CJT_01_2017.indd 27 pa industry is presently an inherent part of part inherent an presently is industry Spa Abstract D.(2017).SpaandWellnessKasagranda, A.,&Gurňák, T 2 1 e-mail: [email protected],[email protected] Anton Kasagranda (A Geographical Analysis) Spa andWellnessTourisminSlovakia JEL classification:L83,Z32 spa ,wellnessregional andresort analysis, Keywords lava, Slovakia University inBratislava,Slovakia ism, 6(1),27–53.DOI:10.1515/cjot-2017–0002. ae i te vlain f ors in tourism of evaluation the is paper geography). sociology, or management, (economics, literature professional and scientific be appropriate fora comparisonwithV4countries. spatial typification of spa tourism and wellness in well. as evaluated are rate visitation the and establishments accommodation the ,wellness the and tourism spa of overview the development, sourcesFurthermore,tourism primary of the issues. and areas research main their and wellness and tourism spa spa, of importance the and development PaymentsDepartment,SectionofEuropean Funds,MinistryofFinancetheSlovakRepublic,Bratis- DepartmentofRegionalGeography, PlanningandEnvironment, FacultyofNaturalSciences,Comenius 1,2 /DanielGurňák egahc analysis. a geographic through Slovakia lovak tourism. Slovak Slovakia is presented. ourism inSlovakia(A GeographicalAnalysis).CzechJournalofTour- 1 (27—53) major interest of interest a major become has it reason, this For | Czech JournalofTourism The structure of the paper is designed to his paper briefly evaluates the evaluates briefly paper This n conclusion, functional and functional conclusion, In he main topic of this of topic main The 01 /2017

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articles CJT_01_2017.indd 28 articles Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) al. (2005). (2014),al. respectively,Weisset(2013),Cákociet Slovakia),Cákoci in geographers ism tour important most the of (1983)(one Mariot e.g. stance, similar took authors Other Slovakia. in tourism of types main the of one be towellness (2012) and spa considered Šenková and Čuka fulfilled. partially been have Those future. near the in development modation establishments and tourists (respectively patients) and provided the forecast of between the era of socialism and present. Otrubová (1999) analysed a number of accom- guests’ in behaviour.changes The the author also on compared focused structure and and infrastructure of Slovakiaspa tourism in tourism Spa of perspectives and trends of evaluation the on paper (2011)his Kulla focused change. of context the in Slovakia in for look and wellness Matlovičovátourism. health and and (2013)spa etal. the in changes of monitoredsigns spa spa of aspects economic the with dealt primarily authors These etc.). 2015, al., et Marčeková2016, al., et Gúčik 2016;2015, (Eliašová, years 10 level (Gustavo,country 2010; Erdeli et al.,2011; etc.). the at changes time-space on focused is discussion and in even attention much relatively given is topic This tourism. spa in changes the on (2016)reflect al. et Gúčik rba, 2005). Stănciulescu et al.(2015) focus onthedifferences between spa andwellness. Brzegowy,Puczkó,Dorocki& & 2008; (Smith discussed issues 2014; Szczy frequentlySmolová& 2003; Hall, relatively are wellness and spa tourism, of part important an As Literature ReviewandTheoretical Basis and of spa and spatial typification wellness tourist is evaluated. resorts functional Finally, rate. visitation and facilities accommodation of and infrastructure tourism wellness and spa of resorts of identification sources, primary of analysis tourism,wellness and spa of development of assessment brief Slovakia, in tourism ness paper well- and this spa researchin methodology,presentsgeographic researchof questionsbasic Furthermore, Slovakia. in resorts its and tourism wellness and spa of tion overnight stays andrevenues. the structure of , especially in the context of within the evaluation of tourist share a significant compose wellness and spa The 2016). Kasagranda, 2016; al. (Vystoupiltourism. of ettypization the within tourism of type one arepresentedspaas of spa, called wellness, started to develop. For the reason mentioned above, wellness and develop especially after the 1990’s. During this period, the “complementary” form (kind) rily created for The medical presentpurposes. form of spa tourism in Slovakia began to the high and quality the healing properties of the springs.natural The spas were prima- of the history of the country. Since this period, the population has become well aware of part inseparable thereforean is and territory this to Romans the of arrival the to back dates information, available the to according Slovakia, in industry spa of tradition The Introduction 28

The topic of spa and wellness in Slovakia has been given some attention for the last the for attention some given been has Slovakia in wellness and spa of topic The differentia spatial - of identification and evaluation the is paper this of goal main The |

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- - CJT_01_2017.indd 29 cially espe- wellness, of development of assumptions and 2015).Possibilities al., et (Žoncová tourism of development the in a trend as toreferred often Wellnessis questionable. is tourism of a part as wellness of definition The Slovakia. in tourism of types important in resorts Czechia and Slovakia. They considered the spa tourism to be one of the most of the main editor of this journal, in terms with the method of Vystoupil et al. (2006, al. etVystoupil of method the with terms in journal, this of editor main the of anditstotal revenueopportunities (Vystoupil et al.,2016). number of days spent in accommodation facilities, and subsequently, the number of job the stays, overnight of number guests, of number e.g. - performance of indicators the are indicators of sets second The cottages). and chalets - recreation individual in beds beds, private establishments, accommodation collective in beds (e.g. beds recreational statistical monitoring recommendations for the EU countries, e.g. number of tourist and the among are measurements These capacity. of indicators the are indicators first The The significance of tourist and their resorts is measured by two sets of indicators. Methodology tourism includesboth characteristics andisdefinedasa broader concept. manyMariot(1983),e.g. authors, Vystoupilor (2008), Plesník etby(2011, al. (discussed 2016)). tourism of type The of forms and kinds of concepts the both for component a unifying as used is tourism” of “type of concept The activity. tourist for tractiveness at- has and establishment accommodation has which (municipality), unit administrative an as understood is “resorts” of concept (2016).(2011,The al. Kasagranda 2016)et or Vystoupile.g. example,followed his that authors other (2001) Mariotand by used cept ed theirresearch onthedevelopment ofspa and wellness tourism inSlovakia. - Orosz(2012),concentrat authors These inspirational. Eliašovávery areand also (2009) Matlovičová(2008), et (2013)al. Krogmannor bycontributions The (2005). Fialová and main research questions. Other authors followed Mariot’s research, for example, Plesník importance of unifiedthe definition and on theon ofimportance the search elaborated foralso answers to the author This Slovakia. in tourism wellness and spa of portance under theunifiedmethodology used by theauthors. and authors the of guidance the under created were papers 2016).These Kasagranda, or 2014; Dubcová, 2009; Sudíková, 2014; Zelenáková, 2016; (Jurčišinová, Czechia and thesis) dissertation that focused on spa tourism and its spatial differentiation in Slovakia questionedoften literature, ingeographical andmany tend authors to avoid it. community. geographical Consequently, wellness term the is of correctness and use the the concept of wellness has been created in Slovak geography that would be accepted by Vystoupil et al. (2016) or Kasagranda (2016) created detailed typification of tourist of typification detailed created(2016) Kasagranda or (2016) al. et Vystoupil It is necessary to mention that the paper was structured according to the requirements The concept of “tourist ”, in the terms of this paper, is used similarly to the con- im- and developmentAdditionally, the of (1983)Mariot elaboration createdcomplex (bachelor,or diploma papers other to attention draw to necessary is it Furthermore, in relation Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) to climate, were pointed out (27—53) by Lauko | Czech JournalofTourism et al. (2015). No definition 01 /2017

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articles CJT_01_2017.indd 30 articles Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) separately for cartographic purposes (Figure 6), but in the list of spa resorts (Appendix resorts spa of list the in (Figurebut 6), purposes for separately cartographic Vysoké Tatry are specific. in There are seven resorts spa locations. These locations Spa were processed identified. were importance local and regional, national, international, of resorts The categories. significant four into typization for basis the was resorts the of properties individual the of valorisation This lines. regeneration and facilities the of were taken into account. The infrastructure was subsequently valorised by visitation rate baths individual of infrastructure overall the and performance, lines’ regeneration the capacities, bed of categories and numbers the Furthermore, resorts). the in treatedare diseases of kinds (what groups indication the of sense the in specialization, resp. istics, was processed. The individual spa resorts were differentiated according to the character Slovakia in resorts wellness 29 and places) spa (29 resorts spa tourism 23 of a database typification, and differentiation, functional and spatial quantification, of purposes the year of 2013 from the database of SO SR (2015) for the quantification of the resorts. For forthe data werethe provided with authors facility. The spa tourist foreach separately SO SR (2016) at the level of resorts are represented by the total tourist not resorts data, of data the this, to Due resorts). individual of (level level local the at facilities wellness however,article, has some constraints that are caused by the of absence spaof data and This resorts. these in guests of number the with along Slovakiaidentified arein resorts touristwellness and spa JurčišinováThe (2016)or resorts. wellness identify to used was and wellness tourism. The database of Slovakia. (2016) used by (2016)Kasagranda visitation on the total number of guests in Slovak tourism and the total revenue from spa indicators such as the number of guests, the number of overnight stays, and the share of several key identifies 2006–2015.paper of This period a ten-year in analysed is resorts) tourist wellness and spa in capacity bed and rooms facilities, of (number facilities tion accommoda- mass on Information recently.work to started (2016)that Agency Travel internal data of the Statistical Office of Slovak Republic [SO SR] (2016) or from Slovakia the of consists primarily database The resorts. wellness and spa of foreign) and mestic for an overview of accommodation infrastructure and the number of guests/tourist (do- Studies of these authors were used for an overview of spa and wellness resorts, as well as teams under his guidance (e.g. Vystoupil et research al., the (2006, to 2011,applies this Similarly, Vystoupil”. 2016),of guidance or the Kasagranda under (2016)).school search re- “Brno the by created studies of methodology the with accordance in are materials these All Republic. Slovak the of Government the of regulations the by and 538/2005 on the materials issued byof Health of the Slovak the Ministry Republic (2016), Act no. ground ofthispaperasthey helpto seetheissuefrom a widerpointofview. Masarovičová(2014, theoreticalback main the constitute 2015),(2009) al. et Kršák and (1995),Lauko(1997),al. Frankoet by (1983). Studies Mariot by developed and created was which paradigm functional-chronological the on based is tourism wellness and spa base ofV4countriesandtheirspa andwellness tourism. - data unified methodically and a broader create to attempt journal monothematic this 2011). The intention was to contribute to issue. a monothematicThe authors of journal 30

The identification and the definition of spa and wellness tourist resorts were based were resorts tourist wellness and spa of definition the and identification The of development the forpotential the resourcesand (natural) Valorisationprimary of |

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- - CJT_01_2017.indd 31 nicipalities were referenced by the end of the 12 about settlements and localities in the of territory Slovakia (only 12% of the present mu- referenceswritten of number the of increase universal a considerable to related also is the end of the 13 nic environment (e.g. the Roman baths in -Dúbravka from the 3 fromthe Bratislava-Dúbravka in Romanenvironmentbaths the nic (e.g. presence, the Roman their cultural and During political millennia. influence spreadfirst tothe the neighbouringof - Germa beginning the at Romans the by Slovakia of ritory ter the to brought probably was form present the in culture spa The Gánovce). from known and used by the local population since the earliestbeen times (e.g. numeroushave findings springs thermal especially and mineral many that doubt no is There tions. condi- natural suitable by mainly influenced was Slovakia in spa of development The A Brief DevelopmentandtheImportanceofSpas,SpaWellness Tourism Results comparisons ofspa tourism andwellness centres intheV4countries. methodologicallyis resultingThe processed functional-spatial typology for of needs the ist are resorts alsostrongly connected to ofsummerrecreation theresorts by thewater. definition of the concept of wellness. Besidesthe thewith definitionproblems problem, thesementioned typespreviously ofthe tour to due guests of number the or facilities tion line within the resort. The authors do not focus on the number of accommodation recreathe of focus infrastructure the others).on and cartographic The concentrated is - facilities good good, excellent,very with (centres importance their toaccordinggroups four into divided and valorised then were resorts wellness The purposes). recreational similar for used facilities other and parks water by mainly representedare which lines, the infrastructure of the facilities is identified and compared (most importantly wellness 1), the Vysoké Tatry resort is evaluated as one spa resort. In the case of wellness resorts, the 13 2014). Slovakia in back date to springs thermal and written first mineral The recordsof ship. This position did not change even after the adoption of Christianity (Masarovičová, (in mineral particular and springs)thermal were undoubtedly one of the objects of wor (Šedivý et al., 2012)). During the migration period, upon the of arrival the , springs and descriptions, even in poetry – e.g. the poem by Adam Trajan 2012). The healing effects of the individual springs are referenced in several other papers ties of today’s spa resorts, as well as localities long lost or disappeared (Fialová & Orosz, on the Admirable Waters in fromHungary) 1549. There are many descriptions of locali - ous, especially Werhner’s writings: notoriare- period this from springs mineral of Descriptions educated. the and nobility dates back to the period of early modern history, when spa comes to the attention of the Thurocienses -Turčianskeas Thermae kúpele(Fialová 2012). &Orosz, springs in Turčianske Teplice comes from 1281. In 1402, the spring is already referenced However, the most significant development of spa in the territory of Upper Hungary of Upper However, territory the in spa development of significant most the th century (in 1247 references of springs in and Trenčianske Teplice). This Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) th

century (Gurňák, De admirandis Hungariae aquis hypomnemation (Report Križan, & (27—53) Lauko, th century, but it was more than 40% by | Czech JournalofTourism 2008)). The Saluberrimae Saluberrimae Pistinienses first reference rd century AD century 01 /2017 of

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articles CJT_01_2017.indd 32 articles Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) some spa attheendof18 resorts in Slovakia in1792 (Fialová 2012). &Orosz, buildings Thefirstwere permanent builtin Piešťany).Therein water were mineral effectof the and sitessparegisteredposition 33 (e.g. TorkošHungary (1745) in Schediasma de PostheinsibusThermis analysed the com- 18 the in Enlightenment the fromof Piešťany)1642. period of The Spas (Healing Thermae interwar period(Kršáket al.,2009). interwar the during connection air an gained even resorts These Piešťany,Sliač. e.g. chitecture, ar functionalist) (predominantly modern of monument important an become had and development a significant experienced had resorts spa Certain 75. todropped number period of terwar . The total number of baths in 1920 was 91. In 1935 the in- the in culminated Slovakia in spas growthof quantitative the facts, these of spite In competition within Czechoslovakia from the more developed Czech and Moravian spas. a strong to exposed were Slovakia in spas developed less The uncertainty. political to these groups of people. Gradually, they lost interest in the development of the baths due wereamong owners spa important Many resorts. spa Slovak the visiting in interestlost guests these borders, of creation the After war. the before baths the of clients solvent most and important most the townsmenbeen of had class highest the landowners,and nobility,the Hungarian The Slovakia. in spa of development the into intervention cant a signifi- meant Hungary from separation the and Czechoslovakia into Slovakia of tion - integra 1914–1915The the offensives. during war damage war direct by affected also (Bardejov, was Slovakia Cígeľka) eastern in resorts spa the of Part military. the by pied occu- was capacity accommodation the of part a considerable addition, In services. spa of demand of reduction associated the and population the of standards living of drop cant breakthrough in the development of spa in industry Slovakia. It meant a significant way network intheyears of1908 -1909 (Kršáket al.,2009). - rail Trenčianskethe Tepliceand to spa Korytnica connected railways narrow-gauge The significant development of the spa began in the second half of the the of developmenthalf significant second the in began the spa of 19 theywere transferred tothefamily Sinovec of from Vienna), Bardejov andPiešťany. The nificance. The spas that were among the prominent were Trenčianske Teplice (from 1835sig- national however,or not, local did theythe exceed guests, prominentby werevisited resorts spa several Although Bohemia. or Europe, Western in spas the hind be- lagged Slovakia in spas the development, significant the Despite springs. mineral the gan in the mountains at the turn of the 19the of turn the at mountains the in gan be- infrastructure and establishments accommodation spa of systematicThe construction 2012). The quality and the infrastructure of most spas were sufficient only for local clients. Orosz, (Fialová& 71Slovakiareached in sites spa of WorldnumberWar,First the the themiddle class population ofthecities. That iswhy their number rose steadily. Prior to laxation in a 2015).liferesocial or centres- of seasonal Upper-Hungarybecame Evenspasthe of some accompanied by a 32

The First World War and the subsequent creation of Czechoslovakia brought a signifi- The spas began to be established dominantly by the nobility who owned the land with with land the owned who nobility the by dominantly established be to began spas The th |

century commenced the scientific interest in balneotherapy in general as well as in as well as general in balneotherapy interest in scientific the commenced century Czech JournalofTourism

pleasant environment. The suburban baths started to gain popularity among

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(27—53) th century (Piešťany 1772, after century Bardejov in1777). th and 20 and th century (especially in Vysokéin (especially Tatry). century th century, which was century,was which 14.3.2018 20:25:24

- CJT_01_2017.indd 33 free tourism in the form of wellness. However, in the second part of the 20 the of part second the However,in wellness. of form the in tourism free addition to the spa stays covered by healthcare security, tospa facilities started focus on market. liberalized the into entry their and spas Slovak the of infrastructure the of modernization and reconstruction the into investments of inflow the allowed This stabilized. were spas of management financial the as well as ownership Eventually,the spa. Slovak the of transformation of process the complicated problems These baths). some of privatization the with connected cases publicized some were (there ernment 1995–1997,of period the in tookplace controversialthe during Mečiar’s of govperiod thereforeand property state the of mostspasof the of a lucrative privatization part the represented spas Slovak The 1990. after conditions social and political changed the in mass recreation hasbeendeveloping sincethelate 1960’s. spa, to addition In events. social and cultural significant seasonally) least (at again host to started baths Several supported. was Piešťany) (e.g. clients foreign solvent more for exchange revenues, the or modernization reconstruction of some spa facilities intended the efforts of the centrally managed state economy to expand the possibilities of foreign waters thermal had their accommodation and treatment capacities extended. Thanks to and mineral potential for a sufficient with resorts spa selected The population. general government, which began to focus more on raising the social and economic levels of the Communist the of priorities economic the in change the to due mainly was 1960.This riod of stagnation in the 1950s was replaced by a slow development of modern spa after as well as with the changes in the system of health security (Masarovičová, 2015). The pe- broadesta recognizedprofessionalthe treatmentmethodbalneotherapyas in of circles even outside of the Communist countries bloc. That other was in associated common with were the resorts further developmental the of functions healthcare of strengthening at aimed especially sector care health in trends rationalization 2012).Similar Orosz, & 1951by (Fialová 20 to reduced were Slovakia in sites spa of number the management, spa facilities). Based on the follow-up measures, nationalization and centralization of spa on the chemical properties waters, of their mineral efficiency and the equipment of the (depending categories three into baths Slovak of classification a methodical proposed reductionthis were conferencefourthbalneology the of conclusions the 1947,in which social a significantservices reduction of the spa network took place. The expert base and for health state-ownedeconomy, regulated centralization, state of rise the With able. unaccept- ideologically communists for enjoymentwas cultural and social of a way and lifespapicturea leisure of time as traditional SlovakparametersThe qualitativeof spa. and quantitative the changed radically changes These occurred. changes economic and completely destroyed. During the post-war period of reconstruction, social fundamental or damaged subsequently was infrastructure spa the of part A significant military. the of needs the for used were facilities spa of capacities medical portion and accommodation A large of houses. healing and capacity massive with sanatoriums Germany) of example the following (partly build to efforts the in reflected was ideology totalitarian of spirit The sectors. health and social the both manifestedin was state of position ing The last significant change of the Slovak spa was the economic transformation of of spa Slovak transformation the economic of the change lastwas significant The spa grow The Slovakia. in spa of development the help not WorldWardid Second The Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) (27—53) | Czech JournalofTourism 01 /2017 th century,

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articles CJT_01_2017.indd 34 articles Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) one become have aquaparks Slovak the countries, neighbouring the to Similarly Slovakia. tor potential of the aquaparks, especially in the areasmountain and central of northern visi- the boosts it sports), winter tourismand area(mountain their in touristattractions water allowsthat thermal use all-year-roundthem otherwith combination In operation. aquapark in Turčianske Teplicean and in center 2006). A typical spafeature of a traditional these of aquaparks is connection that the they of example an byfollowed Oravice; bath in Štúrovo was expanded and reconstructed; in 2005 Meander Park was opened in thermal Vadaš the similarly,expansion; was and reconstruction extensive Meder the Veľký after opened in Thermalcorvinus - Thermalpark the 2004 in Europe; Central in 2008, the biggest aquapark Tatralandia was opened in 2003 and it is the largest aquapark units geomorphological most of area the in resourcessituated 1,657water are there mineral localization assumptions of the development of spa. According to Dubcová et al. (2008), main the of one been alwayshave sources These waters. thermal and mineral of rence occur frequent relatively the for conditions suitable creates that structure geological the of this precisely areais It Basin. the of edges complicated northern the and Western Carpathians tectonically and varied a geologically in situated is Slovakia Spa andWellness Tourism Primary (Natural)Resources andPotentialfortheDevelopmentof Spas, stone inthedevelopment ofspa andwellness tourism inSlovakia. mile- another as considered be can 21st per fact the This of century. beginning the year)at guests/visitors thousand 200–250 about only is spa in guests/visitors of number total (the indicatorsquantitative tourismin Slovakiaspa overtookin traditional ism the Wellnesstour year). per guests/visitors thousand 500 to 200 with each resorts, tourist ism The aquaparks have become a new and very dynamic factor of the development of tour followed by the massive investments that led to the booming development of aquaparks. leisure stays. withshorter on recreation and to mainly focus started and diseases specific with treatingpatients of role original their from diverged spas the Thus, ratio. cost / quality the on emphasis more put and health own his/her in investing of importance the realize to begins also accommodation demands and requires shorter than two- or three-week stays. This guest higher has client new increased.This self-payinghas guestsof number years.The 5 last 2013). According to Kulla (2011), al., the ettypical (Matlovičová spa client has stabilized changed significantlybecame overSlovakia the in industry spa the of development the 34 in the spa resort of Bardejov that has been known and has been used since the Middle the since used been has and known been has Bardejovthat of resort spa the in There areimportance. few exceptions. One exception isthe Bromo-iron spring alkaline local only had have acidulates, as known springs, these of Most Carpathians. Western

The development of the thermal pools from the period of socialism was was socialism of period the from pools swimming thermal the of development The |

Czech JournalofTourism (Thermal of in the Slovakia. most Park popular Numerous Bešeňová, tourist 01 /2017 mineral was attractions

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(27—53) springs (e.g. in are 1993 Bešeňová found and mainly was and expanded Tatralandia in the flysch between aquaparks zone 2006– of 14.3.2018 20:25:24 the as

- - - CJT_01_2017.indd 35 Ružbachy Inovec, tina). is lowlandsexamplelimitedAn is by characteristicstogeological parts. the marginal their the in waters mineral the of resources natural of occurrence The composition. water curne f ietn (ula hrzn) ih ih curne f iea springs mineral of (local occurrence rich with horizons) (nuclear limestone of occurrence Zone has the best prerequisites for the occurrence of mineral waters. This zone has high tonic structure, as well as according to the hydrogeological ratio, the Central Carpathian (Lauko, significance tec- and local favourable geological only the has to Due 1997). and limited is occurrence its size, small its wellas as tectonic structure, and geological toits due again but zone, barley the in found also is water mineral The yield. low relatively The limit of their use, similarly to the number of other springs in the flysch band, is their mineral adjacent mountains (as in the flysch zone) that limits their yield. One of the most unique the of potentialhydrogeological the by limited but disturbances, tectonic the tolinked is resources water mineral the of occurrence the kotlina,Juhoslovenská of area the In rocks. neo-vulcanic vrchyTeplice),Štiavnickéthe (Vyhne, Sklené of in origin havetheir range mountain the in directly situated are which waters, mineral the of sources tant concentrated in the basins, especially in Zvolenska kotlina (Sliač, Kováčová). The impor and Rajecké Teplice (38 ° C). Similarly, in Slovenské stredohorie the mineral springs are TrenčianskeC), ° arePiešťany(70 which in springsmostof the famous Teplice C) ° (40 the thermal, also are springs mineral Tatrasthese the (Lauko,1997).of of Part part ne mineral yielding most The Turčianskakotlina). in TurčianskeBudiš kotlina,Teplice,Liptovská (Lúčky,in Liptovskýbasins Ján neighboring the in found often are waters mineral The e.g. Slovakia (Franko et al., 1995), from which only a small is portion actively used (10 areas, in identified wereareas geothermal 26 of number total energy.The geothermal of use are not the only areas with potential use. The artificial boreholes have a potential for the Neogene 10 km from oil deposits in the vicinity of Gbely). This unique spring originates from the about only (located type petroleum the of water iodine alkaline sulphide hydrogen of and at the foothills of the Western Carpathians. The mountain environment naturally naturally environment mountain The Carpathians. Western the of mountains foothills the the at and in located is resources these of part a considerable that above tioned men- facts the from clear is It tourism. spa forrequirements localization primary only Levočské vrchy, Spišsko-šarišské medzihorie,Košická kotlina). Ages. potential Rimavskákotlina, Humenský hrb). perspectiveOther areas are not yet toused full their kotlina,Žilinská na, Liptovská kotlina, Bánovce kotlina, Bebravou,nad Hornonitrianska the The sources of the mineral and thermal waters are the most important, but not the not but important, most the are waters thermal and mineral the of sources The Komarňanská The Other surrounding acids) Veľká spring springs sediments (e.g. has spring examples of its Fatra Záhorská in local, Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) of infiltration in Slovakia kryha area Smrdáky this and (Lauko, national are of area Nízke nížina, and the Levice is area 1997). in in is central Nimnica Tatry). or Záhorská the Vyšné Dolné approx. within international The Číž depression The Ružbachy spa Považie, main spring the nížina in resort, mountain 20 Podunajská (27—53) areas with km importance is Turčianska of (100 and unique distant Podunajská of | its Czech JournalofTourism areas l the occurrence / unique nížina s) in spring Belianske are in kotlina, Slovakia (Strážovské Popradská mostly (, panva iodine-bromine in of Cígeľka Hornádska for Tatry the - infiltration Podunajská vrchy, its mineral kotlina. Santovka, - composition and the 01 /2017 Považský Sulinka. limesto- alkaline kotlina, waters Vyšné areas. rovi- Sla-

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articles CJT_01_2017.indd 36 articles Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) can non-tuberculous diseases airway (14). On the contrary, skin and dermatological diseases tional diseases. This indicative group is followed by a locomotor system diseases (16) and The highest number of the resorts (17) can be defined as an Slovakia. indicative group in of occupa- tourism of resorts spa the of typification the for used was output This 6). were processed for the purposes of this paper as part of the cartographic output (Figure Ružbachy) Matliare) Tatry), Štós andVyšné Ružbachy specialize illnesses. intreatment ofmental ism indicative group. However, such a division is not very appropriate in the context of tour predominant the to according groups12 into divided are resorts spa 23 These places). for the needs of this paper (in this case, the Vysoké Tatry resort is a resort with seven spa and Dolný Horný, places spa are TatryVysoké Teplice,(within Smrdáky,TatryŠtósVysoké tovský , Bardejov,Slovak the RegulationaccordingGovernmenttoof the 446/2006: resorts no. seeks to protect andpromote itsinterests aswell astheinterests ofitsmembers. against the state, state authorities, or third The parties. Association of Slovak Baths also members its of interests the defends also It resorts. spa the bypromoted activities and wellness, tourism, spa of development the to contribute that conditions create to aims association The 2000. “ESPA”since Association Brussels Spa Europeanin the based of a member been has that organization an is ASK structure. its in associated companies spa resorts. According to the Association of Slovak Baths “ASK” (2016), there are 31 spa 23 in places” “spa (2016),29 Slovakia areof there Health of Ministry the to According Overview ofSpaandWellness Tourist Resorts developmentfurther despite itsintensive usage. that the sourcesprimary of spa and wellness tourism in Slovakia still have a potential for and that is the climate spa of Štós situated in the central part of Volovské vrchy. It is clear status unique tomaintain able been has that resort another thereis resorts, fromthese Apart resorts. of kinds these dominated Tatry Vysoké of resorts mountain The ment. environalpine and - mountainous atmospherethe the in of insteadcleanness tobut the waters, thermal and mineral the to bound not were they established; were Slovakia of and floristic diversity.floristic and the In 19 geomorphological, geological, their to due tourists for attractive are mountains These of Mountains. springsthe centration mineral is concentrated in Carpathian the Central increases the attractiveness of the spa location. In the case of Slovakia, a significant con- 36

The wellness resorts are attractive from the perspective of tourism as well. The defini- The Ministry of Health of SR (2016) defines 27 cities or villages as spa places or spa or places spa as villages or cities (2016) 27 SR defines of Health of Ministry The |

Czech JournalofTourism only because Nový Ján, be Brusno, and Smokovec, or Lučivná, treated some eight Vyšné Červený of (Lúčky, in Lúčky, Ružbachy. Štrbské Smrdáky the resorts Trenčianske Nimnica, Kláštor, 01 /2017 Pleso, These and th group of spas and spa towns in the territory territory townsspathe and in spas a groupof century are

Tatranská Trenčianske | Čiž,

(27—53) Piešťany, spa included Teplice) Dudince, places Kotlina, Rajecké in are indicative Teplice. ten Korytnica, also (Bardejov), Tatranská Teplice, referred Nový groups. Smokovec Kováčová, Turčianske Polianka to nine The as spa indicative (Nimnica, (part Kunerad, and tourist Teplice, Tatranské of Vysoké groups resorts Vyšné Sliač, Lip- 14.3.2018 20:25:24

- CJT_01_2017.indd 37 Vyšné Rajecké Rajec, , Podhájska,Sládkovičovo, Teplice,Senec, Štúrovo,Turčianske Teplice,VeľkýVrbov,Meder, Patince, Vyhne, Oravice, Lúčky, Mikuláš, Liptovský Ján, Dudince, the Patince,haveof and resorts VeľkýThe bestinfrastructure. the time same the (at Meder are Liptovský Mikuláš, Poprad, Senec and Oravice, which have all-year-round operations resorts wellness equipped best specific The on. dependent of are waters thermal occurrence the which rocks the and structure tectonic the to related is distribution Their output (Figure 6), which is of a part the oftypification spa tourism and wellness resorts. resorts. tourist 29 wellness These in identified aquaparks) or spas (thermal facilities there 29 resorts, are wellness the of typification the of part As (2016). granda’s dissertation (2015) (or Slovakia.Travel, 2015). A similar database was used in the elaboration of - Kasa Tourism SlovakAgency established recently the by importance a special assigned were which those as identified were resorts wellness paper,the this of purpose the Fornity. commu- scientific the within inconsistent and complicated more is resorts such of tion facilities) accommodation facilities (according to SO SR (2016) defined as spa and wellness resort 2016.The in rooms 6,622 were there while rooms),6,261 is years10 for (average past the relativelySlovakiain was The in balanced facilities accommodation roomsin of number 1). (Figure years 10 past the in beds 12,238 of average an (2016),with SR SO to 13,142 was Slovakia in 2015 resorts in spa beds the according of capacity bed total The of SpaandWellness Tourist Resorts Accommodation Infrastructure, GuestsandVisitors Podhájska, Štúrovo andTurčianske Teplice. of the preparation of this text the resort was out of operation due to technical reasons), time the (at Galanta Streda, Dunajská are importance regional the exceed that resorts dominant position. The resorts are concentrated in the above-the in areconcentrated resorts The Prešovhaveposition. Žilina a dominant and themselvesthe resorts doesnot allow creation ofa similaranalysis. for spa tourism and wellness. Therefore, the absence of a similar database at the level of statistics the (2016),in SR included notareSO of numbers these statistics and odology and wellness tourist resorts would be noticeable in these results. According to the meth- (2016).registrationSR SO the at extremeAn spathe in increasebeds of number the in of methoda different to subjected are numbers These results.different likelygive very and increase of the number of beds in the associated resorts (or directly in them), would accommodation the for thespa tourism in recent necessary has beenstabilized infrastructure years. of structure The years. recent in facilities accommodation of re When differencing at the level of regions/counties, the regions of Banská Bystrica, Banská of regions the regions/counties, of level the at differencing When development the specifically resorts, tourist spa of background the of analysis The spa tourist Ružbachy. resort have Dunajská resorts 131 of Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) tourism), These beds Streda, are: on tourist Bešeňová, average. and Galanta, Vyšné resorts No Bojnice, Horné Ružbachy significant are spatially Saliby, (27—53) Bystričany, are changes Kaluža, | Czech JournalofTourism especially differentiated Dolná have Kováčová, popular. Strehová, occurred in Levice, the Other in Dolný cartographic the 01 /2017 Liptovský wellness - structu Kubín,

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articles CJT_01_2017.indd 38 articles Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) lice, include resorts of Pieštany, Rajecké Teplice, Bojnice, Bardejov, Dudince, Turčianskeshould Slovakia in Tep resorts spa - successful most the of list The Europe. in resorts spa 20 TOP the among are spa Piešťany 2013. in visit” to countries interesting most 10 “top context ofVystoupil et al.(2016), thesecanbeclearly definedasthe spa tourist resorts. spatial and functional the to according and industry spa the in specialize less or more spa tourism andwellness are inBratislava andKošice county/. forconditions spaleast suitable tourismcontrary,the the On forconditions. natural its of type this for suitable extremely is that Slovakia Central towards regions mentioned Source: StatisticalOfficeoftheSlovakRepublic(2016)–authors´ ownprocessing Figure 1Developmentofthetourismaccommodationfacilitiesinsparesortsselectedyears and winter sports in winter) and cultural, sightseeing and urban tourism in Bardejov (UNESCO in tourism urban and sightseeing cultural, and winter) in sports winter and tourism such as high mountain recreation in Vysoké Tatry (hiking in summer and skiing et(2016),al. Vysoké Tatry Bardejovand of for otherhavetypes importance special also Vystoupil to According area. European broader in known also are They tradition. spa a long-standing with resorts the are these All Bardejov(Table1). Teplice,and Dudince 38 Nedviďová, 2014; Kulla, 2007). to the papers focused on individual resorts in case studies at the local level (e.g. Kulla & hierarchical levels - from 2015a)national (Kasagranda, and regional level (Klamár, 2014) different at valorisation and identification spatial the on focused authors frameworks, these Within decade. past overthe papers geographically-focused in analyzed been has

According to Slovakia.TravelAccordingto the in (2015),fifth the PlanetrankedSlovakiaas Lonely the (within Tatry Vysoké are resorts visited most currently and equipped best The |

Czech JournalofTourism resorts Vyšné monuments Štrbské Ružbachy, Pleso Lúčky in and the 01 /2017 and Horný, town Nimnica.

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itself). (27—53) Dolný Piešťany, and The Nový visit Trenčianske rate Smokovec), of the Teplice, Slovak Piešťany, tourist and Trenčianske Dudince resorts 14.3.2018 20:25:24

CJT_01_2017.indd 39 ****  *** PrivateinformationbasedonmethodologyofStaisticalOffice ofSlovakRepublic ** Duetotheabsenceofa databaseatlevelresortsitselffor2015areuseddata2013 *  Source: StatisticalOfficeofthe SlovakRepublic(2015)–authors´ ownprocessing Table 1SparesortsinSlovakiaanditsspecifications2013** TOTAL**** Červený Kláštor Brusno Lučivná Číž Sklené T Štós Smrdáky Nimnica Sliač Vyšné Ružbachy Kováčová Lúčky Rajecké T Liptovský Ján T Bojnice Bardejov Dudince T Piešťany Vysoké T určianske T renčianske T and etc.werenotevaluated Kunerad a Korytnica were not includet in database from SO SR (2015); therefore numbers of beds, guests paper this in used database other with consistent 100% not are they therefore establishments; tourism spa for data of beds, guests, overnight stays and etc. includes values for whole resorts – in many cases not only eplice atry eplice Spa resort eplice eplice Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) - Prešov Banská Bystrica Prešov Banská Bystrica Banská Bystrica Košice T T Banská Bystrica Prešov Banská Bystrica Žilina Žilina Žilina Žilina T Prešov Banská Bystrica T T Prešov rnava renčín renčín renčín rnava

county / region 27,511 1,046 1,851 1,164 1,940 1,876 1,697 1,885 4,218 7,092

xx*** Beds* 329 270 309 354 262 315 339 684 944 497 439 (27—53) 696,774 214,839 10,299 16,707 16,375 10,974 39,966 51,527 27,225 31,393 38,944 54,326 48,497 88,846 6,597 8,056 6,560 5,627 5,984 1,413 3,867 8,752

| Guests* Czech JournalofTourism

share of 28.0% 20.69 13.65 14.48 15.51 23.62 20.04 41.66 16.67 18.40 27.59 20.52 16.03 25.55 46.30 34.05 8.32 1.11 3.04 0.00 4.63 0.55 international guests [%]* 3,775,240 104,195 101,676 139,573 180,847 223,831 233,172 263,249 310,963 309,345 576,803 756,051 20,404 56,829 67,076 44,896 47,481 13,674 72,242 79,198 86,831 86,904 overnight stays* 01 /2017 average 10.2 18.7 11.9 length of stay 5.4 3.1 7.1 8.0 7.9 9.7 7.7 5.2 5.3 9.3 3.5 3.5 8.2 7.4 6.8 5.7 6.4 6.5 3.5

| [days]* 14.3.2018 20:25:25 39

articles CJT_01_2017.indd 40 articles Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) tourist ofSlovak typology tourism. ism withintheinternal tour wellness and spa of importance high the confirms unambiguously staysovernight overnight stays (Figure 2, Appendix 1). In particular, the figure of the proportion of the a share of 7.3% of the total visit rate of tourism and up to 22.3% of the total share of the Source: StatisticalOfficeoftheSlovakRepublic(2016)– authors’ ownprocessing Figure 2Developmentofthetourismperformanceinsparesortsselectedyears ofSlovaktotal visitrate tourism. of typical any other of type Slovak tourism. It also constitutes sharean important of the average length of stay with values over three days. This high average length of stay is not teristic for this type of tourism to have a high number of the overnight stays and a higher 2015- 2,612,785charac in of is a maximum a total It with overnightstays).(with guests) foreignof 25.3% and Slovak74.7% werethe which 2006–2015of 2,478,966.5of (out is (Figureaverage The overnightsresorts 2). the the of in number staysperiod the during stays overnight the of share the and guests/tourist of most number the the is Slovakia, figure interesting in tourism of structure the in resorts tourist wellness and spa the days). (8.5 guestsforeign the by than days) (9.4 guests Slovakby done stays longer with days, (304,975 guests) and 2014 (299,032 guests). The average length of stay is on average 9.2 2015in resorts the to came guests the of Most (Table2)). share total 37.2%touristsof average yearon wellnessper resorts (Slovakinternational and and tourists’72.9% form 40

Several authors pay attention to the structure of international guests/tourists in the in guests/tourists international of structure the to attention pay authors Several average on up made tourism wellness and 2006–2015,spa of period ten-year the In of rate visit the of share the and analysis quantitative the of perspective the From In the monitored ten-year period (2006–2015), 271,538 guests/tourists visited the spa |

Czech JournalofTourism resorts in Slovakia (Bučeková 01 /2017

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et (27—53) al., 2016; Kasagranda, 2015b; Kulla & Nedviďová, 14.3.2018 20:25:25

- CJT_01_2017.indd 41 Figure 3Structureofguests/touristsinspatourismSlovakia2015 averagea constant lengthofstay between 8to 9days. national tourists relatively stabilized (at approximately 65,000 international tourists) with crisis which affected the whole Slovak tourism industry. After 2009 the number of inter economic the of impact the by caused was 31%).situation of decreaseThis 549,828; to tourists; decrease of 35%) and in the number of the overnight stays as well (from 791,233 tional tourists was recorded between the years of 2008 and 2009 (from 92,755 to 60,326 - interna of number the in decreaseTable 4; A dramatic and 2). 3 (Figure (5.2%) and (9.3%), (12.2%), Germany (43.6%), Czechia fromtourists the by formed was rate visit tourist the of share largest The tourism. wellness and spa of because Slovakia 2014, and others). According to the discussions of manythese authors, tourists come to they make onlya few tripsto shorter Slovakia. probably conduct shorter visits or their main takes place in other destinations or touristsstayindicatethat their from of tourists/guests, Czechialength national the and Czech, 21.2% for German and 16.2% of for Israeli stay overnighttourists). of The share structure, total the the share of of inter% (25.8 balanced fairly is countries three these overnightbystaystouristsfromthe of number the hand, otherTable the 4; On & 2). 3 (Figuresdays 4.7 is Czechia from tourists the of stay of length average comparison the In days).13.9 (both Israel and Germany from tourists of stay of length average higher recorded was considerably the to Due tourism. of type this of typical is resorts tourist Source: StatisticalOfficeoftheSlovakRepublic(2016)–authors’ ownprocessing Very high percentage tourists/guestsof lucrative international in the most important Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) (27—53) | Czech JournalofTourism 01 /2017

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articles CJT_01_2017.indd 42 articles Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) Table 2: Source: StatisticalOfficeoftheSlovakRepublic(2016)–authors´ ownprocessing Figure 4Structureofforeignguests/touristsinspatourismSlovakia2015 Source: StatisticalOfficeoftheSlovakRepublic(2016)– authors´ ownprocessing 42 TOTAL Domestic Other Russia Israel Germany Czechia of origin country

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Czech JournalofTourism in sparesortsofSlovakia2015 Structure ofguests/tourists(domesticandmaininternational) of guests number 304.98 241.70 [´000] 16.26 27.60 2.56 3.30 5.87 7.70 internat. guests /tourists [%] 25.7 12.2 43.6 4.0 5.2 9.3 share - - 01 /2017 total [%] 79.3 5.3 0.8 1.1 1.9 2.5 9.1 -

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(27—53) index 104.9 107.8 [%] 95.1 93.2 60.7 72.3 102 101 2,612.79 2,107.91 of stays number 126.27 107.03 130.30 [´000] 19.73 39.93 81.61 internat. overnight stays [%] 25.0 16.2 21.2 25.8 3.9 7.9 share - - total [%] 80.7 4.8 0.8 1.5 3.1 4.1 5.0 - index 102.0 108.2 100.1 [%] 99.8 97.3 91.0 66.8 80.6

length of average days stay 12.1 13.9 13.9 8.6 8.7 9.7 7.7 4.7 14.3.2018 20:25:25

CJT_01_2017.indd 43 Figure 5Developmentoftherevenuesspatourisminselectedyears million. 49.96 of value age monitoredthe tourism.In (2006–2015), period revenuestourismspahad averthe with tourists, overnight stays and average stay) and equipment of the regeneration lines of the country skiing, tennis, golf, minigolf, or wellness activity), visit rate of resorts (number of ices (including sport and leisure activities, equipment in categories such as cycling, cross- the capacity of congress and conference rooms, quality and quantity of the offered serv structure, and number their - beds priority measured: criteria several were There ism. al. (2005). al. (2016),Weisset al. or etVystoupil et Kolesárová (2008), (2015), (2016),& Plesník Klamár Kasagranda by studies the are appealing most The decade. past the over phers - geogra Slovak by papers in discussed been has resorts tourist the of typification The Functionally-Spatial Typology ofSpaandWellness Tourist Resorts Source: StatisticalOfficeoftheSlovakRepublic(2016)–authors’ ownprocessing tourism represents 1/5ofthetotal share ofthetourism revenue ingeneral. age 19.23% (with a maximum of 21.9% in 2010; respectively 21.6%aver on in 2014). was share This of type (2006–2015),the period monitored the In time. for of 15%period a longer over been has resorts tourist the in establishments accommodation tourism revenueswellnessaccommodation fromthe and spa the shareof total stays).The night foreignoverfrom(34.18%)tourists and than tourism of (65.82%) number the (evenin million significant part of the total revenues (Figure 5) in 5) revenues (Figure total the of part createsa significant tourismwellness and Spa The spa resorts were divided into four categories according to the importance for tour significantly higher share of revenues from domestic from revenues of share higher a significantly with 2006), in € Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) (maximum of 57.86of million (maximum € (27—53) | Czech JournalofTourism in 2014; minimum of 38.572014; of in minimum € 01 /2017

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articles CJT_01_2017.indd 44 articles Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) in significance. This fact is supported by the high share of international tourists, especially exceedswhich national the tradition spa Bardejovextraordinary an with resorts arethe the are they and Piešťany tourists). international time, of proportion a high (with resorts same spa visited most the at and technical) (material, infrastructure best the have resorts These identified. be could importance international of spas three then places), spa seven (with resort one as identified is TatryVysoké If 6). Figure (Table3; Slovakia et al.(2011),precisleyZelenáková(2014) Source: authors’ own processing; based on methodology of Kasagranda (2016), Vystoupil, Šauer Table 3Categorizationofsparesortsaccordingtotheirimportance forspatourism ofHealthSR(2016).of theMinistry tional tourists and their consequent valorisation of the fromimportance the perspective - interna of share the and history weretraditions, criterions last The themselves. resorts *  44 extraordinary significanceontheir own. extraordinary equally have spas the since spas the with compared be cannot attractiveness this ever, monument (historical city centre with the town hall and the Basilica of St. Egidius). How Improtance Local Regional National International SR; 2016) Vysoké

Piešťany and Bardejov were identified as the resorts with Piešťany. |

Czech JournalofTourism T whole tourism resort; secondly as 7 spa places based on M Z(H) on based places spa 7 as secondly resort; tourism a whole as (once twice evaluated are atry The attractiveness Kováčová, Lúčky T Matliare, T Dolný Smokovec,T Lučivá, Číž,Štós,Smrdáky, Smokovec, Liptovský Ján,Horný Smokovec, Vyšné Ružbachy, Nimnica,Nový T T Dudince, T Bojnice, Štrbsképleso,Sliač, Vysoké T Piešťany, Bardejov, atranská Kotlina,Červenýkláštor, eplice určianske T atry* atranská Polianka, renčianske T Spa Resort Sklené eplice, Rajecké 01 /2017 of atranské T eplice, Brusno Bardejov eplice,

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(27—53) is increased –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  low qualityandquantityofservicesoffered low capacityforcongresses andconferences mostly 2*,resp. 3*accommodationfacilities low priceperbed a shorter tradition average qualityandquantityofoffered services medium capacityforcongresses andconferences mostly 3*accommodationfacilities medium highpriceperbed a relativly longtradition medium qualityandquantityofservicesoffered conferences relatively highcapacityforcongresses and 3 *and4accommodationfacilities medium highpriceperbed a long tradition high qualityandquantityofoffered services high capacityforcongresses andconferences high priceandshare of4*accommodationfacilities by Basic Characteristics the international in importance presence of the UNESCO 14.3.2018 20:25:25

- CJT_01_2017.indd 45

Figure 6 The functional typology of the tourism resorts of Slovakia in terms of spa and wellness tourism Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) (27—53) | Czech JournalofTourism 01 /2017

Source: authors´ own processing based on data from Slovakia.travel (2015), Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (2016)

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articles CJT_01_2017.indd 46 articles Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) ture. with a resort as evaluated was all-year-round operation) with tors, Ján, touristsinternational (23.6%). eot, ny h ifatutr o is eles aiiis a eautd nt h whole the not evaluated, resort was facilities wellness its of infrastructure the only resorts, wellness important most travel.skthe of (2015).cases the in tonotethat important is It by Žoncová et al.(2015) orMarčeková et al.(2015). waters. This is mainly related to the construction of the aquaparks, which were evaluated the Vysoké Tatry resort). Smokovec,Dolný Tatranská TatranskaMatliare, Polianka, of Tatranská Kotlinapart are such conferences canbeheldthere aswell. or congresses Smaller lines. regeneration of capacity a good and infrastructure cellent ex- with resorts the are These world). Arab the of countries distant more from arrive (with the exception of Trenčianske and Rajecké Teplice, Czechia where from manymostly (25.6%), international touristsguests international of share a high have resorts These Tatry). Vysoké of a part as Pleso Štrbské TurčianskeTeplice (partially Teplice,Rajecké sort) (Figure 6; Table 3). These resorts are: Bojnice, Sliač, Dudince, Trenčianske Teplice, that its position within the structure oftourismthat itspositionwithinthestructure willberising. current pace of the wellness development and building of the aquaparks, one can expect product of Slovak tourism in a significantway. As it has been mentioned above, with the the co-create and year every foreignvisitors many attract They tourism. Slovak present Sládkovičovo) are. evaluated as others (Kováčová, aquaparks nine remaining Teplice).The Rajecké and Podhájska Patince, Kubín, Dolný Streda, TurčianskeŠtúrovo,Poprad, (DunajskáTeplice, Mikuláš,Vrbov, Saliby,Liptovský Horné Galanta, infrastructure good with resorts twelve are There . infrastructure important most The 12.6%. around tourists international of share the with Tatry) Vysoké the of 46

The The characteristics of the wellness resorts ware based on the database fromSlovakia. database the on based ware wellnessresorts the of characteristics The Wellness popular, is very in combination with the spaand mineral use of the thermal Four resorts are evaluated as the resorts of resorts the as evaluated are Four resorts There are six spa resorts with very important and internationally attractive type of tourism in tourism of type attractive internationally and important a very is wellness and Spa |

Czech JournalofTourism Lučivná, as Bojnice, (Figure local importance was assigned to the remaining six spa resorts, such as Liptovský Nimnica, resort Liptovský Číž, Dudince, 6). with Vyšné The Štós, Ján, regional wellness Senec, Ružbachy, Smrdáky, Lúčky, 01 /2017 Vyšné importance resort national (if importance Vysoké Tatry is taken as one re- Červený Kaluža, Sklene

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(27—53) Ružbachy, and Teplice its Levice, is kláštor, Vyšné facility (Figure 6; Table3), 6; (Figure importance regional Veľký and Oravice, Kováčová Ružbachy) in Meder Brusno Bešeňová Rajec, and and (Horný with Vyhne (the Lúčky - infrastruc excellent Dolná the best Smokovec highest have (If Strehová in Horný very very good all share indica- is part and and 14.3.2018 20:25:25 of

CJT_01_2017.indd 47 becoming resorts ofwellnessbecoming resorts aswell. are resorts spa the why is That themselves. resorts spa the in infrastructure additional Their number of guests exceeds the numbers of spa resorts. The aquaparks are often an years. recent in lines regeneration similar others and resorts wellness the in aquaparks them- tourists guests/ selves. the The playersimportant in of the structure of spa and structure wellness tourism havethe been the or visits tourist the of seasonality the and structure of the healing process, the length of the stays themselves (as well as their cost) transformation, a few of which are the development of the additional infrastructure, the this of result the as resorts the in offered services the in a change was There function. a recreational-leisureto function healing-sanitation original the from transformed ality ment ofSlovak tourism” till2020. Developthe - of “Program the under SlovakCouncil the of statement programming the in development the of priorities strategic the of one is wellness and Spa development. its in clear is support investment non-governmental and Government tourism. of type this developmentforof the conditions appropriatenatural the has country The guests. tourists/ international of share extraordinary an have resorts other and Tatry Vysoké tries, mainlyfrom andtheCzech Republic. coun- V4 the guests from the influenced by significantly Slovakaquaparksis the of rate phenomenon countries. in An recentimportant years has been the aquaparks. The visit V4 other in spas the to Spas Slovak the prefer wellness and tourism spa in participate spa resorts the in SlovaktouristsThe who V4. wellness within and resorts spa of importance the suggests V4countries the from tourists of international share country. the A significant of tourism for important extremely are Republic) Czech the from cially time, it is the where country international tourists from other countries of the V4 (espe - same the At tourists). of GDP,number of shareor EUR, of millions in (volume output tourism and population, bysize, countries V4 the from country smallest the Slovakiais Discusion one of the main forms (in the sense of authors’ listed types) oftourismone ofthemainforms listed (inthesenseofauthors’ ofSlovakia. types) as Slovakia in tourism of development the for intended documentation programming are aware of the spa importance and wellness tourism. They categorized it within the level national at representatives The Europe. Central throughout but Slovakia in only not tourism of structure the in importance its showclearly characteristics These stays). vakia (primarily in terms of its share in the production of tourism revenue and overnight overallthe Slo- shareon tourismof considerable its wellas as importance international localization assumptions, well-developed in infrastructure the mostresorts of important conditions/ natural suitable very significance, historical as such characteristics obvious many are There Slovakia. in tourism of type important an is wellness and tourism Spa Conclusion The Slovak spas have gone through significant structural changes. The spas function- spas The changes. have Slovakstructural spasthrough significant The gone Piešťany, structure. its in tourism spa of status significant with a country is Slovakia Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) (27—53) | Czech JournalofTourism 01 /2017

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articles CJT_01_2017.indd 48 articles Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) Cákoci, R., Kasagranda, A., & Tolmáči,& (2014). A., L. Slovensku na (TourismKasagranda, Cákoci,CestovnýSlovaR., ruch - in Čuka, Čuka, P., & Šenková, A. (2012). Geography of Tourism of Slovakia. In K. Widawski & J. Wyrzykowski Cákoci,(2013).R. Slovenskuna Cestovný (Tourismruch V.Slovakia).In in Lauko (Ed.), Dubcová, A. et al. (2008). etal. Dubcová, A. Dorocki, S., & Brzegowy, P. (2014). Ski and spa tourism as local development strategy - – the case of Kryn Acknowledgements ism. Itispossibleto assumethattheshare tourists ofinternational willriseaswell. resorts today outmatch (at least in the number of tourists/guests) the traditional spa tour wellness The resorts. wellness of importance the growwith will along spas of importance more dominant and it will increase its share in the structure of tourism in the future. The Vyšné Ružbachy, Veľký MederandVyhne. Bučeková, References tal determinantsofregionaldevelopmentandtransformation:a geographicapproach”. This paper was supported by the grant of VEGA No. 1/0540/16 “Social, economic and environmen- Tatry VysokéPiešťany, Bardejovand are tourism spa of resorts international important most The tourists. of share a high with importance, international have three which of out of regional products. at the place of residence and are likely out to activities carry related to the consumption benefit of thistype of tourism is higher. Spa tourism is mostlyeconomic overall made the bythat assume touristsonly whocan relax One revenues. tourism overall the of share 7.26%about only but revenues,of 19.23%overallshare also the is of terms it guests.In benefits as well. Spa and wellness tourism makes 22.28% share of overall overnight stays ness Teplice, Turčianske Teplice and Rajecké Teplice with national significance. From the well- 48

stantine the Philosopher University.stantine kia). In V.In kia). Lauko(Ed.), (pp. Geography) 214–253) Human . Bratislava, Slovak Republic: Geografika. Republic. Slovak of (Geography geografia Humánna republiky. Slovenskej (Eds.), 498). Bratislava, Slovak Republic: ComeniusUniversity inBratislava. ograficý časopis(Geographical), 68(4),333–351. Journal Slovakia). in attendanceforeign tourists’ in differencesSlovenska(Time-space návštevnosti ica Zdrój (Poland). AnnalesUniversitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica 88–116. 5. land: University ofWroclaw. It is possible to assume that the position of this type of tourism in Slovakia will become The status ofspa placeinSlovakiaThe status isallocated to 29places,respectively to 23resorts, other and economic and Slovakia, in tourism the in share a significant has spa The |

Czech JournalofTourism point with (pp. 381–406)(pp. Countries . Europe TourismGeographyEastern of and Central of I., international of Nováková, view, the G., Geografia (Geography Slovenska . Slovakia) of most (pp. 479-(pp. Slovakia) of Dimensions (Regional Slovenska dimenzie Regionálne significance & Kusendová, 01 /2017 important

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(27—53) and D. resorts Bojnice, (2016). are Časovo-priestorová Nimnica, Bešeňová, Sliač, , Bojnice, Dudince, diferencie Slovak Dudince, Republic: Trenčianske v zahraničnej Wroclaw,Po - Geografia Senec, Con- 14.3.2018 20:25:25 Ge-

- CJT_01_2017.indd 49 Franko, O., & Remšík, A. et al. (1995). Eliašová, D. (2009). Eliašová,D. (2014).K. Dubcová, Eliašová, Eliašová, D. (2015). Potenciál zaniknutých kúpeľov pre rozvoj cestovného v SR (Potential ruchu of Kasagranda, A. (2015b). A. Kasagranda, Hodnoteniea priestorová diferenciáciaSlov návštevnostina zahraničnej (2015a).Tourism of EvaluationA. Differentiationand Slova Spatial Performance- of Kasagranda, (2016). A. Jurčišinová, (ed.), Hudson In Tourism. Health and Spa (2003). M. Hall, Gurňák, Tourism.Health versus Spa (2016).Medical K. Pančíková, & D., Kvasnová, M., Gúčik, Kasagranda, A. (2016). A. Kasagranda, Fialová, Tourism:A Com- (2011).Spa Romanian C. Surugiu, & A., Gheorghilas, I., A. Dinca, G., Erdeli, lmr R (04. ors ad h vst ae n h tuim ein i Esen lvka from Slovakia Eastern in regions tourism the in rate visit the and Tourism (2014). R. Klamár, Quantifi- Its - Slovakia in Tourism(2016).Urban J. Vystoupil, & E., Rajčáková, A., Kasagranda, Gustavo, dějiny (Klaudyán: internet journal for historicaldějiny journal geography (Klaudyán:internet , andenvironmental8(2), history) 94–106. Republic: The Institute of Hospitality ManagementinPrague. Republic: TheInstitute ofHospitality Czech , Thesis. Master Slovakia). and Republic Czech in Industry Spa of Development the of (pp. 45–52). Brno, : CollegeofBusinessandHotel (pp.45–52).Brno, Management. century) from 16 etape (in Slovakia current of territory on industry spa of (Development Současnosti) do století a gastronomie jako fenomén 21. století. (Tourism, and Industry gastronomy as a phenomena of 21 Extinct spas for development of Tourism in Slovakia). In Šperková (Ed.), lava, Slovak Republic: EKONÓM. Czech Journal ofTourism, Journal kia andItsSpecificities.Czech 4(1),58–74. DOI:10.1515/cjot-2015–0004. Bratislava, Slovak Republic: ComeniusUniversity inBratislava. Thesis. Bachalor . patterns) spatial its and Slovakia in tourism of type as wellness and (Spa prejavy 273–292). New York/London/Oxford: Press. TheHarworth ofHospitality andTourismJournal Management,17(1), 127–135. DOI:10.1375/jhtm.17.1.127. , 16(2),demica Karviniensia 5–15. . Bratislava,of Slovakia) Slovak Republic: Geologickýústav DionýzaŠtúra. ensku (Evaluation and Spatial Differentiation of Foreign Touristic Attendance of Slovakia). nal ofTourism, andCommerce, Hospitality, 6(2),19–32. hgeo.2011.52.41. Era. a Post-Communist in Paradigm munist Czech Republic: CollegeofBusinessandHotelBrno, Management. spa towns).spa ŠperkováIn (Ed.), 10.2478/bog-2014–0007 indicators. selected of point the 10.18421/GP20.02–08. Typification. and Differentiation, Spatial cation, Republic: ComeniusUniversity inBratislava. Slovak Bratislava, Thesis. Dissertation Slovakia). in Tourism of Differentiation Spatial and ation time Aspects ofSettlement System Development inSlovakia). Geographia 2(1),34–37. Casoviensis,

D., D., N. D. th

Križan, century to present). & S. (2016).

Orosz, (2010). Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) F., 20. storočív 20. kúpeľníctvo Slovenské

Destinačný Ö. & na Slovensku (Comparasion Slovensku na a republike v Českej kúpeľníctva rozvoja Porovnanie jeho priestorové a jeho Slovensku na ruchu cestovného typ ako a wellness Kúpeľníctvo Lauko, A 21st-Century

(2012). priestorová diferenciácia cestovného ruchu na Slovensku (Evalu- Slovensku na ruchu cestovného diferenciácia a priestorová Hodnotenie . V.

Vývoj Klaudyán: internetový časopis pro historickou geografii a (2008). manažment cestovním ruchu (New trendsTourism)(New in Nové trendy ruchu v cestovním (23), 99–118.DOI: (23), Series, Socio-economic Geography. of Bulletin

lázeňství Atlas geotermálnej energie Slovenska (Atlas of Geothermal Energy Approach Časovo-priestorové

v kúpeľných na

52, 15. O: 10.5719/ DOI: 41–56. 5(2), Geographies, Human území to (27—53) , 21(2), 114–126.DOI: 21(2), Pannonica , Geographica Health (Slovakian spa industry in 20 in spaindustry (Slovakian

dnešního aspekty | miestach Czech JournalofTourism Tourism vývoja (pp. Tourism Adventure and Sport

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articles CJT_01_2017.indd 50 articles Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) Kulla, perspektívy (Spas in Slovakia - Trends- SlovakiaAnd in (2011). (Spas M. Kulla,a perspektívy trendySlovensku - na Kúpeľníctvo a vjeho Košice v meste ruchu cestovného foriem vybraných Charakteristika (2007). M. Kulla, Prague, SlovenskoSlovakia). Atlas(Otto’satlas HistoricalhistorickýOttov (2009). P.al. et Kršák, Lauko, (1997). V. Lauko, Krogmann, Prešov the in Regionalization its (2015).and TourismJ. Kolesárová,Development & R., Klamár, 50 Matlovičová,Kolesarová,K., Židová,& J., (2013). A. Slovenské kúpeľníctvo kontextev ak – zmien Modern – Balneotherapy of novovek (History – balneoterapie (2015).História Masarovičová,A. Middle – Balneotherapy of stredovek(History – (2014).balneoterapie Masarovičová, HistóriaA. Mariot, P. (2001). Príspevok k typizácii stredísk cestovného ruchu (Contribution to the typification ait P (1983). P. Mariot, Marčeková, R., Kaščáková, A., & Vránová, M. (2015). Segmentation of Wellness Tourism Visitors in slovenských kúpeľoch (Transformation changes in changes (Transformationkúpeľoch v slovenských zmeny Transformačné(1999). E. Otrubová, Ministry of Health of SR. (2016).SR. of Health of Ministry

the 3 fromcontributions výzkumuvědeckého světle a praxe ve (Proceedings a lázeňství hotelnictvíReviewed of 20012012.– In Eastern EuropeanEastern Development Agency. 117–122).(pp. regionaldevelopment) in potential human of Slovak(Importance Republic:Dudince, Perspectives). ings). Geographia 5(1),73–78. Cassoviensis, - Surround Its Townand Košice Tourismin of Forms Selected of Characteristics (The zázemí Czech Republic: Ottovo nakladatelství. Facultatis Naturalium Rerum Universitas Comenianae:Geographica, 28,281–286. ruchu Republic: Comenius University inBratislava. Practice) (pp.205–214). Czech Republic: v Opavě. Slezská univerzita Karviná, Self-Govering ofPhysical Culture, Region.Review 5(1), 65–79. Scientific ism cestovnéhoSlovenskaoch forclimateconditions recreationof ruchu (Analysissummer tour the in Dermatológia pre Dermatológia prax, forAge). practice) (Dermatology , 9(2),65–68. pre Dermatológia prax forAges). practice) (Dermatology , 8(4),150–152. of thetourist Geografický resorts). časopis(Geographical, 53(4),307–319. Journal) Slovenská vied. akadémia Selected Regions inSlovakia. Hospitality andTourism Czech Papers, 24(1), 5–18. problems inTourism) (pp.237–248). Jihlava, Czech Republic: CollegeofPolytechnics Jihlava. Slovak Spas).Folia geographica, 3,154–162. http://www.health.gov.sk/?inspektorat-kupelov-a-zriediel-2. 21,RetrievedMarchregulations). 2017, government and fromresolutions sites SR of meaning bathing the within on information Springs: and Spas of (Inspectorate vlády a nariadení uznesení v zmysle ment. Develop - Urban of Institute 161–173).Poland:Krakow, (pp. countries Group Visegrad in water W.and Huculak, Jarczewski(Eds.), M. Dej, M. In challenges). and tuálnystav, problémy (Slovakvýzvy a contextissues spasthe conditions, in current – change of |

Czech JournalofTourism regions M., rd V., International Scientific Conference: Tourism, Hotel and Spa in the Light of Scientific Research and (Actual Španihel, & A. Nedviďová, of (2005). Slovakia). In Possibilities Bailv, Slovak Bratislava, . Slovakia) of Geography I (Physical Slovenska geografia Fyzická 3. mezinárodní vědecké konference: Cestovní ruch, ruch, konference:Cestovní vědecké mezinárodní z 3. příspěvku recenzovaných Sborník rtsaa Soa Republic: Slovak Bratislava, ofTourism). (Geography ruchu cestovného Geografia M., V. Aktuálne Liška & Polčák, N. In & Pachrová (2014). of V. Use 01 /2017 možnosti N. Navickas (2015). kúpeľných miestach SR miestach o kúpeľných informácie a žriediel: kúpeľov Inšpektorát of Hodnotenie & Area

| Doležalová

(27—53) využitia Analýza (Eds.), of Nitra zahraničnej územia klimatických regionálnom rozvoji v regionálnom potenciálu ľudskéhoVýznam (Eds.), County Nitrianskeho Aktuálne problémy v cestovnom ruchu (Actual from návštevnosti pomerov the Tourism Recreational use of geothermal geothermal of use Recreational kraja pre letnú mesta z hľadiska point rekreáciu Košice of cestovného View). v rokoch v región- Acta 14.3.2018 20:25:25

- - CJT_01_2017.indd 51 Vystoupil, Vystoupil, J., & Šauer, M. et al. (2011).al. et Šauer,M. & Vystoupil,J., Vystoupil, J. et al. (2006). (2009). Sudíková,L. Žoncová, M., Dubcová, A., Rampašeková, Z., & Bobovnická, S. (2015). Akvaparky a wellness – nové trendy Zelenáková, O. (2014).Zelenáková,O. Zákon č. 538/2005 Z. z. o prírodných liečivých vodách, prírodných liečebných kúpeľoch, kúpeľných miestach (2005). E. Kurčová, & M., Jankovičová, P., Weiss, Statistical Statistical Office of Slovak Republic. (2016). Vybrané ukazovatele kúpeľného cestovnéhoruchu na Statistical Statistical Office of Slovak Republic. (2015). Vybrané ukazovatele kúpeľného cestovnéhoruchu na Plesník, Plesník, P. (2008). Stănciulescu, Smolová, Smith, M.,&Puczkó, L.(2008).HealthandWellness Tourism. New York: Routledge. Slovakia.travel.sk.(2016). (2015).Slovakia.Travel.sk. Šedivý,et(2012).J. al. tourism of Czech Republic). Plzeň, Czech Repulic: Republic). ALEŠ ČeněkNakladatelství.tourism ofCzech Prague, Czech Republic: Ministry for Czech Republic:Prague, Regional Ministry Development oftheCzech Republic. Master Thesis. Brno, Czech Republic: Masaryk University.and Europe). Czech Republic: Master Masaryk Thesis.Brno, - 2015). Bratislava. water of development in trends new – wellness and (AquaparksSlovensku na destinácií vodných vývoji vo University.Masaryk thermal healing springs and wellness in tourism of . Slovakia) Bachelor thesis. Brno, Czech Republic: on amendmentsandsupplementsto somelaws). and waters mineral natural and resorts spa spas, healing natural waters, healing natural about Coll. 538/2005 no. (Act zákonov niektorých doplnení a a ozmene vodách minerálnycha prírodných Economy. Republic). Slovak of Tourism of (Regionalization publike Slovakia). Geografický časopis(Geographical), 68(2),171–192 Journal . tovního Česka ruchu a Slovenska (Functional - spatial typology of tourist resorts in Czechia and (Actual problems in Tourism) Jihlava, (p.530–542). Czech Republic: CollegeofPolytechnics Jihlava. Slovensku - 2013). Bratislava. Slovensku ism. WhatIsTheDifference? –Economics,7(3),158–161. Horizons Knowledge recreation) (pp.57–64). Olomouc,Czech Republic: Palacký University. ternal materials), Bratislava. ternal (in- 2015materiály - interné 2006 - years ) in Slovakia in tourism spa 2015of až indicators (Selected sacr.sk/sacr/statistiky. lava 1: Brezalauspurc -At theCrossroads ofCultures). Bratislava, Slovak Republic: Slovart. ism regions). Bratislava, Slovak Republic: EKONÓM. public). Remarketing- Czech destination tourism traditional of product– spas (Czech republika Česká destination I., In J., & v rokoch v rokoch Fňukal Kasagranda, G. Szczyrba, C., Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) Vymedzenie a ocenenie regiónov cestovného (Definitionruchu and appreciation of tour in Diaconescu, Evropě (Spa tourism in Czech Republic Republic Czech in tourism (Spa a Evropě republice v České ruch cestovní Lázeňský & Slovakia). 2006 2009 Dejiny Bratislavy 1 : Brezalauspurc - na križovatke kultúr (The History of Bratisof - History DejinyBrezalauspurcBratislavykultúr(The : 1 križovatke na - cestovnom ruchu Slovenska (Spas, Slovenska ruchu cestovnomv a wellness pramene liečivé termálne Kúpele, Ptáček Z. Atlas cestovního ruchu České republiky (Atlas of tourism of the Czech . Republic) Vybrané ukazovatele kúpeľného cestovného ruchu na Slovensku2006 v rokochna Vybranéruchu cestovného kúpeľného ukazovatele Retrieved December 16, 2015, from http://www. from 2015,16, December Retrieved (Statistics). Štatistiky A., (2005). až až (Eds.), & 2015 2013 In Šauer, G. Pachrová České (Selected N., (Selected Geografie cestovníhoruchu a rekreacie (Geography of tourism and Geografia cestovného ruchu České republiky (The Geography of Geography (The republiky České ruchu cestovného Geografia & M. lázně Diaconescu, (2016). & indicators indicators Doležalová – tradiční (27—53) Funkčně lvnkj re - v Slovenskej ruchu cestovného Regionalizácia D. of of Bratislava, Slovak Republic: Ministry of Ministry Republic: Slovak Bratislava, produkt | (Eds.), Czech JournalofTourism M. spa spa - (2015). prostorová tourism tourism cestovnom ruchu ruchu v cestovnom problémy Aktuálne marketingu Health, in in typologie Slovakia Slovakia Spa, turistické Wellness in in středisek 01 /2017 years years destinace Tour 2006 2009

ces- |

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articles CJT_01_2017.indd 52 articles Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) Source: StatisticalOfficeoftheSlovakRepublic(2016)– authors’ ownprocessing *average lengthofstayisevaluatedindays Appendix 1Accommodationinfrastructure,guests,visitationrateandshareofspatourisminSlovakiaselectedyears 52 average lengthofstay* stays overnight guests/tourists guests andvisitationrate beds rooms Slovakia share ofguests/tourists stays ofSlovakia share ofovernight share ofspatourisminSlovak establishments number ofaccommodation accommodation infrastructure

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Czech JournalofTourism of whichinternational of whichdomestic of whichinternational of whichdomestic of whichinternational of whichdomestic of whichcasual of whichpermanent of whichinternational of whichdomestic of whichinternational of whichdomestic YEAR 01 /2017 1,423.92 2,277.19 [’000] Total Total Total 253.26 853.27 159.34 11,214 11,314 [%] 93.92 5,862 16.6 23.7 20.4 100 5.8 8.1 7.1 9.1 8.9 9.0 67 2006

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(27—53) + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] 185.7 10.7 10.5 13.9 -3.8 -0.7 -4.5 -4.4 -4.5 -4.7 -4.2 6.2 5.9 5.6 8.8 5.9 1.3 2.0 -4 0 1,600.11 2,453.29 [’000] Total Total Total 276.16 178.90 853,18 11,611 11,916 [%] 6,165 97.27 16.4 25.1 21.2 305 8.5 8.8 5.8 7.3 8.9 8.9 94 2007 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] 40.3 12.4 12.3 -1.3 -3.1 -0.9 -0.4 -1.0 205 9.0 6.0 5.8 5.2 3.4 3.6 0.0 7.7 3.5 5.3 3.7 1,815.62 2,606.85 [’000] Total Total Total 284.81 791.23 192.05 12,056 12,370 [%] 6,375 92.76 15.0 25.2 20.9 314 8.3 8.5 5.3 7.0 9.5 9.2 94 2008 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] 13.5 -8.4 -3.0 -3.1 -9.1 -4.6 -4.6 -7.3 -1.4 3.1 0.3 3.4 6.2 2.8 7.4 3.8 3.8 6.3 0 3 1,841.26 2,391.09 [’000] Total Total Total 241.31 180.98 12,492 12,793 549.83 [%] 6,577 60.33 14.6 27.8 10.2 23.0 301 8.7 9.1 4.6 7.1 9.9 94 2009 14.3.2018 20:25:25 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] -15.3 -11.5 -30.5

10.3 10.0 -3.0 -4.1 -5.8 -8.3 -35 3.2 4.8 6.8 7.6 2.3 8.3 1.4 3.6 3.4 0 1,934.98 2,490.04 [’000] Total Total Total 259,51 194.71 11,707 12,021 555.06 [%] 6,114 64.80 29.5 14.6 24.0 314 9.4 8.6 9.9 4.9 7.6 9.6 2010 94 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] -6.0 -2.3 -3.2 -6.3 7.5 6.1 0.0 8.5 4.3 5.1 7.2 7.4 5.1 7.6 1.0 4.1 4.4 -7 -6 0 1,890.64 2,412.11 [’000] Total Total Total 261.52 11,481 196.09 11,795 521.47 [%] 6,003 65.43 29.1 12.9 22.9 314 9.3 8.0 9.6 4.5 7.3 9.2 89 2011 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] -11.4 -5.3 -1.2 -1.8 -1.4 -7.0 -3.0 -8.3 -4.3 -3.9 -2.3 -1.9 -6.1 -3.1 -1.9 -4.6 0.8 1.0 0.7 0 1,858.32 2,381.60 [’000] Total Total Total 256.38 11,558 194.50 523.28 11,841 [%] 6,101 61.88 27.3 12.8 21.8 100 283 8.7 8.5 9.6 4.1 6.8 9.3 2012 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] 12.4 -2.0 -6.3 -1.2 -9.9 -6.8 -0.9 -9.6 -7.2 -5.4 -1.7 -0.8 -1.3 -4.7 1.6 6.1 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.4 1,978.34 2,547.51 [’000] Total Total Total 278.43 12,069 210.31 569.17 12,302 [%] 6,346 68.12 29.1 13.9 23.4 101 233 9.4 8.4 9.4 4.5 7.4 9.1 2013 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] -17.7 10.1 10.1 -1.2 -1.5 -1.5 8.6 6.5 8.8 8.1 8.6 6.5 4.4 8.8 7.0 8.1 3.9 7.0 1 4 2,067.58 2,617.21 [’000] Total Total Total 299.03 12,468 549.63 230.34 12,888 [%] 6,448 68.69 29.6 14.1 10.2 24.0 420 8.0 8.0 9.0 4.7 8.8 99 2014 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] -4.2 -4.6 -4.3 -3.4 180 7.4 1.7 1.4 1.6 9.2 8.7 0.8 4.4 3.3 4.5 9.5 4.8 2.7 2.8 -2 2,107.91 2,612.79 [’000] Total Total Total 304.98 12,699 241.70 13,142 504.87 [%] 6,622 63.27 26.7 11.3 21.2 101 443 9.3 7.0 3.7 8.0 8.7 8.6 2015 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] -19.7 -12.2 -21.3 -11.9 -9.5 -9.2 -7.9 -0.3 -2.8 -2.1 -8.1 -0.2 2.0 1.1 2.7 1.9 4.9 2.0 2 2 Appendix 1Accommodationinfrastructure,guests,visitationrateandshareofspatourisminSlovakiaselectedyears Source: StatisticalOfficeoftheSlovakRepublic(2016)– authors’ ownprocessing *average lengthofstayisevaluatedindays Slovakia share ofguests/tourists stays ofSlovakia share ofovernight share ofspatourisminSlovak average lengthofstay* stays overnight guests/tourists guests andvisitationrate beds rooms establishments number ofaccommodation accommodation infrastructure of whichinternational of whichdomestic of whichinternational of whichdomestic of whichinternational of whichdomestic of whichinternational of whichdomestic of whichinternational of whichdomestic of whichcasual of whichpermanent YEAR 1,423.92 2,277.19 [’000] Total Total Total 253.26 11,214 11,314 853.27 159.34 [%] 93.92 5,862 16.6 23.7 20.4 100 8.1 7.1 9.1 8.9 9.0 5.8 67 2006 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] 185.7 10.7 10.5 13.9 -4.5 -4.4 -4.7 -4.2 -4.5 -0.7 -3.8 5.9 6.2 1.3 5.6 8.8 5.9 2.0 -4 0 1,600.11 2,453.29 [’000] Total Total Total 276.16 853,18 11,611 11,916 178.90 [%] 6,165 97.27 25.1 16.4 21.2 305 8.5 8.8 8.9 8.9 5.8 7.3 94 2007 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] 40.3 12.3 12.4 -3.1 -0.4 -1.0 -0.9 -1.3 205 9.0 5.8 6.0 0.0 3.5 5.3 5.2 3.4 3.6 7.7 3.7 1,815.62 2,606.85 [’000] Total Total Total 284.81 791.23 12,056 12,370 192.05 [%] 6,375 92.76 25.2 15.0 20.9 314 8.5 9.5 9.2 5.3 8.3 7.0 94 2008 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] 13.5 -3.1 -9.1 -3.0 -7.3 -4.6 -4.6 -8.4 -1.4 3.1 0.3 6.2 2.8 3.8 3.8 3.4 7.4 6.3 0 3 1,841.26 2,391.09 [’000] Total Total Total 241.31 12,492 12,793 549.83 180.98 [%] 60.33 6,577 27.8 10.2 14.6 23.0 301 9.1 4.6 8.7 9.9 7.1 94 2009 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] -15.3 -11.5 -30.5 10.3 10.0 -4.1 -5.8 -3.0 -8.3 -35 6.8 7.6 3.6 3.4 4.8 8.3 2.3 3.2 1.4 0 CJT_01_2017.indd 53 1,934.98 2,490.04 [’000] Total Total Total 259,51 11,707 12,021 555.06 194.71 [%] 64.80 6,114 29.5 14.6 24.0 314 8.6 9.9 4.9 9.4 9.6 7.6 2010 94 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] -6.0 -2.3 -6.3 -3.2 7.5 5.1 6.1 8.5 1.0 7.2 7.4 4.3 7.6 0.0 5.1 4.1 4.4 -6 -7 0 1,890.64 2,412.11 [’000] Total Total Total 261.52 11,795 11,481 521.47 196.09 [%] Anton Kasagranda / Daniel Gurňák •SpaandWellnessAnton Kasagranda/DanielGurňák Tourism inSlovakia(AGeographicalAnalysis) 65.43 6,003 29.1 12.9 22.9 314 4.5 8.0 9.6 9.3 9.2 7.3 89 2011 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] -11.4 -5.3 -1.9 -8.3 -1.2 -7.0 -3.0 -1.9 -1.4 -6.1 -3.9 -4.3 -1.8 -2.3 -3.1 -4.6 0.8 1.0 0.7 0 1,858.32 2,381.60 [’000] Total Total Total 256.38 11,841 11,558 523.28 194.50 [%] 61.88 6,101 27.3 12.8 21.8 100 283 4.1 8.5 9.6 8.7 9.3 6.8 2012 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] 12.4 -2.0 -9.6 -6.3 -0.9 -6.8 -5.4 -9.9 -7.2 -0.8 -1.2 -1.7 -1.3 -4.7 0.4 6.1 0.7 0.3 0.7 1.6 1,978.34 2,547.51 [’000] Total Total Total 278.43 12,302 12,069 569.17 210.31 [%] (27—53) 68.12 6,346 29.1 13.9 23.4 101 233 8.4 4.5 9.4 9.4 9.1 7.4 2013 | + /- + /- + /- Czech JournalofTourism [%] [%] [%] -17.7 10.1 10.1 -1.2 -1.5 -1.5 8.6 3.9 4.4 6.5 8.8 8.1 8.6 8.1 8.8 6.5 7.0 7.0 1 4 2,067.58 2,617.21 [’000] Total Total Total 299.03 12,888 12,468 549.63 230.34 [%] 68.69 6,448 29.6 10.2 14.1 24.0 420 8.0 4.7 9.0 8.8 8.0 99 2014 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] -4.2 -4.6 -3.4 -4.3 180 7.4 4.8 3.3 4.4 1.7 9.2 0.8 1.6 9.5 8.7 1.4 4.5 2.7 2.8 -2 2,107.91 2,612.79 [’000] Total Total Total 304.98 13,142 12,699 504.87 241.70 [%] 63.27 6,622 26.7 11.3 21.2 101 443 8.0 3.7 8.7 9.3 8.6 7.0 01 /2017 2015 + /- + /- + /- [%] [%] [%] -21.3 -12.2 -19.7 -11.9 -0.3 -8.1 -9.5 -2.8 -9.2 -2.1 -7.9 -0.2 2.0 1.9 1.1 2.7 4.9 2.0

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