The NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

OCTOBER, 1945 The American Horticultural Society

PRESENT ROLL OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS April,1945

OFFICERS President, Major David V. Lumsden, U. S. Army First Vice-President, Mr. Wilbur H. Youngman, Washington, D. C. Second Vice-President, Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss, Washington, D. C. Secretary, Dr. V. T. Stoutemyer, Washingtan, D. C. Treasurer, Mr. J. Marion Shull, Washington, D. C. DIRECTORS Terms E.,;piring 1946 Terms Expiring 1947 Mrs. Walter Douglas, Chauncey, N. Y. Mrs. Robert Fife, New York, N. Y. Mrs. J. Norman Henry, Gladwyne, Pa. Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, Peekskill, N. Y. Mrs. Oement S. Houghton, Chestnut Hill, Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Washington, D. C. Mass. Mr. Kenyon Reynolds, Pasadena, Calif. Dr. E. J. Kraus, Chicago, Ill. Dr. Donald Wyman, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott, Media, Pa. HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Mr. Arthur E. Nelson, Pres., Mr. Arthur Hunt Osmum, Pres., American Begonia Society, American Rock Garden Society. S06 Leroy Ave., 57 Sandford Ave., Arcadia, Calif. Plainfield, N. J. Mr. Harry L. Erdman, Pres., Mr. Thomas J. Newbill, Pres., American Rose Society, American Delphinium Society, Hershey, Pennsylvania 234 S. Brainard Ave., Mr'. Wm. T. Marshall, Pres. Emeritus, La Grange, Illinois Cactus & Succulent Society of America, 327 North Ave., 61 Mr. C. A. Weatherby, Pres., Los Angeles, Calif. American Fern Society, Mr. James H. Porter, Pres., 27 Raymond St., Camellia Society of America Cambridge, Mass. Macon, Ga. Mr. Jesse E. Wills, Pres., Mrs. John H: Cunningham, Pres., American Iris Society, Herb Society of America, S3 Seaver St. National Bldg., Brookline, Mass. Nashville, Tenn. Mr. Frank K. Balthis, Pres., Mr. George W . Peyton, Pres., Midwest Horticultural Society, American Peony Society, 3260 Maypole Ave., Rapidan, Va. Chicago, Ill.

SOCIETIES AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1944 Akron Garden Center, California Garden Oubs, Inc., 226 South Main St., Mrs. J. A. Simmington, Akron, Ohio 870 Chida Vista Ave., American Amaryllis Society, Pasadena, Calif. Mr. L. S. Hannibal, Secy., California Horticultural Society, Concord, Calif. Miss Cora R. Brandt, Secretary, 300 Montgomery St., American Fuchia Society, San Francisco, Calif. Headquarters: Calif. Acad. of Sciences, Chestnut Hill Garden Oub, Golden Gate Park, Mrs. Bryan S. Perman, Treas., San Francisco, Calif. 41 Crafts Rd., Arlington County Garden Oub, Chestnut Hill, Mass. Miss Eleanor Swain, Secy., Canadian Lily Society, 4712 N. 32nd St., % Mr. Arthur Pfeiffer, Country Oub Hills, 520 Duke St., Preston, Ontario Arlington, Va. Chevy Chase (D. C.) Garden Oub, Bristow Garden Oub, Mrs. Perley G. Nutting, Pres., Mrs. R. L. Jones, Pres., 3216 Oliver St., Box 660, Bristow, Okla. Chevy Chase, D. C.

PubUcatioll Ofllee. 82nd St. and Elm A?e.• Baltimore. Md. Entered a8 _nd·ela.. matter J_1Ial'J 27. 1932. a' the Pon Ofllee a' Baltimore. Ild .. under the Aet of Au~.' 24.. 1912. Chevy Chase (Md.) Garden Club, Longmont Garden aub, Mrs. Frederick 'vV. Conl1o.\ly, Pres., Callahan House, Terry St .. 4437 Reservoir Rd., Longmont, Colo. Washington, D. C. Men's Garden Club of Phoenix, Chicago Horticultural Society, Mr. Maurice J . Bradford. Pre~ .. 135 So. La Salle St., Rt. 1, Box 826, Ohicago 3, Ill. Phoenix, Ariz. Community Garden Club of Bethesda. Michigan Horticultural Society, Mrs. Arnold Burr, Horticultural Bldg., Bell's Mill Road, East Lansing, Mich. Rockville, Md. Dallas Garden Club (Founders' Group), Midwest Horticultural Society, Mrs. Sam B. Dickinson, 100 North Central Park Blvd .. 1218 N. Clinton, Chicago 24, Illinois Dallas 8, Texas Northern Nut Growers Assn., Elmira Garden Club, Mr. Carl Weschcke, Pres., Miss Mida D. Smith, Secy., 96 S. Wabash St., 743 W. Clinton St., Elmira, N. Y. St. Paul. Minn. Fauquier & Loudon Garden Club, N.R Garden Club, Mrs. N. H. Morison, Pres., Miss Essie K. Hurff, Hort. Com., Middl eburg, Va. Suffolk, Va. Federated G.c. of Cincinnati and Vicinity. Ohio As~ociation 'of Garden Clubs. Mrs. Charles Bosworth, Pres., Mr. Victor Ries. 2425 Inglesi de Place, Ohio State University, Cincinnati, Ohio Columbus. Ohio. Forest Hills Garden Club, Rock Garden Society of Ohio. Mrs. Richard V. Mattingly, Pres .. Mrs. Frank Garry, Librarian. 3701 Cumberland St., N. W .. :Montg.omery Station Post Office. Washington. D. C. Montgomery, Ohio Fort Belvoir Garden Club, Mrs. James N. O'Neil, Pres., Takoma Horticultural Club, Fort Belvoir, Va. . Mr. J. Mark Albertson, Pres., Garden Center of Greater Cincinnati, 606 Aspen St., N. W., Walnut and Central Parkway, Washington, D. C. Cincinnati 10, Ohio The Pittsburgh Garden Center. Garden Center of Greater Cleveland. Schenley Park, East Boulevard at Euclid Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. Cleveland 6, Ohio The San Francisco Garden Club, Garden Center Institute of Buffalo, Room 133, Fairmont Hotel, 1500 Elmwood Ave., San Francisco 6, Calif. Buffalo 7, N. Y. The Vq.lley Garden Center. Garden Center, 2700 N. 15th Ave., Youngstown Public Library. Phoenix. Ariz. Youngstown 3, Ohio The Trowel Club, Garden Club of Alexandria, Mrs. Robert M. Hinckley. Mrs. J as. Sherier, Pres., 4655 Garfield St., N. W .. 725 Kingstreet Road, Washington, D. C. Alexandria, Va. Garden Club of Fairfax, Tulsa Garden Club, Mrs. Craig Hunter, Treas., Mrs. Al1en Henry, Pres., Vienna, Va. 1301 South Yale, Garden Club of Virginia, Tulsa 4, Okla. Mrs. Louis N. Dibrell, Pres .. Twin Falls Garden Club, 124 Broad St.. Mrs. R. C. Scott, Treas., Danville, Va. Twin Falls, Idaho Garden Club of Morristown, Wayside Garden Club, Miss M. L. G. Halsted, Pres., Mrs. S. M. Sisley, Pres., Morristown, N. ]. 2224 S. Indianapolis. Georgetown Garden Club, Tulsa, Okla. Mrs. Ca rroll Greenough, Pres., Washington Garden Club, 1408 31st St.. N . W., Mrs. Fred E. Evans, Pres., Washington, D. C. 3811 T St., N. W., Greeley Garden Club, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Asa T. Jones, Jr., Woodlawn Garden Club. 1703-11th Ave .. ·Mrs. A. H. Schwichtenberg, Secy., Greeley, Colo. 4845 N. 16th St., Home Garden Club of Denver, Arlington, Va. Mrs. William P. Mellen, Pres .. 4864 Tennyson St., Woodridge Garden Club. Denver. Colo. Mrs. W. Wylie Giffen, Tndian Head Garden Club, 1612 Kearny St., N. E., Mrs. Frank A. Bolton, Pres., Washington, D. C. Pomonkey. Mil. \Vorcester Co unty Horticul tural Society, I. B. M. Country Club. 30 Elm Street, RR No.2, Johnson City, N . Y. Worcester, Mass. [i] The National Horticultural Ma.gazine

Vol. 24 Copyright, 1945, by THE A .">:I

OCTOBER, 1945

CONTENTS

PAGE The Great Swedish Botanist-Linnaeus. EvVERT ABERG ______251

Disease-Resistant and Hardy Varieties of Vegetables, Part IV. VICTOR R. Bos WELL ______,______268

Bamboos for American Horticulture, Part II. ' ROBERT A. YOUNG ______274

Rock Garden Notes: Two Colorado Ferns. KATHLEEN MARRIAGE ______292 A Dissertation on Rock Garden A nnuals. VIOLET NILES VI/ ALKER______292 L ily Notes: Success with L. iap017icum. RALPH M. VI/ ARNER ______297 Sulphureum Lily Not Reliably Hardy. EDWIN C POWELL .______300 A Book or Two ______301

The Gardener's Pocketbook: F r om the M idwest Horticultural Society: C ercis ca11ade1Qsis alba. ELDRED E . GRIi:EN ______303

K erria iapo1 01ica. ELDRED E . GREEN ______303 Deutzia gracilis. ELDRED E. GREE N -----r------______303 F ive-'e aved aralia. ELDRED E . G REE N______'______304 Ramtl1Culus cooleyae. SARAH V . COOMBS ______304 An Annual Report. OLGA ROLF TIEMANN______._ _. 305 C ornus lwusa. VI/. B . CLARKE.. ______. ___ ... __ 308 ZoJ/s oia 111at1'ella. ELEANOR H ILL ______.__ 308

C or nus florida ------______~ ______310 Cot 0 n eas t e1' salici f 0l ia ______312 \ Van ted ------______314

I Index to Volume 24 ------______315

Publi ~ h e d qua rte rly by The Amer ica n H orticultur al Societ,·. Publication offi ce. 32nd St. and E lm Ave .. Balt imore., Md. EdItOrial offi c'e. Room 821. \Y ashington Loan a nd Tl'us t Building, Washington. D. C. ContributIOns from all memher s are cordially invited a nd shou ld be sent to the Editorial office. A .s ub ~cription to the magazine is in cluded in the annual du es to all membel'S; to non-m embers the pl'lce IS seventy·five cents a copy. three doll ars a year. [i ij Lillllae !fs in his Lapla.nd dress at th e ti11H' of his travel to Lapland in 1732. •

The Great Swedish Botanist .. Linnaeus¥

EWERT ABERG Ag1'icl,£lt~tml Callege, U ppsala, Sweden It seems very appropriate to speak moved to Stenbrohult. This was there­ on Linnaeus on the first day of May. fore the place where Linnaeus spent May is the .spring month in Sweden his first years. I mentioned that Lin­ and the first of May is celebrated as the naeus got his Christian name after first spring day by school children, uni­ Carl XII and this carries us to the his­ versity and college students, and by toric times I wanted to discuss. It was people in general. In fact, the first of in 1709 that the Swedes lost the battle May is a legal holiday in Sweden, and at Poltava to the Russians, which is has been fof- several years. The uni­ considered as signi fical1't of the loss of versities and colleges, especially, cele­ the Swedish power in eastern Europe brate the arrival of spring, starting and the start of the Russian power in April 30, when the students, as well as that area. It was later, in 1718, that the professors, put on the white sum­ Carl XII was killed at FredrikshaI.d in mer student caps. Consequently, on Norway and Sweden's great influence May 1 any university town is filled in European affairs was lost. This all with students wearing snow white caps happened while Linnaeus grew up; and and, naturally also, of girls in cheerful when he had reached the age that he spring dresses. Everything looks like was starting hi s university studies, and spring. All this will tell us one thing: also later during his life, the Swedish l\-1ay is the month of spring, of flowers, government and many of the provincial and of hope for the coming pleasant governors had a viewpoint on future part of the year, the summer. developments in Sweden' that can be Then if we look back to Linnaeus, summarized in the words "regain with­ we find that he was born in May in in the Swedish boundaries what was SmaJand, in southern Sweden, which lost through the wars." The Swedes probably is the loveliest part of the were at ·that time tired of wars and country at this particular time of year. this resulted in an. increased interest in It can almost be said that he was born education, science, fa,rming, and indus­ "with flowers in his hands" and we try. In a way, Linnaens started out will soon :find more reasons for this under conditions similar to those under statement. which many men all ovgr the world will But to get the story complete and to have to start after the present conflict be able to understand some later devel­ is over. Maybe he could serve as an opments in Linnaeus's life, it will pay example of what men with energy, abil­ to look on the history of the period ity, and love for their profession and when he was born and lived. He was country can do. born on May 23, 1707 in Rashult, In short this was the political situa­ Smaland, and was on May 29 christ­ tion during the period when Linnaeus ened as "Carl" for ,the Swedish king, grew up and worked in Sweden. Carl XII. His father was then a minis­ What was the more intimate envi­ ter in the Lutheran church in Stenbro­ ronment in which he grew up? The hult and after a few years the family opinions on this may differ widely. He grew up in a clergyman's home; his * Address at the Annual Dinner Meeting of the mother was the daughter of a minister, Botanical Society of 'Vashington, Washington, D. C., May 1, 19~5 . and only 18 years old when he was [2511 252 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945

U ppsa,za fro11~ the air shoi~ling: a, Liwnaeus' house; b, his botanical ga1' de1~; c, the Uppsala Ca·thedml whe1'e Lin.nae~~s is btwied. (Afte1' pho:to by Liljeqvist, Atm­ qu.ist and Coster, HiiZsingborg, Sweden). I born. It has often been pointed out death. Samuel Linnaeus was the only that Linnaeus grew up under very poor brother of Carl Linnaeus and a minis­ conditions. Possibly he did, because ter in the same community where Lin­ Sweden as a whole was poor after the naeus's father had served. It is evi­ terrific wars in the beginning of the dent from this letter that Liunaeus's 18th century. It should be remem­ father had been very much interested bered, however, that he did not belong in flowers, particularly ornamentals. to the very poor group of Swedish peo­ Now it happens to be common in Swe­ ple, if so he never would have had a den for every home to have its own chance to get through schools and uni­ garden. At th@ present time it is quite versities at that time. Thus it is clearly ,the pride of the owner of such a gar­ evident that Linnaeus had a fair chance den to have abundant flowers from from .the beginning, and I am sure he early spring to late fall. This might not had more than that insofar as the edu­ have been CO'lil1mOn in the 18th century, cation in his home was concerned. He but app3rently it was practiced by the grew up in an environment where nobility and clergymen. clergymen, high school teachers, and There are many stories about how men of the nobility visited. His family early Linnaeus's father started to PUtt tra:ced back to earlier families that had Howers in the hands of the baby and shown intelligence and energy in their how he used to put the baby out on the professions. grass giving him flowers to play with. About hi s early years, quite a little How much of this is true is of course emphasis should be placed on the con­ hard to tell, ,but undoubtedly it is true tent of a letter wfi.tten by Samuel Lin­ that flowers were among Linnaeus's naeus immediately after Carl Linnaeus's earliest toys; and that they remained •

Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 253

f./ (J RTI llpS .4LIENSlS PROSPECTUS.

Plan of the botanical garden in Uppsala during Lil/l1a eUS' time. (From Linne­ N a.ucter; H 01'tUS U psalienses, 1745). his toys for years. The region where Linl/aeus borealis, the genus named in he was born. almost on the shores of his honor. These few examples illus­ one of the finest lakes in South Swe­ trate what I mean when I say that den, is characterized by a rich native Linnaeus grew up in what we might flora. The area is just 011 the border call a natural botanical garden in South line between the plains in southern Sweden. Sweden and the hilly and mountainous Linnaeus's father kept up his inter­ region to the north. The hills are cov­ est in ornamentals and while Carl ered with evergreens, the cultivated grew up, he apparently impressed on fields and the pastures are broken by him his viewpoints. He took Carl with small hummocks, where birch, beech, him into the garden to help and he oaks, linden, and hazel shrubs occur gave him certain sections of the garden together; and where species of C o17val­ to take care of. When Linnaeus had la4'ia, Viola, and numerous genera and to leave his home at 10 years of age to species of the family Ranu,ncula,ceae are go to school in Viixjo, his knowledge abundant. Likewise Anuca 11!('ontana of plants and his interest in them and species of E1·ica and Vacciniu111 are brought him in close contact with the common. Lake Mockeln, just beside principal of the school he attended, a Linnaeus's home, has plenty of vegeta­ Mr. Lannaerus. It also brought him tion· along its shores. Such rare spe­ in contact with a friend of the princi­ cies as Lobel·ia d01't7'1W-11 ·nia, Elatine hy­ pal, a medical doctor, Dr. Rothman. dropiper, Plal/tago 11wnanthos are These two men encouraged Linnaeus found ,there. On Linnaeus's play­ to further deepen his ,l

200 years after he h,red, it is also clear tion of plants and animals and a good that some of the qualifications that library and Linnaeus certainly used later made him the great man in botany them. Also during the time Linnaeus already now were noticeable. It has was in Lund he made excursions to the been said by someone that Linnaeus's areas around Lund and there are many extremely pleasant personali ty seems profitable places to go to. Lund is my to have opened all hearts and money own -high school town and part of my deposits for him. His personality was university courses in botany were taken already apparent when he came to there. In fact I lived only 6 miles fr0111 school in Viixjo, otherwise the school the town for a-bout 20 years. There principal and the medical doctor would are some very good localities for study­ not have spent so much time with him. ing the flora of South Sweden at During his school years in Viixjo, Kungsiingen (meaning the King's pas­ Linnaeus was facing the problem how ture) and in Dalby hage (meaning the to get over to his parents that he was hummock at Dalby). The latter is now not going to be a · clergyman as they a national park. Linnaeus did not lose so badly wanted him to be. He got the the oppol'tunity to compare the flora opportunity once at his home in Sten­ around Lund wi th that around his brohult .when he was with his father home about 100 miles to the north. who had just been in a discussion with But as Linnaeus did not ,find 111 some friends and then had stated: Lund the botany courses he wanted to "What one has a desire to do always take, he decided, after conferring with happens and ,then is a success." When his old friend from his high school the party had left Linnaeus remihded days, Dr. Rothman, to start in at Uni­ his father about this statement and 'versity of Uppsala in 1728. It showed Cbdded : "Then do not ask me to become a real determination to learn when he a clergyman." His father, very aston­ decided to make this shift. In Uppsala, islied, asked: "What do you want to there was a botanical garden that 010f be?" The answer was: "I want to study Rudbeck, Sr., had started in 1654 to botany and medicine." His father told 1657. He cared for it until his death him of the expense for such an educa­ in 1702 and then it came under the tion and about the financial difficulties supervision of his son, Olof Rudbeck, of the family but got the following sig­ Jr. , who was the professor of botany nificant reply: "If I have the same suc­ when Linnaeus came ·to U ppsala. It is cess as I have desire, then there will interesting to note that also in Uppsala always be means." Of course the young there were very few courses or lec­ Linnaeus won and consequently he tures that Linnaeus could-follow when went to the univeristy -to study botany he first came there. But he spent that and medicine in 1727. He first went much more time in studying in the to the University of Lund. There he University library and in the botanical did not find the good teachers in bot­ garden. Apparently his first years at any and medicine that he had hoped to Uppsala were rather hard on him find but nevertheless his stay in Lund financially, but his personality, intell i­ was far from a loss. By arrangements gence, and energy again helped him of friends of his he got to live in the out. Example of his energy is that in house of a medical doctor, Dr. Kilian 1729 he went to Stockholm to follow Stobaeus, a man that Linnaeus wanted lectures in medicine to supplement to learn from. And apparently he did. what he could get in Uppsala. Few . This Dr. Stobaeus had. a good collec- students during the 18th century would Oct .. 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 255

have done this, with the poor transpor­ this, but used in his first edition Tour­ tation system that existed then. In nefort's system of nomenclature. How­ our day, the trip to Stockholm is made ever, in his second edition he put his in SO minutes but Linnaeus surely did own system into use. This was in not make it in that time. July 1730. He kept on editing his list The incident that finally got Lin­ and in May 1731, one of his editions naeus going in Uppsala seems quite re­ "Adonis U plandicus" was praised very markable and a round about way to get highly by the Royal Scienti.fic Society. the attention of the person that ought In fact this was the outline to what be­ to have found Linnaeus much earlier. came Linnaeus's famous sexual system It was because of Linnaeus acquaint­ of plant classification. It is remarkable ance with Dr. Celsius, then Bishop at to find that it was prepared when Lin­ the Uppsala Cathedral, that Linnaeus's naeus was only 24 years old and still knowledge of plants was brought to a student. attention of Olof Rudbeck, Jr. Lin­ His future success depended on a naeus is said to have met Dr. Celsius number of incidents, possibly planned in the botanical garden in Uppsala in by himself. At the age of 24, Linnaeus the spring of 1729, while Dr. Celsius, had, at a time when traveling was diffi­ who himself 'was very much interested cult, seen the floras of SmaJand, where in botany, was studying the plants he was born, and of Skane and Upp­ there. nr. Celsius was very much im­ land, where he had gone to school. He pressed by Linnaeus's knowledge of had followed the ideas that prevailed in plants. Later on a paper on the propa­ the botany departments two Swedish gation of plants, based on ideas which universItIes. Apparently he had real­ to Linnaeus sounded very antiquated ized that what he now needed was to was being discussed in Uppsala. Lin­ see more. He was correct. University naeus wrote in this connection a paper studies are all right but they are ten of his own on the subject and gave it to times more valuable if they are com­ Dr. Celsius as aNew Year's gift. It bined with traveling in other parts of aroused quite a sensation in Uppsala; it the world. That was true during the was duplicated and distributed among 18th century, and it is likewise true the students. One copy was brought today. to the meeting of the R-oyal Scientific Possibly I shoul,d point out the length Society in April 1730 and there a de­ of Sweden from north to south and sire was expressed to have it published. also indicates how far north Sweden is Linnaeus himself labeled the paper in located. Uppsala is about on the 60th 1729 as "Praeludia Sponsaliorum Plan­ parallel, which means that the extreme tarum." The ti·tle is in Latin but the southern part of Sweden is on the same· paper was written in Swedish. What parallel as the southern parts of Hud­ he brought out was actually the start son Bay in Canada. Ge> 1,000 miles to our present knowledge of pollina­ north from there and you are in Lap­ tion and seedset in plants. land, the northern most of the provinces This paper helped to give Linnaeus of Sweden. Southern Sweden has a position at the University and he lands only a few feet above sea level, started to give courses in botany to re­ northern Sweden has mountains of lieve Professor Rudbeck from some of about 7,000 feet. To any botanist, it his duties. He ,'Vas asked by his listen­ is clear that Sweden has a greatly va­ ers to prepare a list of the plants in the ried flora and that the northern sections botanical garden in Uppsala. He did have many plants new to a botanist 256 THE NATIONAL H ORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. , 1945

Linnaeus' botanical ga1'den as j:t looks today. (After photo b'), S venska Linl1e­ Siillskapet, U ppsala, S weden) . from southern or middle Sweden. This like our own when it comes to reaching was exactly what made Linnaeus ask decisions. Linnaeus had to file a sec­ for money from the Royal Scientific ond application and then got the money Society in U ppsala at the end of 1731 to go. in order to go to Lapland. Some of H e left U ppsala May 12, 1732. the arguments he used in his applica­ About that day, he wrote in his diary tion are of special interest. Of course approximately as follows : " It is a beau­ he poin ted out the need fo r studying a ti ful spring day, the sky is clear; it is section of Sweden that was practi call y warm, and there is a gentle west wind, 11n know n, as fa r as nature was C011- The winter rye is about one foot tall cerned, but he added, for example, that and the barley has developed its first he was yo ung and could run up and leaf. Few fl owers are out as yet but down the mountains, that he was un­ they are starting." Linnaeus went on married and therefore di d not have to horseback and passed through several worry about child ren losing their sup­ provinces on his way north. Several po rt, should he ,be lost. Linnaeus put times on hi s trip north he ran into win­ in hi s appli cation in December 1731 , ter "ieather. After two weeks he went home the same month to visit his reached Lapland. He came in time to parents and went to the U ni yersity of experience the spring fl oods and had Lund fo r a short time. With the en­ some rather bad adventl11'es but he did thusiasm and ambition he had, he was not give up. While he was caught by sure to have a decision on his appli ca­ these spring fl oods, he learned that the tion when he returned to Uppsala in Laps had to go to church regularly April 1732. But he was greatly di sap­ and if they did not go they were penal­ pointed to find that nothing had been ized. T his Linnaeus thought was too done. Scienti fic societies during the hard on them because many times they 18th century were evi,dently very 111uch had to make dangerous ri ver crossings Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 257

The pond ,in L il'l.11aeus' botanical garden. (After photo by Svel1ska Lil111.c--Sii1!s­ knpet, U ppsaln, Sweden).

to reach the church. Linnaeus fo llowed Botnia in what now is Finland. The the life of the Laps closely and although last was .the one that a person like Lin­ one of them once sent a bullet after naeus would choose as it would give him he apparently loved them. Besides him opportunities to see and learn looking at the Laps he also looked at something new. On October 10, he the girls, as he mentions in his diary was back in Uppsala. His trip to Lap­ an 18 year old Sara Rasch, who was land had been an adventurous one, but the beautiful daughter of the minister it had given him, beside the experi ence, in Rorstad. Apparently he 'left her in new and good recommendations. The Rorstad, however, as he pi cked up an­ trip was menti oned in scientific jour­ other Sara on another trip elsewhere. nals outside of Sweden and it was men­ The way Linnaeus traveled through ti oned in detail in the records of the Lapland, gave him good chances to Royal Scientific Society. Linnaeus re­ study fl owers and animals, geological ported on fl owers, minerals, and birds; formations and li fe in general. He went on ten different kinds of bread substi­ on horseback, on foot ,and in boats on tutes; on 16 ,different kinds of milk; the rivers; he passed over lowlands on the cattle death in the Torne valley, and mountain s and it is evident that etc. Most important is of course his he was more impressed by the enorm­ botanical observations. Some of these ous wealth of fl owers on the mountai n were published in 1732 but the bulk of slopes than by anything el se . them was published in hi s Flora Lap­ The trip took Linnaeus the whole ponica in 1737. summer and when he was ready to re­ For Linnaeus himself the trip was a turn to Uppsala he could follow the very good education ; as to his financial same road he had taken when he ca me situation, it brought him into difficul­ up; he could go by boat or he could ti es. But he continued hi s studies at tra vel on the eastern side of the Gulf of the University of Uppsala even if he 258 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945 did not get very much of a chance to the following. Close to Rattvik there take part in courses during that time was a tree supposed to have flowers simply because there were practically only whe1') changes in the leadership no courses in botany or medicine to of the nation were coming. It was said take. There were two profess

Ae1-ial photo of Linne's Ha1111'luwby. (After photo bjl Costa Gustafssoll.) of nature to sit inside and listen pa­ his stay in Holland and during his tiently to 14 hymns during one Sunday. trips to England and France before he He intended to go to Hardivijk in Hol­ returned to Sweden, would mean more land and arrived there on June 6. How than anyone else for his future. He university studies were handled at that was Dr. Georg Clifford in Hartecamp. time is illustrated by the following: Dr. Clifford had at Hartecamp a large Qn June 7, he had a general examina­ gar·den with numerous foreign plants. tion in medicine and he was found to Linnaeus was offered the opportunity be so good that he was the same day to stay with Dr. Clifford at Hartecal11p given a Bachelor of Medicine degree. and he remained there most of the time He had prepared his thesis in Sweden, that he was in Holland. The way he and after it was examined and printed, came there is quite amusing. He had, Linnaeus defended it on June 24 and before he met Dr. Clifford, promised to that same day obtained his Doctor of help a Mr. Johan Burman in A.l11ster­ Medicine degree. dam with a plant collection of his. Bur­ After this, he intended to return to man did not want to let Linnaeus go Sweden but it did not turn out that but during a visit Burman made to way. He remained with a person who, Clifford's house, he became very in­ among all the friends he made during terested in a ·book by Hans Sloane on 260 THE NATIOl AL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945 a voyage to Madera, Barbados and Academy of Science there in 1739. ome other islands. Dr. Clifford said which Academy by the way. is still ac­ I haye two copies of that book, you tive. He did not forget hi s science for can have one if I can have Linnaeus. his more practical phase of life, the The result was that Linnaeus was practice of medicine. There were peo­ traded for a copy of a book. ple who wanted him back at Uppsala. During his time at Hartecamp, Lin­ However, the two old professors in naeus had the opportunity of getting to botany and medicine qid not want to know tropical and oriental plants he make room for younger men; there was had not se,=n before. Based on these apparently the same difficulty for young plants, he wrote, during hi s stay there, scientists in the 18th century as in our the important publication "Hortus Clif­ day. However, · Professor Ruelbeck fortianus," . and he had several of his died in 1740 and Professor Roberg earlier manuscripts published also. finally resigned in 1741. On lVlay 5, Among these were his " Flora Lap­ 1741 , Linnaeus was appointed profes­ ponica" and "Genera P lantarum," both sor at the University of Uppsala to take published in 1737. the place of Professor Roberg. As "it \-Vhen Linnaeus finally left Holland, later ,developed, he instead took over he did that by turning down several the botanical garden and the responsi­ offers for good positions. Linnaeus bilities that had been Professor Rud­ had gone abroad to get a medical doc­ beck's. tor's degree, he had obtained this in a In 1739 Linnnaeus was married to remarkably short time and had, besides, Sara Moraea from Falun in Dalecarlia. won fame on hi s contributions in bot­ She had patiently waited for him all any. On hi s sexual system of plant the years he had been in Hollal~d. Be­ classi ncation. he had received hardly fore Linnaeus moved to Uppsala, his anything but compliments and favor­ son, Carl Linnaeus, Jr., later his suc­ able support. One of the few criticisms cessor as professor in botany in" U pp­ of hi s system is worth mentioning. It sala. was born on January 20. 1741. came from J. G. Siegesbeck in St. The first and hardest part of Lin­ Petersburg in Russia. who argued tha,t naeus's li fe ended with his appointment Goel would not have all owed that sev­ as professor at U ppsala, and his later eral men ( the anthers) could have a years were characterized by the experi­ common wife (the stigma) or, like the enced man's way of handling and solv­ case in C017lpositae, that the men ing problems. It can not be denied should. beside the legal wife, have oth­ that Linnaeus had an unusual experi­ er wiYes also. Such a system could ence during the first part of his life not. without causing embarrassment, when he actually had to fight for hIS be presented to the young students. existence. a fight tha,t was, however. That was Russia 200 years aao. eased very much through his sympa­ It seems that Linnaeus hould have thetic nature and great intelligence. On been given a position i 11 botany at the the borderline to his new life in Upp­ University of Uppsala when he re­ sala came three more travels inside turned .to Sweden. But instead he had Sweden, which he made a,t government to practice medicine in Stockholm from expense, having been asked by . the 1738 to 1741. He did not, however, Swedish Parliament to undertake. The waste his time as he obtained numerous first one he made to Oland and Got­ influential friends in Stockholm and he land in 1741 , the second one to Vaster­ had a hand in starting the Slyedish gotland in 1746, and the third to Oct., IY45 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL :-ifAGAZr:-,rE 26 1

Lil1'170f1,fS' bed1'001'/l. on his fa1'1n at H G11Hllarby. (Aftn photo by E. F£nll).

Skane in 1749. The trips to b land the University of Uppsala shoul d be and Gotland and to Vastergotland were outstanding. A nd they proved to be. undertaken to find dye plants and med­ One of Linnaeus's first arrangements ical plants and to study the soi l. The for the botanical garden in Uppsala tri·p to Skane was made to find cal­ was to secure the services of NIr. D. cium deposits and certain woods. Also N ietzel as a gardener. Mr. Nietzel the economic plants should be studied had had experience in several gardens as should plants of purely botanical in Germany and England and came to interest. It is very noticeable that Lin­ Uppsala from Dr. Cli fford's garden in naeus during these trips paid v~ r y Hartecamp in Holland. Linnaeus also great attention to economic plants obtained new greenhouses and more although he did not forget other plants. land, and he rearranged the plan of the He was, for example, ,'ery much garden. Then came the question of pleased to find such an abundance of geHing more new plants introduced. orchids in the pastures on bland; he He wrote hi s friends abroad and re­ was very happy when he found C 01'0 - ceived very good help from them. He nilla Emen~s on Gotland, as be did not obtained material from Sweden that he expect this plant to grow wild in Swe­ did not have before and in a couple of den. Altogether, on these trips, he years the number of plants had in­ found 130 plants that had not been creased from about 200 species to found in Sweden before. more than 3,000. And it continued These three trips were the last that this way. From all over the world, Linnaeus made; and with all the back­ seeds and herbarium specimens were ground he now had, it could be ex­ sent to him. Linnaeus himself said pected that hi s services as professor at once that a t remendous correspondence 262 THE NATIONAL HORTI CULTURAL MAGAZI NE Oct. , 1945 had brought to his botanical garden stairs, one of them with wallpaper ~ h a t seeds from far off countries like Si­ was nothing but drawn plants from the beri a. Canada, and India. In 1771 , a W est and East Indies, and the other, collecti,on of seeds from Siberia was hi s bedroom, that had painted fl owers given to him on order by the Russian as wall papers. In 1769 he built what E mpress, Catharina II. And in the is known as the "Museum," located on same year the King of France sent him a rocky hill beside the farm houses. seeds that he had collected himself , There he kept his collecti ons, he worked T he continued fl ow of new material there duri ng hi s stay at Hammarby to the garden gave Linnaeus sati sfac­ and he gave hi s lectures from there. ti on and new impul ses fo r future plan­ In the garden around the house, he ning. I n 1748, Linnaeus published hi s planted rare plants and he started a work "Hortus Upsaliensis," whi ch is Siberian garden there in 1773 with the one of his very much used publications seeds he got from the Empress Cath­ even now, In thi s, he described all arina II. Among plants still growing the plants in the botaniGtl garden. In in the garden there at H ammarby are hi s efforts in building up the bot?- nical M e7'c1,wialis perennis, T~!liPa silvestn:s, garden , L innaeus had tremendous help Cor)ldal-is nobilis, Ca1npanula latifolia, from 1\1r. N ietzel. until Nietzel's death L iliu1'I'L Martagon, Crepis sibrica, Gal­ in 1756, After that. L innaeus was alone anthus nivalis, species of A quilegia, and until 1759, when he had hi s son ap­ M yrrhis, S e11ILpe1'vivU11'L g l o b ifen£1'1 '~, pointed as his helper in the garden. S07'b'lofS fe 'm~ica, and many others. The botanical garden that L innaeus After L innaeus's death. Hammarby built up has undergone a number of came into the hands of his daughter changes since hi s time. It is now a Sophia , later on was owned by her museum kept very much as it was dur­ daughter, and fin all y by Carl Ridder­ ing Lin naeus's time. The botani cal bjelke, who was Linnaeus's great garden of the University of Uppsala is grandson. The Swedi sh Government at present at another locati on where it bought the farm from Mr. Ridder­ was started by C P. Thunberg in 1787. bjelke in November 1879 for 30,000 In that year King Gustaf III presented Swedish crowns or about 7,500 dollars. the garden of the Uppsala Castle fo r Si nce then much effort has been put use as the 'botanical gat den of the U ni­ into reconstructing the ' farm in to a versity of Uppsala and it is still used museum to look just as it di d when for this, The plants were moved there Linnaeus lived and worked there. The from the old botanical garden soon last time I was at the farm was in May after 1787 but it was not until 1807, on 1940, when the Swedi sh Linnaean So­ the IOOth anniversary of L innaeus's ciety had its spring meeting there. It birth, that it was offi ciall y opened, is a lovely place, peaceful , filled with I n 1758 L innaeus bought two fa rms inspiration and relaxation. With its outside of U ppsala, Hammerb), and location on. the slope of a rocky hill. it Safja. Hammarby became the one we is a wonderful place for looking over remember, as it is now a museum that the fe rtile lands stretching fo r miles to wi ll always remin d us of Linnaeus. the south. Hammarby is located about 7 miles H is first lecture as professor in Upp­ southeast of Uppsala. In 1762 Li n­ sala, Linnaeus gave on November 2, naeus built a home on Hammarby for 1741 and he kept on teaching for 35 himself and his fa mily. Most luxuri­ years, that is until 1776. His lectures ous in the house were two rooms up- were always popular. His record nU111 - Oct., 1945 THE .NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 263

tinguished from other grasses , In Sweden by the fl ower having 6 petals of which every other one is attached lower than the others. It has also 6 anthers without filaments. That his lectures must have been interesting is evident as someone has said that science streamed with pleasantness from hi s lips, that he spoke with conviction and deep penetration. And that it was im­ possible to hear him without participat­ ing in hi s enthusiasm. Linnaeus apparently loved to take hi s students with him on fi eld trips. There are numerous descriptions of ex­ cursions he made around U ppsala with his students. H owever, this was only one part of his teaching. Another dealt with his advanced students and collabo·rato rs. The rtMuseu11~}) at Lil1,ne's Ha1n­ He had many of them, both Swedish m a,rby. (After photo by T. Kalen.) and foreign. The contact with the for­ eigners who came to Uppsala brought ber of students was during the spring Linnaeus new viewpoints and new semester of 1760 when he had 239 stu­ plants, herbarium specimens, as well as dents out of a total of less than 1,000 seed. Sucb material he also got through students in the entire university. It is his own Swedish students who went interesting to . see how he taught his abroad. In this way, he kept in con­ courses. They were apparently the­ tact with the plant world in places oretical observations tied in with prac­ where he himself had never bec:n . tical and economic problems. Some­ Among hi s Swedish students abroad times they were very practical. (For was Peter Kahn, who visited America example, once he gave the following in 1748 to 1751. Another student, discussion on Arundo arenaria (Psam- Fredrik Hasselquist, visited Asia Mi­ 11ta a1'ena1'ia) : Is used in Holland to nor, Egypt, and Palestine in 1749 to prevent the sand from being blown by 1752 but died on his way back to Swe­ the wind. This is the grass that has den. However, his valuable collections been recommended for use in Skane. came ,to Linnaeus' institution. Still Where it grows, the sand can not move another of Linnaeus' students, C. F. but is bl own into a bank like drifting Adler, went to the East Indies in 1748 snow. The more sand that moves into to 1749 and thi s was the way it went. the bank, the better the grass grows. Linnaeus was the teacher, he inspired O ther plants he described in a similar the students, he got them started on way. There is one description of T1'ig­ their foreign trips, he gDt continued lochin palustre: Tastes salty, is pretty support for them when they were out good for cattle because where it grows traveling and he helped them with their it thrives. It would therefore be ad­ collections after they returned to Swe­ vantageous if farmers got seed of it den. and planted it on suitable places. Dis- Some of Linnaeus' publications have 264 T H E NATIONAL H ORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945

'CAROLI LINN.tEI , . R:GJ.£ M :Tls SVKCrA: ARCKI... TRI ; MEDIC . & BOT"II. PROfESS. UPS"L: £QUfTIS "1.'1'.. Of: ST.ELLA POLARI • . nee non ACAD . 1"PER. MONSJ'EL. BEIIOL . TOLOS. UPSAL. STOCKH. Soc. & PARIS. CORt:SP.

EXHIBENTES PLANT AS RITE COGNIT AS. AD GENERA RELATAS. CUM DIFFER,i.NTIlS SPECIfICrS) No::.mlIBus. TRIVLALIllUS, SY~ ONYMIS SfLECTfS,

LOCIS N ATALIBUSt SECUND UM srSTEMA SEXUALE DIGES:t1\S. TOMUS I.

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CMl L innaeus in 1739. ( A ft er a painting by I. H. S cheffel ). Carl Limweus in 1773. (After a painting by P. Krafft, Sr .) . 266 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 19-i5 been l11entioned already and I will not try to discuss all of them. I believe I 'should mention at least two others, namely hi s "Species Plantarul11" pub­ li shed in 1753 and the fifth edition of the "Genera P lantarum" published in 175-1-. These two are the ones that are cited 111 0st often in our scienti·fic litera­ ture of today. As many of you know, it is the fonner of these, that is , the "Species Plantarum," 1753, that is designated by the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature as the start­ ing point for the nomenclature of flow­ ering plants, because it was in this tha.t the binomial system of botanical no­ menclature was established. Linnaeus' private library of 2,500 volumes and his herbarium did not stay in Sweden after his death. They are now among the possessions of the Linnean Society in London. In 1784, they were bought for 19,000 Swedish Linna e~ f.s' tomb in the U ppsala crowns or about 5,000 dollars by Sir Ca.th edral and the 1no 'n~£ment in J ames Edward Smith of Norwich. his honol' ill th e backgl'ound. There are a few herbarium specimens in Uppsala that carry Linnaeus's hand­ writing. Altogether there are supposed be said. . His wife and son, Carl Lin­ to be 83 specimens, among them several naeus, J 1'., have already been men­ species of ETica, specimens of Rhodo­ tioned. His son died very young in dendro n daU'ric~mL, of Asclepias pube­ 1783 and Linnaeus, his wife, and son sce11S, and of a few other species. are all buried in the U ppsala Cathedral. Linneaus received many honors for Linnaeus had four daughters. The hi s outstanding contributions. Among families descending from Linnaeus all them was his being knighted by the trace back to these daughters. Among King of Sweden in 1762, from which such families still living in Sweden are time he carried the name von Linne in­ the families Tullberg, Odman, Martin, s·tead of Linne or Linneaus . . Among Beskow, and Ohrn. other honors may be mentioned that The importance and meaning of all he erved as president of the U niversi ty that Linnaeus did for the botany of of U ppsala for several years. The ap­ the world will not be discussed in any pointment to president of a Swedish detail. But it may be appropriate to U ni versity, for which position one of summarize in a few words what made the outstanding professors at the 1] ni­ him so outstanding for such a long versity is selected, is even today a time. His terminology and nomencla­ great honor. ture, his system of plant classification L innaeus was very ill the last few are known not only to any botanist but year of hi s life. H e died January 10, to any eduC

tanical science of the whole world, he was a pioneer, a brilliant, ambitious and unafraid scientist; yet at the same time a sympathetic human being. He did not conquer the world by force and by the use of big wo rds, but by hi s incere, honest love of fl owers and the beauty of the world.

One sectio·1t of the present 111- REFERENCES st'dute of Taxo'No mic Bot{1tny a.t Arthur, J. Ch., A botanical shrine. Unive1's£ty of Uppsala.. (Afte'/' Scientific Monthly, Vol. 22, 1926, bhoto by GralJ'/.berg's N ya Ak- pp. 459-462. tiebola.g, Stockholm,.) Floderus, M., and Carl Forsstrand. Linne's Attlingar. Svenska Linne­ member that Linnaeus knew that his Sallskapets Arsskrift, Arg. II, system of plant classification was only 191 9, pp. 115-125. a transitional system. We know, how­ Fries, Rob. M., Linne och hembygden. ever, that it stayed with us for a long Svenska Linne-Sallskapets Arss­ time. In fact Linnaeus himself laid the krift, Arg. X, 1927, pp. 9-20. foundation for the natural systems we Fries, Rob. M., Carl von Linne, Bot. are still aiming at. J ahrbiicher fiir Systematik, Pflan­ Linnaeus published also on purely zengeschichte und Pflanzengeog­ biological problems such as happened raphie, Band 41 , 1907, pp. 1-54. in his "Politia naturae," 1760, when Fries, Th. M., Linne -- Stockholm he discussed the survival of the fittest 1903. not in the sense that Darwin did later, Gertz, 0., Archiater Carl Linnaei fore­ but rather in the way that the competi­ lasningar uti botaniquen. Botan­ tion aimed at a balance in nature so iska Notisser 1915, pp. 65-70. that the products of nature could all Juel, H. 0., Forteckning over i Upp­ live and no one could dominate at the sala forvarade herbarie-exemplar expense of the others. That is not ex­ med paskrifter av Linnes hand. actly what we think and see today, but Svenska Linne-Sallskapets Arss­ it shows another field that Linnaeus krift. Arg. XIV, 1931 , pp. 12-16. was interested in. Lindman, C. A. M., Ett besok vid Ra­ Linnaeus is supposed to have first shult, Svenska Linne-Sallskapets found the nectaries in flowers. These Arsskrift Arg. III, 1920, pp. 103- he discussed in hi s "N ectaria Florum," 116. 1762. And there were so many other Thermaenius, E., Statsinkopet av fields that interested him as can easily Linnes Hammarby. S ve n s k a be understood from all the activities Linne-Sallskapets Arsskrift Arg. he took part in during his life time. XIV, 1931 , pp. 31-40. The Swedes can rightly be proud to Virdestam, G., Kring nagra brev fran have had a botanist of the capacity of Samuel Linnaeus. Svenska Linne­ Linnaeus. For the Swedish botanical Sallskapets Arsskrift. Arg. XIV, in stitutions, he meant much; in the bo- 1931 , pp. 115-125. Disease .. Resistant and Hardy Varieties of Vegetables (C 017tinued from October, 1944) *

VICTOR R. BOSWELL Ag1'iC1l1tural Reseauh Ad117il1istmtiol1, U. S. Departme17t' of Agricultu.re

The vegetable "fruit" crops belong­ to a great many diseases which limit ing to the family Solanaceae are not their productivity although the plants numerous but they include the most may not succumb entirely to those universally popular and important veg­ troubles. etable grown in American gardens­ the tomato. Eggplant and peppers are Tomatoes the only others of importance, but they As in the instance of sweet corn, dis­ are, indeed, minor in comparison with cussed in the July, 1944 'installment of the tomato. The tomato not onl y is this series, efforts have been made for grown more extensively than any oth­ a long time to push the culture of to­ er vegetable except potatoes and sweet­ matoes farther and farther northward. potatoes but it has been the object of The plant not only is killed by the least more research and improvement effort. amount of freezing but fails to thrive As a resu}.t of these widespread and at low temperatures above freezing. continued efforts to improve it, be­ The first commercial varieties also re­ wildering numbers of varieties and quired such a long season for bearing strains have been developed, some of a profitable yield that they could not be them representing very marked ad­ grown in the short frost-free s·eason of va nces over older kinds. Far less at­ many northern districts of the United tention has been devoted ·to breeding States. Much progress has been made peppers and eggplant in America than in the past twenty years in developing to breeding tomatoes. In some regions varieties that bear relatively soon after of the Orient, however, the relative transplanting and tha-t are able to grow importance of eggplant and the tomato vigorously at temperatures that are too is just the reverse of their relationship cool for most vanetles. Generally here. speaking, these extremely early vari­ The term "hardiness" of these three eties that are adapted to the districts crops refers to their ability to with­ of short, cool, summers produce small stand generally adverse conditions and plants with sparse foliage and are defi­ heat rather than hardiness to cold. nitely less well adapted to the middk N one of them will survive any degree and southern parts of the country thall of freezing, and all are damaged by are later, larger-growing kinds. Sur­ prolonged exposure to temperature prising as it may seem in view of ex­ near freezing. Furthermore, 1110St va­ perience with some of these varieties rieties of all three are very susceptible in the United States, they have suc­ *This fourth article in the series of the above ceeded better than others when planted title originally was scheduled for preparation for the January 1.945 issu e of this magazine. Un· in certain tropical Pacific islands. fortunately, the series became a "war casualty"; Despite the frost-tenderness of the innumerable emergency tasks became too heavy to permit the writer to continue its preparation tomato and its apparent origin near the as planned. A final installment in the January 1946 issue will be the last one. equator, most varieties grown in the [268) Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 269

United States do not bear well during they are more productive than the pre­ the summer months in the warmer vious introductions in this category; parts of the country. They lack hardi­ the fruits also are better protected from ness to heat as well as to cold. This the sun by more plentiful foliage. The appears to be associated with the fact Harkness variety, developed in Can­ that although the tomato is native to ada, is alsD very early and adapted to latitudes near the equator, it came from the short, cool, seasons of areas along moderately high altitudes where the the United State s ~Canadian boundary. weather becomes neither very hot nor The Michigan Agricultural Experiment very cold. Extremely dry heat such as Station has recently introduced a small­ occurs in summer in the Great Plains growing, medium-small fruited, very and in the Southwest is particularly early variety, Early Chatham, for cool, damaging, almost enti rely preventing moist, short seasons such as prevail in fruit-set-ting for considerable periods in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. most varieties. A full realization of the Bounty has been grown in the TI'op­ " heat tenderness" of the tomato is so ics with more success than the larger, recent that far less has been to improve later sorts, presumably because it de­ its fruitfulness under southern summer velops very rapidly, sets its crop and conditions than to extend its produc­ matures it so early that there is less tivity nDrthward. time for diseases and other adversities The North Dakota Agricultural Ex­ to interfere. Although the plants are periment Station is pre-eminent in the neither long-lived nor more resistant development of earlier tomatoes adapt­ to certain diseases than those of other ed to cool, short, seasons. Beginning varieties they bear more fruit before back in 1925 with the introduction of they succumb to pests and diseases. Red River, that station has introduced I t also sets better than the "standard" about a dozen varieties possessing those varieties in our Southern Great Plains. qualities, and representing a wide range Another interesting feature of vari­ of types. These include Bison (1929) , eties like Bounty and Victor is their the most popular al1d successful of their ability to set fruit and to bear fairly introductions for many years. Fargo well under certain conditions of p(]Jrtial Yellow Pear and Golden Bison · were shade that seriously impair fruitfulness introduced in 1932, Farthest North in of -the larger, later varieties. In the 1934, Allred in 1937 and Firesteel in middle part of the country, for exam­ 1938. All these are determinate ("self­ ple, where varieties like Marglobe and topping") in vine habit, and produce Rutgers do well in full sun but poorly fruits of small to medium size. They in partial shade-for example, near a are not suited to pruning for training house-Bounty and Victor have made on stakes. fair yields. They do not, however, In 1941 the North Dakota Station yield as heavily in the shade as the oth­ introduced Bounty, and in 1940 the er varieties do in the sun. Michigan Agricultural Experiment A number of plant breeders are Station introduced Mingold. Bounty working to develop varieties that will and Victor are quite similar and prob­ bear well in regions like the Southwest ably the best of the extremely early where the season is long and hot-in red varieties yet developed for our fact, so hot that the flowers of most northernmost states. Mingold is yel­ varieties are damaged and set little or low, as the name suggests. Fruit and no fruit for long periods.,,; The Texas vines of these varieties are larger and Agricultural Experiment Station ha<> LiD THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945 introduced Summerset, a variety with " resistance" to too rich soil-soil that medium-small, round, red fruits, that is too high in nitrogen fo r most com­ wi ll set reasonably good crops under mercial varieties to make optimul11 Southwestern conditions that cause yields. most other varieties to be barren dur­ Breeding and selection of tomatoes ing the summer heat. Another variety for resistance to disease, particularly of intere ~t in such di stricts as the fusarium wilt, was begun in 1910 by Southern Great Plains is a small, ob­ the Agricultural Experiment Stations long or plum-shaped red one known as in Tennessee and Louisiana ; and two the Porter. It was introduced by Por­ years later in Maryland. The oldest ter and Son, Stephenville, Texas. Al­ wilt-resistant variety commonly avail­ though the fruits are small the variety able today is Norton, introduced in has consistently outyielded the welf­ 1917 by the United States Department known, large-fruited varieties in many of Agriculture and named for J. B. S. tes,ts in the Plains area. Norton of the Maryland Agricultur·al Later in this article reference is made Experiment Station who made the to varieties developed by the Illinois original selection that led to its devel­ Agricultural Experiment Station for opment. Louisiana Pink, introduced speci:fi~ adaptability to moderately hot in 1918, is also still grown to a limited weather and rich prairie soils of the extent. Both of these have been largely Corn Belt. Among these are Prairi­ superseded by several varieties having ana, Illinois Baltimore, and Early Bal­ superior earliness or other horticultural timore (introduced in 1936). On light characters. Between 1917 and 1933 or poor soils these are not superior to the United States Department of Agri­ such varieties as Mar.globe and Rut­ culture introduced nine more varieties gers; but on rich, heavy, soils in north­ of which Marglobe (1925) and Pritch­ ern Illinois, for example, Prairiana and ard (1932) ha.ve been the most im­ Early Baltimore far outyield the more portant. These are resistant to nail­ popular varieties of the Middle Atlantic head spot as well as to fusarium wilt. States. Marglobe was the most extensively Rutgers,. now the most extensively grown variety in the country until grown variety in America, was devel­ about 1940 when it was surpassed by oped by the New Jersey Agricultural Rutgers (introduced in 1934). Rutgers Experiment Station for adaptability to produces a somewhat larger plant, giv­ the light soils of the Middle Atlantic ing better protection to the fruits and coastal plain . It makes an unusually bearing somewhat larger fruits, espe­ vigorous top and leaf growth on the cially on the lighter soils of the eastern lighter soil s, so that the fruits are better United States, where they are best protected from the sun than is true for adapted. most other varieties when grown on In addition to Prairiana, Early Bal­ such soils. Rutgers, however, is not timore, and Illinois Baltimore other adapted to the heavy, rich, prairie soils wilt-resistant varieties introduced by of the Corn Belt because it grows too the Illinois Agricultural Experiment rank and does not set heavy crops. Station (between 1930 and 1936) in­ Conversely, Prairiana and Early Balti­ clude several greenhouse forcing more are not adapted to light, sandy, strains: Blair Forcing, Lloyd Forcing, soil s because they grow too sparsely. Urbana Forcing, Sureset Forcing, and Anomalous as it may seem, these last others. two may be said to have heen bred for l'1arglobe, Pritchard, and Rutgers Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 271

Fig. 1. Four tomato plants inoculated with the fungus causing fusal'iullJ1~ wilt and planted when of the Sal1'Le size and at the same ti111,e. R eading left to 1'ight th.e Va1'ietl:es (J,1'e B011n')1 B est (dead), M{]jrglobe (neal'l)! dead), Pan A111,erica (110 disease), Cunant (no disease). are all "red" tomatoes. Those pre­ parent, is practically immune to all ferring "pink" varieties may be inter­ strains of wilt against which it has been ested in Marhio, introduced in 1930 tested. Unfortunately, however, it is by the Ohio Agricultural Experiment no more resistant to other diseases than Station. It is virtually a "pink" Mar­ other gO'od commercial varieties. It is globe. similar to Marglobe and is being used All of the wilt-resistant varieties extensively as a parent for developing mentioned above possess only an inter­ higher resistance to wilt in numerous mediate or partial resistance to the dis­ other types of t0111ato. ease. Although that partial resistance Figures 1 and 2 show differences is generally fairly effective in avoiding betweell wilt-resistant and susceptible loss from wilt, it is not always enough. tomato plants. Sometimes especially severe attacks Resistance to numerous other dis­ will destroy Marglobe, Rutgers, and eases and adverse conditions in toma­ similar sorts. Virtual immunity was toes is being sought vigorously by many found in a certain strain of current to­ research agencies. These tasks appear rl1ato from Peru in 1936. This was much more difficult than developing crossed with Marglobe and the result­ wilt resistance, and many years will be ing progeny back-crossed three times requi red to obtain results comparable to Marglobe, giving rise to the variety with those involving wilt resistance. Pan America, introduced in 1940 by However, marked progress has been the United States Department of Agri­ made in Hawaii in developing spotted culture. This variety, like its wild wilt resistance and combining it with 272 THE NATIONAL .HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 19-15

Fig. 2. A 1'OW of dead pla'nts of Bonny Best t011'tUtO in a field of wilt-resistant va1'ieties growing on heavily infested soil. The resistant plants a1'e da1'/'iaged little 01' none by the fung~ts. fusarium wilt resistance. Pearl Har­ seed companies to produce "hybrid" bor is a new variety developed by the tomato seed on a commercial s·cale. It Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Sta­ is still too early to determine definitely tion that is a definite improvement over how successful these efforts will be fi­ others for culture in those tropical is­ nancially and' otherwise, but they are lands, Greenhouse varieties resistant being . watched with great inter~st. to leaf mold are V eto-Mold, developed When commercial seed producers can by the University of Toronto and the develop economical methods for ob­ Ontario Agricultural Experiment Sta­ taining first-generation hybrid seed for tion; Globelle and Bay State, developed general planting, substantial benefits to by the Agricultural Experiment Sta­ gardeners should follow as they have tions of Ohio and Massachusetts, re­ in the growing of hybrid field corn and spectively. sweet corn. The possibilities of ob­ Several wilt-resistant varieties have taining increased earliness, vigor, and been developed in addition to those yields have been well demonstrated; it mentioned above, They will not be now remains to develop methods of discussed here, however, because they producing the hybrid seed at prices that either failed to attain much importance planters will pay. or have been superseded by better ones. Following very promising yields ob­ Peppe1's tained by several public research agen­ Garden peppers are somewhat more cies from first-generation hybrids be­ sensitive to cold than are tomatoes but tween selected inbred lines, efforts are are distinctly more tolerant to heat, now being made by one or more large especially the pungent varieties from Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 273

Mexico and our own Southwest. In Agricultural Experiment Station many comparison with the work done with years ago developed a wilt-resistant va­ tomatoes to improve earliness and riety called Mexican Chili No.9. With adaptability to cool climates, little has the exception of the work in New been done with peppers. The earliest Mexico almost nothing has been done of the sweet peppers require no longer until the last few years in breeding for time to come into bearing after trans­ disease resistance. V\Tork is in prog­ planting than do the earliest tomatoes ress at a few experiment stations at if the weather is warm enough. How­ present but no other varieties resistant ever, they apparently cannot grow nor­ to wilt or other diseases are now com­ mally at temperatures quite as cool as mercially available. those at which some varieties of toma­ toes can grow well. Thus peppers are Eggplant not generally grown as far north as Eggplant is one of the less popular tomatoes are. vegetables, probably because it is more The Connecticut Agricultural Ex­ difficult to grow than most. It has an periment Station has developed the va­ even higher heat requirement than pep­ riety \iVindsor-A, which bears usable pers, requires a long time to make a fruits in 57 to 60 days from transplant­ crop, it very susceptible to many dis­ ing; and the Massachusetts Agricul­ eases, and thrives only on soils having tural Experi'ment Station developed high fertility and a uniformly good \iValtham Beauty, another very early supply of moisture. It is grown very variety for New England conditions. little in the cooler parts of the country. Prior to -the introduction of these two, The earliest variety commonly avail­ Neapolitan and Harris Early long had able is New Hampshire Hybrid, devel­ been the outstanding early varieties, oped by the New Hampshire Agricul­ producing fruit in 60 to 63 days. tural Experiment Station for ada.pta­ Most varieties of peppers, both sweet bility to the short, cool summers of and pungent, are relatively tolerant of New England. It not only comes into heat, but in the extreme heat and dry bearing 10 to 15 days sooner than most atmosphere of summer in the South­ other varieties but appears able to west even this tropical species suffers. make satisfactory growth at slightly Such conditions reduce fruit setting cooler temperatures. The Central Ex­ ancl cause stunting and malformation perimental Farms at Ottawa in Canada of the fruits, particularly of the large introduced a small, early variety, "bell" types of ·sweet pepper. The Blackie, adapted to conditions in south­ moderately pungent Chili strains, like ern Canada. Anaheim Chili , and the very hot va­ For growing in the lower South, rieties appear to be better adapted to Florida High Bush and Fort Myers high heat. Mexican Chili , Cayenne, Market have been developed. Although and Tabasco are all quite pungent and 110t highly resistant to diseases these heat tolerant. are somewhat less susceptible than the Although peppers are susceptible to older varieties, Black Beauty and New many diseases they generally suffer York Improved. They bear their fruits well up above the soil so that they are . less dama

ROBERT A. YOUNC*

THE HARDY RUNNING BAMBOOS In one or two specIes of PhyIlo­ (Continued tro,", paye 196) stachys the culms may start early in In the first paper of this series con­ March in the northern Gulf region, sideration was given to certain hardy when warm weather with sufficient bamboos of several genera other than moisture comes very early; in other Phyllostachys that have been intro­ species they begin to appear at various duced into the United States. The later dates during the next month or present paper wiIl be concerned with two. In a cold spring, especially if some of the introduced species and moisture is deficient, sprouting of new varieties of Phyllostachys·. The repre­ culm shoots for all species is delayed sentatives of the genus that we now for a month to 6 weeks, and in rare in­ have in this country range in th_eir stances may be almost completely sup­ mature heights, in a favorable environ­ pressed for the entire Season. Farther ment, from 20 or 25 feet to about 75 north, sprouting of course takes place a feet. week to a month later in the season, The species of Phyllostachys have a depending upon the latitude and other free and open branching habit, with factors that may affect heat and soil rather small leaves, giving them a moisture. strikingly different appearance from The culm in all species of Phyllo­ any of the members of Arundinaria, stachys is ·characterized by its conspic­ Sasa, and the other genera of hardy uous "sulcus," a flattened or shallowly­ bamboos previously mentioned. Like grooved strip on the internodes. Each them, however, the plants spread by internode that bears branches from the the extension of horizontal under­ node at its base is flattened or broadly ground stems, or rhizomes (see page grooved on that side, and as the 173, ] uly issue) , which at intervals send branches are borne alt ~ rnately on oppo­ up vertical stems, or culms. Also, as site sides on the succeeding nodes the in those genera, the culms develop reg­ internodes are flattened in the same ularly in the spring, though an occa­ order. All nodes bearing branches are sional one may start during the sum­ more prominent than are those with­ mer or, in warmer latitudes, even in out. The formation of the sulcus is due early autumn. Full growth in height­ to the pressure of the buds, that are whether to 10 feet or 75 feet-is · at­ later to become branches, on the tender tained in 5 to 8 weeks, depending in tissues of the developing internode. part on the diameter of the culm but The branches and branchlets or twigs largely upon temperature and moisture are similarly flattened. The' charactet: conditions. High temperature with of the surface of the internodes of the adequate soil moi sture speeds develop­ culm is much the same in most species ment. This rapid growth is supported but in a few, especially in the juvenile mainly by food materials stored in the stage, it is distinctive. The prominence underground parts of the plants. of the nodes also varies noticeably be­

*Division of Pla nt Explorat;ion a nd Introduc· tween certain species. The ~ulm t; ion, Bureau of Pla nt Indust;ry, Soils and Agri· sheaths are very characteristic in most, cultural Engineering, Agricultural R esearch Ad· ministr a ti on. U. S. D epa rtment of Agriculture. and they always furnish important [2741 Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 275

characters for identification. The ob­ ing the physical properties of the woods long to lance-oblong leaves, which of species being grown in this country, come out anew' each spring, are borne reasons will be found for choosing par­ 2 to 6 on a twig, varying in number, ticular species for particular industrial size, and shape, both with the species purposes. While it is neither likely nor and within it, also with tl~e age of the desirable that bamboo shall be used so plant, and on the same culm, branch, universally in this country as it is in and twig. The lower 1 or 2 leaves on oriental countries, where it has exist­ the twig drop during the late summer ed much longer than man himself, there or early autumn. and the remainder should be a multitude of uses to which fall the next spring after the new leaves it could be aclapted with profit and appear. The upper surface of the leaf satisfaction when we have learned is green, varying somewhat in shade enough about it, have the inclination to with the species, and the lower surface use it, anq when there is an adequate is glaucous, sometimes conspicuously domestic supply. so. The maximum heights of a number There are commonly only 2, un­ of species of Phyllostachys are not equal. wide-spreading branches at each known with certainty. Several that branch-bearing node Qf the culm, ha ve been reported as of low or medi­ though there is often only one branch um stature have recently developed at the lowest and may be 3 or rarely 4 heights of from half again to 2 or 3 r at some nodes near the top. The larger times as great. No bamboo grown in branches are ofte!) twice rebranched. infertile soils, with deficient moisture, Some nodes near the base of most will ever attain the size that it will culms. are without branches, and giant under better conditions. In attempting culms are commonly unbranched to in the following pages, therefore, to heights of 20 to 30 feet. In this region treat of some of the members of the of such a culm the sulcus is lacking and Phyllostachys group in something near the internodes are cylindrical or are the order of size, I shall ask the reader sometimes slightly oval in cross sec­ to remember that in some instances the tion. The culm walls in Phyllostachys maximum heights indicated are tenta­ are ' usually of only moderate thickness tive. but the wood is tougher in general than Phyllostachys a~weosulcata McClure, that of the other hardy bamboos with shown on page 276, is in an early stage a few exceptions. In a number of the of development, as it grew some years species some of the lower internodes ago on the West Front of the U. S. occasionally may be nearly or quite Capitol in Washington. (The plants solid, and in at least one (P. P~t1'Ptt­ have since been removed.) It is a rata), the lower nodes are rather regu­ medium-sized Chinese bamboo, known .. larly solid and the upper have only a to reach heights of at least 30 feet in small central canal. favorable environments in the South. The quality of the wood, even when The plant was originally collected, with fully mature (3 seasons old before cut­ many others-all unidentified-in vari­ ting) varies among the different spe­ ous localities in Chekiang Province, cies of Phyllostachys. For this reason China, in 1907. by the late Frank N . and because of differences in size, the Meyer, agricultural explorer for the various species often have had special U. S. Department of Agriculture. Be­ uses in the Orient, and as more pre­ cause related species in this collection cise information is obtai ned ccncern- were planted too near one another in 276 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945

Phyllosta.chys aureosulcata, a Chinese hardy bamboo, in eady stage of growth on West Front of U. S. Capitol, Washi1'bgton, D. C., as it a.ppeG1'ed in 1933. the nursery, however, before the dan­ year, as the green of the rounded part ger of their invading each other's of the culn;j or branch becomes paler, ground was realized or adequate de­ the yellowish color of the sulcus be­ scriptions of the various kinds could be comes gradually less apparent and by made, crossing over of the rhizomes the third year is practically indistin­ took place to such extent that the rec­ guishable from the faded 'green of the ord of origin of some species was con­ rounded part. During the first season fused. at least, the pale-golden sulcus consti­ The name and technical description tutes an infallible means of identifica­ of P. a,'/Jweosulcata have just been pub­ tion of this bamboo. Another useful lished (J ourn. Wash. Acad. Sci. 35: character is a faint roughness of the 282. Sept. 1945). The specific name culm and branches that can be fel,t alludes to the pale-golden or yellowish when the fingers are moved gently up­ color of the sulcus (the flattened or ward over the surface. This roughness grooved area of the internodes of the abo becomes less perceptible with time, culm and branches) that is present but the newer culms will always ex­ during the first year. In the second hibit unmistakably both of the char- Oct., 1~... ._ THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 277

..~

... ·Indee Phyllostachys fiexuosa, '25 fe et high, growing at the U. S. Barbour Lathrop Plant Int1'odt~ction Garden, nea?' Savannah, Ga. The drooping habit of the foliage is clearly evident. (12-foot measuring pole at right.) Photograph by D. A. Bisset. 278 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945

acters described. The light-green culm The leaves are 2-4 inches long and are sheaths, with their slender whitish borne usually in 2's or 3's on the twigs. stripes and prominent, bristled auri­ The culm sheaths are somewhat vari­ cles at the apex, are likewise very char­ able in the different forms but in gen­ acteristic during the period of develop­ eral are dull green when fresh and dull ment of the new culms; the auricles straw color after drying, and they are are usually absent, however, on the more or less dotted with small brown lowest 4 or 5 sheaths. The leaves, 2-5 spots. inches long by Ys -% inch wide, are F. viridi-glau.cescens A. & c. Riviere. borne 3-5 on a twig. The new shoots, shown on page 181 (background) of when of sufficiently large diame~er to the July issue of the Magazine and be useful for food, are reported to be on page 279, is a native of China and of very good quality. is one of the smaller to medium-sized P. a.ureosulcata was for a time er­ species of the genus so far introduced roneously placed under F. nev~m~ into the United States. It was first in­ Hance and was sent out widely under. troduced into France in 1846. From that name. Since discovery of the er­ its specific name one might expect it ror, up to the present, plants have been to be strikingly distinctive in its green­ sent out by the Department of Agri­ ness or in the glaucous character of culture simply as "Fhyllostachys sp., the under surface of the leaves as com­ P. 1. No. 55713." The mature culms, pared wi~h other species of Phyllo­ when of suitable sizes, are useful for stachys. The foliage does not, how­ fishing poles, various types of plant ever, differ greatly in either of these re­ stakes, and numerous other purposes. spects from that of most others. The F. fiexuosa A. & c. Riviere appears leaves, 2 or 3 to 5 on a twig, are 20- to be a markedly variable species when 60 inches long and resemble so closely grown from seed. It is native to China, those of the giant timber bamboo, F. though first described from Algiers. I ba111busoides, that they can scarcely be have seen it from 3 or 4 different distinguished except by their perfect sources, probably from different seed­ flatness from those of the latter spe­ lings, and only one-that shown on cies, which often are slightly wavy. page 277-obtained by the U. S. De­ The bristles, or oral setae, which radi­ partment of Agriculture from France ate from the pair of auricles at the apex many years ago, exhibits the flexuous of the sheath of the new leaves, how­ character of the branches that would ever, are more prominent than are suggest the specific name jfe!"Cuosa. It those of almost any other species of the has grown to a height of 25 feet at genus, but like those in other species Savannah, Ga. Another introduction they tend to disappea.r after a few of the species has failed to reach that months. The dry culm sheaths are height, while a third recently has great­ dull straw 'color, lightly spotted and ly exceeded it. Although the qualities blotched with brown, and have a char­ of the wood have not been reported acteristic roughness on the upper part upon, it may be presumed that the of the outer surface, due to scattered culms will be found serviceable for minute projections from some of the 1110st of the purposes for which those of vein s, noticeable when the fingers are si milar sizes of F. aureosulcata are moved carefully downward on the used. The young shoots have not been sheath. I have not found this char­ tested for edibility, as they have been acter in any other species. The maxi­ thus far too small for practj<::a~ use . mum height recorded at Savannah for Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 279

Phyllosta.chys vil'idi-glmtcescel'ls, 18 feet high, i·n a mai'wre planti11[1 at BiNmore, N.C. 280 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 19.tS

Phyllostach.'),s nigra, a black-c'ul1Qied oriental bam,boo, in a·n eady stage, a·t the U. S. BarbMw Lathrop Plamt h7troduction Gm-den, near Savan17ah, Ga. Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 281

Phyllostach'Jls nigra f. 11'bUchisasa, on e of the taller varieties of th e black ba111.boo, 24 feet high, w Z:th a sl1:ghtly droop·ing tendency of th e foliag e. G1'ow ing at th e Barbmw Lathrop Plant Introd1.(,ction Ga'rde11 , Il eal' Savannah. 282 THE NATIOr AL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945

P. 7liridi-glallcescens is about 24 feet­ ing the original wild form of the spe­ a third taller than that attained at Bilt­ cies, became a nomenclatural variety more, where minimum winter tempera­ of P. nigra, the much smaller black tures sometimes are injurious. As to type, which is considered to be a gar­ economic uses, the same may be said den variety. This giant bamboo (P. of it as for the preceding species. nigra var. hen01~is (Mitt)· Nakai) P . 11igm (Loddiges) Munro, the will be treated among the other hardy black bamboo, exists in several differ­ giants. The leaves of mature plants of ent forms, some of which at one time v. the entire P . nig1'a group are rather or another have received varietal or s;11all , ordinarily from 1 Yz to 3 Yz form names; a few have culms with inches in length, a little narrow, and little or no black. T hey originated in usually in 2's. sometimes 3's, on a twig. China and Japan. A view of a small The fresh culm sheath is mauve, usual­ planting of one of those from Japan, in ly shaded or finely speckled with black an early stage of development, appears on the upper part, with a small, crink­ on page 280. It is very similar in ap­ ly, green blade at the apex, and a pair riearance to a form obtained from Eng­ . of very prominent dark-purplish auri­ land ""hich may possibly be the same cles bearing conspicuous purplish bris­ one for which the specific name 11igm tIes; the sheath dries to a straw color. was first used. It differs, however, in The culms are rather thin walled but sending up its new shoots later in the can be used for many purposes for spring. The truly black bamboos that which great strength is not required. have been introduced range in their Aside from its original name of Ba711,­ ultimate heights from about 20 ' to 25 b.. (sa nigra, the black bamboo was tater feet or perhaps more. The culms and fo r a time called Phyllostachys pube'r­ branches are at first green, with only nla var. nig1'a. A common Japanese a blackish shading of the nodes, and name is Kurochiku, the ultimate black coloration develops P. nig1'a forma p1,(,nctata (Bean ) graduall y through the first or some­ Nakai may be call ed the Blackspot tim es the second year. The different bamboo, to differentiate it from the forms vary in this respect as well as in other black types. It is credited to certain other characters. Biologically, China in origin, though' it probably the black and blackish-culmed bamboos reached the Western Vif orld from J a­ constitute a group of varieties or forms pan. III the Blackspot variety the culm of a medium-giant, green-culmed bam­ is not solid black but becomes dull­ boo, but unfortunately the specific black-spotted during the second year, name nig1'a for one of the black forms later turning nearly but not quite solid - introduced early into England from black and, finally, . becoming overcast China and grown by the London Hor­ with gray. It has grown to about 23 ticultural Society-was published many feet high at Savannah, Ga. According years before the large green-culmed to 1. Tsuboi, the noted Japanese horti­ plant became known to science. The culturist and bamboo specialist, the latter, when discovered, was first given culms of this variety are considered to the name P. hel1onis. The obvious fact be much more durable than are those of the relationship was recognized later of the ordinary black type grown in but, under the rules of botanical no­ Japan. The Japanese names for it are menclature, the specific name first pub­ N itagurochiku, meaning "near-black lished had to stand, so that the giant bamboo," and Gomadake. Botanical green bamboo, presumably represent- synonyms are Ba11'I,busa l1igro -punctata, Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 283

Phyllostachys sulphu.rea, q, Chil1ese bam,boo with cuhns of a clear sUlftw-yellow color, at the Ba1'bour Lathrop Plant Introduction Garden near Savannah, Ga. The tallest culms here are sCa1'cel)1 18 feet but greater heights are attained. Photograph by D. A. Bisset.

Ph)lllostachys nig1'0-P'u11ctata" and P. shown on page 281, is a black-stemmed pt£beru.la var. nigro-punctata. variant grown in Japan and in Formosa P. nig1'a var. 111u,chisasa (Houzeau (Taiwan), but the country of origin is de Lehaie) Nakai, a view of which is said by the Japanese botanist Dr. T . 284 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945

( , 'f ~. r i~\1 .. .j"- II \., , ~\ )~.:~ .. -\. ~?;- \'~: .. :i~ ./ '1.. ;~

I •

Ph'Jlllostachys mwea, 30 feet high, oriel/tal bal1~boo long established in c~tltiva.t-ion in th e South, growing at the Barbour Lathrop Plant Introduction GMden newr S ava II lIah , Ga. The o£l-ms, often with irregulalr il1ten1Odes near the base. are 11 ~U, ch in de'wl-and for fishing poles and other uses, Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 285

rrl

Phyllostachys a,U1'ea, kept in artificial clump form by cutting all culms tha.t come up on the outside. This clu,mp, growing in 1933 at the U. S. Plant Introduction Garden, Glenn Dale, Md., haq, a diamete1' of 6 feet at th e base . .' 286 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945

Nakai to be in doubt. It was intro­ grown there from an earlier introduc­ duced into Europe many years ago, tion into Europe. It received its name from a source not now known. It is in allusion to the color of theculms and not clear to me why this bamboo is re­ branches. They are clear sulfur yellow tained in varietal rank when the pre­ except for 1 or 2 slender green stripes ceding one (P. nigra f. p~£nctata) is on the rounded part of the internodes, accorded only the rank of "forma." I and an irregular green ring just below have not observed anything in either the n'ode. A view of a planting of the that would suggest the difference in sulfur bamboo in process of develop­ treatment, and I therefore propose here ment appears on page 283. Although the reduction of the variety to the rank the height thus far attained at Savan­ of forma, as follows: P. nigra f. 1'11~tchi­ nah is only about 18 feet, it is reported sasa (Houzeau de Lehaie) R. A. to have considerably exceeded this in Young (Phyllostachys p ~t. benrla var. Europe, and it may be expected in time m 'ucl71'sasa Houzeau de Lehaie in Actes to produce culms 25 to 30 feet high. Ille Congr. Int. Bot. Bruxelles II p. The leaves are in 2's and 3's on the 223. 1910). At the U. S. Barbour twigs and are up to 5 inches long. The Lathrop Plant Introduction Garden, lower culm sheaths when fresh are near Savannah, Ga., culms of this bam­ brownish yellow to yeII.owish green and boo up to 24 feet high have been pro­ more or less . spotted with shades of duced. The culm is a nearly uniform brown ; they are entirely glabrous and black, and the foliage is fairly abundant are perfectly smooth on the margins. and tends to a slight graceful drooping. The culms tend to taper a little more The Japanese name is Muchisasa, and strongly than do those of its relatives, this already has been adopted in Stand­ the base being slightly thicker in rela­ ardized Plant Names. Another botani­ tion to height. The naming of P. s~tl­ cal synonym is P. nigripes. phurea represents a situation somewhat Another black bamboo, introduced similar to that of P. nigra, though dif­ from China by the Department of Agri­ ferent in detail. The plant is biologi­ culture in 1926, is very distinctive in cally a variety of a much larger, green­ having culms that become a brilliant culmed bamboo (P. s~tlphwrea var. purplish black by the end of the first viridis R. A. Young) but, having been year. The Chinese name for it is 00- validly named earlier, it retains its no­ chuk. It was collected on Peng Moun­ menclatural speci'fic rank. The combi­ tain, Lungtau Mountains, by F. A. nation " P . 111,itis var. sulphU1'ea" was MoClure. The foliage is similar to that used informally by J. Houzeau de Le­ of Muchisasa. In the early stages of haie. P. s~tlphU1'ea has had no other development it gave promise of being name except that it has been mistaken­ definitely drooping, or willowy, in ly treated by one or more Japanese habit, and the horticultural name Will­ botanists as a variety of P. bambu­ owy for it was given in Standardized sO'ides, which it assuredly is not. Plant N qmes. As the stand became P . a.trea A. & c. Riviere is thought older, however, this character largely to be the earliest species of this genus disappeared, and the name now seems to be successfully introduced into the doubtfully appropriate. United States. Notwithstanding the P. slllph~t rea A. & c. Riviere, the extensive later placing of experimental sulfur bamboo, is native to China plants of other species with nurseries though, like several others, described and individuals by the Department of from Algiers (i n 1879) from plants Agriculture and the subsequent sale ot Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 287

Basal sections of selected Wi1'1'IS of Phyllostachys a'UJrea, showil'l-g the characte'r­ istic distortion of 110des and internodes of S01ne of the wlms that wtakes them attractive f01' walking sticks, etc.; 110 two culms are exactly alike but some are ve'ry similar. The base of nearly 011e-half of the culms 1n(£y exhibit these irregu- larities of structure. Photograph by Robert L. Taylor. 288 THE :-.JATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945 propagations from these by nursery­ cies is generally rated high in strength. men, P. aurea probably is still, on a A photograph showing the larger ends small scale, the most widely grown of a collection of walking sticks pro­ member of the group. A recent view duced by Mr. E. A. McIlhenny, Avery of a plot at the U. S. Barbour Lathrop Island, La., appears on page 287. The Plant Introduction Garden, near Sa­ mature culms ' of this species may be vannah, groW11 for' comparative study considered as of high quality generall y purposes from plants obtained from the for all purposes to which bamboo of it Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew, Eng­ size range may be adapted. The spe­ land is shown on page 284. The height cific name o,u.reo" which would seem to of 30 feet indicated is probably not the imply a distinctly golden or yellow maximum for the species. as there are coloration, is to that extent a mis­ unverified reports from other sources nomer. The culm is green at first and of 5 to 10 feet greater. The largest becomes no more golden with age than single area of P. aurea of which I have do the culms of numerous related spe­ heard is one of about 10 acres, owned cies when grown under similar light by Mr. George H. Todd of Montgom­ conditions; and of course it does not at ery, Alabama. This was started a great any time coni pare with the brilliant many years ago by Mr. Todd's father. culm of P. sH,lphw'ea. or that of P. ba111- George H. Todd, Sr.. from plants that bUS01'd es var. castillol1l£- to be dis­ he obtained direct from Japan. Al­ cussed on a later page. The form of P. though the species has the creeping aU1'ea with the tortoise-shell pattern in rhizomes of all its relatives, it spreads some of the culms has been called P. much less rapidly than many. It is not heterocycla. but aside from this I do not difficult to confine it to a satisfactory know of any other nanJe in scienti.fic clump form, for a number of years at form , nor have I known of any appro­ least, by cutting any culms that may priate common name for the species. come up beyond the limits desired. A P. pU1'purata McClure, of which a clun;p so formed is shown on page 285. view is shown on page 289, is a Chinese The leaves of P. o,ureo, are mostly rath­ bamboo introduced in 1927 by the De­ er small but they range up to 5 inches partment of Agriculture. It among long; there are usually only 2 or 3 on others was collected in Anhwei Prov­ a twig. The species has flowered oft­ iqce, by F. A. McClure, then agricul­ ener than any other of the introduced tural explorer fQr the Department. The bamboos but little seed has been pro­ species is of more than usual interest duced. An outstanding characteristic because of the solid or nearly solid of this bamboo is a type of distortion lower internodes of the culm and the of many of the culm s by which a vary­ thick-walled hiogher ones. It is possi­ ing number of the lower internodes are ble that some variation in this char­ shortened, in a very irregular manner ; acter of the culms among clones of dif­ the nodes occasionally are inclined at ferent seedling ,origins will be found, an oblique angle, and there appears to as differences among them of 10 to 15 be a form in which this pattern is CQm - feet in apparent maximum height have 1110nly carried out in su<:h a way as to been .:-bserved; variability in soil, how­ give a tortoise-shell effect. This crowd­ ever, may be a factbr here. The done ing of the nQdes makes such c~lms very with the 24-foot culms shown in the attractive for distinctive fishing poles photograph appears to be intermediate and walking sticks, especially in view in height. The culms of P . purpwrata of the fact that the wood of this spe- are comparatively slender and com- Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 289

I ~ '.;

Phyllostach'ys pu,rpu'rata., a Chinese bG1'nboo with solid or nearly solid cui1'1ls. The he'ight of the CUl111S here is about 24 feet. 290 THE rATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct .. 1945

Ph)'Uostachys balllbusoides VG1'. castillo1~i, an orie11tal ba1'llfIboo abou.t 28 feet h1~gh, 'with golden-yellow cul1lls with a bright-g1'een stripe on ea.ch internode. Photo- Ii - graph by D. A . Bisset. Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 291 monly are bent or arched. The foliage entirely absent, the culm being prac­ is a somewhat darker green than that ticallya pure yellow. This might rather of many other species of the genus. easily be confused with P. sulphurea, Characteristic is an unusually thick, described and illustrated in earlier matted growth of rhizomes and roots' pages, but is distinctly different in de­ near the surface of the soil. This sug­ tailed characters. The common name gests possible value of the species as a Castillo bamboo for P. bambusoides soil binder on earthen dams and levees . var. castilloni was given in the second P. ba111,busoides var. castilloni edition of Standardized Plant Names (Marl.) Houzeau de Lehaie, as the and I think is quite as suitable as any name indicates, is a variety of the hardy that might be chosen or conjured up. giant timber bamboo, P. bambusoides. The plant was originally named Ba111- It is a comparatively small variety, busa. castill011i, in honor of the Comte probably not much exceeding the 28 de Castillon, by the French horticul­ feet in height that it has attained in the turist Marliac, and later was called planting at the U. S. Barbour Lathrop PhyUostachys castillonis (the final "s" Plant Introduction Garden, shown in was added in error). The combina­ the photograph on page 290. The type tion P. reticulata var. castillonis was commonly reaches 60 feet and more also published and is still used by the under favorable conditions. The vari­ Japanese botanists and perhaps some ety is instantly recognized by its others. The question as between the golden-yellow culms and branches with species names ba111/,busoides and reticu­ the bright green sulcus (flattened side) lata hinges on whether the giant timber of each internode ; occasionally traces bamboo, the plant we know as P. ba111- of the green on th.e sulcus extend up­ busoides, has been correctly identified ward into the rounded part of the next with the one that earlier had been internode above. The leaves, usually named Ba11'/'busa retiC'l,I1ata,. In the light 3 to 5 on a twig, range from 2 to 6 of the best-informed opinion that I inches in length; they are commonly a have been able to obtain, it seems most little wavy and sometimes have 1 or 2 likely that the two were different, in narrow creamy-white stripes. Most of which case the correct specific name is the ' varietal characters appear to be ba1nbusoides, as here used, and not subject to variation at times. NIr. 1'eticulata. While the Castillo bamboo Julian Nally, the present owner of the is of interest chiefly for the beautiful place at G.otha, Florida, formerly and striking color contrast of the fresh owned by the late Henry Nehrling, culms, the mature culms can be used found a sport a few years ago in which for many utilitarian purposes with the the green coloring of the sulcus was limitations suggested for P. fleX'uosa. Rock Garden Notes

ROBERT C. MONCURE, Edit01'

'/,,'0 Colorado F erns streams and, in the vVestern Hemi­ The traveller through Colorado sphere, to Glacier National Park. Co~o­ (when people travelIed) might well rado is a long way south from l.tS wonder how on earth ferns could grow home; even ~o it has been fO,und 111 in such a dry sunny country. They two different areas in the state. One are rarely to be seen by roadsides ex­ on Mt. Princeton from which it seems cept where Bracken covers the moun­ to have disappeared. the other where tain slopes of the Rockies as it. does on it still grows is a cold north slope on Rabbit Ear Pass. Hoosier Pass about 11,000 feet above sea level. Here in a clearing of Engel­ Several of the commoner species, mann Spruce is a stream from melting found generally in 0001 moist places in 5110\0.... which fans out and chuckles to the temperate zone, grow along streams itself under large angular rocks. The and in shaded rock clefts in the foot­ surface is a floor of softest, greenest hilIs and mountains. moss from which springs this very There are found in Colorado two lovely fern. The general effect is th~t ferns which are ' not so widely distrib­ of horizontal, triangular fronds delI­ uted. both of them beauties: cately pinnate, about a foot high. In Not/lGl ella fendleri, Cloak Fern. re­ spite of its arctic origin it grows well sembles the Maidenhair Fern of parlor in the garden in a cool shady bed of windows-in the days of parlors-ex­ peat moss, sll'b-irriga.ted, but it has not cept that it looks less lush, more wiry, in several years attained the height or much more dainty and at the same time size that it does on its cool mountain independent. Its wiry stems of dark home. One high spot in years of plant brown zig-zag obligingly to where each collecting was when we followed a leaf wishes to begin. The leaves are Lycopodium hint and climbed to where deltoid, pinnately divided and the gen­ this beautiful room in the mountain eral affect is that of mal1Y tiny flecks of forest suddenly appeared in the slants bright green supported on invisible of sunshine through the trees. The stems. "Cloak" refers to the fine whit­ only thing possible was to sit down on ish powder which cloaks the spores a fallen log to look-and look-and and coats the underside of fronds. 100k. This is alI nothing but words! The KATHLEEN MARRIAGE, thrill of seeing this growing in clefts of Colorado Springs, Colo. huge granite boulders usualIy out of January 1945 reach in perpendicular rock faces is un­ forgettable. A Disse?'tation all rock garden aNNuals It is inclined to be homesick when In words of one syllable, strictly for transplanted. One requirement - as amateurs. welI as the comfort of large rocks­ In the use of annuals for the rock seems to be air drainage, and it pre­ garden, one must tread carefulIy-j ust fers shade or a borth exposure. why is a subject to itself, not easily nor The second of our pair is Cystop­ quickly disposed of, and open to much teris montana, an arctic fern which has controversy. But the line Jf demarca­ wandered soutH to grow by Scottish tion between suitability and incongru- [292) Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 293

Kathleen,'l vfgl'1··iage [See page 292 ] Nothale17a fendleri .:4., 294 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945 ity is a delicate one, and over-stepping wild and that haven't lost thei r indi­ it becomes too often a reductio ad ab­ viduality." surd1/.1n. For my own part, after long years of It may be well to remind our readers studying catalogues (both foreign and that rock gardening in America is in home) in search of material that will its infancy, and due to the wide diver­ flotirish under adverse conditions in sity of our geographical conditions, set my tiny experimental "rock patch," I rules for the use of plants are impossi­ have found many that respond in vari­ ble; one man's meat is too truly an­ ous degrees to the exactions of heat, drouth, and thirsty tree roots. Some other man's poison. are able to take care of themselves Curiously enough, this fact is apt to from the beginning; some require a be ignored, with the result that fre­ start in the seed box or cold frame. quently many summer rock gardens But in these ,days of labor shortages present what a witty and discriminating where one must get the most effect gardener once called "desperation with the least work, my list of indis­ planting"-a condition understandably pensables that wili cover the season has caused by lack of definite reliable in­ shortened to a hanc;lful. only one 'of fonn"ltion on tried-out material. Espe­ whi·ch requires early indoor sowing cially must one step lightly where the and transplanting. The others take rock gcirden is under constant observa­ care of a seasonal succession of bloom tion from frost fo frost and the stlmmer with volunteer seedlings which come season is a long one. As in our Upper up everywhere, and are easily set in Middle South, it would seem that few place, and bloom at their appointed annuals are well known that are really time. suitable and which, with0ut nursing, C ollinsia verna (a native of the Ohio will provide successional fresh bloom Valley) is the first to bloom, starting until frost. Such as are easily avail­ in early April with plants from seeds able are an answer to prayer. dropped the. previous year. There can True,' the name is legion of iron-clad be no appeal from the statement that it annuals contributing to the ordinary ranks among the choicest and most summer display, but comparatively few suitable of all rock garden material. that we know here in America are in Anyone who has seen a woodland hill­ harmony with rock garden pictures, side bordered with sheets of blue that even though so robust in constitution literally, and without poetic rhapsody, as to flourish under most adverse con­ seems 'to be a fallen patch from the sky, ditions. Take the petunia, for instance. will agree with this statement. Un­ No one can deny its value, and its will­ fortunately, its own beauty has been its ingness and determination to people the undoing, for indiscriminate picking by earth, even under neglect. But who an enthusiastic and ignorant public has wants a petunia among rocks? The almost exterminated it in the wild, very character of the rock gan;len re­ since it must be left to seed itself or it jects such sophistication as is present disappears. Fortunately the Wild in the beautiful modern forms, so obvi­ Flower Preservation Society occasion­ ously "city bred." ally offe~s seeds, and any gardener If one could lay down a general rule, lucky enough to have it will gladly co­ it might be "Avoid specially hybridized operate in its preservation by giving and perfected subjects; search for seeds or a clump of young plants. plants that come unchanged from the "Blue Eyed Mary," as it is often called, Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 295

Kathleen IV! aniage [See page 292] C ystopte1'is wW14tana

is the eastern member of the west coast six on 4-5 inch spikes at the top of 8~ C ollinsia family, familiarly known as 10 inch stems. The fl owers on I-inch "Chinese Houses." It is the only one peclicels and facing directly outward of these charming and worth-whi le an­ have the upper petals pure white, the nuals to dependably self-sow for me. lower a clear, forget-me-not blue. one The westerners must be spring-sown of the felW true blues in the flower each year, and, ' moreover, not only kingdom. The leaves are ovate or ob­ bloom later, but haven't the length of long. Seedlings begin showing in Oc­ blooming period of C. ver'na. tober, little, red.dish, quite weedy look­ The color and character of the flow­ ing, and continue to germinate till late ers are outstanding. They are quarter­ March. The first blooms appear nor­ inch, four-petalled blooms, resembling mally in early April, the last strong a miniature snapdragon or penstemon patch of color lasting till late May. (for C. belongs to the Scrophularia­ Silene pendula comes next, over­ ccae) ; they grow in whorls of three to lapping the C olli11sia for about half the 296 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945

blooming period. It is a true winter But the leaves and stems are so deter­ annual, seedlings appearing in autumn minedly a light greenish-yellow, that and growing into huge spreading the two tones blend curiously and the masses of bloom in late April till into mass effect is a good salmon pink. The June. Unlike the Collins'ia" which in­ individual plant, about 4 inches tall, sists on winter germination, seeds of looks like a tiny, aged pine tree, with the Silene can be sown in spring for bare trunks and spreading windswept later bloom, though I have not found top branches. To see this sedut11 in that in hot weather they make as large its glory. one should make a pi lgrimage nor as long-lived plants. Bailey said in late May to the Blandy Farm, the of it that it comes from the Mediter­ experiment station of the University ranean region and blooms July-August. of Virginia, at Boyce. Virginia, where The X -inch true catchfly flowers, with acres of the out-cropping rocks that a longish inflated calyz are an exquisite slope to the water are gorgeous sheets tone of salmon pink. The fo liage, ob­ of bloom for several weeks. long spatulate to lanceolate, is soft In late June, following the sedul11, grayish. This plant will drape itself there is a short lu ll in the volunteer over the edge of the rocks and often ranks, but the Chinese IncGJYvillea va,ri­ makes a sturdy, upright, bushy plant abilis (which from an early hot bed against a wall background. Seedlings will be starting into bloom) makes a can be moved at any time. My first valuable and suitable contribution. This seeds came from Thompson and Mor­ member of the Bignonaceae is a tender gan in 1922 and I have never had to perennial, but blooms early the first buy more. year from seed, and its beauty and S e du11~ p'U.lchell~t11'L, a native Ameri­ hardi ness of constitution repa y any can. is what its name implies-a beauti­ trouble taken. It has lacy, finely cut ful plant. It is described as a perennial leaves, makes a sub-shrub about 12-15 by every botanist that I have been able -inches high and across, and its I-inch to consult, from Gray to Lloyd Prager, trumpet-shaped flowers in white or and' naturally, I hesitate to go against pastel pink or creamy yellow are borne High Authority. But it was given to generously and steadily until frost. It me as an annual, and for me it is an l ikes to hang over a wall. annual, and an invaluable one at that. Cuphea mim'ata is the choicest mem­ The plant dies entirely when seedling ber of the cuphea group, and yet is is finished, no trace is left of it, and amazingly little known. It differs that plant never returns. But in late greatly from its relative, the tender autumn and well into the spring, tiny greenhouse plant we call the "Cigar intriguing seedlings begin to pop up for Flower," both in habit of growth and yards around it (especially for me in appearance. Itself-seeds vigorous­ between stones or brick walks) which ly, the seedlings appearing in late May, only need to be picked up and put in and by the first week of July, it is in any desired place. It can even be full flower for the rest of the season. A moved without flagging, in full bloom. botanical description gives no idea of One plant will establish future hun­ its charm nor value. The y,i -inch How­ d reds. ers have two crinkly petals of a fine In color it is contradictory. Close cherry-red (occasionally a purplish examination of the tiny florets that are tone crops out), with a clear fuchsia borne in characteristic claw-like clus­ purple at the throat. Curiously ters prove them a pure, deep ro se pink. enough, though definitely red (that Oct .. 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 297 color so frequently anathema to the th~ ,deep red of Habral1thus pratensis. "high-brow" gardener), Cuphea 11'Iiwi­ The plants with their crisp, bright ala blends perfectly with either bluish yellow-green foliage never exceed 10 or yellowish reds, even pink, and is inches in the meagre rock garden soil , valuable as a cut flower. The small and form a harmonious ground cover leaves are a strong yellow-green, f.or the 12-1.5-inch amaryllicls during slightly hairy; the bushy plants, which their September bloom. like to sprawl, grow to 18 inches in A tender perennial vine that can be full sun; and ant smothered in bloom depended upon to self-sow and bloom from June till October. It flourishes nie first year from seed is Thunberg1:a, like our anathemized petunia in any alata from Africa. It can be a pest or a and all situations. 100 per cent asset, for it covers much Torenia jou1'11ie1'i with its variations space and may have to be relentlessly Y" Bailloni (yellow and brown) and weeded out to prevent suffocation of T. alba, bring up the rear of this pr.o­ its neighbors. But in the right spot, cession and is probably the most pliab.1e the lovely corn-color yellow or white to handle, for in addition to its normal "Black-eyed Susans" with their black habits of self-perpetuation, it responds spots at their throats, bloom vigorously to a succession of crops with very little and uninterruptedly from their first effort on the part of the gardener. Its growth in June and only cease when blooming period is shorter than any of the frost bites the garden. Once sown, the above-mentioned plants, but as the like the poor, they are always with us. small, natural volunteers appear in \\lith these few "fool-proof" annuals mid-to-late summer, it contributes its to build on, even war-time exigencies bit with the early autumn bulb parade. need not deprive us of good mid- and The little "Monkey Faces" with their late summer color in the rock garden. lavender and purple pansy-like blooms VIOLET NILES WALKER, are particularly striking grown with Woodberry Forest, Va.

Lily Notes'

GEORGE L. SLATE, Editor

Su,ccess with L. japol7icu?n But no matter how many failures a About 1933 the writer began the gardener may have, there are a few cultivation of lilies as a hobby. The bright spots. L. japonicum has fur­ aim was first to get a collection of nished one of these for us. The de­ hardy species together and then from scripti.ons and pictures of this lily, these t.o breed better varieties. Of coupled with warnings of the difficul­ course such difficulties as mosaic, bulb ties of its culture, are enough to chal­ rot, and botrytis were unheard of. lenge any lover of lilies. Bulbs were Likewise still to be learned were the ordered from three different sources difficulties in hybridization such as between 1933 and 1935, and planted in sterility, incompatibility, apomixis, etc. strictest accordance with dIrections. N.o sensational hybrids have been ob­ Some never produced growth and none tained to date-they are still in the ever flowered. future! In the meantime, seeds of L. japoni- 298 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945

(!lin had been imported from Japan protrude. Perhaps they are landing during the winter of 1934 (address of strips provided for friendly insects. Japanese firm useless now). Our suc­ In succeeding years there were more cess with this lily started with these flowers, and deeper colors, but nOlle seeds. They were planted in a flat con­ so far have approached a rose pink. III taining a compost rich in leaf mold. 1941 the f1.owering season was trOI1l Two winters and one summer were re­ June 30th through July 15th, and in quired for germination', except that two 1942, from June 23d to July 22nd. A or three pushed up ne.-·u the end of the still further delightful characteristic of summer. The germination is similar this lily is this long flowering seasol'l, to that of L. am'atum, but the first leaf which, of course, is partly due to the is smaller. In the spring, one year af­ larger number of bulbs that flowered. ter germination, the small bulbs were In the spring of 1941 we moved to transplanted to a frame. Here the soil our present location, where we have was again almost pure humus. twenty-two acres of rocky woodland, The frames which we use consist of with exposures to all points of the com­ parallel boards about a foot high and pass, and a wide range of soils. During three feet ten inches apart (inside dis­ the hubbub of getting a house built tance). This width permits shading by and moving a considerable collection lath sections four feet square. The of perennials, shrubs, bulbs, conifers, laths are spaced the width of one lath etc., besides clearing a garden space, apart and are placed in the usual way the lilies were somewhat neglected. with the lath length running north and Everything had to be done with a slap­ south. The soil in the frame is slightly dash, a' pat, and a promise! raised to facilitate drainage. L. faponicum, however, merited at­ Here the seedling bulbs remained tention. There is a pond in our woods until the spring of 1941, ga1l1111g which has a hard clay bottom co-(,ered strength each year. They were watered with an accumulation of well-rotted in dry seasons and mukhed with hay leaf mold. This pond dries up in the during the winter. The lath shade was summer. During the preceeding sum­ maintained throughout the growll1g mer several wheelbarrow-loads of this season. were piled up to ,dry and air out. On July 6, 1940 the first flower of Three beds were prepared, each about palest pink appeared and lasted five a foot deep, and filled in with this leaf days. That was a "Red Letter Day" mold, using no sand or other admix­ when we saw our first L. faponicu11L in ture. TWQ beds were made level with flower and experienced a new perfume! the ground and one was slightly raised. Much praise has been given to the The amount of shade (from tall trees) grace and beauty of this lily, out far varied from forty to seventy percent. too little mention has been made ot the The bulbs of L. fapon:icum are white; fragrance it exhales. I contend that if and these, when planted early in the this lily were the plainest member of spring of 1941, were small, few being the genus, its perfume would still make over one-half inch in diameter. They it well worth-while. It is not nearly were planted closely, about three inches as strong as that of atl1'atu111 or regalp, deep, in rows four inches apart, and and has a qUality that must be experi­ the beds were surrounded by chicken enced to he understood. Another pleas­ wire to discourage the woodchucks and ing difference peculiar to this lily is the rabbits. About ten plants flowered manner in which the three lower petals that year, and more in 1943. Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 299

Last spring (1944) a new bed was but not the tallest-and the largest per­ similarly prepared at a lower level and centage in bud at the present date the second and fourth rows were (June 6,1945). moved after the shoots had pierced the For plant food nothing has been used gTo1md! By using a spade, the bulbs except low-analysis commercial fertil­ were not disturbed, and they flowered izer broadcast between the rows early well. This spring they look better than in the season. No winter mulch is used those not moved and have a larger pro­ except the falling leaves which collect portion of buds. Incidentally, this new­ naturally. No winter or spring frost est bed is about one foot above the damage has ever been experienced. water level of a winter pond less than This lily is not tender. twenty feet away. Seed sets freely - practically every The writer was led to believe that flower will produce a full capsule-if L. iaponiC1lI1n demands considerable permitted. The seed ripens slowly and moisture in the soil, by that monumen­ is seldom mature before Thanksgiving. tal article by Dr. F. Stoker, "The En­ We used to worry about frost damage, vironment of Lilies in Nature" (R. but the cold seems to have no bad ef­ H. S. Lily Year Book, 1933, Pages 11- fects whatever. 'vVe have been saving 54). From page 44 I quote in part: seed only from one or two of the best "Lilium J aponicum Thunberg flowers and now have three lots start­ (Syn. Kramel'i) - trees, shrubs, ed; all planted and ieft completely out­ dwarf bamboos; half shade. Moist side. humoid soil by river banks. rocks, Following are' the maximum dimen­ roadsides, woodlands, with good sions of the two best flowering stalks: drainage (Wilson). Rainfall large­ one, the tallest, growing in about 70% humidity 65-8570, Temperature 30- shade, the second, the most robust, in 70° ." about 4070 shade. The tallest has nar­ The expressIOn "good drainage" rower leaves and is lighter green. Each probably has mis-led many persons to shows one bud. Maximum height, 2 use excessive sand when growing L. ft. 3 in.; longest leaf, 6Yz", located 11" i apo·nicu111. Personally, I have not from ground; number of leaves, 12; found any lily that is benefitted by the maximum width of leaf, 1"; netves, use of sand. A soil can be well-drained including mid-rib, 3; stem diameter at and still be retentive of moisture. The ground, 3/ 16". English climate perhaps requires more Never-including this season-has attention to drainage. there been more than a single flower \Vith seedlings, numerous combina­ per spike. Also there has always been tions of soils, shade, exposures, etc., a large percentage of non-flowering can be tried, until the best combina­ spikes. Today, there are only twelve tions are found. Of the three beds stalks which show buds out of about planted here the driest was unsatisfac­ fifty that are of flowering size. I have tory from the .first. Today there are left noted this same condition in the' pic­ only two short non-flowering spikes ture of a group of L. japonicu-111, grow­ and a few single leaves. The other two ing in California. Yet other pictures of the three original beds have done of a single plant usually show more well. The one which was slightly raised than on bloom. Probably we have been now has the most light (about 60 70 ) giving too much moisture? Is the soil and is making the best showing this wrong, or have we a poor strain of year. It has the most robust spike- this lily? Now that the rabbits and 300 THE NATIONAL ,H'ORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945 woodchucks have been pretty well Sulphurcum Lily 110t Relia.bl)! H a:rdy routed, and there is more time, we plan The Sulphureum lily (Lil·iwl/'t 11'Ly}'·io­ to spread our plantings around to phyllu1I'l.) is the largest of the trumpet check these conclusions. '''le would lilies that can be grown successfully in greatly appreciate the opinions of any­ .this region but it is not reliably winter­ one who is interested. Thinking that our seed might be of hardy. Farther north (Vermont) an inferior variety, we secured seeds where the snows come early and re­ from another source, but today the main until late spring it winters over two-year seedlings are much smaller as well as other lilies. I obtained three than plants of the same age from our bulbs of it 15 years ago and they pro­ own seed. There is a variety, platy­ duced several immense flowers on phyllum or platyfolium, which should stalks 5 to 6 feet tall, but sub-zero tem­ be stronger. " peratures one winter proved more than No difficulties from wsects have they could stand. A few years later I been experienced except from a small planted six bulbs in a border along the snout beetle of undetermined name south side of a building but none came which insists on eating scallops all up the following spring. Then I along the margins of the leaves. This bought two more and planted them !n pest seems most partial to L. japom:­ 9-inch flowerpots which were sunk 111 (WIn! So far it has prov~p more annoy­ the ground in the spring

T,v eeds of La.'W1I and Garde?'l.. A Hand­ They are the work of Leonie Hagerty. book for Eastern Temperate North This is a very nice book, one 'to America. By John M. Fogg, Jr., which you will return with pleasure. University of Pennsylvania Press, The reviewer himself, having just Philadelphia, Pa. 1945. 215 pages, slaughtered some hundreds of young illustrated. $2.50. poke weeds (an annual rite), a beau­ Gardeners whether they will or no, tiful crop of daisy fleabane, a galinsoga come sooner or later to an understand­ or two (these are almost beaten) vari- ing of wee<;ls , but their knowledge may 0us crabgrasses and so on, not forget­ be born only out of that hard and ele­ ting the really beautiful patterns of mentary teacher, Experience. Mollugo, particularly enjoys the line ". . . there is no panacea, few short This book is written "with the hope cuts, and no real substitute for just of enabling the gardener to identify the plain weeding.': He would have liked most common weeds of lawn and gar­ a line or two on composting since most den . ..." It is written by a botanist of us are not so good that weeds are who has preserved the underlying or­ all slaughtered at birth, and a word or ganization of his science by presenting two about which, when pulled must his material in the Engler and Prantl never be left to die in place, since they family sequence, but has obliged the have fabulous powers of rerooting! amateur or non-botanist by presenting the plants with their common names Vegetable Dyes F?'o?'n N moth A11'£e?'ica:n within these families . The scientific Plants. Douglas Leechman. The names are given but not the authori­ Webb Publishing Co ., Book Divi­ ties, though one may find them by ref­ sion, St. Paul 2, Minn. 55 pages. erence to Gray's New Manual of Bot­ ., Paper cover $.60, cloth $1.25. any 7th edition. This reviewer re;;- rets this, since this book, both in its pre­ This is a small manual, simply and liminary text and in the herbal-like clearly written, intended for the use body is an infectious as well as persua­ of "handicrafters" but presented in sive document for the 'evolving ama­ such a form that it can be read with teur. interest even by those who have not Many readers may treat this like a the faintest intention of dyeing . any­ Chinese book, reading backward (to thing. us) from the picture section to the The gardener may well look with a fo reword. This will be a mistake, but more discerning eye on the plants, not whether you start on page 201 or page so much 'Of his garden perhaps as of 2, do not skip a word. his familiar country side. A word must be said for the draw­ It is a book to hold in one's hand ings which are not only faithful but while he works with the other. beauitful in themselves, at times with Dr. Leechman, the author, "outdoor the same fortuitous charm that marks . hobbyist, naturalist and archaeologist, the earliest woodcuts, and resulting is a staff member of one of Canada's from a too complete presentation of most important museums and was for venation. They are in black and white, many years the editor of The Canadian drawn with a firm but sensitive pen. Field Naturalist." [301] 302 T HE NATIONAL H ORTICU LTURAL MAGAZ I NE Oct., 1945

ModeI'll Fanners Cyclopedia ot Agri­ point. * * * * Not only is material in culture. E. V. W ikox. O range specific crops presented. but the book Judd P ubli shing Co .. Inc. New has a chapter on '\iV hat Crops to York, 1944. 497 pages, illustrated. Grow' etc . ..." Apparently there were $4.50. endless advisers. . P ictures have been borrowed from As can be guessed from the nU1l1ber all directions. Corn , cotton, tobacco. of pages, this is a well compressed small grain s, hay crops. and so on­ treatment of many things. Its sections not fo rgetting the inevitable song fo r are: F ield ' Crops (44 entries), Garden soil conse rvation and a passionate page Crops (44 entries), F ruits and N uts or two fo r Kudzu. ( 53 entries), Beef Cattle and Dairying, O ther Live Stock, Poultry, Drai nage, New Crops for the New T;fl orld. Edit­ Fertilizers, Irrigation, Soils, etc., and ed by Charles Morrow \ iV ilson. The Miscellaneous. . Macmillan Company, New York. The style is cl ear and succint and 1944. 295 pages, illustrated. $3.50. should provide the exact type of ref­ erence book for the fa rmer in nearly This is a most interesting if some- every emergency. times an unsatisfactory book. It is made up of sixteen shorter or longer The F1:etd Seed I ndustr,)1 -in th e United pieces by fo urteen different people all S ta.te1s. Frank Victor Beck U ni­ with diffe rent backgrounds of experi­ versity of 'Wisconsin P ress, Madi­ ence. both here and in Latin A merica, son, W isconsin, 1944. 230 pages, for the "New \iV orld" of the title is illustrated. $3.00. made up of our A mericas and does not mean a new "global" world, or at least "The author, Dr. Frank Beck, is not yet. economi st of the Field Seed Institute Some of the copy is born of busi­ of North A meri ca, an organizati on for ness, some of government work, some the promoti on of research on fi eld seed of pure compilation. Some of it is production and distribution. " much more complete and factual than This suggests as good an expression some other parts. Some is tinctured of what one may expect as anything by opinion, some is touched by caprice else. F or the seller's and grower's eye and some is on. a purely "take it or rather than the consumers. leave it" basis. \ iVhether you are interested in Latin Southern F'ield Cl'OPS Management. A merica or not, whether you hope to E. N. F ergus, Carsie Hammond and enj oy material imported from our sis­ H ayden R ogers: E dited by R. W. ter republics or prefer to go there to Gregory. J . B. Lippincott Co ., eat "out of hand," read the book. Philadelphia, Pa. 1944. 725 pages, If it had no other virtue,- and it has illustrated. $0.00. many, it has the particular virtue of "Thi s book is designed to be of use the radio. If you don't care for the to those engaged in, or who expect to author or the subject matter, you may engage in, producing fie ld crops, in the turn him not off but down, and pass South. Crops not limited to the South on to the next and all this without are discussed from a national stand- spoiling the story. The Gardener's Pocketbook

From the Midwest all catalogues but rarely shows up in H orticultu1'Gl Society gardens. Cercis cana,del1sis alba. As a garden plant for facing shrubs While the redbud has been well of taller stature or for use as a low known for some time and has taken its informal hedge Kerria has much to place as a standard item in the nursery recommend it. The foliage is a vivid trade the white form is not known and green with rugose veins. and is very is offered by scarcely more than a half ornamental. The small branches and dozen nurseries. Apparently the white most of the old ones are a bright green form is restricted in its occurrence to that remains so all winter. It is a the Ozarks of M issouri as the reports bright green reminder of spring against of it have come from there mostly by the snow and ice. The flowers are way of the Missouri Botanical Garden. bright yellow and resemble buttercups Several specimens have been found. in size and shape. They appear in the O ne of the first finds was studied by middle of May in normal seasons. the staff of the Garden and success­ There is a double form in which the fu!ly propagated. Material was then flowers resemble golden balls. disseminated to some nurseries and to­ Culture is as for most shrubs. A day there are some half dozen widely fair soil , with full exposure or light scattered nurseries supplying the plant. shade, and pruning to remove old In normal appearance there is little stems. Propagation in the garden can to mark the white flClwered form. Pos­ be effected by the removal of the stems which creep a short distance from the sibly a trifle li ~e-hter color of the foliaaeb , and no red tinge on the petioles. The clump. These do not spread so rapidly flower buds are greenish white and as to cause the plant to get out of lack the red color of the species. All bounds. parts of the flower are a pure white. This neat little shrub has much to Cultural handling of this variety is add to many gardens where bright n9 different from that of the parent green and gold can be used. For win­ species. The use of the plants with a ter color this is tops. ball is desirable as redbuds sometime die back to the root and this would be Deutzia gracilis catastrophic in the case of a grafted The choice of low shrubby material plant. for the Middle \ATest does not give a This is a striking plant if flower and great deal of variety. One shrub that in combination with the rosy normal has the habit of low stature and suffi­ color would greatly enhance any land­ cient hardiness is the Slender Deutzia. scape. This plant like the larger deutzias is Certainly this is one of the plants not particular as to soil or location. It worth hunting for. will do fa ir in rather heavy shade or in poor soil but reaches its best develop­ K e1'ria japonica ment when given better opportunities. This interesting low shrub is one This plant is listed as growina to six . • b that apparently has not been exten­ feet 111 some works but the height of sively used. It is li sted in practically two feet as listed i 11 others is closer [303] 304 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE ~ Oct., 1945 and is the height of those that I have removal of the side stems after they observed. The plants are rather .spread­ have rooted or by cuttings which are ing with small branches. The flowers not always so read·ily rooted. are white in small racemes and pro­ There seems to have been a dearth duced in early, spring. of this species in the lists this spring, This could De- used as a foreground but once the labor situation eases, no shrub to face taller material or as a low doubt this will find its way back in. hedge either trimmed or untrimmed. ELDRED E. GREEN. The foliage is about 21'2 inches long and a bright green. Probably the size Ra1~UnC 'L£hls cooleyae of the foliage would not lend itself to This charming little flower which extremely close trimming without giv­ grows among the snows of the Alaska ing a chopped effect but as a hedge Mountains, was named in honor of trimmed before leafing out and with Miss Grace E. Cooley, instructor in occasional pinching of long shoots it Botany at Wellesley College, Massa­ should give a neat appearance. chusetts, who collected the plant in August, 1891 on a trip to Alaska. She Five-leaved aralia found it in fruit among loose rocks near This neat shrub which is very useful the top of a snow-covered ridge, not far for shady situations has had a t-axon­ from the city of Juneau. In August, omic history that is confusing and still 1892, it was collected in flower near adds to the difficulty as the older name the top of a bare, 3,000 foot rnountain still occurs occasionally and the com­ of the Saint Elias AI,ps, above Disen­ mon name is merely a translation. At chantment Bay, Alaska. Mr. Freder­ the present this is placed in Acantho­ ick Funston, the finder, says that the panax sieboldian~£11

Ma.<:c71!C f,f/ illia1l7s Ranq,mcu.lq,~s cooleyoe butus does, directly fron1 its s no~rS' Another early blooming flower which refuge. It blooms in August. is a biennial but which might well be SARAH V. COOMBS. classed as a winter annual is the Eng­ Scarsdale, N. Y. lish \Nallflower Fire King. There are many varieties of \Nallflowers but Fire An Annual Report King in a glorious orange. I sow the Some flowers are perennial in the fresh seeds in August. They germinate South but perform like annuals in our in less than two weeks' time and make gardens in the Middle West. Others fine clumps by the end of the growing are bienllial but might well be called season. In the spring they grow rap­ winter annuals and then the .~~ are those idly and just now as I am writing this which are strictly annuals in every on May 15th, they. are in all their sense of the word. glory-like so much golden sunshine Collinsia verna, the dear little Blue­ on even this dark day. They are in eyed Mary, is a charming winter an­ bloom for many weeks and are so de­ nual of the Figwort Family that blooms lightfully fragrant. One really has to in late April or in May. Seeds are see them in full bloom to fully appre­ sown in August in a semi-shady spot if ciate them and to be able to realize possible although it will bloom very their great desirability. Such pla.nts as satisfactorily in a sunny location. It double Larkspurs, Iris and Heartsease takes several weeks for the seeds to in blue-purple shades planted near germinate and they make little fall them are lovely. Also Hemerocallis growth. But they winter over perfectly and Tulips in orange-yellow colors. and awaken early in the spring and are What are Pansies? Annuals, bienni­ budded almost before some of the als or perennials: Use them as winter lazier perennials have even raised their annuals, planting the seed in August heads. A bed of them planted thickly and enjoy their luxurious blossoms is a checkered mist of blue and white from late March on while someone else two-lipped flowers in whorls of five to wrangles over their botanical classifica­ six blossoms and three or more whorls tion. Buy seeds of the large-flowered to a stem. They self-sow very satis­ strains and plant them in a well pre­ factorily. pared seed bed. They must not dry 306 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945

out during the first ten days or you ther south it is no doubt a perennial. will have no Pansy plants. Burlap The . variety Purple Robe is a much sacks or lath covers for shade will deeper color than the type and does not make it easier to keep the bed just fade. They are lovely planted in front moist for the best germination results. of orange Lantanas which can also en­ I t is well to keep the young plants dure the same sort of location and shaded during the hot hours of the day bloom just as profusely as the Cup until cooler weather comes. Thin them Flower. The Cup Flower may be out if the plants are too thick. In the grown from seeds or from cuttings. Spring when they commence blooming Marigolds are one of the most satis­ pay no attention to the '-' pick-your­ factory of the annuals. There are so Pansies-every-day-if-you-want-to-keep­ many varieties that it is hard to choose them-blooming" advocates. Pick only when space is limited. I am particu­ the blossoms wanted for button-holes larly fond of the tall kinds and make and bouquets and le<\.ve the rest on the them serve a double purpose. By plant­ bushes to provide beauty to the border. ing them close together on the south A Pansy during favorable growing side of beds, they make a fine "heat­ weather is much larger by the 4th day break" for plants that require sun yet than it is the day it opens. Keep the appreciate having hot south winds di­ fad ed blossoms snipped off regularly verted. When used for this purpose to prevent seed formation and your they must certainly be staked as they plants will continue blooming if they are such shallow rooters that hard have plenty of moisture. winds and rainstorms tumble them Another plant classified as a peren­ " every-which-way" and thus they nial but that has all the earmarks of would not serve the purpose well. The an annual or winter annual here in the mum-flowered types come in dwarf and Middle West is the E1'yngium leaven­ tall forms and are especially lovely. If worthi. It is a most unusual plant as one has Marigolds of various· kinds one to coloring as the entire plant is a can be quite sure of flowers long into glorious purple in the fall. It retains the fall-in fact until Jack Frost really this lovely purple color when dried if takes over. cut at just the right stage and is thus The well-known annua~ Sweet Alys­ useful for winter bouquets. The seeds sum in white hardly needs description, are very independent. We plant them but it is one of the old standbys that we but have no idea when they will decide can always cQunt on for snow drifts of to grow. Sometimes they come up bloom for weeks and weeks and a gar­ quickly when planted in the Spring and den border hardly seems complete again they lie in the ground until the without it. Some gardeners report that fall rains come. These plants then act the seeds germinate poorly or not at as winter annuals, most of them win­ all. Perhaps the secret lies in planting tering over quite well and blooming the the seed early and covering very, very­ _next fall. The fl owers in themselves lightly. however, are nondescript-it is th ~ There are annual vines that should rare purple coloring of the burs, bracts be in every garden. If you wish to wel­ and leaves that makes it so attractive. come the humming birds, plant Cypress The Cup Flower, Niere1nbergia hip­ Vine fo r them. They like the Cardinal pomanica, is a very desirable fl ower for Climber, too, but flutter more around a somewhat hot and dry location. We the Cypress Vine. For our own joy use it as an annual here although far- we should not be without the Heavenly Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 307

© 1. Horace McFarlcmd Co . N iere71l be1'g'ia, "Yurple Robe" 308 THE XATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct.. 1 9 ~ 5

Blue Morning Glory. The big blue ing by your illustration the bracts are blossoms almost outnumber .the leaves more broadly ovate but somewhat less in September when it is at its best. acuminate in the variety than in the Plant it near the Marigolds for a good specIes. color combination. Some may hesitate \ 71/. B. CLARKE, to plant it because it is a Morning San Jose, California. Glory and might become a pest but in this section we worry for fear no seeds Z o'),sia 1/ultrella will ripen for next year's planting. Zoysia matrella was first sent to the There are some volunteers occasionally United States from Japan by David but never enough to warrant putting Fairchild in 1902. It was called Biro­ it in the pest class. doshiba by the Japanese and was used There are many other annuals that in rock gardens. we use to fill in the gaps like Phlo.'r It is a well-known lawn grass in the dnt.1'1111wnd-i, Salvia sple11de'fls and extreme south. As it .is a tropical grass Larkspurs. \ 7I/e would miss them like it was not known whether it would be old friends if we did not have them in hardy in thi s section. But as it was our gardens every year but these are known to be hardy at Auburn, Ala­ surely all so well kno wn that they do bama, it was decided to test it as a lawn not need description. grass in northeastern Oklahoma. OLGA ROLF TIEMANN, Its rate of growth is very slow. This Westboro, Missouri. is a decided drawback when establish­ ing a lawn, but its best feature once C 0r11US kousa the lawn is established. A neat a,p­ During our strenuous winter season pearance may be kept by mowing once I get several months behind in 'my hor­ a month. As it does not set seed ticultural reading which accounts for readily in the United States increas( my not until now having noticed your is by stolons. They are 'quite fine, very request relative to C or11-1,£S kO'/,(,sa on tough and nodes are about one-half page 180 of July 1944 magazine. We inch apart. It makes a very thick \ have grown it here nearly 20 years, firm turf that does not encroach rap- having originally received seed from idly upon flower borders. For this University of Nanking in 1926. We section this is its greatest recommen­ like it here particularly well because dation. African Bermuda and com­ due to the alkalinity of our soil and mon Bermuda, the usual lawn grasses. water neither the eastern C. florida run into flower beds with such amazing nor our own C. nuttalli thrives well un­ rapidity as to necessitate weekly or less the soil is artificially acidified. semi,-monthly clipping around borders. Our old specimen seems to be thor­ Two clippings a year are sufficient to oughly at home here, flowering freely keep Zoysia from the border. and developing fertile seed. The total Spring planting is to be preferred' to width of the. "flowers" is about 6 to 7 fall planting. By close sprigging good cm. The acuminate bracts are cream coverage may be had in about four colored when fully developed but with months. Sprigging is begun about the a little age they become heavily stained middle of April and continued into red. We have also propagated quite early August if there are surplus sto­ extensively the variety C. k. chinensis lons. Later sprigging has not proved but have never planted out a specimen satisfactory as the grass does not be­ so have never seen it in flower. J udg- come established quickly in cool weath- Oct., 1945 . THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 309

w . .4. Ta'ylor Ce'l'ltell 'l'lia l Peca.n Tree, October, 1902 (see page 213, July. 1945) 310 THE ~A TIO NA L HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct .. 1945

er. Close sprigging has proved more eral readers that one may have con­ sati sfactory in getting quick cove rage siderable pwfit and pleasure in study­ than planting small tufts. ing dogwood trees in any area where Zoysia starts to become green earlier they are abundant to observe the size. than Bermuda grasses and is much shape and carriage of the floral bracts. more resi stant to frost. Upon close In my own particular area this is a inspection it is partially evergreen even game one can carry as far as he likes in midwinter. Plantings where a great since the flowering dogwood is a weed deal of humus has been added remain tree to all purposes. The illustration about 33 % green at temperatures not was chosen from the individual plant lower than 15 °. which showed the best bracts, among New plantings are kept free of weeds those in flower and in condition for to encourage rapid growth. When es­ photographing. There are on the hill­ tablished very little weed growth is side, individuals with even -larger possible. It has not choked out (;:\over. bracts, or perhaps longer rather than Recently it has beeli recommended that larger, some in wmi·ch the length is less Zoysia lawns containing patches of and the width greater which tends to- ' clover be given an application of high ward a rounel flower and possibly great­ nitrogenous fertilizer in hot weather. er whiteness. One tree has produced This is reported not to injure the Zoy­ for years, flowers in whi'ch the bracts sia , but burns the cl over to such an do not lie flat but stand up like incurv­ extent that the Zoysia can choke it out. ingcurls their tips almost touching Recently commercial plantings have over the true flowers in the center. It been made in Connecticut where it is is neither showy nor beautiful. being sold under the name of Flawn. N ever has it been the luck or fortune ELEANOR HILL, of the writer to come upon a wild tree Tulsa, Oklahoma. with pink tinted bracts. Several have been found which showed a tinting on Comus flo1'ida (See page 311) the margin, but not enough in intensity It may seem almost banal to publish to warrant the propagation. a picture giving natural size details of . As far as can be told from natural flowering branch of our Eastern Dog­ pr-ocesses, seeds which fall naturally to wood, and the captious may well point the ground, or which are planted in the out that the picture must have been open, with no protection save what taken when the flowers were fairly old might come from falling leav.es, ger­ since all of the fl owers are open, and minate in late April and May. ~' Tf they the leaves are developing about and can he given any sort of attention they ' below the white bracts. This is only will make fair sized plants before frost. too true, but as excuse there can be If one will learn to. recognize the coty­ said only that the season of 1945 was ledons of the dogwpod seedling, he can very curious with premature heat, then soon transplant as', many as he likes. cold and rain, that turned all seasonal lifting them with the same care that he fl owering topsy turvy so that the dog­ would use in transplanting any other woods which hereabouts do flower be­ garden plant into a bed in which the fo re the leaves are well developed, in acid soil has plenty of food and humus. most cases exhibited fl owers sitting on Here with watering, even more aston­ collars of green leaves long before the ishing growth will follow. If con­ bracts began dropping, 'tinued attention is given, the trees will It is also repetiti ous to remind gen- fl ower sparsely in the fourth year. Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI~£ 311

Robed L. Taylo1' [See page 310 ]

F lowering dogwood, C 01'11/"~S flo6da 312 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1945

Most of the gardeners of the imme­ dustries, one would find a relatively diate neighborhood, who are tar better small number of species and fori11 s weeders, never find theyoullg dog­ offered for sale. woods as they germinate but it is not T here aloe a good many reasons for a trick and among the other trees with thi s. Many of the more attractive whi ch they have to contend, the only fo rms, eyergreen or semi-evergreen are one that causes any possible confusion not too hardy to cold . The nurseryman in the cotyledon stage is the sour gum, does n <:>- like them particularly well but as soon as the first true leaves ap­ since they ar ot the easiest plants to pear, even the most hesitating should transplant and l nless they sell while have no further doubts, since the very they are still Sl all, they can be more !1 ,-3t dogwood leaves are unmistakably economically , ulled up and destroyed j Ll St that. than saved. In areas where pear blight A nother bit of useful information in is C0111m on, many will succumb. moving dogwoods, is to remember that For those of us who happen to like t he foliage usually does not develop tj1e plants and are willing to ~ork to normally during the first summer but have some of them, guarding against after pushing out, stands still at about pei1r ~, buying small pot plants or rais­ one third s-ize . This is perfectly safe in g; : ~ltr,,, own things from seed, they are and proper development will come the worth tll'e trouble. following season; one can take matters This particular species, which is so into his own hand however, and prune variable within its limits that the the tree violently after these leaves botanists have separateS! and described have show n that the tree is growing, several charming formS: is one of a and with good watering the then naked group of more or less similar plants tree should push out into good grow th. which are all beautiful. C. lactea. is a The one trouble in this is to do the job more robust but more tender member of pruning so skillfully that it will not of the series, C. H enryana. a somewhat show in the future development of the less compact member, but C. sa.licifolia. plant. Dogwoods tolerate pruning well in -its several fo rms is worth the atten­ and . the person who is willing to study tion of any gardener who has room in the branching pattern of the tree o n the shrubbery border. It needs room soon learn where and how to cut so for both height and spread, certainly that little wi ll show of hi s handiwork, eight foct in each direction. In the beginning it will look rather thin, but Cotoneaster sa,licifolia. (See page 313) as the framework fills out and the less­ Cotoneasters as a group have been er branches complete the pattern it is known in gardens for a long time b\lt a lovely sight even when there are the genus came in for considerable at­ neither fl owers nor fruit to give it point. tention when se<:;ds of vari ous species The fl owering is abundant. and is well calOe back from the various explorers, enough shown in the I)icture. The mostly British, who were ransacking berries are a good deep crimson scarlet China for ornamentals. and persist well into the winter. The If one were to make a search through typical twig arrangement of the plant catalogues in this country, even going is shown in the illustration and it back before the present war had laid should be recalled 'that the larger such a restraining hand on the produc­ branch shown is a secondary branch tion of nursery stock and all the nurs­ from a main stalk ri sing from the eryworkers had not es-caped to war in- crown. Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 313

Robert L. Taylor [See page 312J Coto11easter salicifolia 314 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE. Oct., 1945 /'~; . Wm/t ed ! but Achil1l enes, Naegelia.\,and Isol011la In the July issue of the magazine, seem to be very scarce. r 'do not like to there was published an announcement send for : too many catalogues. If you that there would be carried hereafter, could,help me, it wOllld be greatly ap- lists of " wants" from members. The preciated. 'i' ,,' .'" .', person caring to reply is requested to :~ (t.'lISS) ELS'~~ , CORDTS, write directly to the member lliaking ~, ". '·813 E. Mtheral Street. the request. ~. <,.]i'., Plat'tesville, Wisc. {.,,, .,~ ,'!l. Plants wanted, all at once, or a few , .,' .t\t at a time; cuttings, cions, or seeds wel­ 'ti\ :J~For yea ~ s '!\ti ~ , have been searching comed, if plants are not available:\ ' c\:~ logue s a:trg/ gardens for the double Abies alba, silver fir ; A. allJifj ' 10111 - flowering fornl :'of · Sweet Rocket, ~aid pacta; A . Veitchii, Veitch , fir ; ~M. bal­ to be very clianpi't1g. Can you suggest samea H~~dsoni; Apple, CoJs.'s ,Orange where seeds 0l'pl;aI1ts may be bought ? Pippin (English); ChioJW.1~thus retu­ (MISS) ROSA'iUfD DANIELS~N , sus, Chinese Fringe Tree; Cotoneaste1' ,'. "". (' Putnam HeIghts, Dammeri or h,umifusa; Davidia invol1,£­ . ;;,: '.. Putnam, Conn. crata" English strain. Gala... aph'ylia; 't"; ~. 'i Gaultheria 111iquelil1a, Japanese variety; Plants wanted ,or' exchanges if de- G. Shallon, salal; Kalmia cuncata, sired : >~, . mentioned NHM. 4.41 p. 143 ; Larix 1xora, rose, pink and salmon; Br')lo­ sibirica, Siberian larch; Mahom:a aqui­ phyfl.L~11q, unifiora; H oya, amethyst, rust foliU11~, Oregon H olly grape; Picea and "imperial is" ; Dipladenia vine, rose sitchensis, Sitka spruce; P. abies pyg- . and white forms;' Rhodochiton vine. maea, Dwarf Norway spruce; P. 01'11.0- purple; M aurandia, ~ ine, white, blue­ rika, Serbian spruce; Pi'nus nig1'a rose; Clit01'ia vine, qGuble blue ; ] ac­ H ornibrookianal, Dwarf Austrian pine; qu.e1nontia vine, mue; Selagi Nella. P. 11'Lonophylla, one leaf pine; P. G1'is­ wildenovi, blue leaves '; ,Antig17on , with tata., Bristle cone pine ; P . strob~ ( s p·ro­ small wild-rose bloom, not leptopu,s. strata, Prostrate white pine; Psuedo­ 0 (MR~.) MARIAN A. MeADO"v. larix amabilia, Golden Larch ; Pseudo­ Osprey, Florida. tsuga Douglasi globosa or de'l1sa, Dwarf Douglas fir; Rhododen.dron canadense, Rhodora; Sh01'fia galaci­ Wanted, plants of the double flow­ fo lia, Oconee bells ; Toneya m~cifera, ered forms of H esperis mat1'onal,is par­ Japanese Torreya; Tsu,ga canade1~sis ticularly the true double white and the microphylla; Vacciniu1n c1'assijol-iu11'!l, true violet form, in single and double. mentioned NHM 4.41 p. 143 ; Vaccin­ i£ the latter exists. The grayed­ ium Vitis-idaea var. minus mentioned magenta roadside form is not meant! NHM 7.44 p. 171. MRS. CAMPBELL HARVE Y, R. M. \ N ARNER. Orchard Lake, Michigan. RFD No. 1, \ Noodmont Road. Milford, Conn. List of plants wanted, for publica­ tion should be prepared as above and I should very much like to find a sent to the Editorial Office, 821 Wash­ source of supply for the Gesneriaceae. ington Loan and Trust Bldg., Wash­ I know of sources of seeds for Chi1'ita, ington 4, D. C., whenever they are C orytholma, St1'eptocarpus and plant ready. They will be published as soon sources for Sail1tpaulia, and Gloxinia, after receipt as possible. Index to Volume 24

Figures in italics represent illustrations

Aberg, Ewert: Bowers, Clement G.: The Gr,eat Swedish Botanist, Height of Kurume Azaleas, The 145 Linnaeus ______. ______251 Yellow Rhododendrons ______55 Abies co11color ______164 Bromeliaceae, Lateral Inflor;'s- Acanthopa1wx SieboldiamI11L ______304 censes in the ______14 Allen, Fulton W.: Caladiums, The Fancy Leaved ____ 82 A Few Guideposts, Strawber- Calypso bulbosa ______218 , 221 n es ______. ___ __ .. ______135 Cam.ell-ia ·reticu.lata ______.7, 9, 11, 13 Allen, Robert E. : Camellia reticulata; The Story of.. 7 Some Iris Hindsights ______24 Campanula lasioca.rpa ______220, 222 Amaryllis Experiment ______77 Canes, Made from Bamboos ______287 Annual Report ______305 Cassamajor, Robert: Annuals ______.. ______. ______. 165 The Story of Camellia reticulata 7 Aquilegia pubescel1s ______.216, 217 Castilleja coUina ______.70, 71 Aralia, Five-leaved ______304 C elastrus sca.nde ns ______164 Archer, W. Andrew: Centennial Pecan Tree, The ______309 Vanishing Plant Lore ______.__ _ 109 C e'rcis ca.nadensis alba.______303 Arecastrum Romanzo/fianu11'L. __ 158, 160 Chrysanthemums, Garden ______:_____ 92 A1'undinaria gigantea ___ ~ ______.192, 194 Developing New Clones of ______100 grammea ______178 Clarke, W. B.: longiaurita ______187, 18'7 C on~us J( ou,sa ______308 Simoni ______.1 89, 190 Collinsia v erna ______.294, 305 Sl:moni vG1'iegata ______.__ 192 Coombs, Sarah V. : t e c ta ______193, 196 o plo panax h orrid $~1n ______246 tecta decidua ______195, 196 Ra17,uncu.tus Cool e'yae ______304 vi1'idi-st1'ia.ta ______179, 179 C 01'17US J( ousa ______308 Azalea.s, Mound layering of De- Crassina g1-andifiom ______141, 142 ciduous ______147 Cumming. Alex: Ballard, W . R.: Garden Chrysanthemums ______92 The Black Haw ______. 242 Curtis, A. E.: Bamboos for American Horticul- Pa.paver 01'ientale ______128 ture ______171 , 274 Cystopteris 11w1lta1la ______163, 163, 295 Bamboos, The Hardy Running .. __ 274 Daffodil Notes of 1944 Show ______63 Ba111busa argentea ______._ 5 Daylilies, Gardening with ______200 argentea striata ______5 Delphinium Path, Rambling Bates, Alfred: Along the ______167 The Illusive Ivy, IX ______41 Deming, Dr. W. c.: Betula glan.dulosa ______53 Green Petunias ______244 Bignonia. capl'eolata _____ 157, 157, 242 Deuteroco17ll/,ia M eziana ______21 Boswell, Victor R.: D eu.tz ia gracilis ______303 Disease Resistant and Hardy sca.bm plena ______249 Varieties of Vegetables ______268 Dian.thus J( 1'l appii ______244 [315] 316 THE NATIONAL HORTlCULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 19-1 :'

Dyckia enchlorioides ______.19, 19 Hill, Eleanor: F osterian'£('lJl ______17 Dia:nth'us K 1'I,appii ______.______244 fr'igl:da ------______.17, 18, 19 Zoysia 11'Latrella ______308 '/1Licrocal~yx ______17, 19 H olodiscus discolor ______79 remotifio ra ______18 H 011'Lalocladiu1"'L platycladw/'ll/, __ 72, 73 Eggplan t ______273 K erria japo·nica ______303 Empetn~111 nignmL ______53 King, Louisa F .: Enchohri1/1'1'L J1O'rridwm ______20 The Daffodil ______62 E1'),l1giu11L lea,ve-nworthi;i ______306 Knapp, L. W . : Fagus sylvatica pe'n,dula ______. ___ , 249 Why Did My Oriental Poppies F oster, Mulford B.: Die? ______. ______~_ 133 Lateral Inflorescences in the Kraus, E. J.: B romeliaceae ______14 Developing New Clones a,f Fox, Helen M.: Chrysanthemums ______. ___ .___ 100 Chinese Lilies Discovered by Krippendorff, Carl H . : French Missionaries ______148 Cokhicums ______81 Fuchsia, Why is a ______75 Narcissus for Naturalization ____ 60 Caliu1n vert£1'I'L ______76 Kurume Azaleas, The Height of.._ 145 Calpil1sia lavendulaefol-ia _____ 141, 143 Leonard, Stanley W.: Garden Scenes, Four: Length of Blooming Period in Miss Anne Baker ______205 Shrubs and Flowering Trees 23 Miss Rose Greeley ____ ~ ______115 Leonian, Leon H . : Mr. Fletcher Steele ______35 Rambling down the Delphinium Cilia N uttalli£ ______141 Path ______. 167 Green, Eldred: Lilies, Chinese di scovered by Bitters weet ______164 French Missionaries ______148 Cercis canadens'is alba ______303 Lilies from Seed _____ .______58 Deutzia gracilis ______303 L iliu11It Q.mabile ______236 D eutzia scabra plena ______249 Brownii C olcheste1'i ______230 Fagus sylvatica pel1du.la ______249 callOSU11'L ______c______236 Five-leaved Acanthopanax ______304 cathayanu,11lL ______.229, 231 K erria jap011ica, ____ .______~------303 c er11lUum ______236 Ma17 ts 1:oens'is Bechtel's ______164 concolor ______234 Pnll1US cemsifera PisSG.1'ciii ______249 cordatum ______.228, 229 Silver Lace Vine ______165 Duchartrei ______.__ 232 S')wi1'lga persica _.______74 F OY1nOSam~l11, ______230 Taxod'ium distic1umL ______250 giganteum, ___ .______228, 229 U 17'/1.1£S glabra Camperdownii ____ 75 H enryi ___ .______236 V ib II rn1£11'L C G1'lesii ______74 ja p oniC'L£111, ______Creigia spachelata ______15 L eic htlini ____ .______236 Hawkes, Alex. : longifiorum __ .______230 M asea-rena Verschafelt'i-i ___ .248, 248 medeoloides ______235, 237 -Strelitzia A I£gusta ______.161, 161 1nY1"iophyilum ______.232, 300 The Queen Palm ______158,158 ph'ibippinensis ______230 Haydon, Stella: n(.bell~£l1'L ______232 Amarylli s Experiment ______77 S a.rgentiae ______232 H ernerocallis fulva ______200 tsingtauense ______. ______234 Hemerocallis ThroughDut the Linnaeus, The Great Swedish Yea r ______197 Botan i st ______. _____ 251 Oct., 1945 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 317

Livingstone, Alida: H e ! ~1 ' J'i ______121 Lilies from Seed.______58 II -igra ______280, 282 Lycoris squmnigera .______170, 242 'Jvigm v. h e11011is ______~ ______175, 176 McIlhenny, E. A.: lIigm v, 1·J1.u.chisasa ______281, 286 Bamboo growing for the South 1 pur p Ll1'ata. ______289, 291 Bamboos, A Must for the South 120 sulphurea ______283, 286 McIlvaine, F. E. : viridi-gla'/{cescens ______278, 279 More about Colchicums and Plant Lore, Vanishing______109 Magnolias ______247 PO!ygOJ1U1'1'l Aubert-ii ______165 Magers, Alberta: Primu.la angustifolia ______218, 219 A Choice Little Cactus.______220 Pn£J1US cerasifem P,:ssa."dii______249 Des1110di um 144 jap011ica ______68, 69 Viola "Rosea" ______,, __ _ 145 X S kinnen: ______68, 69 Magnolias, Seedling ______81 PS1.£edosasa japonica______175, 188, 190 M al.pig hia co c cig em ______74 Q 14 es ne lia la.t e ra lis ______14, 15 glabra ______72 Ra1'/.uncu.l~£s Cooleyae ______304, 305 Matus io ensis. Bech tel's ______164 Reed, Clarence A. : Marriage, Kathleen: Pecan Growing, Beginning of Some Like it Cold ______216 Industry ______213 Some Like it HOL ______141 Reynolds, Kenyon L.: The Blues ______70 Daffodil Notes ______63 Two Colorado Ferns ______292 Rhododendron 1nu,cronatu1n M aSW1'ena Verschaffeltii ______.248, 248 sekidera ______224. 225 M elanpodiwm ci11.ereU11'l,______141 Rhododendrons in Kansas ______223 Narcissus for N aturalizatiqn __ .60, 61 Rowntree, Lester: Narcissus Notes ______155, 237, 238 An Alpine Columbine ______216 N eillia sinensis ______158, 159 S asa clu'ysan tha ______175, 178 N ie1'e111,bergia hippoma1'l4W ______306 disticha ______180, 183 "Purple Robe" ______306 palm.ata ______185, 186 Norton, J. B. S.: p~m"ila ______175, 176, 178 Hemerocallis Throughout the pyg111.aea ______180, 183 Year ______19'( tessellata ______182, 185 N othalena F endleri ______292 va1"iegata ___ __------180, 181 Nymphea, Midnight ______..244, 245 Veitchii ______182, 184 Peachblow ______167, 245 Oplopanax hon·idu111, ______246, 246 Scrutton, Mrs. H. c.: A "Pancake" garden ,,______52 Papaver or,ientale ______128 Pecan Growing,' Beginning of, as Severs, Harry V.: an Orchard Industry______.. 213 Rhododendrons in Kansas ______223 Peppers ______273 Se111iarumdi1ul1'ia. fastuosa ______191 , 194 Petunias, Green ______244 Senior, Robert M.: Penste1'lwn hi/milis ______69, 70, 70 Big11011ia capreolata ______157 Philadelphus L ewisi1: ______79 Experiments with Seeds and Phlox multifiora ______..218, 219 Plants ______140 Phyllostachys au.reosulca.ta ____ 275. 276 Shiba.ta ea ku.masaca ______175, 177, 178 bambusoides ______1, 1, 2, 3, 122 Shull, J. Marion: bamb·usoides v. cast1:Uoni _____ 290, 291 Gardening with Daylilies ______200 edulis ______..2, 6, 121 , 123 Skinner, F. L.: ffe_1C!fOSa ______277, 278 PrTmus Ski1'lneri ______68 318 THE NATIONAL ;HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1943

Slate, George: T rillium sessile ______162, 162 Minor Species of Asiatic Lilies 228 Ul-mt£s glabra Call1,perdoWHii ______75 S pi1'ea I daho e1!se ______79 Vibunnm~ Ca'rlesii ______74 Steele, Fletcher: prunifoliu11't ______242, 243 F our Garden Scenes______35 Walker, Violet Niles: GalitmL Vent1'/1, ______Strawberries, A Few Guideposts 76 in the Production oL ______135 Rock Garden Annuals ______292 Strelitzia A ngusta ______161 , 161 Wallflower, Fire King ______305 Syril1g'a persica ______74 Walther, Eric: " It's Alive" __ "______72 Taxodi·u1n distieh"'£1n ______250 Water lilies, Two TropicaL ______244 Taylor, Kathryn S.: Weddle, Charles: Winter Gardening at Cushing The Elegant Zinnia ______83 General Hospital ______210 Wilson, Warren c.: Teas, Edward: A Curious Wake Robin ______162 Two Malpighias ______72 A Northland Beauty______220 Tharpe, Mary Frakes: The Glandular Birch______53 -And Here We Have Idaho ____ 79 The Mountain Bladder Fern ____ 163 Tiemann, Olga Rolf: "Upon a Rock," Empetrum______53 An Annual Report ______305 \Vinter Gardening at Cushing T illandsia eO1np lana t a ______14 General Hospital ______210 d eco11~ pos ita ______14, 16 Yeager, A. F.: fi1'1nula ______14 Do You Know Tomatoes ______126 111,Ult1 :ca-ulis ______14 Young, Robert: pu,le hella ______14 Bamboos for American Horti- strieta ______14 cuI tu re ______177, 274 Tomatoes ______268 Zinnia, The Elegant______83 Tomatoes, D o You Know YOUL __ 126 Zoysia m,at1'ella ______308 The American Horticultural Society

INVITES to membership all persons who are interested in the devel­ opment of a great national society that shall serve as an ever growing center for the dissemination of the common kn~wledge of the members. There is no requirement for membership other than this and no reward beyond a share in the development of the organization. For its members the society publishes THE NATIONAL HORTICUL­ TURAL MAGAZINE, at the present time a quarterly of increasing impor­ tance among the horticultural publications of the day and destined to fill an even larget' role as the society grows. It is published during the months of January, April, July and October and is written by and for ,members~ Under the present organization of the society with special committees appointed for the furthering of special plant projects the members will receive advance material on narcissus, tulips, lilies, rock garden plants, conifers, nuts, and rhododendcons. Membership in the society, therefore, brings one the advantages of membership in many societies. In addition to these special projects, the usual garden subjects are covered and particular attention is paid to new or little known plants that are not commonly described elsewhere. The American Horticultural Society invites not only personal mem­ berships but affiliations with horticultural societies and clubs. To such it offers some special inducements in memberships. Memberships are by the calendar year. The Annual Meeting of the Society is held in Washington, D. C., and members are invited to attend the special lectures that are given at that time. These are announced to the membership at the time of balloting. The annual clues are three dollars the year, payable in advance; life membership is one hundred dollars; inquiry as to affiliation should be addressed to the Secretary, 821 Washington Loan and Trust Building, Washington, D. C.