographical distribution: Palaearctic and periphery of Afrotropical region: Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia. In Romania is a common species, being previously reported from Danube Delta, Tulcea county (Caraorman, Popina Isle, Gorgova, Periprava), Suceava county, Mehedinți, Botoșani, Iași, Constanța, Cluj, Arad, Satu-Mare, Caraș-Severin, Vaslui, Alba, Mureș, Prahova, Hunedoara counties (Pisică, 2001).

Subfamily CREMASTINAE Fӧrster, 1869

3. Temelucha interruptor (Gravenhorst, 1829), ♀. Syn.: Temelucha buoliana (Curtis, 1854). Material: 1 ♀, Plopu, 7.06.2017. Body length: 6–9 mm. Hosts: Lepidoptera such as Rhyacionia buoliana Schiff. (Tortricidae), Exoteleia dodecella L. (Gelechiidae), Yponomeuta evonymella (L.) (Yponomeutidae) (Pisică, 2001). Geographical distribution: Western Europe, Moldavia, Turkey, introduced in North America. In Romania was previously reported from Alba, Sibiu, Hunedoara, Maramureș, Covasna, Sălaj, Constanța, Galați și Iași counties. New species for Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve.

Subfamily CRYPTINAE Kirby, 1837

4. Trychosis atripes (Gravenhorst, 1829), ♀. Syn.: Trychosis castaniventris (Tschek, 1871); Trychosis curvipes (Tschek, 1871); Trychosis jugorum (Strobl, 1901).

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Material: 1 ♀, Enisala, 7.06.2017. Body length: 8-9 mm. Hosts: unknown. Geographical distribution: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Spain (Van Rossem, 1966). In was previously reported from Suceava, Sălaj, Satu-Mare, Hunedoara, Mureș Arad counties (Pisică, 2001). New species for Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve.

Subfamily DIPLAZONTINAE Viereck, 1918

5. Diplazon laetatorius (Fabricius, 1781), ♀. Syn.: Ichneumon laetatorius Fabricius, 1781; Ichneumon dichrous Schrank, 1781; Anomalon atractus Say, 1835; Bassus albovarius Say, 1858; Bassus cinctipes Holmgren, 1868; Bassus sycophynta Cresson, 1868; Bassus tripicticrus Walsh, 1873; Scolobates varipes Smith, 1878; Bassus venustus Saussure, 1892; Bassus balearicus Kriechbaumer, 1894; Bassus laetatorius var. terminalis Davis, 1895; Bassus generosus Cameron, 1898; Bassus laetatorius var. ikiti Cheesman, 1936. Material: 1 ♀, Murighiol, 6.06.2017. Body length: 5 mm. Hosts: Allograpta fracta O. S., Allograpta obliqua Say, Allograpta exotica Wied., Ocyptamus lemur (O. S.), Eupeodes volucris O. S., Ischiodon scutellaris F., Lasiophthicus topiarius Mg., Melanostoma mellinum L., Mesogramma sp., Mesograpta polita, Metasyrphus luniger Meig., Metasyrphus frequens Mats., Metasyrphus corollae F., Metasyrphus nitens Zett., Metasyrphus americanus Wied., Metasyrphus annulipes Zett., Episyrphus balteatus DeG., Paragus bicolor F., Paragus tibialis Fall., Paragus quadrifasciatus Mg., Sphaerophoris cylindrica Say, Sphaerophoris scripta L., Sphaerophoris rüpelli Wd., Sphaerophoris robusta Curr., Pipiza noctiluca, Meliscaeva auricollis Meig., Meliscaeva cinctella Zett., Orphnabaccha erratica Wied., Melangyna novaezelandiae Macq., Scaeva pyrastri L., ribesii L., Syrphus serarius Wied., Syrphus torvus O. S., Syrphus viridiceps Macq., Syrphus vitripennis Mg., Syrphus wiedmanni Johns., Syrphus ortas, Syrphus rectus O. S., Syrphus vittafrons Shann. Syrphus braueri Egger (Dipt., Syrphidae), Laspeyresia pomonella L., Zeiraphera griseana Hb., Zeiraphera diniana Güen., Paralobesia viteana, Ancylis comptana (Froel) (Lep., Tortricidae), Lymantria dispar L., (Lep., Lymantriidae), Plutella maculipennis Curt. (Lep., Plutellidae), Depressaria heracliana L. (Lep., Oecophoridae), Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lep., Pyraustidae), Gilpinia polytoma Htg., Ardis bipunctata (Kl.) (Hym., Tenthredinidae), Galeruca pomonae Scop., Galeruca interrupta (Col., Chrysomelidae), Hyalopterus arundinis F. and Aphis jacobeae (Hom., Aphidae) (Pisică, 2001). Geographical distribution: It is a ubicvist species, recorded in all the zoogeographical regions of the globe (Indo-Australian, Ethiopian, Holarctic, Neotropical). In Romania is common species, being previously reported from Danube Delta (Constantineanu & Constantineanu, 1993) and from 13 localities in Transilvania by Mocsáry (1918) and Kiss (1922- 1924, 1925-1926, 1929-1930, 1931-1932). Constantineanu (1972) reported this species from 33 localities from 12 counties in historical regions , Muntenia, Dobrogea, Oltenia, Transilvania and Banat.

6. Diplazon deletus (Thomson, 1890), ♂. Syn.: Diplazon rufigaster Dasch, 1964. Material: 1 ♂, Sarinasuf, 6.06.2017. Body length: 3,8–4,9 mm. Hosts: unknown.

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Geographical distribution: Holarctic species: , Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, , Switzerland, United Kingdom (Klopfstein, 2014). In Romania is a relatively rare species, being previously reported from Deva, Hunedoara county; Beclean, Bistrița-Năsăud county; Aiud, Alba county; Saschiz, Mureș county and Reșița, Caraș-Severin county (Pisică, 2001). New species for Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve.

Subfamily ICHNEUMONINAE Latreille, 1802

7. Virgichneumon albosignatus (Gravenhorst, 1829), ♂. Syn.: Virgichneumon bipunctatus (Constantineanu, Suciu, Andriescu, Ciochia & Pisica, 1957); Virgichneumon mesostilpnus (Thomson, 1888); Virgichneumon nigricollis (Constantineanu, 1954); Virgichneumon nigrifrons (Constantineanu, 1942), Virgichneumon punctus (Berthoumieu, 1895). Material: 1 ♂, Enisala, 7.06.2017. Body length: 4-5 mm. Hosts: Lepidoptera such as Abraxas grossulariatus L. (Geometridae), Dasychira pudibunda L. (Lymantriidae) (Pisică, 2001). Geographical distribution: Austria, England, France, Germany, Italy, Mallorca, Peninsular Spain, Poland, , Sweden (Selfa, 1996). In Romania was previously recorded from Danube Delta, Tulcea county: Gorgova, C.A. Rosetti, Uzlina and from Prahova, Suceava, Botoșani, Iași, Vaslui, Arad. Hunedoara Mureș. Nistrița-Năsăud, Alba, Harghita counties (Pisică, 2001; Constantineanu, 1959).

Subfamily METOPIINAE Fӧrster, 1869

8. Colpotrochia cincta (Scopoli, 1863) ♂. Syn.: Colpotrochia affinis Vollenhoven, 1875; Colpotrochia elegantula (Schrank, 1781); Colpotrochia interstitialis Constantineanu, 1929; Colpotrochia mandator (Fabricius, 1787); Colpotrochia mundator (Thunberg, 1822); Colpotrochia notata Kriechbaumer, 1894; Colpotrochia postfurcalis Constantineanu, 1932. Material: 1 ♂, Murighiol, 6.06.2017. Body length: 5,5-9 mm. Hosts: Lepidoptera such as Leucania turca L., Axylia putris (L.), Acronicta aceris (L.), Papestra biren (Goeze) (Noctuidae) (Pisică, 2001). Geographical distribution: Palaearctic region (Yu et al., 2012), Iran (Amiri et al, 2015). In Romania is a common species, being previously recorded from Danube Delta: Uzlina, Hașmacu Mare, Caraorman, C.A. Rosetti and Mehedinți, Vaslui, Suceava, Bihor, Botoșani, Sălaj, Cluj, Bistrița-Nădăud, Sibiu, Mureș, Hunedoara, Brașov, Prahova counties (Pisică, 2001).

Subfamily PIMPLINAE Wesmael, 1845

9. Acropimpla pictipes (Gravenhorst, 1929), ♀. Syn.: 1829 Pimpla pictipes Gravenhorst, 1829; Acropimpla pictipes Aubert, 1966; Scambus pictipes Constantineanu & Ciochia, 1967. Material: 1 ♀, Enisala, 7.06.2017. Body length: 10 mm. Hosts: Choristoneura murinana Hb., Neosphaleroptera nubilana Hb., Parasindesmis histrionana Fröl., Tortrix viridana L., Hedia nubiferana Hb. (Lep., Tortricidae), Anacampsis

- 25 - Camil Ștefan LUNGU-CONSTANTINEANU populella Cl. (Lep., Gelechiidae), Larentia fluctuata L., Spilonota ocellana Schiff. (Lep., Geometridae) (Pisică, 2001). Geographical distribution: Europe, Russia (European and Siberian), Japan. In Romania is a common species, being previously recorded from Danube Delta: Periteaşca (Constantineanu & Constantineanu, 1995) and from Pir, Satu Mare county (Kiss, 1925-1926), Dumbrava Sibiului and Sibiu, Sibiu county, Agârcia, Neamţ county (Constantineanu, 1958), Agigea, Constanţa county (Constantineanu et al., 1958), Baia Mare, Maramureş county, Bicaz, Neamţ county, Bucium – Iaşi, Tâmpa mountain, Timişu de Jos, Braşov county, Nicşeni, Botoşani county (Constantineanu & Pisică, 1959), Pângăraţi, Neamţ county (Constantineanu & Pisică, 1960), Iaşi (Constantineanu & Pătrăşcanu, 1966), Vârghiş, Caraş – Severin county (Constantineanu & Ciochia, 1967), Poiana Cârnului, Bicaz, Neamţ county (Constantineanu & Voicu, 1980), “Frumoasa” Natural reserve, Suceava county (Constantineanu & Pisică, 1960), Bicaz Chei, Neamţ county (Constantineanu & Pisică, 1962).

We note that from all salty meadows studied, we collected a low, approximately equal number of ihneumonids: two at Murighiol, Sarinasuf and Plopu, respectively three at Enisala. Three ichneumonid species are reported for the first time in „Danube Delta”Biosphere Reserve: Temelucha interruptor (Grav.), Trychosis atripes (Grav.) and Diplazon deletus (Thoms.). We can observe that the ichneumonological fauna is reduced, because there is no direct link noticed between the ichneumon flies and pest (host) or plant species. We can explain this by the fact that the ichneumon flies were in the passage through these stations, not finding their hosts to parasite or plants to provide the pollen or nectar necessary for feeding. The plants of the Poaceae family are attacked by Heteroptera, which are not parasitized by ichneumon flies. Heteroptera individuals were present in the four stations, but in a very small number, six in total: two at Murighiol and Enisala, one at Sarinasuf and Plopu. The rest of the plants, specific to salty areas, are attacked by nematodes, which are also not parasitized by ichneumon flies. However, we can focus on the ichneumonid species Acropimpla pictipes (Grav.), collected from Enisala. This species has as a host the defoliator Anacampsis populella Cl. (Gelechiidae, Lepidoptera), whose larvae feeds on Populus and Salix species in the vicinity. We can thus establish the existence of a host-parasitoid relationship in the area of the Enisala station.

Conclusions The diversity of arthropod fauna in salty areas of the Danube Delta is poor, compared to that of agricultural crops and forest plantations in the Danube Delta. There were collected 85 arthropod individuals (Araneida and Insecta), belonging to the following orders: Aranea (Arachnida), Collembola, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera (Insecta), entomofauna representing 82.35% of this systematic groups, the rest of 17.65 % being araneids. Ichneumonological fauna is represented by 9 individuals of 9 species, belonging to 8 subfamilies: Acaenitinae, Campopleginae, Cremastinae, Cryptinae, Diplazontinae, Ichneumoninae, Metopiinae and Pimplinae. Three ichneumon flies species are reported for the first time in the „Danube Delta” Biosphere Reserve: Temelucha interruptor (Grav.), Trichosis atripes (Grav.) and Diplazon deletus (Thoms.).

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We report the existence of a parasitoid-host relationship at Enisala: the ichneumon fly Acropimpla pictipes (Grav.) parasites the lepidopteran defoliator Anacampsis populella Cl., which feeds on the leaves of Salix and Populus species.The Ichneumonidae species identified from the salty areas studied, were in passage from neighboring ecosystems.

Acknowledgements. This work was supported financially by Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation (Program NUCLEU/project no. PN 18180301).

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Kiss A., 1931-1932. Vierter Beitrag zur Kenntnis der ungarischen und siebenburgischen Ichneumoniden - (Schlupfwespen ) Fauna. Verh. Mitt. D. Siebend. Vereins Naturwiss., 81-82: 43-65. Klopfstein S., 2014. Revision of the Western Palaearctic Diplazontinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Zootaxa, 3801(1): 1-143. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3801.1.1. Lungu-Constantineanu C. Șt., Constantineanu R., 2016. Ichneumonids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (Tulcea County, Romania). Rom. J. Biol.–Zool., 61(1-2): 33-42. Mocsáry A., 1918. Fauna Regni Hungariae. Budapest. Pisică C., 2001. Ichneumonidele (Hymenoptera, Insecta) din România şi gazdele lor. Catalog. Ed. Univ. „Al. I. Cuza”, Iaşi. Selfa J., 1996. The Spanish Ichneumoninae of the Forschungsinstitut and Naturmuseum Senckenberg in Frankfurt (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Linzer biol. Beitr., 28(1): 177-195. Van Rossem G., 1966. A Study of the genus Trychosis Foerster in Europe (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae). Zool. Verh., 79: 3-40. Yu D. S., Achterberg K. van, Horstmann K., 2012. World Ichneumonoidea 2011. Taxapad 2012. http://www.taxapad.com.

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PRESENT STATUS OF AVIFAUNA IN THE POKKALI WETLANDS OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT, KERALA, INDIA

Surya S. BABU1,* and Raju K. THOMAS1

Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Department of Zoology, Mar Thoma College, Tiruvalla, Kerala, India * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. Ernakulam District has the largest area under Pokkali cultivation. There are Important Bird Areas (IBA) lying under the Central Asian Flyway (CAF) and Vembanad Ramsar site in India. These biodegradable, biodiverse ecosystem provides numerous services. Intense study was carried out from 01 January 2016 to 01 January 2020 on the Present Status of Avifauna in the five selected Pokkali wetlands of Ernakulam District, Kerala, India. During the study period a total of 188 avifaunal species belonging to 20 Orders and 58 Families were recorded, of which 11 species were Near Threatened (NT), Two Vulnerable (V) and One Endangered (E) were identified. Collection of the basic data on the wetland birds is vital for the appropriate implementation of the conservation strategies. Higher diversity of avifauna in the study area reflects the healthy nature of the ecosystem.

Keywords: Pokkali wetlands, Important Bird Area, Central Asian Flyway, Vembanad Ramsar Site, Near Threatened (NT), Vulnerable (V), Endangered (E) Avifauna

Rezumat. Stare actuală a avifaunei în orezăriile din Districtul Ernakulam, Kerala, India. Districtul Ernakulam are cea mai mare suprafață cultivată cu orez, varietatea Pokkali. Aici sunt zone de importanță avifaunistică (IBA) situate în culoarul de migrație central asiatic (CAF), în situl Ramsar Vembanad, din India. Acest ecosistem biodegradabil și biodivers oferă un număr mare de servicii. În perioada 01 ianuarie 2016 - 01 ianuarie 2020, a fost efectuat un studiu intens asupra stării actuale a avifaunei în cele cinci zone umede Pokkali selectate din districtul Ernakulam, Kerala, India. În perioada de studiu au fost înregistrate un total de 188 de specii avifaunistice aparținând la 20 de ordine și 58 de familii, dintre care au fost identificate 11 specii aproape amenințate (NT), două vulnerabile (V) și una pe cale de dispariție (E). Colectarea datelor de bază despre păsările din zonele umede este vitală pentru implementarea adecvată a strategiilor de conservare. O diversitate mai mare a avifaunei în zona de studiu reflectă natura sănătoasă a ecosistemului.

Cuvinte cheie: Zonele umede Pokkali, zonă de importanță avifaunistică, culoarul central asiatic, situl Ramsar Vembanad, aproape amenințat (NT), vulnerabil (V), pe cale de dispariție (E) Avifauna

Introduction Wetlands are special ecosystem between terrestrial and aquatic environments (Cowardin et al., 1979). These ecosystems are used by avifauna for various activities like feeding, roosting, breeding, nesting and rearing chicks (Mitsch & Gosselink, 1993). The wetlands of Kerala are the least ornithologically studied ecosystems (Nameer, 1998). Ernakulam District has the largest area under Pokkali cultivation (Joy, 2013). The Pokkali cultivation named after the traditional rice variety which is tagged by Geographical Indication (GI), is a sustainable and organic method practiced in the water- logged coastal areas of Ernakulam, Alappuzha and Thrissur Districts of Kerala, India. The cultivation is carried out during kharif season (May-October/ mid-November) followed by shrimp cultivation (mid-November-April). These wetlands are tidal regions affected by salinity and flooding (Shylaraj & Sasidharan, 1998; Suchitra & Venugopal, 2005). These areas are under the Central Asian Flyway (CAF) and Vembanad Ramsar site in India. This

- 29 - Surya S. BABU et al. unique ecosystem is an Important Bird Area (IBA) providing habitat for many avifauna and stopover sites for migratory birds (Islam & Rahmani, 2004; Wetlands International, 2007). Waterbirds are important indicators of ecological health, productivity, trophic structure and contamination of the wetland ecosystems (Custer & Osborn, 1977; Ali, 2002). Hence collection of the basic data on the occurrence, habitat use and foraging of the wetland birds are vital for the appropriate implementation of the conservation strategies.

Material and Methods An Intense study was conducted from 01 January 2016 to 01 January 2020 in the Five selected Pokkali wetlands of Ernakulam District, Kerala. Valiya Kadamakkudy (10º3ˈ48.24"N, 76º14ˈ57.696"E), Palliackkal (11º6ˈ11.8584"N, 76º6ˈ37.548"E), Thathappilly (10º7ˈ37.8768"N, 76º15ˈ55.9728"E), Elamkunnapuzha (10º1ˈ36.4872"N, 76º13ˈ23.8368"E) and Kandakkadavu (9º51ˈ34.182"N, 76º16ˈ0.2604"E). Each of the study stations were of five hectares each. Fortnightly visits were carried out in the mornings (06.00 a.m. to 11.00 p.m.) and evenings (03.00 p.m. to 06.30 p.m.). Spotting scope (10 - 45 X) and 8 x 40 (Bushnell) binocular were used. Direct observation method was utilised (Altman, 1974). Point count method was also used to study the activity of the birds (Ali, 2002). Most of the observations were carried out from a distance of 50 - 200 m. Photographs were taken with help of 36 X optical zoom camera (Nikon). Care was taken not do disturb the activity of the birds in the study area. Identification was done with the help of standard reference books (Ali, 1996; Neelakantan, et.al., 1993) and experts. The list of food items consumed, size of the prey, feeding techniques and interaction with the other bird species were also recorded.

Results and Discussion During the present study a total of 188 avian species belonging to 20 Orders and 58 Families were recorded during the study period (Table 1). Three Threatened (NT) bird species belonging to Three Orders and Three Families were recorded, of which, two are Vulnerable (V) and One is Endangered (E). White - necked stork Ciconia episcopus (Boddaert, 1783) and Greater spotted Eagle Aquila clanga (Pallas, 1811) were categorised as Vulnerable (V) and Gull - billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin, 1789) as Endangered (E). A total of 11 bird species belonging to Near Threatened (NT) category were also recorded. The Near Threatened avifauna includes are Rufous - bellied Eagle Hieraaetus kienerii (G. de. sparre, 1835), Spot - billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis (Gmelin, 1789), Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster (Pennant, 1769), Oriental white Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus (Latham, 1790), Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala (Pennanat, 1769), Ferruginous Pochard Aythya nyroca (Guldenstadt, 1770), Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea (Pontoppidan, 1763), Black - tailed Godwit Limosa limosa (Linnaeus, 1758), Bar - tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica (Linnaeus, 1758), Red Knot Calidris canutus (Linnaeus, 1758) and River Tern Sterna aurantia (J.E. Gray, 1831). Heronries of Spot - billed Pelican was reported from the study station 5 (Kandakkadadavu). Amur Falcon, Red Knot, Greater Flamingo, Booted Eagle and Ruddy shelduck were reported for the first time in the study area. The Near Threatened Oriental White Ibis were present in all the study stations on all the seasons. Birds are excellent indicators of ecosystem health (Custer & Osborn, 1977; Ali, 2002). It was observed that new species of migratory birds especially trans - continental

- 30 - Analele Științifice ale Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași, s. Biologie animală, 64: 29-37, 2018-2020 migrants were visiting the study area during the migratory season every year. The migratory birds were using the study area as a stopover site for refuelling and resting during their migration. The Pokkali cultivation is purely organic. No chemical fertilisers or pesticides are used for the production (Shylaraj & Sasidharan, 1998; Suchitra & Venugopal, 2005). Hence area is free from chemicals and pollution. The people in these areas have great conservative feeling towards the birds. They do not permit noise pollution like voice of bikes, crackers and horns which disturbs the birds in the area. Presence of the large number of avifauna in the study area reflects the healthy nature of the ecosystem and the environment.

Table 1. Check list of the Avifauna recorded from the study area during 1 January 2016 - 1 January 2020.

Sp. No. Common Name Scientific Name Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae 1 Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis capensis (Pallas, 1764)

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae 2 Spot - billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis (Gmelin, 1789)

Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae 3 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger (Vieillot, 1817) 4 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) 5 Indian Shag Phalacrocorax fuscicollis (Stephens, 1826)

Family: Anhingidae 6 Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster (Pennant, 1769)

Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ardeidae 7 Little Egret Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) 8 Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia (Wagler, 1827) 9 Large Egret Casmerodius albus (Linnaeus, 1758) 10 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) 11 Western Reef Egret Egretta gularis (Bose, 1792) 12 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea (Linnaeus, 1758) 13 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea (Linnaeus, 1766) 14 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii (Skyes, 1832) 15 Striated Heron Butorides striatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 16 Black - crowned Night - Heron Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758) 17 Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis (Gmelin, 1789) 18 Black Bittern Dupetor flavicollis (Latham, 1790)

Family: Ciconiidae 19 Asian Openbill Stork Anastomus oscitans (Boddaert, 1783) 20 Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala (Pennanat, 1769) 21 White - necked Stork Ciconia episcopus (Boddaert, 1783)

Family: Threskiornithidae 22 Glossy Ibis Pelgadis falcinellus (Linnaeus, 1766) 23 Oriental White Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus (Latham, 1790) 24 Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia (Linnaeus, 1758)

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Sp. No. Common Name Scientific Name Order: Phoenicopteriformes Family: Phoenicopteridae 25 Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber (Pallas, 1811)

Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae 26 Greylag Goose Anser anser (Linnaeus, 1758) 27 Lesser whistling Duck Dendrocygna javanica (Horsfield, 1821) 28 Common Teal Anas crecca (Linnaeus, 1758) 29 Northern Pintail Anas acuta (Linnaeus, 1758) 30 Spot - billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha (Forster, 1781) 31 Garganey Anas querquedula (Linnaeus, 1758) 32 Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope (Linnaeus, 1758) 33 Ferruginous Pochard Aythya nyroca (Guldenstadt, 1770) 34 Northern Shoveller Anas clypeata (Linnaeus, 1758) 35 Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas, 1764)

Order: Acciptriformes Family: Accipitridae 36 Black Kite Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783) 37 Brahminy Kite Haliastur lindus (Boddaert, 1783) 38 Shikra Accipiter badius (Gmelin, 1788) 39 Western Marsh - Harrier Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758) 40 Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus (Gmelin, 1788) 41 Rufous - bellied Eagle Hieraaetus kienerii (G. de. sparre, 1835) 42 Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga (Pallas, 1811) 43 Oriental Honey Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus(Temminck, 1821)

Family: Pandionidae 44 Osprey Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae 45 Amur falcon Falco amurensis (Radde, 1863) 46 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus (Tunstall, 1771) 47 Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae 48 Common Quail Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758)

Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae 49 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758) 50 Grey - headed Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758) 51 White - breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus (Pennant, 1769) 52 Watercock Gallicrex cinerea (Gmelin, 1789) 53 Common Coot Fulica atra (Linnaeus, 1758) 54 Slaty - legged Crake Rallina eurizonoides (Lafresnaye, 1845)

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Jacanidae 55 Bronze - winged Jacana Metopidius indicus (Latham, 1790) 56 Pheasant - tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Scopoli, 1786)

Family: Dromadidae 57 Crab - Plover Dromas ardeola (Paykull, 1805)

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Sp. No. Common Name Scientific Name Family: Charadriidae 58 Red - wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus (Boddaert, 1783) 59 Grey - headed Lapwing Vanellus cinereus (Blyth, 1842) 60 Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus (Pallas, 1776) 61 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius (Scopoli, 1786) 62 Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus (Linnaeus, 1758) 63 Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758) 64 Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva (Gmelin, 1789)

Family: Scolopacidae 65 Common Redshank Tringa totanus (Linnaeus, 1758) 66 Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia (Gunnerus, 1767) 67 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758) 68 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803) 69 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola (Linnaeus, 1758) 70 Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea (Pontoppidan, 1763) 71 Little Stint Calidris minuta (Leisler, 1812) 72 Temminck’s Stint Calidris temminckii (Leisler, 1812) 73 Dunlin Calidris alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) 74 Sanderling Calidris alba (Pallas, 1764) 75 Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus, 1758) 76 Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus, 1758) 77 Black - tailed Godwit Limosa limosa (Linnaeus, 1758) 78 Bar - tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica (Linnaeus, 1758) 79 Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus (Linnaeus, 1758) 80 Pintail Snipe Gallinago stenura (Bonaparte, 1813) 81 Red Knot Calidris canutus (Linnaeus, 1758) 82 Broad - billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus (Pontoppidan, 1763)

Family: Rostratulidae 83 Greater Painted - Snipe Rostratula benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Family: Recurvirostidae 84 Black - winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Family: Laridae 85 Little Tern Sterna albifrons (Pallas, 1764) 86 Common Tern Sterna hirundo (Linnaeus, 1758) 87 River Tern Sterna aurantia (J.E. Gray, 1831) 88 Caspian Tern Sterna caspia (Pallas, 1770) 89 Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus (Pallas, 1811) 90 Greater Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii (Lichtenstein, 1823) 91 Lesser Crested Tern Thalasseus bengalensis (Lesson, 1813) 92 Gull - billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin, 1789) 93 Caspian Gull Larus cachinnans (Pallas, 1811) 94 Brown - headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus (Jerdon, 1840) 95 Black - headed Gull Larus ridibundus (Linnaeus, 1766) 96 Slender - billed Gull Chroicocephalus genei (Breme, 1839)

Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae 97 Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia (Gmelin, 1789) 98 Yellow footed Green Pigeon Treron phoenicoptera (Latham, 1790)

Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae 99 Rose - ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769)

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Sp. No. Common Name Scientific Name 100 Blue - winged Parakeet Psittacula columboides (Vigors, 1830) 101 Vernal hanging Parrot Loriculus vernalis (Sparman, 1787) 102 Plum headed parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala (Linnaeus, 1766)

Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae 103 Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus (Linnaeus, 1758) 104 Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus (Gould, 1837) 105 Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea (Linnaeus, 1758) 106 Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis (Stephens, 1815)

Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae 107 Spotted Owlet Athene brama (Temmnick, 1821) 108 Mottled Wood - Owl Strix ocellata (Lesson, 1839) 109 Jungle Owlet Glaucidium radiatum (Tickell, 1833) 110 Indian Scop’s - Owl Otus bakkamoena (Pennant, 1769)

Family: Tytonidae 111 Barn Owl Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769)

Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae 112 Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba (Linnaeus, 1758) 113 House Swift Apus affinis (Hodgson, 1837) 114 Asian Palm - Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis (J.E. Gray, 1829)

Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae Subfamily: Cerylinae 115 Lesser Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Subfamily: Alcedininae 116 Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758) 117 Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher Ceyx erithacus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Subfamily: Halcyoninae 118 Stork - billed Kingfisher Halcyon capensis (Linnaeus, 1766) 119 White - breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus, 1758) 120 Black - capped Kingfisher Halcyon pileata (Boddaert, 1783)

Family: Meropidae 121 Small green Bee - eater Merops orientalis (Latham, 1801) 122 Blue - tailed Bee - eater Merops philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766)

Family: Coraciidae 123 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Upupidae 124 Common Hoopoe Upupa epos (Leach, 1820)

Order: Piciformes Family: Megalaimidae 125 White - cheeked Barbet Megalaima viridis (Boddaert, 1783) 126 Coppersmith Barbeet Psilopogon haemacephalus (Statius Muller, 1776)

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Sp. No. Common Name Scientific Name

Family: Picidae 127 Lesser Golden - backed Dinopium benghalense (Linnaeus, 1758) Woodpecker 128 Rufous Woodpecker Micrropternus brachyurus (Vieillot, 1817)

Order: Passeriformes Family: Artamidae 129 Ashy Wood Swallow Artamus fuscus (Vieillot, 1817)

Family: Pittidae 130 Indian Pitta Pitta brachyura (Linnaeus, 1766)

Family: Hirundinidae 131 House Swallow Hirundo tahitica (Gmelin, 1789) 132 Wire - tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii (Leach, 1818) 133 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica (Linnaeus, 1758) 134 Dusky crag martin Hirundo concolor (Skyes, 1832)

Family: Oriolidae 135 Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus (Linnaeus, 1758) 136 Indian Golden Oriole Oriolus kundoo (Skyes, 1832) 137 Black - headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus (Lichtenstein, 1823)

Family: Sturnidae 138 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766) 139 Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus (Wagler, 1827) 140 Chestnut - tailed Starling Sturnus malabaricus (Gmelin, 1789) 141 Rosy Starling Sturnus roseus (Linnaeus, 1758) 142 Asian Glosy Starling Aplonis panayensis (Scopoli, 1786)

Family: Dicruridae 143 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus (Vieillot, 1817) 144 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus (Vieillot, 1817) 145 Greater Racket - tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus (Linnaeus, 1766)

Family: Campephagidae 146 Scarlet Minivet Pericrocotus flammeus (Forster, 1781)

Family: Dicaeidae 147 Tickell’s Flower pecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos (Latham, 1790)

Family: Motacillidae 148 Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola (Pallas, 1776) 149 Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava (Linnaeus, 1758) 150 Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus indicus (Gmelin, 1789) 151 Paddy field Pipit Anthus rufulus (Vieillot, 1818)

Family: Pycnonotidae 152 Red - vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766) 153 Red - whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758) 154 Flame - Throated Bulbul Pycnonotus gularis (Gould, 1836)

Family: Monarchidae 155 Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi (Linnaeus, 1758)

Family: Muscicapidae 156 Brown breasted Flycatcher Muscicapa mutti (Layard, 1854) 157 Oriental Magpie - Robin Copsychus saularis (Linnaeus, 1758)

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Sp. No. Common Name Scientific Name 158 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicatus (Linnaeus, 1766) 159 Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata (Linnaeus, 1766) 160 Siberian Stonechat Saxicola maurus (Pallas, 1773)

Family: Leiothrichidae 161 White - headed Babbler Turdoides leucocephala (Cretzschmar, 1827) 162 Jungle Babbler Turdoides striata (Dumont, 1823)

Family: Cisticolidae 163 Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis (Skyes, 1832) 164 Plain Prinia Prinia inornata (Skyes, 1832) 165 Franklin’s Prinia Prinia hodgsonii (Blyth, 1844) 166 Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius (Pennant, 1769) 167 Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis (Rafinesque, 1810)

Family: Nectariniidae 168 Purple - rumped Sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica (Linnaeus, 1766) 169 Loten's Sunbird Cinnyris lotenius (Linnaeus, 1766)

Family: Estrilididae 170 Chestnut Munia Lonchura atricapilla ( Vieillot, 1817) 171 Scaly breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus, 1758) 172 White - rumped Munia Lonchura striata (Linnaeus, 1766) 173 Tri - coloured Munia Lonchura malacca (Linnaeus, 1766)

Family: Phylloscopidae 174 Greenish leaf - Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides (Sundevall, 1837)

Family: Locustellidae 175 Palla’s Grasshopper Warbler Helopsaltes certhiola (Pallas, 1811)

Family: Passeridae 176 House Sparrow Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Family: Aegithinidae 177 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia (Linnaeus, 1758)

Family: Ploceidae 178 Streaked Weaver Ploceus manyar (Horsfield, 1821) 179 Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766)

Family: Corvidae 180 House Crow Corvus splendens (Vieillot, 1817) 181 Jungle Crow Corvus macrorhynchos (Wager, 1827) 182 Rufous Tree pie Dendrocitta vagabunda (Latham, 1790)

Family: Acrocephalidae 183 Thick - billed Warbler Acrocephalus aedon (Blyth, 1776) 184 Bltyh’s reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum (Blyth, 1849) 185 Paddy field Warbler Acrocephalus agricola (Jerdon, 1845) 186 Clamarous reed Warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)

Family: Alaudidae 187 Jerdon’s Bush - Lark Mirafra affinis (Blyth, 1845) Family: Fringillidae Subfamily: Carduelinae 188 Common Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus (Pallas, 1770)

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Conclusions Waterbirds are important indicators of ecosystem. Increased avian diversity indicates the healthy nature of these wetlands. The study provides a baseline on the occurrence, habitat use and foraging of the wetland birds in the Pokkali wetlands. Collection of the basic data is vital for the appropriate implementation of their conservation strategies.

Acknowledgements. Thanks to Dr. Icy K. John, Principal, Mar Thoma College, Tiruvalla for providing the facilities. We thank Dr. Sugathan R., Research Director, Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, Thattekkad for the encouragement and timely advice. Thanks for the financial support provided by Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India. We thank Dr. John George M., Associate Professor (Rtd.), Mar Thoma College, Tiruvalla, Dr. L. Krishnan, Senior Scientist (Rtd.), Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Kochi and Sreekumar Mukhatala, Programme Executive of All India Radio for their valuable support. The support from Nivin Antony and Mukundan Kizhakemadom for taking the photographs were very helpful. Also, thanks to the librarians of Kerala Fisheries Research Institute (KFRI), Peechi and Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Kochi, Kerala, India.

References Altman, J., 1974. Observational study of behaviour: sampling methods. Behaviour, 49: 227-267. Ali, S., 1996. The Book of Indian Birds. 12th edition. Oxford University Press, Bombay. Ali, S., 2002. The book of Indian Birds. Bombay Natural History Society, Oxford University Press, Bombay. p. 326- 329. Bibby, C.J., 1999. Making the most of birds as environmental indicators. Ostrich, 70: 81-88. Cowardin, L.M., Carter, V., Gollet, F.C., La Roe, E.T., 1979. Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., US. p. 103. Custer, T.W., Osborn, R.G., 1977. Wading birds as biological indicators: 1975 colony survey. United States fish and wildlife Services. Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 206. Islam, Z.U., Rahmani, A.R., 2004. Important Bird Areas in India. Priority sites for conservation. First edition. Indian Bird Conservation Network. Mumbai. Bombay Natural History Society and Birdlife International (UK). Joy, A., 2013. Development Impact on Pokkali Fields: A Case of International Container Trans-shipment Terminal, Vallarpadam, Kochi. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (IOSR-JHSS), 10(5): 1-5. Mitsch, W.J., Gosselink, J.G., 1993. Wetlands. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Nameer P.O., 1998. An overview of wetlands of Kerala and their conservation. Proceedings of the 10 th Kerala Science Congress, p. 376-378. Neelakantan, K.K., Sasikumar, C., Venugopalan, R., 1993. A Book of Kerala Birds. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)- India, Kerala State Committee, Trivandrum. p. 146. Shylaraj, K.S., Sasidharan, N.K., 1998. VTL 5: A high yielding salinity tolerant rice variety for the coastal saline ecosystems of Kerala. Crop Science, 38: 394-398. Suchitra, M., Venugopal, P.N., 2005. In troubled waters. Agriculture. (Online). 36(4): 118-125. Available from www.questfeatures.org/articles/pokkali.html Wetlands International, 2007. Waterbird Population Estimates. Fifth edition. Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

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Analele Științifice ale Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași, s. Biologie animală, 64: 39-46, 2018-2020

ANTHROPIZATION EFFECT ON THE AVIFAUNAL DIVERSITY IN IASI WETLANDS – A CASE STUDY OF “CIRIC” PARK FOREST

Vasilica LOGHIN

“Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Faculty of Biology, Bd. Carol I, no. 20A, Iași, 700506, Romania [email protected]

Abstract. “Ciric” Park Forest area from Iasi county, may be classified as anthropized area defined simply as a complex of three artificial dam lakes. This study consists of bird species counting, avian population seasonal interaction and bird intraspecific dynamics. Also, we quantified the degree of human impact on interspecific dynamics using our 2020 birds list compared with 2004 (Gache) and 2009 (Croitoru) bird lists. Using the transect method we found 84 bird species; the order Passeriformes includes 49 of these species and the order Piciformes includes 7 of these species. A considerable number of bird species migrates (24 taxa), five species are wintering bird species and the Cygnus olor species can be identified by a single resident nonbreeding bird found on Lake I. We found 54 breeding species, 29 of these species are resident breeding species and 24 of these species are seasonal breeding. Also, 15 of those 84 species we found on the “Ciric” area were identified for the first time. The majority of bird species found on “Ciric” area appear most frequently in natural environment from Veneția Lake zone and fewer appear in Lake I and Lake II anthropized areas.

Keywords: artificial dam, urban, avifauna, anthropogenic impact

Rezumat. Efectul antropizării asupra diversității avifaunistice în zone umede din Iași – studiu de caz, Pădure Parc „Ciric”. Zona Pădure Parc „Ciric” din Iași este un perimetru antropizat, caracterizat în special printr-un complex de trei lacuri de baraj artificiale. Studiul nostru a constat în inventarierea speciilor de păsări, în identificarea dinamicii sezoniere, cât și celei intraspecifice. Pe lângă acestea, am cuantificat impactul gradului de antropizare asupra diversității interspecifice, prin compararea listei avifaunistice obținute în anul 2020, cu listele avifaunistice obținute de către Gache (2004) respectiv celei obținute de Croitoru (2009). În urma utilizării metodei transectelor liniare am observat un număr de 84 specii de păsări; 49 dintre acestea aparțin ordinului Passeriformes, iar 7 specii aparțin ordinului Piciformes. Un număr considerabil de specii au fost observate în pasaj (24 specii), 5 specii iernează în zona de studiu, iar din specia Cygnus olor a fost observat un singur individ rezident necuibăritor, pe lacul I. Au fost observate 54 specii cuibăritoare, dintre care 29 specii cuibăritoare rezidente și 24 specii de păsări cuibăritoare migratoare. De asemenea, din cele 84 de specii de păsări observate în zona de studiu, am putut aprecia că 15 sunt specii semnalate pentru prima dată în zona Ciric. Marea majoritate a păsărilor observate au preferat habitatele naturale din zona lacului Veneția în schimbul zonelor antropizate care împrejmuiesc lacurile I și II.

Cuvinte cheie: baraj artificial, urban, avifaună, impact antropic

Introduction “Ciric” Park Forest area is located in the northeastern part of Iași in Iasi County. Three artificial dams were built into area to prevent the flooding of the eastern part of Iași (Cobâlcescu, 1896). To prevent landslides near the lakes, an artificial forest was planted between 1936 and 1963; the forest includes endemic species: Quercus robur, Acer platanoides, Robinia pseudoacacia, Fraxinus excelsior, Corrylus avellena, Juglans regia etc. (Dobrescu et al., 1958).

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Recent avifauna studies in the region of Moldova, such as “A New Survey of the Birds of Moldova Region (Romania)” article (Ion et al., 2014), shows a number of 284 species of birds that are living in wetlands, urban area, pastures, orchards and forest ecosystems. In a paper that includes wader birds from eastern Romania (Petrencu et al., 2011), a number of 28 species found in the area of Moldova are described. These species could not be found in the artificial dam lakes “Ciric” area due to the lack of naturally built shores. In the same year Bolboacă describes the avifauna diversity around the Suceava river. The birds in the Prut River Basin area have been studied along time in many papers: article describing the species Limosa limosa, the first nesting observation of the species (Muller, 2003), studies about bird species of the genus Chlidonias (Cazacu & Gache, 2005), avifauna article of aquatic species wintering in the Prut river basin (Gache & Muller, 2006) and antropogenic impact on avifauna diversity article (Gache, 2005). The oldest avifauna articles about Iasi County were published by Papadopol (1966) and Mândru (1967). In 1969, Ion and Valenciuc published a study about intraspecific dynamics of bird populations from Prut River, Moldova. Also, in 1992, Ion and Gache published an article about avifauna diversity distribution in the Prut River Basin, Moldova. Flocea describes in the article “Rare, vulnerable and protected birds from the Repedea-Bârnova area – the Iași county” (2004), two endangered bird species, 12 species that have suffered a drastic numerical decline since 2000 and the Corvus corax species that increasing in number of individuals. In the wetlands of Vlădeni (Iasi), 28 species of birds were found, some of which are rare for the northeastern part of Romania: Pluvialis apricaria, P. squatarola, Gallinago media, Lymnocryptes minimus and Limosa lapponica (Muller & Gache, 2006). A 2005 article includes a list of 48 species from the green urban areas of Iași (park area), the Botanical Garden area includes 69 species while the “Ciric” area includes 59 species. Dominant bird families in the green urban areas are Columbidae, Apodidae and Picidae (Butnaru, 2005). A year later Butnaru published a paper with the mention Strix aluco species presence in Copou Park (we also found the species in 2019 and 2020). She also found common species such as Corvus frugilegus, Coloeus monedula, Fringilla coelebs, Sitta europaea or Accipiter nisus and compared the dominant species in the Exhibition Park (Turdus merula, Parus major, Streptopelia decaocto, Fringilla coelebs, Sturnus vulgaris) to the dominant species in the Copou Park (Columba livia domestica, Coloeus monedula, Passer domesticus). In 2004, Gache found in the “Ciric” Forest Park area a number of 80 bird species including Falco subbuteo, Ixobrychus minutus and Asio otus colonies located on the eastern shore of Lake II, an inaccessible area at present because of recently built private property. A complex monograph entitled “Birds from the green areas of Iași” (Croitoru, 2009) includes an avifauna list of 87 species found in the “Ciric” area. His book includes species of the orders Passeriformes, Galliformes and Falconiformes first encountered. We wanted to answer the following questions because the “Ciric” Forest Park area is an anthropized and constantly evolving area. These questions are: What is the dynamics of bird species in the “Ciric” area today compared to other years? Which of the three dam lakes has a greater avifauna diversity depending on the degree of anthropization? What is the influence of anthropogenic factors on the number of individuals and the number of species?

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Material and Methods Our study began in March 2019 and ended in February 2020. We monthly counted the birds using for this study the transect method (Gates et al., 1968). Transect length was 3,2 kilometers (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. “Ciric” Park Forest area and the transect crossed during the study (a figure made with Google Earth)

In bird surveying, we started from the southern part of Veneția Lake. Monitoring started around nine o’clock in the morning in low cloud cover and wind speed less than 1 on the Beaufort scale to find avifauna diversity at the busiest point of the day. All the observation were integrated into the ObsMapp mobile application. We counted the bird species and the number of individuals over a distance of 150 meters on either side of the lakes. Also, we counted the waterbirds, birds from riparian vegetation and birds that migrates. To correctly identify the species of birds we used a Nikon 10x42 binoculars, a Nikon Coolpix P150 camera and the bird guide “Collins Bird Guide”, 2ᴺᴰ edition.

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Results and Discussion We have identified 84 bird species in the “Ciric” Park Forest area. The order Passeriformes includes 49 of these species and the order Piciformes includes 7 of these species (Dryocopus martius, Picus viridis, P. canus, Dendrocopos major, D. syriacus, D. minor and D. medius). There is a remarkable difference for the avifaunal diversity between the “Ciric” avifauna of 2004 (Gache) and the “Ciric” avifauna of now; a number of 16 species found in 2004 could not be identified anymore caused by anthropization. Some bird species were mentioned only in Gache᾽s 2004 article: Anas crecca, Motacilla flava, Luscinia luscinia, Saxicola rubetra and Corvus cornix. As well some species were identified only by Croitoru (2009): Anas querquedula, Aythya nyroca, Botaurus stellaris, Pernis apivorus, Bombycilla garrulus, Prunella modularis, Luscinia megarhynchos, Locustella luscinioides, Ficedula hypoleuca, F. albicollis and Lanius excubitor. However, avifauna diversity is currently made by 15 other bird species first time identified in this area: Tachybaptus ruficollis, Phalacrocorax carbo, Nycticorax nycticorax, Casmerodius albus, Accipiter nisus, Sterna hirundo, Columba l. domestica, Columba palumbus, Streptopelia turtur, Merops apiaster, Dryocopus martius, Anthus trivialis, Sylvia communis, Phylloscopus trochilus and P. sibilatrix. A number of 55 species have been constantly found in the last 16 years in the “Ciric” area; there are bird species observations between 2004 and 2020. In the recent 16 years, the “Ciric” Park Forest area has been a favorable habitat for at least 112 species of birds. Currently, due to changes in the anthropogenic activities in this area can be found at least 84 species. Some of these are species of conservation need: Nycticorax nycticorax – vulnerable, Casmerodius albus – threatened, Ciconia ciconia – vulnerable, Streptopelia turtur – vulnerable, Upupa epops – vulnerable and Corvus corax – threatened, according to the Red Book of Vertebrates in Romania (Botnariuc, 2005). The next table shows the avifauna phenological distribution and the phenological status of the bird species in the “Ciric” Park Forest area. We used this table to identify breeding species, wintering bird species, but also those that migrates.

Table 1. Seasonal avifauna distribution and the phenology of birds in the “Ciric” Park Forest area Seasonal distribution No. Species Phenology ªMa Ap My Jun Jul Au S O N D Ja F 1. Cygnus olor * * * * * * ᵇRNB 2. Anas platyrhynchos * * * * * * * * * * * RB 3. Phasianus colchicus * * * SB 4. Tachybaptus ruficollis * M 5. Phalacrocorax carbo * * M 6. Ixobrychus minutus * * * * SB 7. Nycticorax nycticorax * * * * SB 8. Casmerodius albus * M 9. Ardea cinerea * * * * M 10. Ciconia ciconia * M 11. Buteo buteo * * * * * * * * RB 12. Accipiter nisus * RB 13. Accipiter gentilis * * * * RB 14. Gallinula chloropus * * SB 15. Fulica atra * M 16. Chroicocephalus ridibundus * * * * M 17. Larus cachinnans * * * * * M 18. Sterna hirundo * M 19. Columba l. domestica * * * * * RB 20. Columba palumbus * * * * * * SB

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Seasonal distribution No. Species Phenology ªMa Ap My Jun Jul Au S O N D Ja F 21. Streptopelia decaocto * * * * * * * * * * * * RB 22. Streptopelia turtur * * * * SB 23. Cuculus canorus * * * * SB 24. Athene noctua * * * * RB 25. Apus apus * * M 26. Upupa epops * * M 27. Alcedo atthis * * * * * * * * * RB 28. Merops apiaster * * * * M 29. Dryocopus martius * M 30. Picus viridis * * * * RB 31. Picus canus * * * * * RB 32. Dendrocopos major * * * * * * * * * * * * RB 33. Dendrocopos syriacus * * * * * * * RB 34. Dendrocoptes medius * * * * * * * RB 35. Dendrocopos minor * * * * * RB 36. Riparia riparia * M 37. Hirundo rustica * * * * * SB 38. Delichon urbicum * * * * * SB 39. Anthus trivialis * M 40. Motacilla alba * * * * * * * * SB 41. Erithacus rubecula * * * * * * * SB 42. Phoenicurus phoenicurus * * * * * SB 43. Phoenicurus ochruros * * * * * * SB 44. Oenanthe oenanthe * M 45. Muscicapa striata * * * * * SB 46. Turdus philomelos * * * * * * * * SB 47. Turdus viscivorus * W 48. Turdus pilaris * M 49. Turdus merula * * * * * * * * * * * * RB 50. Sylvia atricapilla * * * * * SB 51. Sylvia curruca * * * * * SB 52. Sylvia communis * * * * * SB 53. Acrocephalus schoenobaenus * M 54. Acrocephalus scirpaceus * M 55. Acrocephalus arundinaceus * * * * SB 56. Phylloscopus trochilus * M 57. Phylloscopus sibilatrix * M 58. Phylloscopus collybita * * * * * * * SB 59. Regulus regulus * * W 60. Troglodytes troglodytes * * * * * * W 61. Parus major * * * * * * * * * * * * RB 62. Periparus ater * * M 63. Cyanistes caeruleus * * * * * * * * * * * * RB 64. Poecile palustris * * * * * * * * RB 65. Aegithalos caudatus * * W 66. Sitta europaea * * * * * * * * * * * * RB 67. Certhia familiaris * * * * RB 68. Lanius collurio * M 69. Pica pica * * * * * * * * * * * * RB 70. Garrulus glandarius * * * * * * * * * * * * RB 71. Corvus monedula * * * * * * * * * * * * RB 72. Corvus frugilegus * * * * * * * * * * * * RB 73. Corvus corax * * * * * * * * * * * * RB 74. Sturnus vulgaris * * * * * * * SB 75. Oriolus oriolus * * * * * SB 76. Passer domesticus * * * * * * * * * * * * RB

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Seasonal distribution No. Species Phenology ªMa Ap My Jun Jul Au S O N D Ja F 77. Passer montanus * * * * * * * * * * * * RB 78. Fringilla coelebs * * * * * * * * * * * * RB 79. Carduelis carduelis * * * * * * * * * * * * RB 80. Chloris chloris * * * * * * SB 81. Spinus spinus * M 82. Pyrrhula pyrrhula * W 83. Coccothraustes coccothraustes * * * * * * SB 84. Emberiza citrinella * * * * * * SB Legend: ª(Ma, Ap, My, Jun, Jul, Au, S, O, N, D, Jan, F) – the months of the year starting with March (2019); ᵇ(RNB – resident nonbreeding, RB – resident breeding, SB – seasonal breeding; M – migrates, W – wintering) – Phenology of birds in the “Ciric” Park Forest area.

Concerning phenological distribution of bird species in the “Ciric” area (table 1) we estimated that 54 of them are breeding species, 25 of these species are seasonal breeding species and 29 of these species are resident breeding species. We identified 24 bird species that migrates, 5 species wintering in the study area (Turdus viscivorus, Regulus regulus, Troglodytes troglodytes, Aegithalos caudatus, Pyrrhula pyrrhula) and a single resident nonbreeding bird belonging to Cygnus olor species. We can appreciate that 6 species of birds among the species that migrates may have breeding potential in the "Ciric" area (Tachybaptus ruficollis, Fulica atra, Dryocopus martius, Anthus trivialis, Acrocephalus scirpaceus, A. schoenobaenus). Species of the genus Chlidonias, such as the species Sterna hirundo that used the “Ciric” area for feeding, do not have breeding potential due to the lack of specific vegetation or islands on lakes. Also, wader species cannot feed or be nesting in the “Ciric” area, due to the lack of naturally built shores. The resident nesting species Alcedo atthis is the only that use steep and high artificial shores for nesting. Because there are many recreational areas around Lakes I and II, most of the birds can be found in the Veneția Lake area. For instance, we found 200 Anas platyrhynchos birds on Veneția Lake area while on Lakes I and II we found only 20 individuals the same monitoring day. Anthropogenic activities in the “Ciric” area consist of road traffic in western zone of the lakes, the same between Lakes I and Venice, fishing, boating, opening fires in the forest, throwing garbage into water and vegetation and noise pollution by deploying events at restaurants and terraces. The restaurants are located on the western shores of Lakes I, II (restricted to the southwestern part of Veneția Lake); this fact may be a reason for bird species increasing in the Veneția Lake area. Iași International Airport located in the northeastern part of the "Ciric" area can be also included as stress factor for bird species. During our study we found several species of birds (Garrulus glandarius, Passer domesticus, P. montanus, Parus major, Sturnus vulgaris) that use garbage as part as throphic state. It can be an adaptation to the anthropogenic environment. Also, we found two dead birds from unknown causes (Turdus merula and Passer montanus). Directive 2009/147/EC – Annex I includes bird species such as Picus canus, Dendrocopos medius, Lanius collurio and Dryocopus martius as a species of Community interest. Species of birds with regular migration found in the “Ciric” area are listed in Annex I to Council Directive 2009/147/EC: Accipiter gentilis, Anthus trivialis, Apus apus, Buteo buteo, Carduelis carduelis, Chloris chloris, Carduelis spinus, Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Sylvia curruca, Columba palumbus, Cuculus canorus, Delichon urbicum,

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Erithacus rubecula, Fringilla coelebs, Hirundo rustica, Motacilla alba, Muscicapa striata, Oenanthe oenanthe, Phoenicurus ochruros, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phylloscopus collybita, P. serchus, P. trochilus turtle, Sturnus vulgaris, Sylvia atricapilla, Sylvia communis, Turdus merula, T. philomelos, T. pilaris, T. Viscivorus and Upupa epops. The Eurasian coot (Fulica atra) is a European nearly threatened species and the European turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur) is a European vulnerable species, according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Conclusions The natural habitat from Veneția Lake area increased species evenness while in the anthropized area from Lake I and Lake II the number of bird species and individuals is reduced because anthropic activities. In the “Ciric” Park Forest area a number of 16 species could not be identified since 2004, but we could identify in our study for the first time a number of 15 species. We found 84 bird species and 57 of these are breeding species in the “Ciric” Park Forest area. Also, mostly of these bird species are species of conservation need.

References Bolboacă, L.E., 2011. Aspects concerning bird fauna in the Suceava river᾽s middle basin. Analele Științifice ale Universității „Al. I. Cuza” Iași, s. Biologie animală, LVII: 57-62. Botnariuc, N., 2005. Cartea roșie a vertebratelor din România. Ed. Academia Română, București. Butnaru, M., 2005. Ecological aspects on avifauna of the Copou area from the city of Iași. Analele Științifice ale Universității „Al. I. Cuza” Iași, s. Biologie animală, vol. I, p. 205-211 Butnaru, M., 2006. Aspects of the avifauna diversity in the urban area of the Iași area. Analele Științifice ale Universității „Al. I. Cuza” Iași, s. Biologie animală, vol. I, p. 205-211 Cazacu, M., Gache, C., 2005. Comparative observation on the hatching populations of Chlidonias genus in the inferior area of the Prut river. Analele Științifice ale Universității „Al. I. Cuza” Iași, s. Biologie animală, LI: 217-220. Cobâlcescu, G., 1896. Studiu hidrologic pentru alimentarea cu apă a orașului Iași. Supliment Monitorul Comunei Iași no. 8, p. 80-83. Croitoru, M., 2009. Păsările din zonele verzi ale orașului Iași. Ed. „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Iași. Dobrescu, C., 1958. Schița floristică și geobotanică a văii Ciric. Analele Științifice ale Universității „Al. I. Cuza” Iași, s. Biologie vegetală, vol. II, p. 109-142. Flocea, F., 2004. Rare, vulnerable and protected birds from the Repedea-Bârnova area – The Iași County. Analele Științifice ale Universității „Al. I. Cuza” Iași, s. Biologie animală, L: 311-318. Gache, C., 2004. Ornithological observation in the Ciric area (Iași county). Analele Științifice ale Universității „Al. I. Cuza” Iași, s. Biologie animală, L: 343-350. Gache, C., 2005. The monitoring of the human impact on the avifauna᾽s evolution in the important birds᾽ areas from the prut river basin. Analele Științifice ale Universității „Al. I. Cuza” Iași, s. Biologie animală, LI: 195- 203. Gache, C., Muller, J.W., 2006. Long-term monitoring of aquatic birds wintering in the Romanian Prut river basin. Sc. Annals of DDI Tulcea, vol. 12, p. 23-28. Ion, C., Baltag, E., Sfîcă, L., Fasolă, L., 2014. A New Survey of the Birds of Moldova Region (Romania). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, ResearchGate, DOI: 10.1002/oa.2363. Ion, I., Gache, C., 1992. Observations sur la dispersion zonale de l᾽avifaune du bassin de la riviere Prut. Analele Științifice ale Universității „Al. I. Cuza” Iași, s. Biologie animală, XXXVIII: 163-166. Ion, I., Valenciuc, N., 1969. Contribuții la cunoașterea faunei ornitologice din bazinul superior al Moldovei. Stud. și Com., Bacău, p. 265-270. Muller, J.W., 2003. Limosa limosa the first breeding in the Prut river basin (Romania). Sc. Annals of DDI Tulcea, p. 59-62. Muller, J.W., Gache, C., 2006. Aspects regarding the limicoline birds᾽ migration in the IBA “Jijia and Miletin ponds” (Romania). Sc. Annals of DDI Tulcea, vol. 12, p. 83-90. Papadopol, A., 1966. Les Charadriiformes de Roumanie. Considerations systematiques, zoogeographiques et ecologiques, Trav. du Mus. d 'Hist. nat. "Gr. Antipa", 6: 379-395.

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Papadopol, A., Mândru, C., 1967. Contribuții la cunoașterea păsărilor (Aves), din regiunea Iași. Comunicări de Zoologie, vol. 4, București, p. 89-126. Petrencu, L., Ion, C., Baltag, E., 2011. The distribution of wader birds in eastern Romania. Analele Științifice ale Universității „Al. I. Cuza” Iași, s. Biologie animală, LVII: 63-79. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2020. International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, (accessed december 2020). Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/. ***Anexa I. Directiva păsări/Directiva 2009/147/CE

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EVALUATION OF ANIMAL RESOURCES USED IN NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENTS OF VINČA CULTURE: ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL REVIEW

Daniel MALAXA, Luminița BEJENARU* and Simina STANC

“Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Faculty of Biology, Bd. Carol 20A, 700505, Iași, Romania * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. The present paper reviews the archaeozoological studies on animal resources in settlements belonging to the Neolithic Vinča culture. The Vinča culture of Later Neolithic was spread in the Central Balkans, during the period 5300-4500/4450 cal BC. Samples of animal skeletal remains, all from archaeological sites located in Serbia and Romania, are described in terms of frequencies based on NISP (number of identified specimens) and MNI (minimum number of individuals), as well as of exploitation strategies. The main occupation for Vinča people to obtain food was the animal husbandry, but hunting was also an important resource. For additional meat supply, these communities used to fish and gather molluscs.

Keywords: archaeozoology, animal husbandry, hunting, Neolithic, Vinča culture

Rezumat. Evaluarea resurselor animale folosite în așezări neolitice de cultură Vinča: analiză arheozoologică. Prezenta lucrare trece în revistă studii arheozoologice privind resurse animale din așezări aparținând culturii neolitice Vinča. Cultura Vinča din Neoliticul târziu a fost răspândită în Balcanii Centrali, în perioada 5300-4500 / 4450 cal BC. Eșantioane de resturi scheletice animale, toate din situri arheologice situate în Serbia și România, sunt descrise în termeni de frecvențe bazate pe NISP (numărul de specimene identificate) și NMI (număr minim de indivizi), precum și de strategii de exploatare. Principala ocupație a grupurilor umane de cultură Vinča pentru asigurarea hranei a fost creșterea animalelor, dar și vânătoarea a constituit o resursă importantă. Pentru aprovizionarea suplimentară cu carne, aceste comunități obișnuiau de asemenea să pescuiască și să strângă moluște.

Cuvinte cheie: arheozoologie, creșterea animalelor, vânătoare, Neolitic, cultura Vinča

Introduction The animals, especially domestic species, represent an important economic resource for most of the agro-pastoral communities, ensuring the food, and giving raw material for tools, weapons, clothing, etc. The Vinča culture belonging to Late Neolithic in the Central Balkans spanned in the period of 5300-4500/4450 cal BC (Orton, 2012; Tasić et al., 2015). The later part of the period is sometimes placed within the Copper Age (Sherratt, 1984) on the basis of evidence for copper mining, production and use (Jovanović, 1971; Jovanović & Ottaway, 1976; Šljivar, 1996). Named after the site of Vinča-Belo Brdo on the Danube, just outside Belgrade, the Vinča culture extends over a large area of Balkans, including Central Serbia, Kosovo, the southern part of Vojvodina, Romanian Banat and parts of Hungary, the region of Iron Gates, parts of Oltenia, the north-west of , northern Macedonia, the eastern areas of Slavonia and Bosnia (Chapman, 1981). Vinča culture had large and long-lived settlements, situated within different environmental and geographical areas (Vitezović & Antonović, 2020).

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The present paper reviews the animal resources in settlements belonging to the Neolithic Vinča culture from Serbia and Romania (Fig. 1) and discuss the exploitation strategies and paleoenvironmental evaluation.

Figure 1. Localization of Vinča sites analysed from archaeozoological point of view: 1 – Gornea- Căunița de Sus; 2 – Miercurea Sibiului-Petriș, 3 – Liubcova-Ornița; 4 – Tărtăria; 5 – Gomolava; 6 – Petnica; 7 – Vinča-Belo Brdo; 8 – Uivar-Gomilă; 9 – Parța-tell II; 10 – Sânandrei; 11 – Opovo (Source: Google Maps).

Archaeozoological samples The faunal remains discussed in this paper came from 11 Neolithic settlements of Vinča culture discovered in Romania and Serbia. The sampling of archaeozoological material follow the cultural phases, from early Vinča (phase A, B) to late Vinča (phase C, D). Gornea-Căunița de Sus The site is placed in the Banat region (Caraș-Severin County, Romania), in the Danube Valley, on a large terrace at the foot of the Căunița hill, at 3 km west of Liubcova and 2 km south of Gornea village (El Susi, 1996). The settlement of Gornea-Căunița de Sus is dated to phase A of Vinča culture. From this site were recovered 2600 faunal remains: 1612 attributed to mammals, 8 to birds, 306 to fish, 74 to molluscs and 600 remains were unidentified (Table 1) (El Susi, 1996). Miercurea Sibiului-Petriș The archaeological site is located in Transylvania (Sibiu County, Romania), along the Secaș river terrace which is 4-5 m height (Luca et al., 2008). The Neolithic settlement is dated to the early Vinča (A-B phases). The archaeozoological sample comprises 1174 skeletal remains, originated only in mammals (Table 1). A number of 282 fragments are unidentified up to species level: 158 are assigned to big-sized fragments, 79 to small-sized fragments and 45 to ribs of Bos/Cervus (El Susi, 2012).

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Liubcova-Ornița This settlement is in Banat (Caraș-Severin County, Romania), at approximately 3 km east of Gornea, placed on the Danube’s shore (El Susi, 1996). The site presents several levels: the levels III-IV belonging to A, AB phases of Vinča culture, and the levels I-II belonging to C phase (El Susi, 1996). The sample comprises 3571 animal remains, from which 2942 are assigned to species. From the III-IV levels were recovered 2085 remains and from the I-II levels another 1486. (Table 1) (El Susi, 1996). Tărtăria The Tărtăria site is located in Transylvania (Alba County, Romania), on a small promontory. Some time ago, below this promontory a branch of the Mureș River flowed; this branch received water from a small stream and other springs from the high terraces of the Mureș River (15 m high), which was eroded by flooding (Lazarovici & Merlini, 2005). From the level of Vinča B culture, 148 faunal remains were analysed (Table 1). Besides mammals, remains of fish (Teleostei) and Unio shells were recovered (Bindea, 2008). Gomolava Gomolava is one of the few large tell-sites in Vinča culture, located on a meander of the Sava in Srem, near the village of Hrtkovci, in Serbia (Orton, 2008). The archaeological tell (i.e. an artificial mound consisting of stratified accumulated debris from generations of people who lived on the same site) of Gomolava is situated on the southern edge of the Central European Plain – more precisely, in southern Vojvodina, which is a part of the Sava- Danube valley system (Clason, 1979). The faunal remains from Gomolava tell-site were studied by A. T. Clason (1979) and by D.C. Orton (2008). Clason did not specify which phases of the Vinča culture the faunal remains belong to, instead the archaeozoological material studied by Orton are dated to the B, C and D phases. Clason analysed 7044 faunal remains: 7024 of mammals, 8 of birds, 7 of fish and 5 of reptiles. Orton identified 4750 faunal remains, with only one bone belonging to birds, and the rest belonging to mammals (Table 1). Petnica Petnica is a small site in western Serbia, near Valjevo city. The site is situated at the foot of a north-facing cliff, just outside two caves. A small stream, named Banja, issues from these and passes the site (Orton, 2008). On this site, three Vinča occupation phases were identified – B, C and D. A total of 6525 animal remains were recovered from Petnica site, all being attributed to the mammals (Table 1). Vinča-Belo Brdo Belo Brdo (White Hill) site, located in the present day village of Vinča, near Belgrade, Serbia, is the most important settlement of the Neolithic Vinča culture (Dimitrijevic, 2006). Although several archaeozoological studies have been published for this site, the authors do not specify exactly of what phase the faunal remains belong to. Only Vesna Dimitrijevic mentions that the analysed fragments belongs to Late Vinča culture (Dimitrijevic, 2006). So, she presents 22764 faunal remains which belongs in a proportion of 90.98% to mammals, 4.37% fish, 2.06% molluscs, 1.50% reptiles, 0.79% snails, 0.24% birds and 0.07% unidentified. In another paper, the authors review only the contributions of mammals in the settlement’s economy (Filipovič et al., 2019), based on the contributions of Greenfield (2014) and Bulatovič (2018) (Table 1).

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Uivar-Gomilă The Neolithic settlement at Uivar, point „Gomilă”, is located on the lower plain of Banat (Timiș County, Romania), at altitude of about 78 metres, 35 kilometres southwest of the Timişoara city. In prehistory, the tell was apparently surrounded on the eastern, northern, and west sides by an ancient tributary of the River Bega. In the southern area, a low terrace separated it from another old water course (El Susi, 2017). The site of Uivar-Gomilă is dated to Vinča phase C and totals an amount of 3528 animal remains. About 27% of the fragments were unidentified and the rest were attributed only to mammals (Table 1). Parța-tell II The Parţa tell, located about 18 km southwest of the Uivar tell, is situated on the bank of a major branch of the Timiş river. This lies in Banat, in the low southern plain of Timiş (Timiș County, Romania), at an elevation of 85 m. The site was surrounded by a series of meandering branches to the west and south and by marshy land to the east (Drașovean & Schier, 2010). The archaeozoological sample, dated to Vinča phase C, comprises 2854 faunal remains, of which 98.35% belongs to mammals, 1.30% to molluscs and 0.35% to fish (El Susi, 1998) (Table 1). Sânandrei The archaeological site is located near the village of Sânandrei, which is about 20 km north of the city of Timișoara, in Banat region (Timiș County, Romania). The site is on a low ellipse-shaped natural mound rising slightly above the surrounding plain; it is bounded on three sides by stream beds (Jongsma & Greenfield, 1996). The faunal remains of Sânandrei site were presented in two articles - one by Tina Jongsma and Haskel Greenfield (1996) studying sample of Vinča C; another by Georgeta El Susi (2000) for sample dated to post Vinča C phase. The first sample totals 269 faunal remains, from which 95% belongs to mammals, 0.4% to birds, and 4.46% unidentified. The second sample is larger, comprising 2287 faunal remains: 80.59% mammals, 0.04 birds, and 19.37% unidentified (Table 1). Opovo The site lies in the lower valley of the Tamiš River, 20 km from its confluence with the Danube. It is situated in the southwest part of the Banat in Vojvodina, Serbia (Tringham et al., 1985). The Neolithic settlement of Opovo belongs to the phase C and D of the Vinča culture. The faunal remains resulted from 1983-1984 and 1985-1987 archaeological excavations. Therefore, the total number of faunal remains recovered during about five years of excavations is 33411, from which 88.81 belong to mammals, 7.55% to molluscs, 2.81% to fish, 0.37% to reptiles, 0.25% to birds and 0.21% unidentified (Tringham et al., 1985, 1992) (Table 1). The animal skeletal remains from all the settlements are of domestic refuse. The main activities from which animals as food resource were obtained by Vinča people were animal husbandry and hunting. Also, animal protein was provided by fishing and molluscs gathering.

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Table 1. Distribution of remains by faunal groups (NISP = number of identified specimens): 1 – Bivalvia; 2 – Gastropoda; 3 – Pisces; 4 – Reptilia; 5 – Aves; 6 – Mammalia; 7 – Unidentified.

Site/Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total References NISP 74 - 306 - 8 1612 600 2600 Gornea-Căunița de Sus El Susi, 1996 % 2.85 - 11.77 - 0.31 62.00 23.08 100 NISP - - - - - 1174 - 1174 Miercurea Sibiului-Petriș El Susi, 2012 % - - - - - 100 - 100 NISP 21 - 56 - - 1668 340 2085 Levels IV-III % 1.01 - 2.69 - - 80.00 16.31 100.00 Liubcova-Ornița El Susi, 1996 NISP 28 - 40 - 11 1107 300 1486 Levels II-I % 1.88 - 2.69 - 0.74 74.50 20.19 100.00 NISP 5 - 1 - - 142 - 148 Tărtăria Bindea, 2008 % 3.38 - 0.68 - - 95.95 - 100.00 NISP - - 7 5 8 7024 - 7044 Sample 1 Clason, 1979 % - - 0.10 0.07 0.11 99.72 - 100.00 Gomolava NISP - - - - 1 4749 - 4750 Sample 2 Orton, 2008 % - - - - 0.02 99.98 - 100.00 NISP - - - - - 6525 - 6525 Petnica Orton, 2008 % - - - - - 100.00 - 100 NISP 469 179 995 341 55 20710 15 22764 Dimitrijevic, Sample 1 % 2.06 0.79 4.37 1.50 0.24 90.98 0.07 100.00 2006 NISP - - - - - 1001 - 1001 Vinča-Belo Brdo Sample 2 % - - - - - 100 - 100 Filipovič et NISP - - - - - 3202 - 3202 al., 2019 Sample 3 % - - - - - 100 - 100 NISP - - - - - 2591 937 3528 Uivar-Gomilă El Susi, 2017 % - - - - - 73.44 26.56 100.00 NISP 37 - 10 - - 2807 - 2854 Parța-tell II El Susi, 1998 % 1.30 - 0.35 - - 98.35 - 100.00 NISP - - - - 1 256 12 269 Jongsma & Sample 1 Greenfield, % - - - - 0.37 95.17 4.46 100.00 Sânandrei 1996 NISP - - - - 1 1843 443 2287 Sample 2 El Susi, 2000 % - - - - 0.04 80.59 19.37 100.00 NISP 2119 405 939 124 84 29671 69 33411 Tringham et Opovo al., 1985, % 6.34 1.21 2.81 0.37 0.25 88.81 0.21 100.00 1992

Animal husbandry Excepting three cases (i.e., Liubcova-Ornița, Petnica and Opovo), in the Vinča settlements domestic mammals predominate (Table 2), representing the most reliable source for meat supply. Four domestic species offered the quantity of meat necessary to the Vinča population: cattle (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus) and pig (Sus

- 51 - Daniel MALAXA et al. domesticus). Cattle predominates among the domestic animals in almost all settlements, both as number of remains/identified specimens (NISP) and minimum number of individual (MNI), with maximum frequency at Tărtăria representing 76.43% NISP and 50% MNI of the total identified mammals. Other settlements with high percentage of cattle remains are Miercurea Sibiului- Petriș (59.19%), Sânandrei (57.02%; 53.64%), Gornea-Căunița de Sus (47.49%) and Gomolava (47.81%). In all this cases, cattle represented by far the most important domestic species, not only because of the large quantity of meat provided, but also due to secondary products (e.g., traction, milk, leather). In the other samples, cattle records less than half of the total identified mammal remains, with the lowest frequencies at Vinča-Belo Brdo (16.11% in the sample of Late Vinča) (Table 2). In many samples, the distinction between domestic and wild forms of the same species was difficult to do. For example, at Gornea-Căunița de Sus, Liubcova-Ornița and Uivar-Gomilă, Vinča-Belo Brdo, robust bovines dimensionally close to aurochs are reported (El Susi, 1996, 2017; Dimitrijevic, 2006). Smaller cattle were identified at Gornea-Căunița de Sus, according to Neolithic variability of species in Danube Valley (El Susi, 1996). Sheep/Goat. This group is the second most frequent. The highest percentages of sheep/goat are registered at Vinča-Belo Brdo (20.26%), Gornea-Căunița de Sus (16.48), and Parța-tell II (15.81%) (Table 2). Sheep/goat have small percentages at Gomolava (8.21%), Opovo (3.89%) and Petnica (1.99%). The sheep:goat ratio is 3:1 at Gornea-Căunița de Sus, 3.5:1 at Vinča-Belo Brdo (Dimitrijevic, 2006) and 7:5 at Parța-tell II. In Gomolava sample (Clason, 1979), the bones of this group were also attributed in majority to sheep. At Gornea-Căunița de Sus it was found two goat cornual processes, one of “prisca” type and the other of “aegagrus” type. At Uivar- Gomilă only a “prisca” cornual processes was found, belonging to a female goat. The presence of two varieties of sheep is reported in the sample Parța-tell II – with horns and without horns (El Susi, 1998). There is no evidence that in the Vinča culture wool was used for spinning and weaving. At that period, the animals were probably kept primarily for meat and to a certain extent for milking (Clason, 1979; Dimitrijevic, 2006). Pig surpass sheep/goat as number of remains in the samples of Gomolava, Petnica, Vinča-Belo Brdo, Uivar-Gomliă, Sânandrei (Table 2). In the rest of the settlements, pig is following sheep/goat as frequency. Pig had small dimensions at Gornea-Căunița de Sus with the withers height estimated between 58.8-76 cm and a mean of 65.2 cm. But here it was also found an individual with a withers height of 80.5 cm indicating an interbreeding with the wild boar (El Susi, 1996). The withers height of pig varies between 58.8-76 cm at Liubcova-Ornița, and again an individual having 80.5 cm height (El Susi, 1996). At Sânandrei, two withers heights were estimated – 72.8 cm and 67.2 cm (El Susi, 2000). The interbreeding couldn’t be excluded at neither Gomolava (Orton, 20008) and Uivar-Gomilă (El Susi, 2017). Orton (2008) say that a pig from a pit at Gomolava is more likely to be wild than domestic, and it is more likely to be male than female. Pig dimensions at Miercurea Sibiului-Petriș are clearly distinguish from those of wild boar; the few data suggest small pig individuals with withers height of 65.5 cm (El Susi, 2012). At Vinča-Belo Brdo most of the domestic and wild pig remains are rather easily distinguished, due to obvious differences in size in both teeth and

- 52 - Analele Științifice ale Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași, s. Biologie animală, 64: 47-62, 2018-2020 postcranial skeleton (Dimitrijevic, 2006). Dog. The less represented domestic species in almost all samples is the dog, used for protection, as aid to hunting, but sometimes even consumed. For example, at Liubcova- Ornița, the traces of cutting and breaking might indicate the use of dog in the diet of Neolithic communities (El Susi, 1996). In Gomolava sample (Clason, 1979), the broken skulls and fragmented long bones also indicate that the dog was consumed. At Vinča-Belo Brdo, the butchering traces on the bones could indicate that the dog meat was occasionally consumed. Thus, cuts traces were found on lumbar vertebrae, and the percentage of dog bones with various traces of fire is rather high, of 14.5% (Dimitrijevic, 2006). Another author believes that at Parța-tell II the consume of dog could be indicate by the young age at death of the identified individuals (they did not have a very eroded dentition) (El Susi, 1998). The distinction between dog and wolf was not hard to make being available a dimensional variation. In many sites, the most prevalent are the small-sized and medium- sized dogs, common to the Neolithic settlements from Romania and vicinity territories (El Susi, 1996).

Hunting As elsewhere in Europe, the Vinca communities focused the hunt on red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and aurochs (Bos primigenius), because of many reasons: to obtain food, protect crops, protect the food for herds, avoid interbreeding of domestic animals (i.e., cattle and pig) with the wild forms (i.e. aurochs and wild boar), or to catch young animals for taming (Clason, 1979). The hunting represented an important occupation in Vinča culture, being identified a large variety of wild species (Table 2). In Petnica, Liubcova-Ornița (level II-I) and Opovo samples, the frequency of wild mammals outnumbers the one of domestic species (Table 2), resulting that hunting was the main economic meat resource. Instead, at Tărtăria with only 10% wild mammals and Miercurea Sibiului-Petriș with about 16% wild mammals, the hunting was not so important occupation, the meat being procured especially from animal husbandry. Red deer. Of all wild mammals, red deer predominates in all settlements (Table 2). At Opovo this wild species reaches the highest percentage of all sites with 39.24% of remains. In this case and in other samples (e.g., Liubcova-Ornița level II-I, Petnica, Vinča-Belo Brdo), red deer is surpassing the frequency of cattle remains (Table 2). The hunted red deer from Liubcova-Ornița is in average of medium-size, but at Parța-tell II predominates the robust males; at Sânandrei the adult males predominate and at Miercurea Sibiului-Petriș the red deer dimensions fit into the range of variation in the epoch (El Susi, 2012). In the Gornea-Căunița de Sus sample, the red deer remains mostly belong to the postcephalic skeleton, indicating that probably the heads have been detached from the bodies and then the carcases were brought in the settlement (El Susi, 1996). Instead, at Parța-tell II and Vinča-Belo Brdo (sample 1), the red deer was fully butchered in the settlement. A few hyoid bones with cut marks indicate that primary butchering was practiced in the site of Vinča-Belo Brdo at least occasionally (Dimitrijevic, 2006). Red deer was primarily a meat supply, but there are other significant reasons for which the Vinča people have been hunting this species. Thereby, at Gomolava the metapodia (i.e., metacarpus and metatarsus) and antlers especially were used for the fabrication of tools

- 53 - Daniel MALAXA et al. and objects (Clason, 1979). In Vinča-Belo Brdo sample 1, the most numerous remains are fragments of antlers and bones of extremities that represent the material most often used for artefact manufacture (Dimitrijevic, 2006). At Sânandrei (sample 1), 20% of the red deer remains were antlers, probably as raw material for tools and objects (Jongsma & Greenfield, 1996). At Parța-tell II, the artifacts manufacturing was more focused on the long bones rather than antlers. This might be explained by the hunting of the red deer more in the summer when the males have their antlers already fallen (El Susi, 1998). Wild boar. The frequency of this species follows the red deer one in almost all samples, except in Vinča-Belo Brdo (sample 1) and Sânandrei (sample 1) where it is surpassed by roe deer (Table 2). In the settlements where hunting is not an important occupation, the wild boar has small percentages (e.g., Miercurea Sibiului-Petriș, Tărtăria, Gomolava, Petnica). Wild boar had modest dimensions at Liubcova-Ornița, while at Miercurea Sibiului- Petriș it had a withers height of 98.96 cm and at Gornea-Căunița de Sus it varies between 89.6-112.3 cm, with an average of 96.7 cm and the prevalence of females.

Other wild species identified in all settlements are roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and aurochs (Bos primigenius). In Sânandrei (sample 1), 20% of roe deer remains are antlers. A high percent of antlers was found at Gornea-Căunița de Sus where the roe deer hunting was more frequent in summer months and beginning of autumn (May-October), because all the identified antlers were on the peduncle. Most antlers came from animals of 1-3 years old. The presence of other skull fragments, beside antlers, suggest that these animals were butchered in the settlement (El Susi, 1996). At Parța-tell II it seems that the majority of the roe deer were hunted during spring, summer, and autumn seasons, being females (El Susi, 1998). On the contrary, at Liubcova-Ornița the frequency of roe deer antlers is almost insignificant (El Susi, 1996). At Vinča-Belo Brdo (sample 1) the author mentions: “the selection for grown animals and mostly males is probably the consequence of orientation towards meat supply as the aim of hunting, although acquisition of roe bone material for tool manufacture may also be of importance. Analogous to red deer, antlers and metapodial bones were favoured for tool manufacturing” (Dimitrijevic, 2006). Aurochs was hunted especially for the large quantity of meat supplied; it is a species that have been identified in many Neolithic sites, but it is now extinct. Another cervid found in Vinča sites is the fallow deer (Dama dama) presumed with few remains at Liubcova-Ornița and identified at Vinča-Belo Brdo (sample 1) (Table 2). Because of its rarity in the Europe Neolithic and the fact that only antlers were accurately identified, Dimitrijevic (2006) suggests that it is possible the fallow deer did not live in the surroundings and were not hunted by the Vinča people, but that antlers and/or antler artefacts were traded as exotic items. Other wild mammals. Less hunted or trapped wild species in Vinča settlements (Table 2), and not necessarily captured and killed for meat consumption, are brown bear (Ursus arctos), pine marten (Martes martes), badger (Meles meles), fox (Vulpes vulpes), wolf (Canis lupus), wild cat (Felis silvestris), beaver (Castor fiber), hare (Lepus europaeus), wild horse (Equus ferus), wild European donkey (Equus hydruntinus), otter (Lutra lutra), lynx (Lynx lynx), and polecat (Mustela putorius). Many of these wild animals were caught mostly for fur. For example, at Petnica most of the rarer species are fur-bearing, raising the

- 54 - Analele Științifice ale Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași, s. Biologie animală, 64: 47-62, 2018-2020 possibility that specialized hunting for pelts took place here (Orton, 2008).

Additional meat supply Without specific identification, the birds are less represented in samples than mammals or fish, the highest frequencies being at Opovo and Vinča-Belo Brdo (Table 1). At Gomolava Clason (1979) identified a bone that could be of greylag goose, and for Gornea- Căunița de Sus El Susi (1996) mentioned bird bones belonging to aquatic species. Fishing is unequivocally demonstrated, as important occupation for Vinča people, by some tools made of bone and antler, especially harpoons and hooks (Dimitrijevic, 2006). At Gornea-Căunița de Sus the fish represents about 12% of faunal remains being identified species like catfish (Silurus glanis) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (El Susi, 1996). These species were also mentioned at Gomolava (Clason, 1979), and Tărtăria (Bindea, 2008). Molluscs gathering was relatively common in Vinča culture and the main identified species belong to the genera Unio and Helix. Snails were found only at Vinča-Belo Brdo in sample 1 and at Opovo (Table 1). The river mussels are more frequent than snails and it is very possible that were being consumed by the Vinča people. Clason (1979) say that at Gomolova the shells are often broken, but not to such an extent that they could have been pig-food. At Vinča-Belo Brdo, three species of Unio were identified: U. crassus, U. pictorum and U. tumidus (Dimitrijevic, 2006). Tortoise remains were found in three settlements, at Vinča-Belo Brdo, Gomolava and Opovo (Table 1). According to Dimitrijevic (2006), the tortoise was not just an intrusive species, but it was consumed by the people of Vinča-Belo Brdo. The evidence shown by author refer to the burn traces and old breakages of the plates found in the archaeological layers (Dimitrijevic, 2006).

Animal selection by age and sex In cattle, the pattern of exploitation strategy indicates the animal use for secondary products and finally for meat. At Sânandrei, sample 2, cattle were mainly exploited for secondary products, like milk, traction force, breeding stock. Thus, 51.2% of the estimated individuals had senile/mature age, 7.6% were juvenile, 7.6% subadults, and 33.6% adults. (El Susi, 2000). In sample 1 of Sânandrei, the mature individuals have a frequency of 73%, the subadults 23%, and the juveniles 5% (Jongsma and Greenfield, 1996). The high number of mature individuals indicates a same pattern of cattle exploitation focused on the obtaining of secondary products. A high percent (55.4%) of mature cattle individuals was recorded also at Gornea-Căunița de Sus; the subadults represent 14.4%, and the young ones 30.1% (El Susi, 1996). At Liubcova-Ornița, in the II-I levels, the majority (60%) of individuals were sacrificed at the age of over 4 years; in the IV-III levels, 5% of the individuals were sacrificed up to 1 year old, 20% at 1-2 years, 30% at 2-4 years and the most of cattle (45%) over 4 years old (El Susi, 1996). At Miercurea Sibiului-Petriș, the statistics suggest a major percent of remains from animals reaching the adult stage, and few young and sub-adults (El Susi, 2012). In the sample of Uivar-Gomilă, the cattle slaughter profile indicates 22.5% of individuals below one year, especially between 6–12 months, 12.5% between 1–2 years, a large rate between 2–4 years (37.5%), and 27.5% over four years (El Susi, 2017). Most young cattle individuals survived at Petnica, and at Gomolava sample 2 (Orton, 2008). But, in Gomolava sample 1, half of the sacrificed individuals were mature and half immature suggesting a prevalence for the meat consumption over the secondary products (Clason, 1979). At Parța-

- 55 - Daniel MALAXA et al. tell II the ratio by age categories is relatively balanced (i.e. youth/subadult-adult/mature = 2/2/1) suggesting the use of males for meat (slaughtered especially at 2-3 years old), and keeping females especially for dairy (El Susi, 1998). In the sample of Tărtăria, the frequency of individuals sacrificed at young ages is higher, as follows: three individuals up to the age of about one year, three of about 1-2 years old, and only three individuals at the age of about 3-4 years (Bindea, 2008). Same situation, cattle being used mainly for meat and then for its secondary products, we find at Vinča-Belo Brdo, sample 1, where a prevalence of immature animals was identified (Dimitrijevic, 2006). The identified cattle female seems to predominate at Gornea-Căunița de Sus, Parța- tell II and at Gomolava, sample 2, with two-thirds female. At Petnica, the male/female ratio (6M/7F) is almost even (Orton, 2008). In Sânandrei sample 2, two castrated individuals were found, proving that the castration process was practiced in the Neolithic settlements of Banat (noticed also in the material from Parța) (El Susi, 2000). Sheep/goat were mostly used for meat and then for secondary products (e.g., milk, wool, breeding stock). At Gornea-Căunița de Sus most of the individuals were slaughtered up to 3 years old (46.3%), 31.7% at 3-5 years, and just 21.9% at over 5 years old, indicating an exploitation strategy based on meat procurement (El Susi, 1996). Same pattern we could find at Liubcova-Ornița where, in the I-II levels, a very high number of individuals were slaughtered up to 2 years old, and only 9.2% survived over this age. In the III-IV levels, 25% of individuals were sacrificed up to 1 year old, 60% at 2-4 years, and the rest of 15% over 4 years (El Susi, 1996). At Miercurea Sibiului-Petriș, 20.17% were sacrificed up to six months, 15.13% between six months and one year, 29.41% at one-two years old, 6% at two-four years, 23.53% at four-six years and 6% between six-eight years. So, the interest focused on young and sub-adult category, meaning about 65% of individuals, suggests meat obtaining; on the other hand, about one third of individuals were exploited for many years, especially for dairy products, wool and breeding stock (El Susi, 2012). Sheep/goat were bred for same products (firstly meat, and then secondary ones), at Uivar-Gomilă, where 54.29% of individuals were slaughtered in the first year of life, 22.85% between 1–2 years, 11.43% at 2–4 years and 11.43% between 4–6 years. Practically, about 77% of the estimated individuals were exploited in the first two years of life, and the percentage of animals kept alive for many years is reduced at 11.4% (El Susi, 2017). At Vinča-Belo Brdo, the age distribution indicates that less than one quarter of sheep attained the age of fully grown meaning a mainly interest for meat production and less for milk and wool (Dimitrijevic, 2006). In Parța-tell II sample, the majority of sheep/goat were slaughtered at young ages: 56.3% up to 2 years, 28.2% between 2-3 years and only 15.2% over 3 years old (El Susi, 1998). In Sânandrei sample 1, the identified goat remains were of adults and the sheep bones were all of juveniles (Jongsma and Greenfield, 1996). In Sânanadrei sample 2, the prevalence of juveniles and sub-adults was also found (El Susi, 2000). About 70% of sheep/goat survived to (sub)adulthood at Petnica (Orton, 2008), and at Gomolava the interest seems to be equal for both meat and secondary products procurement, being evenly slaughtered mature and immature individuals (Clason, 1979; Orton, 2008). Two males and one female were estimated for sheep in the sample of Gornea- Căunița de Sus, based on cornual processes. The male cornual processes are robust, while the female one is short and flat (El Susi, 1996). In the same site, it was found an almost complete skeleton of a sheep, male of 3-3.5 years old, for which has been estimated a withers height of about 62 cm (El Susi, 1996). At Liubcova-Ornița 8 individuals belong to sheep (3

- 56 - Analele Științifice ale Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași, s. Biologie animală, 64: 47-62, 2018-2020 males and 5 females) and 6 to goat (4 males and 2 females). The individuals have a modest stature, typical of the Neolithic period (El Susi, 1996). In Tărtăria sample only a female was reported based on a pelvis fragment. Pig. According to archaeozoological data, pig was exploited by the Vinča people exclusively for meat. In the case of relative aged individuals, we could talk about breeding stock animals. Therefore, at Gornea-Căunița de Sus the sub-adults and the young adults totals 70.5% while the mature individuals represent only 29.5%; at Liubcova-Ornița 40% were slaughtered up to 1 year old in the III-IV levels, and 28.5% in the I-II levels (El Susi, 1996). In Tărtăria settlement all of the pig remains belongs to the same individual, slaughtered under 1 year old (Bindea, 2008). At Miercurea Sibiului-Petriș, 15.3% of pigs were sacrificed up to six months and only 7.7% up to one year; individuals of one-two years old represent about 54%, then the percentage is decreasing to 23% (El Susi, 2012). In both samples of Gomolava, the majority of pigs were slaughtered under 2 years old (Clason, 1979; Orton, 2008), and in the settlement of Petnica, the age at death is even lower, the majority of pigs being slaughtered under one year (Orton, 2008). In Vinča-Belo Brdo sample 1, most of the slaughtered animals are young and subadult (Dimitrijevic, 2006). At Uivar-Gomilă, of the 45 pig estimated individuals, 44.44% were sacrificed up to one year, about 40% up to two years, 13% between 2-4 years and 2% at an advanced age (El Susi, 2017). At Parța-tell II, a same percent of 41.6% was attributed to both age categories of under 1 year and of 1-2 years; the rest of 12.5% sacrificed animals are over 3 years old (El Susi, 1998). In Jongsma and Greenfield study at Sânandrei site, we could find an unusual situation with no mature individual, 30% being juveniles and 70% sub-adults. In Sânandrei sample 1, the authors found only 30% juveniles and 70% sub-adults (Jongsma and Greenfield, 1996), but in the sample 2 there are identified 10.5% individuals over 2 years old, 42.1% under 1 year and 47.3%, individuals of 1-2 years (El Susi, 2000).

Palaeoenvironment We found explicit data about the ancient environment for the Vinča settlements of Gornea-Căunița de Sus, Liubcova-Ornița, Tărtăria, Vinča-Belo Brdo and Opovo. At Gornea- Căunița de Sus and Liubcova-Ornița the presence in large number of the red deer remains could indicate a forest extension, developed on alluvial soils near the Danube river. The identified forest carnivorous fauna (i.e., bear, wild cat, marten) also indicates a well-wooded environment. The important frequency of the wild boar remains in the sites certainly reflect a biotope with many muddy lands on one hand and the existence of mixed oak forests on the other hand. The presence of beaver is related to a rich, low flow hydrographic network, and bear indicates compact forest covering the areas during the Late Neolithic. The presence of the fallow deer during Neolithic (Atlantic climatic period) in the Danube valley is not incompatible since it is an area with Mediterranean climate influences. Wild European donkey, a steppe and thermophilic element, is also linked to an optimal climate in this area, suggesting, at the same time, the existence of open spaces (El Susi, 1996). At Tărtăria, hare indicates the existence of wide open spaces (Bindea, 2008). In Vinča-Belo Brdo area, beaver and otter were widespread in the past occupying rivers and streams lined with riparian woodland; aurochs also lived there in open woodlands or forest steppe, as well as marshes and forested wetlands (Filipović et al., 2019). In Opovo sample the palaeoenvironmental data indicate that the site was surrounded by marshland and grassland (Tringham et al., 1992).

- 57 -

Daniel MALAXA et al.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

100

%

5.56

5.56

5.56

5.56

5.56

27.78

11.11

72.22

11.11

50.00

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

9

18

13

MNI

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

.00

100

Vinča B Vinča

%

Tărtăria

0.71

1.43

2.86

5.00

1.43

5.71

6.43

10

90.00

76.43

Bindea, 2008 Bindea,

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

individuals).

2

1

2

4

7

2

8

9

14

142

140

126

107

) ) based on their dimensions.

NISP

-

-

-

-

-

-

100

%

1.22

1.22

1.22

2.44

9.76

4.88

2.44

8.54

53.66

12.20

20.73

46.34

13.41

21.95

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

1

1

2

8

4

2

7

I

Dama dama

-

82

44

10

17

38

11

18

MNI

-

-

-

-

-

-

100

Vinča C Vinča

inimum ofnumber inimum

%

0.09

0.09

0.18

0.63

2.72

2.90

0.54

8.33

9.87

Levels II Levels

52.26

16.03

29.62

47.74

28.99

-

-

-

-

-

-

3

1

1

2

7

6

96

30

32

92

577

177

527

109

320

Ornița

1107

1104

327*

-

NISP

-

-

100

%

0.64

0.64

0.64

2.56

0.64

1.28

1.92

2.56

6.41

3.21

8.97

3.21

6.41

50.64

21.15

49.36

12.82

26.92

El Susi, 19 El Susi,

-

-

1

1

1

4

1

2

3

4

5

5

Liubcova

III

79

10

14

33

77

10

20

42

-

156

MNI

-

-

100

%

1.35

0.12

0.12

0.12

0.24

0.06

0.18

0.42

1.02

3.24

2.16

0.96

4.50

8.65

48.17

1

29.13

51.83

37.72

Vinča A, AB A, Vinča

Levels IV Levels

-

-

3

2

2

2

4

1

3

7

17

54

36

16

75

802

189

863

144

628

1668

1665

485*

NISP

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

100

%

1.18

1.18

1.18

5.88

4.71

4.71

3.53

31.76

12.94

68.24

15.29

20.00

29.41

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

1

1

5

4

4

3

B

85

27

11

58

13

17

25

-

MNI

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Petriș

100

%

0.11

0.11

0.11

3.03

2.24

1.79

8.30

0.56

9.98

Vinča A Vinča

15.70

84.30

14.57

59.19

El Susi, 2012 El Susi,

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

NISP=number of identified specimens, MNI=m ofNISP=numberspecimens, identified

1

1

1

5

(

27

20

16

74

89

Miercurea Sibiului Miercurea

282

892

140

752

130

528

1174

NISP

-

-

100

%

0.44

0.44

0.44

0.88

0.44

0.44

0.44

0.88

6.64

4.42

7.52

1.77

7.96

35.40

12.39

64.60

18.14

36.73

-

-

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

4

80

15

10

17

28

18

41

83

226

146

MNI

-

-

Căunița de Sus Căunița

100

-

Vinča A Vinča

%

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.18

0.06

0.06

0.12

0.31

3.86

2.27

6.13

0.43

6.07

the the total remains, 812 summed from all levels, six bone fragments could be attributed to fallow deer (

29.53

16.36

70.47

16.48

47.49

El Susi, 1996 El Susi,

-

-

-

1

1

1

3

1

1

2

5

7

* * Of

63

37

99

482

100

267

269

775

1632

1632

1150

Gornea

NISP

ls

Samples

Reference

Quantification of mammal remains remains mammal of Quantification

Total mammals Total

Table 2.

Total wild mammals Total wild

Unidentified mammals Unidentified

Total domestic mamma Total domestic

Total identified mammals identified Total

Lynx lynx Lynx

Equus hydruntinus Equus

Lepus europaeus Lepus

Castor fiber Castor

Felis silvestris Felis

Canis lupus Canis

Vulpes vulpes Vulpes

Meles meles Meles

Martesmartes

Ursus arctos Ursus

Bos primigenius Bos

Capreolus capreolus Capreolus

Sus scrofa Sus

Cervus elaphus Cervus

Canis familiaris Canis

Sus domesticus Sus

Ovis aries/Capra hircus aries/Capra Ovis

Bos taurus Bos Taxon

- 58 -

Analele Științifice ale Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași, s. Biologie animală, 64: 47-62, 2018-2020

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

100

0.71

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.26

0.03

0.49

2.72

5.48

9.24

4.64

%

19.12

80.88

21.13

20.26

34.85

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

2

2

8

1

., 2019) .,

22

15

84

Vinča

117

590

169

285

143

652

625

Sample 3: Sample

3202

3085

2495

1075

et al et

NISP

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

100

0.10

0.10

0.20

0.10

0.10

6.26

2.02

2.42

3.33

%

25.96

14.65

74.04

20.51

14.44

35.76

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

62

20

24

33

Vinča

990

257

145

733

203

143

354

SP

(from Filipovič Filipovič (from

Sample 2: Sample

1001

Belo Brdo Belo

-

NI

Greenfield, 2014; Bulatovič 2018 2018 Bulatovič 2014; Greenfield,

-

-

-

-

2

1

1

1

1

3

1

1

3

7

8

1

9

48

18

52

13

16

14

100

Vinča

%

-

-

-

-

2

1

1

1

1

3

1

1

3

7

8

1

2

9

48

18

5

13

16

14

100

MNI

-

-

-

-

.10

100

%

0.15

0.15

2.34

0.30

0.05

1.09

0.10

0

0.40

7.71

6.96

0.25

7.16

47.64

28.05

52.36

13.43

15.66

16.11

-

-

-

-

3

3

6

1

2

2

8

0

5

Dimitrijevic, 2006 Dimitrijevic,

47

22

958

155

14

564

144

270

315

324

Sample 1: Late Vinča Late 1: Sample

3469

1458

2011

1053

NISP

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

100

%

8.57

68.57

22.86

37.14

31.43

12.86

18.57

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

6

9

70

48

16

26

22

13

MNI

-

-

-

Petnica

100

%

0.03

0.06

0.16

1.40

0.19

0.12

0.16

0.06

0.37

0.34

0.44

8.39

0.81

5.25

1.99

nča B, C, D C, B, nča

58.78

10.04

37.02

41.22

33.17

Orton, 2008 Orton,

Vi

-

-

-

1

2

5

6

4

5

2

45

12

11

14

26

64

270

323

169

6525

3308

3217

1891

1191

1326

1067

NISP

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

100

%

3.14

1.89

0.63

55.35

15.72

34.59

44.65

28.93

15.09

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5

3

1

88

25

55

71

46

24

159

MNI

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

100

%

0.07

0.03

0.03

0.03

2.81

3.73

2.00

5.22

0.98

Orton, 2008 Orton,

43.92

10.23

27.04

56.08

47.81

Start C, C, D C, C, Start

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

1

1

1

83

59

29

110

302

798

154

Sample 2: Vinča B2 Vinča 2: Sample

4749

1798

2951

1296

1655

1411

NISP

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

95

.93

100

%

9.18

Gomolava

29.

13.53

16.43

70.05

44

15.94

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

62

28

34

93

19

33

207

145

MNI

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

.12

100

%

0

0.23

0.04

0.08

0.23

0.08

1.35

4.93

1.58

8.21

35.51

10.45

18.00

64.49

16.77

37.93

Clason, 1979 Clason,

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3

6

1

2

6

2

Sample 1: Vinča 1: Sample

35

41

921

128

271

467

435

213

984

7024

4430

2594

1673

NISP

Samples

Reference

Total mammals Total

Total wild mammals Total wild

Total domestic mammals Total domestic

Total identified mammals identified Total

Unidentified mammals Unidentified

Mustela putorius Mustela

Lynx lynx Lynx

Lutra lutra Lutra

Equus ferus Equus

Lepus europaeus Lepus

Castor fiber Castor

Felis silvestris Felis

Canis lupus Canis

Vulpes vulpes Vulpes

Meles meles Meles

Martesmartes

Ursus arctos Ursus

Bos primigenius Bos

Capreolus capreolus Capreolus

Sus scrofa scrofa Sus

Dama dama Dama

Cervus elaphus Cervus

Canis familiaris Canis

Sus domesticus Sus

Ovis aries/Capra hircus aries/Capra Ovis

Bos taurus Bos

Taxon

Continued Table 2 Continued Table

- 59 - Daniel MALAXA et al.

-

100 % 3.66 8.38 2.09 0.52 0.79 1.57 0.79 1.05 0.79 1.83 0.26 1.05 12.83 15.18 40.05 17.54 17.80 13.87 59.95

- 8 2 3 6 3 4 3 7 1 4 49 58 14 32 67 68 53 ., 1985, 1985, .,

153 229 382 NMI

et al et

-

1992 Opovo 100 % 3.89 4.87 2.19 0.69 0.07 0.03 0.16 0.07 0.04 0.08 0.76 0.01 0.04 23.49 34.45 39.24 13.44 10.91 65.55 Vinča C, D C, Vinča

- 7 3 7 4 8 1 4 65 15 72 367 460 207 Tringham Tringham 2217 3251 3703 1268 1030 6187 9438 NISP 20233 29671

------

100 % 3.36 7.56 5.88 4.20 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84

32.77 14.29 15.97 66.39 12.61 33.61

------4 9 7 5 1 1 1 1 39 17 19 79 15 40 119

MNI

------

100 % 0.43 5.93 6.46 0.59 4.23 2.06 2.88 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.23

57.02 69.99 2 30.01

El Susi, 2000 El Susi,

------

1 1 1 4 10 72 35 49 971 101 110 348 511 140 1192 1703 1843 Sample 2: Post Vinča C Vinča 2: Post Sample NISP

------

100 6.25 1.04 % Sânandrei 45.83 11.46 10.42 67.71 14.58 10.42 32.29

------6 1 44 11 10 65 14 10 31 96

MNI

------

1996 100 % 7.95 9.27 6.62 8.61 0.66

53.64 70.86 13.25 29.14

------1 81 12 14 20 10 13 44 Sample 1: Vinča C Vinča 1: Sample 107 151 105 256 Jongsma & Greenfield, Greenfield, & Jongsma NISP

- - - - -

100 % 2.40 5.39 5.99 1.80 0.60 0.60 1.20 0.60 0.60 31.14 23.35 14.37 71.26 11.98 28.74

- - - - - 4 9 3 1 1 2 1 1

52 39 24 20 10 48 119 167 MNI tell II tell i, 1998 i, -

- - - - -

100 Vinča C Vinča % 0.89 5.47 3.73 1.14 0.10 0.05 0.20 0.20 0.25 43.14 15.81 10.14 69.98 18.89 30.02 Parța El Sus

- - - - - 2 1 4 4 5 18 75 23 868 318 204 380 110 604 795 1408 2012 2807 NISP

- - -

100 % 1.53 8.16 4.59 1.02 0.51 2.04 0.51 1.02 2.55 0.51

18.37 15.82 20.92 56.63 10.20 12.24 43.37

- - - 3 9 2 1 4 1 2 5 1

36 31 41 20 24 16 85 111 196 MNI

Gomilă

- - - -

100 % Vinča C Vinča 0.38 6.50 2.92 0.14 0.05 0.29 0.05 0.14 0.96 0.05 36.81 13.86 15.63 66.68 11.57 10.66 33.32 El Susi, 2017 El Susi,

Uivar - - - 8 1 3 1 6 1 3 1 99 6 20 770 290 327 242 223 136 697 4 1395 2092 2591 NISP

Samples Reference

Table 2 Table

Total mammals Total

d

Total wild mammals Total wild ontinue Total domestic mammals Total domestic Total identified mammals identified Total C Taxon taurus Bos hircus aries/Capra Ovis domesticus Sus familiaris Canis elaphus Cervus scrofa Sus capreolus Capreolus primigenius Bos arctos Ursus Martesmartes meles Meles vulpes Vulpes lupus Canis silvestris Felis fiber Castor europaeus Lepus lutra Lutra putorius Mustela mammals Unidentified

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Conclusions In the present paper, 11 Neolithic settlements of Vinča culture were discussed, all placed in Serbia and Romania: Gornea-Căunița de Sus, Miercurea Sibiului-Petriș, Liubcova- Ornița, Tărtăria, Gomolava, Petnica, Vinča-Belo Brdo, Uivar-Gomilă, Parța-tell II, Sânandrei and Opovo. In Vinča settlements, animal husbandry was an important occupation, and the main domestic species identified are cattle, sheep/goat, and pig. Cattle represents the most important species in the economy of almost all settlements. Cattle was used for secondary products and finally for meat, excepting Gomolava, Vinča-Belo Brdo and Uivar-Gomilă settlements where it was exploited firstly for meat and just few individuals were used for secondary products. The sheep/goat exploitation were mostly used for meat and then for milk, wool and breeding stock, excepting at Petnica and Sânandrei where the mature individuals prevail for secondary products. Pig was used exclusively for meat, but few individuals were left to reach maturity for breeding purposes. Dog remains appear in almost all the samples, being a domestic species used mostly for hunting and protection, and rarely for consumption (at Liubcova-Ornița, Gomolava, Vinča-Belo Brdo and Parța-tell II). Due to the great variety of wild mammal species found in the Vinča sites, the hunting also appears as an important occupation, not only for meat procurement, but also for obtaining furs or raw materials for tools or various objects. In Opovo, Petnica and Liubcova- Ornița (level II-I) sites, the wild mammals are even surpassing the domestic ones. At Petnica it is possible that specialized hunting for pelts took place. Red deer is the most important wild mammal in all settlements, followed by wild boar and roe deer. For an additional meat supply, the Vinča people used to hunt birds, fishing and molluscs gathering. The palaeoenvironment was mainly well-wooded and mixed with muddy lands and wide-open spaces.

References Bindea, D., 2008. Arheozoologia Transilvaniei în pre-şi protoistorie. Teognost, Cluj-Napoca. Chapman, J., 1981. The Vinča culture of south-east Europe: studies in chronology, economy and society. British Archaeological Reports International Series. Clason, A.T., 1979. The farmers of Gomolava in the Vinča and La Tène period. Palaeohistoria, 21: 42-81. Dimitrijevic, V., 2006. Vertebrate fauna of Vinča-Belo Brdo: Excavation campaigns 1998-2003. Starinar, LVI: 245–269. Drașovean, F., Schier, W., 2010. The Neolithic tell sites of Parţa and Uivar (Romanian Banat). A comparison of their architectural sequence and organization of social space. Leben auf dem Tell als soziale Praxis, Kolloquien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte, 14: 165-187. El Susi, G., 1996. Vânători, pescari și crescători de animale în Banatul mileniilor VI î.CH - I d.CH. Ed. Mirton, Timișoara. El Susi, G., 1998. Studiu preliminar al resturilor de faună din aşezarea neolitică de la Parţa-tell II (județul Timiș). Analele Banatului, VI: 129-151. El Susi, G., 2000. Studiul resturilor de faună din așezarea neolitică târzie de la Sânandrei (Jud. Timiș). Analele Banatului, VII-VIII: 193-204. El Susi, G., 2012. New Data on Livestock and Hunting in the Settlement Vinča A3-B1 (Level IIb) at Miercurea Sibiului-Petriş, Sibiu County. Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, XI: 33-56. El Susi, G., 2017. Animal Bones from the Neolithic (Szakálhát) Levels at Uivar (Timiş County). Ziridava. Studia Archaeologica, 31: 29-54. Filipović, D., Marić, M., Challinor, D., Bulatović, J., Tasić, N., 2019. Natural environment and resources, and the long life of the Neolithic settlement at Vinča, southeast Europe. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11: 1939–1960.

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Jongsma, T., Greenfield, H., 1996. The vertebrate fauna from Middle and Late Neolithic Sinandrei, SW Romania, 1992 Excavations. In Drasovean, F. (ed.), International Symposium of the Vinča Culture. Its Role and Cultural Connections, Museum of Banat, 295-308. Lazarovici, G., Merlini, M., 2005. New archaeological data refering to Tărtăria tablets. Documenta Praehistorica, 32: 205-219. Luca, S.A., Diaconescu, D., Suciu, C.I., 2008. Archaeological research in Miercurea Sibiului-Petris (Sibiu County, Romania): the Starčevo-Cris level during 1997–2005 (a preliminary report). Documenta Praehistorica 35: 325-343. Orton, D.C., 2008. Beyond Hunting and Herding: Humans, animals, and the political economy of the Vinča period. PHD Thesis, University of Cambridge. Orton, D., 2012. Herding, settlement, and chronology in the Balkan Neolithic. European Journal of Archaeology. 15 (1): 5-40. Tasić, N., Marić, M., Penezić, K., Filipović, D., Borojević, K., Russell, N., Reimer, P., Barclay, A., Bayliss, A., Borić, D., Gaydarska, B., Whittle, A., 2015. The end of the affair: formal chronological modelling for the top of the Neolithic tell of Vinča-Belo Brdo. Antiquity, 89: 1064-1082. Tringham, R., Brukner, B., Kaiser, T., Borojevi, Ć.K., Bukvi, Ć.L., Teli, P., Russell, N., Stevanovi, Ć.M., Voytek, B., 1992. Excavations at Opovo, 1985-1987: Socioeconomic change in the Balkan Neolithic. Journal of Field Archaeology, 19: 351-386. Tringham, R., Brukner, B., Voytek, B., 1985. The Opovo Project: A Study of Socioeconomic Change in the Balkan Neolithic. Journal of Field Archaeology, 12: 425-444. Vitezović S., Antonović D., 2020. Functional differentiation and possible regional specialisation of the Vinča culture settlements: Viewpoint from osseous and lithic industries. Quaternary International, 539: 39-48.

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PRELIMINARY DATA REGARDING THE FAUNAL MATERIAL FROM THE OTTOMAN CULTURAL LEVEL, DISCOVERED AT ULMETUM (PANTELIMON COMMUNE, CONSTANȚA COUNTY, ROMANIA)

Simina-Margareta STANC1,*, Alexandra-Elena CABAT1, Aurel-Constantin MOTOTOLEA2 and Luminița BEJENARU1

1 “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Faculty of Biology, Bd. Carol I, 20A, 700505, Iasi, Romania 2 Museum of National History and Archaeology Constanța, Piața Ovidiu, 12, 900745, Constanța, Romania * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. The faunal remains discovered in the Ottoman level of Ulmetum Fortress are described in terms of frequency (number of remains and minimum number of individuals), as well as exploitation characteristics (i.e., animal selection according to age). Remains of birds and mammals have been identified, with domestic species predominating. The most common species in the sample is cattle (Bos taurus), followed by sheep/goat (Ovis aries/Capra hircus) and then horse (Equus caballus). The remains of pig (Sus domesticus) and dog (Canis familiaris), among domestic species, as well as hare (Lepus europaeus) and aurochs (Bos primigenius), as wild species, are rarer.

Keywords: archaeozoology, Ottoman level, Ulmetum, domestic species, wild species

Rezumat. Date preliminare privind materialul faunistic din nivelul otoman, descoperit la Ulmetum (Comuna Pantelimon, județul Constanța, Romania). Resturile faunistice descoperite în nivelul otoman al Cetății Ulmetum sunt descrise în termeni de frecvență (număr de resturi și număr minim de indivizi), precum și de caracteristici de exploatare (selecție în funcție de vârstă). Au fost identificate resturi de păsări și mamifere, predominante fiind speciile domestice. Cea mai frecventă specie în eșantion este bovina domestică (Bos taurus), fiind urmată de oaie/capră (Ovis aries/Capra hircus) și apoi de cal (Equus caballus). Mai rare sunt resturile de porc (Sus domesticus) și câine (Canis familiaris), dintre speciile domestice, precum și de iepure de câmp (Lepus europaeus) și bour (Bos primigenius), ca specii sălbatice.

Cuvinte cheie: arheozoologie, nivel otoman, Ulmetum, specii domestice, specii sălbatice

Introduction Ulmetum Fortress is located in the eastern part of Pantelimon village (Fig. 1), in the central part of Dobrudja, in the north of Constanța County. Geographically, the land is part of the Casimcea Plateau (Central Dobrudjan Plateau), and at the base of the hill on which the camp is built, flows the Pantelimon creek (former Ceatalorman). The fortress was built on a rocky hillside, being naturally defended on three sides (north, south and east) by deep and steep valleys (Fig. 2). To the west, the only part of the promontory that connected to the plateau was fortified by a moat with a defensive vallum (Pârvan, 1912). The position is an important one, in the Roman military strategic conception: the fortress is located on the central axis of Dobrudja, on the interprovincial road Marcianopolis- Zaldapa-Tropaeum Traiani-Ulmetum-(L)Ibida-Noviodunum, also controlling the provincial and regional roads (semitae) Histria-Ulmetum-Capidava, respectively Tomis-Mihail Kogălniceanu (vicus Clementiani)-Ulmetum-Carsium (Băjenaru, 2010).

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In the second century BC at Ulmetum is attested a vicus, with Roman and Thracian population – being mentioned colonizations of cives Romani et Bessi consistentes (Petculescu, 2006), also in the inscriptions of this century appearing the name in this form, respectively vico Ulmeto, vico Ulme(to) and vico Ulmeto (Doruţiu-Boilă, 1980). The fortress was built in the late fourth century-early fifth century AD, most likely during the reign of Emperor Theodosius I; dating made on the basis of monetary discoveries (Salvs Reipvblicae type issues from 388-395 and Virtvs Exerciti from the years 395-401) and on the constructive type of some public buildings such as military barracks, basilica and, possibly, a military headquarters (CCA, 2017). The pronounced military role of the fortification also emerges from the attestation of some military units stationed in the fortress over time, among which we can mention Cuneus equitum scutariorum and Paedatura lanciarium iuniorum (Aricescu, 1977). Initially, a small or medium-sized fortification was built over the remains of a mixed settlement (civil and military) from the 2nd-4th centuries AD, which gradually became a fortified settlement. Archaeologically, an intense habitation was found in the 5th century AD, followed by an abandonment horizon between the last quarter of the 5th century and the middle of the 6th century AD, due to the Hun attacks. Under the emperor Justinian I (527- 565) there was a partial restoration of the fortress, an action documented by Procopius of Caesarea, in the work De aedificiis (Mihaescu et al., 1970). The first systematic researches were undertaken by Vasile Pârvan, highlighting the ruins of the late Roman fortress, as well as ceramic and metal objects, sculptural monuments and inscriptions (Pârvan, 1912; Pârvan, 1913a; Pârvan, 1913b; Pârvan, 1915). Starting with 2004, archaeologists from the Museum of National History and Archaeology Constanța resumed the systematic archaeological research at Ulmetum (Covacef, 2004-2005). With small syncopes, the research has been carried out uninterruptedly until now and led to the discovery of an important archaeological material and several housing complexes (houses, huts, pits), discoveries that allowed the establishment of a relative chronology of the site. Among the buildings discovered in the period 2004-2019, it is worth to mention the barracks attached to the precint wall, the Paleo-Christian basilica located in the Southern Sector, the northwest gate unveiled in the Northern Sector - all this giving back to the scientific circuit an important segment of the precint walls and the towers that border the entrance and the afferent curtain. In the Western Sector, the aim was to reveal a portion of the precint wall, the corner tower and part of the intramuros space. In the Eastern Sector the aim was to achieve a planimetric delimitation of the walls and to establish the stratigraphic relationship between them and to highlight two constructive stages (5th century AD and 6th century AD), while in the Southwestern Sector aimed at highlighting the tower named „No. 8”, including the curtain. Starting with the 2009 archaeological research campaign, five major phases of habitation in the fortification area were established, with certain chronological elements; phase E, the last one chronologically, corresponds to the 16th-18th centuries (Ottoman period). In the Southern Sector, in front of tower No. 8 and in the area of the Paleo-Christian basilica, a level of Ottoman habitation was discovered, near the fortress; there is a hut-type complex which, based on ceramic fragments and a monetary deposit, dates widely between the 16th-18th centuries (CCA 2019). The presence of an Ottoman level only in the southern part of the fortress suggests a concentration of housing here, which may have a close connection with the dismantling of the fortress walls. Another area with Ottoman material

- 64 - Analele Științifice ale Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași, s. Biologie animală, 64: 63-69, 2018-2020 was spotted from the T9 quadrilateral tower to the north (surfaces M 56–65); here, under the vegetal layer, the level corresponding to the Ottoman period is identified (16th-17th centuries), with a maximum thickness of 0.5 m (CCA 2017). The housing structures are missing, and the recovered osteological remains lead to the conclusion that the area has a predominantly domestic character (CCA 2020).

Material and Methods The analyzed faunal material comes from the archaeological site of Ulmetum, the Ottoman cultural level. The dating of the material was done by archaeologists, the remains coming from complexes of the 16-18 centuries AD. The analysis of the faunal remains collected during the archaeological campaigns is only at the beginning. So far, 432 remains of household origin have been identified, on some of them being observed burning and cutting marks, as well as traces left by the dogs' teeth. The anatomic, taxonomic and taphonomic identifications of the faunal remains which constitutes the sample was performed. Subsequently, the remains were quantified, based on the number of identified specimens (NISP), as well as by estimating the minimum number of individuals (MNI). Based on some of the fragments, the slaughter age of the identified mammals was also estimated (Udrescu et al., 1999).

Figure 1. Location of the archaeological site Ulmetum (https://www.google.com/maps/).

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Figure 2. Ulmetum archaeological site – aerial view (http://www.minac.ro/archive-galerie-imagini.html).

Results and Discussion 432 faunal remains were identified, coming from two taxonomic groups: mammals (399 remains, representing 92.36% of the sample) and birds (33 remains, representing 7.64% of the sample) (Fig. 3). For 354 of the mammal skeletal fragments, it was possible the identification up to the species level, and the rest of the unidentified ones are small pieces of various long and wide bones, skull, ribs, vertebrae. Six species of domestic and two of wild mammals have been identified. The frequency of domestic mammal remains is clearly dominant compared to wild ones (Table 1). For the birds, 33 remains were identified, of which four come from hen (Gallus domesticus) and the rest from large bird species.

Table 1. Distribution of faunal remains by groups (NISP = number of identified specimens).

Group NISP % Total domestic mammals 347 80.32 Total wild mammals 7 1.62 Unidentified mammals 45 10.42 Total mammals 399 92.36 Birds 33 7.64 Total sample 432 100

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7.64%

92.36%

Birds Mammals

Figure 3. Frequency of identified groups of animals.

The predominant species in the sample are cattle (Bos taurus; 65.2%) and sheep/goat (Ovis aries/Capra hircus; 20.6%), both as number of identified remains and as minimum number of individuals (Table 2). Cattle and sheep/goat were important in the local economy. They were raised mainly for secondary products (milk, traction force, wool, breeding stock) and finally were slaughtered for primary products (meat mainly). The frequency of pig remains (Sus domesticus) is very low (2.82% NR), and probably the reason is a prohibition of pork consumption during this period (16-18 centuries) (Table 2). The proportion of the horse remains (Equus caballus; 7.63%) is quite high, and the lack of cutting marks on the bone fragments suggests that it was not used as food. Among the wild mammals, two species were identified: the hare (Lepus europaeus; 1.69% NR) and probably the aurochs (Bos primigenius; 0.28% NR).

Table 2. Quantification of identified mammal remains (NISP – number of identified specimens, MNI – minimum number of individuals).

Species NISP % MNI % Bos taurus 231 65.25 4 28.57 Ovis aries/Capra hircus 73 20.62 3 21.43 Sus domesticus 10 2.82 2 14.29 Equus caballus 27 7.63 2 14.29 Canis familiaris 6 1.69 1 7.14 Total domestic mammals 347 98.02 12 85.71 Lepus europaeus 6 1.69 1 7.14 Bos primigenius? 1 0.28 1 7.14 Total wild mammals 7 1.98 2 14.29 Total mammals 354 100 14 100

The 231 Bos taurus remains come from at least three mature individuals and one immature one (Fig. 4). Ovis aries and Capra hircus, taken together, rank second in number of skeleton fragments, after Bos taurus; for Ovis aries/Capra hircus, based on 73 bone

- 67 - Simina-Margareta STANC et al. fragments, two mature and one immature individual were estimated. The other mammal species in the sample are poorly represented, with one mature and one immature individual estimated for Sus domesticus and Equus caballus. For Bos primigenius, Lepus europaeus and Canis familiaris, one mature individual was estimated for each species.

Canis familiaris 0 1

Equus caballus 1 1

Sus domesticus 1 1

Ovis/Capra 1 2

Bos taurus 1 3

% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Mature Immature

Figure 4. Distribution by age groups for domestic mammals.

Conclusions In the studied sample, from the Ottoman cultural level of Ulmetum, the remains of domestic mammals have the highest frequency (98%), the identified species being: Bos taurus, Ovis aries, Capra hircus, Sus domesticus, Equus caballus, Canis familiaris. Cattle has the highest proportion, both in number of remains and in number of estimated individuals, followed by sheep/goat. The frequency of pig remains is very low, due to the influence of the ethnic/religious factor. Wild mammals have a frequency of only 2%. The species of the identified wild mammals are hare (Lepus europaeus, and probably aurochs (Bos primigenius) and); these species suggest the existence of open lands. Archaeozoologically, the animal husbandry is described as a main resource of food in the local economy, and the hunting is almost negligible.

References Aricescu, A., 1977. Armata în Dobrogea romană. Ed. Militară, București. Băjenaru, C., 2010. Minor fortifications in the Balkan-Danubian area from Diocletian to Justinian. Ed. Mega, Cluj- Napoca. Covacef, Z., 2004-2005. Ulmetum 2004 – După 90 de ani. Pontica, 37-38: 439-450. Pârvan, V., 1912. Cetatea Ulmetum. Descoperirile primei campanii de săpături din vara anului 1911. Analele Academiei Romane. Memoriile sectiunii istorice, XXXIV/8: 497-607. Pârvan, V., 1913a. Cetatea Ulmetum. II.1. Descoperirile campaniei a doua şi a treia de săpături din anii 1912 şi 1913. Analele Academiei Romane. Memoriile sectiunii istorice. XXXVI/10: 245-328. Pârvan, V., 1913b. Cetatea Ulmetum. II.2. Descoperirile campaniei a doua şi a treia de săpături din anii 1912 şi 1913. Analele Academiei Romane. Memoriile sectiunii istorice, XXXVI/11: 329-420.

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Pârvan, V., 1915. Cetatea Ulmetum. III. Descoperirile ultimei campanii de săpături din vara anului 1914. Analele Academiei Romane. Memoriile sectiunii istorice, XXXVII/10: 265-304. Petculescu, L., 2006. The Roman Army as a Factor of Romanisation in the North-Eastern Part of Moesia Inferior. In Bekker-Nielsen, T. (ed.), Rome and the Black Sea region: Domination, Romanisation, Resistance. Aarhus University Press: 31-41. Udrescu, M., Bejenaru, L., Hrișcu, C., 1999. Introducere în arheozoologie. Ed. Corson, Iași. CCA, 2017. Pantelimonu de Sus, com. Pantelimon, jud. Constanța. Punct: Cetate-Ulmetum. In Cronica cercetărilor arheologice din România. Campania 2016, 57: 105-106. CCA, 2019. Pantelimonu de Sus, com. Pantelimon, jud. Constanța. Ulmetum. Punct: Cetate. In Cronica cercetărilor arheologice din România. Campania 2018, 53: 145-148. CCA, 2020. Pantelimonu de Sus, com. Pantelimon, jud. Constanța. Punct: Ulmetum. In Cronica cercetărilor arheologice din România. Campania 2019, 55: 266-273. Doruţiu-Boilă, E., 1980. Inscriptiile din Scythia Minor, grecești și latine. V. Capidava-Troesmis-Noviodunum. Ed. Academiei R.S.R., Bucureşti. Mihăescu, H., Stefan, Gh., Hâncu, R., Iliescu, V., Popescu, V., 1970. Fontes Historiae Dacoromanae. II. Ed. Academiei, Bucureşti.

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EMERITUS UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR GHEORGHE MUSTAȚĂ AT THE AGE 80 YEARS

Academician University Professor PhD. Constantin TOMA

“Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași, Faculty of Biology, Romania

MISTER PRESIDENT, DISTINGUISHED COLLEAGUES, HONOURED AUDIENCE,

At the invitation of the emeritus university professor PhD. Engineer, Anghel Stanciu, The President of the Academy of scientists, Iași Branch, I am pleased to introduce to you my younger colleague, Emeritus University Professor PhD. Gheorghe Mustață, who has reached the age of 80 (2018). Sixty years ago, when I was a student in the 5th year, my attention was attracted by a young "freshman" who participated at the student scientific circles and proved to be greatly passionate about the knowledge of nature. While he was in the final year at university, I found out that he was part of the first student exchange between "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University” Iași and "Fr. Schiller University" Jena, the German Democratic Republic. Mr. Gheorghe Mustață saw the light of the day on March 6th, 1938, at Adjudu Vechi, Vrancea County. His father, Ion Mustață, was a train engine mechanic, and his mother, housewife, made every possible effort to educate the five remaining children. He followed the primary school in his native village, and the secondary school in, and graduated from the Boys' High School in Tecuci. During a short break he took while in high school, he worked as an educator at the Adjud High School. After baccalaureate he became a substitute teacher at the Secondary School in Păunești, Vrancea County. It was the time he decided to follow a career in education. He graduated with distinction from the Natural Science University, Zoology Department, in 1962. His dissertation was supervised by the eminent university professor

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Mihai Constantineanu, considered at that time as one of the world's greatest entomologists (ichneumonologist). Professor Gheorghe Mustață started his university career as junior assistant professor for professor Constantineanu. Between 1971-1979 he worked as a lecturer at the Central Institute of Didactic Training, where he completed his didactic master. In 1979 he returned to the Faculty of Biology, where he has pursued his academic career until his retirement. In 1963, we led together the summer practice for students in the first year in Retezat Mountain. Since then, until his 80th birthday, 2018, I have had the chance to better know my colleague, by closely working together on a social, political, and managerial realm. His career followed an ascending path with excellence towards professorship, director of Doctoral School, and director of “Prof. dr. Ioan Borcea", Marine Biological Resort, which he led not less than 19 years. Making his instruction to one of the greatest entomologists of our nation, University Professor Mihai Constantineanu, the young university student Gheorghe Mustață became a brilliant representative of the Entomologic School of Iasi, initiated by the Titan of the Romanian Zoology, Professor Ioan Borcea and developed by the great ichneumonologist. About the history of this School of Entomology, Mr. Mustață has written pages of rare beauty, and to the founders of the school have dedicated homage volumes unanimously appreciated by our academic community. I do not have the same specialization as Professor Mustață to analyse my colleague's scientific concerns, but I know from the specialists in the field what remarkable results he has achieved in his scientific activity. I know how many national and international entomologic symposia and conferences have been held in Iași, but I also know about the international conferences and congresses in Taiwan, Basel, Linz and Chișinău. I also know that he published together with his professor a volume in the Fauna of Romania collection and he has also published for a few scientific papers on entomophagous complexes controlling some insect pests of crop plants for which he obtained the Emil Racoviță Prize of The Romanian Academy in 1994. In this field, he organized three national symposia with international participation on "The role of entomophagous insects in maintaining of the natural balance". The publishing activity of Mr. Professor Gheorghe Mustață has been impressive and is concretized by about 200 original scientific papers published in prestigious, national and international journals, 20 university courses and practical works tutors and over 30 monographic books, some of them they had the honour to preface and launch in different university centres; these books are based on an impressive specialized literature, critically taken over, and on a long experience in research, books written with great accuracy, exposing the talent of a gifted writer, the man with an encyclopaedic culture, passionate about literature, art, philosophy and the history of religions. It is enough to mention that since 2007, when he became a titular member of the Academy of Scientists of Romania, he published 17 volumes from various fields, including 8 in the prestigious Publishing House of the Academy of scientists from Romania. The courses and lectures given by Professor Gheorghe Mustață were and are captivating, pleasant, full of soul and with a remarkable diction. The man we celebrate here and now is a charismatic speaker, a tireless seeker of the latest developments, which is able to evaluate and critically select and convey to different audiences as no one else.

- 72 - Analele Științifice ale Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași, s. Biologie animală, 64: 71-74, 2018-2020

In his long academic activity, Mr. Professor Gheorghe Mustață has honoured several disciplines: Zoology of the Invertebrates, Entomology, Hydrobiology, Evolutionism, Anthropology, Ecological Monitoring, Marine Biology, Saprobiology etc. Between 1971-1979, while he worked at the Central Institute for the Training of Teaching Staff, he honoured the Methodology of Biology Teaching and polished his teaching skills. To support the students, and even Biology teachers, Mr. Gheorghe Mustață supported the courses he taught with high academic textbooks. I cannot help to remember those 15 editions of the Symposia of the Romanian and universal Personalities, organized with students who followed the course of Evolutionism, to which I participated with pleasure, listening Professor Mustață talks, and admiring how pathetic he was talking about the scientists he knew, read, about many writing unforgettable pages. I was successful to know my colleague Gheorghe Mustață during the many practical applications organized with students or with biology teachers attending to the training courses. He proved to be a good observer of nature, a fervent protector of nature, always training the students in the knowledge of biodiversity, attracting them into the research work, supporting them in the elaboration of the bachelor's and doctoral thesis, all of them full of meaning, with a striking character of originality. For decades, he has been working on regular training for biology teachers in the pre- university education, teaching them courses, leading their work to obtain the first didactic degree, and organizing different methodical days for the continue education of the didactic craftsmanship. In this direction he had a very fruitful collaboration with the regretted Reader PhD Vasile Ghenciu, a highly professional methodologist. Few of us were able to combine all didactic, scientific and managerial work. In the last two decades, he has performed several positions of high responsibility, which he has especially honoured: Head of Department, Dean, Chancellor of the University Senate (in two legislatures), Director of the "Prof. dr. Ioan Borcea "Marine Biological Resort from Agigea, president of the Exact Sciences Commission of the National Academic Evaluation and Accreditation Council A special mention deserves the professional effort and competence with which Professor Gheorghe Mustață has led, as a director, the "Prof. dr. Ioan Borcea Marine Biological Resort from Agigea. It is due to him the recovery of the Resort in 1990 from the Romanian Marine Research Institute, its reorganization and reinstatement in the teaching and scientific circuit, reintroducing it among the major Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea Research Institutes. As the director of the resort, he organized three national scientific sessions with international participation in Agigea and re-launched the National and International Scientific Magazine of Agigea Resort. With an impressive effort, Professor Gheorghe Mustață managed to re-establish the Marine Biological Resort of Agigea in the teaching and scientific circuit for Romanian biologists. The resort also offered the practical environment for practicing students from many universities in the country and abroad, professor Mustață leading the practice and doing marine biology research at the Black Sea. In this way, he had the opportunity to establish collaborations with various institutions from different European countries and beyond. I cannot conclude this brief presentation of the life and work of my colleague Gheorghe Mustață without underlining that he is the man who, for over 5 decades, day by day, from morning till evening can be found in the laboratory, at the work table, at the library,

- 73 - Constantin TOMA doing what he has learned to do. Even with the risk of endangering his health, he has never abandoned his projects, being a model of dedication on the altar of science and of university didactics. He could not have done all this great work and achieve excellence in his career without the loving support of his distinguished wife, Ms. Reader PhD Mariana Mustață, a didactic specialist with remarkable academic activity, and Georgian-Tiberius, their son, who honours our country through his academic work on Psychiatry in the United States of America. It has been an honour and I am glad that for so many years I have been with my younger colleague at the crucial moments of his life: marriage (being their godfather, doctorate, the ascension of the university education, the leadership of the Department and the Faculty of Biology of which we are part, political and social activity, supporting him in many actions he has undertaken over his long and successful academic career. Now, at anniversary celebration, I wish you esteemed colleague, Happy Years, full health and peace of mind!

The text was translated by Mircea Varvara, University Professor and it was verified by a native speaker of English.

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