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University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan ALLEN, Harry Ellis, 19 38- BIO-SOCIAL CORRELATES OF TWO TYPES OF ANTI­ SOCIAL SOCIOPATHS. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1969 Sociology, criminology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan (2) Copyright by Harry Ellis Allen :1970f DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED BIO-SOCIAL CORRELATES OF TWO TYPES OF ANT I-SOCIAL SOCIOPATHS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Harry Ellis Allen, B.A., M.A. ****** The Ohio State University 1969 Approved by Adviser v / Department of Sociology PLEASE NOTE: Not original copy. Blurred and faint type on several pages. Filmed as received. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS. PREFACE Sociopathy has traditionally been a neglected step-child of the behavioral sciences, a "waste basket" category for deviant behaviors that could not readily be subsumed under some more obvious category. In the last 20 years, an increasing amount of research has been directed toward refining the categories of sociopathic behavior, and especially toward various aspects, primarily physiological, of the anti-social sociopath. Recent physiological studies have been extremely provocative, and have provided the impetus for this multidisciplinary study of the anti-social sociopath which was conceptualized in the . Department of Psychiatry by Drs. Lewis Lindner (Psychiatry) and Harold Goldman (Psychiatry and Pharmacology). Dr. Simon Dinitz (Socio­ logy) became a part of the interdisciplinary staff in the early stage of conceptualization, and attracted the author to this rewarding and fruitful project. The theoretical framework which has guided the bio-medical aspect of this interdisciplinary investigation of the anti-social sociopath is complex. Simply stated, it is hypothesized that the anti-social socio­ path has a defect in the sympathetic nervous system, and neural degen­ eration has occurred. As a result, the sociopath is cardiovascularly hyper-reactive to the sympathomimetic agent epinephrine. The latter suggests the presence of a lesion within the nervous system. This dissertation is an outgrowth of the attempt to establish the cardio­ vascular hyper-reactivity of the male anti-social sociopath. ii The author would like to express his appreciation to the many people who, through their assistance, encouragement and advice, have made this dissertation possible. First of all, appreciation must be expressed to Dr. Simon Dinitz, whose assistance in all stages of my graduate training has been above and beyond that required of an adviser, and whose scholarship is to be emulated. Appreciation is also expressed to Dr. Walter C. Reckless and Dr. Kent Schwirian for their reading of the manuscript and assis­ tance in many facets of my educational experience. Appreciation must also be expressed to Craig Mosier, who pro­ grammed the analysis of data. Special thanks must go to Karin Mosier for her patience, understanding and suggestions in correcting and typing the final draft of the dissertation. Finally appreciation must be expressed to those numerous persons who have encouraged and aided my progression through a dissertation, making the experience possible, bearable, and worthwhile, especially my mother.Cleo. iii VITA February 16, 1938 .......... Born - Selma, Alabama 1960 B.A., Stetson University, DeLand, Florida 1965 M.A., Vanderbilt University, Nashville Tennessee 1965-69 Teaching Associate, Department of Sociology The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "The Nurse: A Study in Role Conflict," South Carolina Journal of Nursing, Vol. 12 (Winter, 1962), pp. 12-17. "Some Effects of Numerical Growth on Social Organization," Sociologies, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Spring, 1967), pp. 45-52. "Inmate and Non-Inmate Attitudes Toward Punitiveness,11 Criminologica, Vol. 5, No. 2 (August, 1967), pp. 74-79, with Christine Schultz. "Family Structure and Juvenile Delinquency," to be published in Marriage Has Many Faces by Jerome Folkman and Nancy Clatworthy (C. Merrill Co., August, 1969), with Christine Schultz. "Social and Bio-Medical Correlates of Sociopathy," Criminologica, Vol. 7, No. 4 (1969), pp. 68-75, with Lewis Lindner, Harold Goldman, and Simon Dinitz. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Fields: Criminology, Methodology, Social Psychology TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE ............... ii LIST OF TA B L E S .................................................... vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............... ' xvii i Chapter I. ORIENTATION AND BACKGROUND ............................... 1 Introduction Early Formulations Empirical Studies Present Study II. METHODOLOGY .................................................. 27 Method Scales Experimental Test Procedures Analysis III. RESULTS: EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS ............................. 35 Classification Procedures Experimental Results The Emergence of Two Types of Sociopaths Characteristics of Hostile and Simple Sociopaths IV. RESULTS: CONSECUTIVE ADMISSIONS . .................... 63 Intercorrelational Matrix Anomie and the Criminality Level Index V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .................................... 88 Discussion v APPENDIX A .................................................................. 101 B .................................................. 127 C .................................................................. 196 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................... 211 vi )' LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Comparison of 1960 Consecutive Admissions Sample with Present Study Sample .................... ............... 32 2. Median Scores on Classification Criteria of 277 Conse­ cutive Admissions to the Ohio Penitiary ................ 38 3. Mean Lykken Scale Scores for the Four Population Groups 42 4. Item Analysis of Lykken Scale: Acceptance of Sociopa- thic Response (In P e r c e n t a g e s ) ........................... 43 5. Summary Table of the Social Characteristics of the Four Population Groups ........................................ 48 6. Summary Table of the Military Service History of the Four Population Groups .................................... 50 7. Crime for Which Currently Incarcerated for Four Popula­ tion Groups (In Percentages) ............................. 52 8. Summary Table of Criminal Histories of the Four Popula­ tion Groups . ........................................ 53 9. Summary Table of I. Q., Gleckley Checklist, and Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale Scores of the Four Population G r o u p s ...................................................... 56 10. Summary Table of the MMPI Subscales of the Four Popula­ tion Groups................................................. 57 11. Intercorrelation Matrices of Indicators of Sociopathy for Hostile and Simple Sociopaths .............. ...... 61 12. Summary Table of the Social Characteristics of 277 Con­ secutive Admissions ........... 66 13. Summary Table of the Military Service History of the 277 Consecutive Admissions ............................. 68 14. Summary Table of Types of Offenses for Which Presently Incarcerated for the 277 Consecutive Admissions (In Percentages) ................... '......................... 69 vii Table Page 15. Summary Table of Criminal Histories of the 277 Con­ secutive Admissions ...... ...................... 71 16. Summary Table of I. Q. and Cleckley Checklist Scores of the 277 Consecutive Admissions . ........... 73 17. Summary Table of MMPI Subscales of 219 Consecutive A d m i s s i o n s .............................................. 75 18. Tntercorrelation Matrix of 39 Variables for Hostile S o c i o p a t h s ............................................. 77 19. Intercorrelation Matrix of 39 Variables for Simple S o c i o p a t h s ............................................. 78 20. Summary Table of Distribution of Pluses and Minuses of Hostile and Simple Sociopaths for Sign Test........... 80 .21. Summary Table of Degree of Difference Between Correla­ tions of 49 Variables for Hostile and Simple Socio­ paths ................................................... 81 22. Summary Table of Anomie Scale and Criminality Level Index Scores of the 277 Consecutive Admissions . 86 23. Mean Age of Four Population Groups in Experimental G r o u p .................................................... 102 24. Racial Distribution of Four Population Groups in Experimental Group (In Percentages).... ........... 102 25. Rural-Urban Background of Four Population Groups in Experimental Group (In Percentages) ................ 103 26. Mean Family of Procreation Size of Four Population Groups in Experimental Group ......................... 104 27. Family Intactness of Four Population Groups in Experi­ mental Group (In Percentages) ......................... 104 28. Marital Status of Four Population Groups in Experimen­ tal Group (In Percentages) ........................... 105 29. Mean Number of Times Wed for Four Population Groups in Experimental Group .................................. 106 30. Mean Number of Children in Family of Orientation of Four Populations of Experimental Group ............. 106 viii Table Page 31. Mean Last Grade Completed in School of Four Population Groups in Experimental Group .............................. 107 32. Mean Socio-Economic Status Scores of Four Population Groups in Experimental Group ........................... 107 33. Mean Number of Jobs Since Age 18 of Four Population Groups in Experimental Group .....................: . 108 34. Religious Affiliation of Four Populations in Experimen­ tal Group (In P e r c e n t a g e s
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