THE BELGAE THROUGH HAMPSHIRE? • by J
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What Have the Belgians Ever Done for Us? an Iron Age Mystery
What have the Belgians ever done for us? An Iron Age mystery Up until recently many accounts of the history of Wheathampstead confidently stated that the first settlers came from Belgium. “Sometime after 100B.C. a sophisticated group of invaders from the continent moved up the rivers Thames and Lea. They came from the area which is today Belgium. These Belgae made the first permanent settlements in the area.” (WEA 1973, p12). Who were these mysterious and ‘sophisticated’ Belgians who founded Wheathampstead? An equally interesting question is why have references to Belgic invaders largely disappeared from recent history books? Solving the puzzle The Belgic invasion theory emerged in the late nineteenth century as a solution to a puzzle. Why was there a lack of middle Iron Age archaeological finds in southeast Britain? While there was evidence of earlier occupation the absence of archaeological finds suggested that southeast Britain had been unsettled in the mid Iron Age up to around 150BC. After this date Victorian archaeologists were able to identify a great deal of evidence of intensive activity and occupation, including the building of hill forts in the southeast and locally the Devil’s Dyke in Wheathampstead. What prompted this dramatic change? A dig in Kent An archaeological excavation in 1890 provided a strong clue. This dig was carried out by Arthur Evans who would later become world famous for excavating the Palace of Knossos on Crete. Evans investigated a late Iron Age cemetery at Aylesford in Kent and he pointed out that the finds were strikingly similar to Belgic cemeteries on the continent. -
102472 Chapel Cottage KF.Indd
Chapel Cottage OXENWOOD • WILTSHIRE Chapel Cottage OXENWOOD • WILTSHIRE The best views in Oxenwood? Great Bedwyn 3 miles (London Paddington 75 minuets) Hungerford 7 miles (London Paddington 65 minutes) Andover 11 miles (London Waterloo 70 minutes) Newbury 15 miles (London Paddington 50 minutes) Marlborough 10 miles • M4 (J14) 10 miles Sitting room • Kitchen/breakfast room • Family room Dining room • Utility • Cloakroom • Master bedroom with large adjoining bathroom • 4 further bedrooms • Family bathroom Separate cottage consisting of garage, sitting room/kitchen 2 bedrooms and bathroom Outbuilding/stabling with approximately 2 acre paddock In all about 3.1 acres These particulars are intended only as a guide and must not be relied upon as statements of fact. Your attention is drawn to the Important Notice on the last page of the text. Wiltshire • Chapel Cottage is situated in Oxenwood, near the villages of Shalbourne with its church, public house, post office and village store; Great Bedwyn with its church, primary school, station, doctor’s surgery, post office (with bakery), store and public houses and Vernham Dean with its pub, primary school, weekly doctor’s surgery, shop, post office and church. • The surrounding countryside is designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and has a number of large agricultural estates including Fosbury, Faccombe, Conholt & Hippenscombe. The landscape is partly wooded down land and is well served by footpaths and bridleways. • Whilst Oxenwood can be considered truly rural, it is nevertheless well placed for communications with a number of train services and the M4 within easy reach, as detailed in the opening paragraph. There is also a regular train service to London from Bedwyn, Hungerford and Andover. -
Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47–410
no nonsense Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47–410 – interpretation ltd interpretation Contract number 1446 May 2011 no nonsense–interpretation ltd 27 Lyth Hill Road Bayston Hill Shrewsbury SY3 0EW www.nononsense-interpretation.co.uk Cadw would like to thank Richard Brewer, Research Keeper of Roman Archaeology, Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, for his insight, help and support throughout the writing of this plan. Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47-410 Cadw 2011 no nonsense-interpretation ltd 2 Contents 1. Roman conquest, occupation and settlement of Wales AD 47410 .............................................. 5 1.1 Relationship to other plans under the HTP............................................................................. 5 1.2 Linking our Roman assets ....................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Sites not in Wales .................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Criteria for the selection of sites in this plan .......................................................................... 9 2. Why read this plan? ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Aim what we want to achieve ........................................................................................... 10 2.2 Objectives............................................................................................................................. -
A Very Rough Guide to the Main DNA Sources of the Counties of The
A Very Rough Guide To the Main DNA Sources of the Counties of the British Isles (NB This only includes the major contributors - others will have had more limited input) TIMELINE (AD) ? - 43 43 - c410 c410 - 878 c878 - 1066 1066 -> c1086 1169 1283 -> c1289 1290 (limited) (limited) Normans (limited) Region Pre 1974 County Ancient Britons Romans Angles / Saxon / Jutes Norwegians Danes conq Engl inv Irel conq Wales Isle of Man ENGLAND Cornwall Dumnonii Saxon Norman Devon Dumnonii Saxon Norman Dorset Durotriges Saxon Norman Somerset Durotriges (S), Belgae (N) Saxon Norman South West South Wiltshire Belgae (S&W), Atrebates (N&E) Saxon Norman Gloucestershire Dobunni Saxon Norman Middlesex Catuvellauni Saxon Danes Norman Berkshire Atrebates Saxon Norman Hampshire Belgae (S), Atrebates (N) Saxon Norman Surrey Regnenses Saxon Norman Sussex Regnenses Saxon Norman Kent Canti Jute then Saxon Norman South East South Oxfordshire Dobunni (W), Catuvellauni (E) Angle Norman Buckinghamshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Bedfordshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Hertfordshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Essex Trinovantes Saxon Danes Norman Suffolk Trinovantes (S & mid), Iceni (N) Angle Danes Norman Norfolk Iceni Angle Danes Norman East Anglia East Cambridgeshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Huntingdonshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Northamptonshire Catuvellauni (S), Coritani (N) Angle Danes Norman Warwickshire Coritani (E), Cornovii (W) Angle Norman Worcestershire Dobunni (S), Cornovii (N) Angle Norman Herefordshire Dobunni (S), Cornovii -
Early Medieval Dykes (400 to 850 Ad)
EARLY MEDIEVAL DYKES (400 TO 850 AD) A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2015 Erik Grigg School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Contents Table of figures ................................................................................................ 3 Abstract ........................................................................................................... 6 Declaration ...................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................... 9 1 INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY ................................................. 10 1.1 The history of dyke studies ................................................................. 13 1.2 The methodology used to analyse dykes ............................................ 26 2 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DYKES ............................................. 36 2.1 Identification and classification ........................................................... 37 2.2 Tables ................................................................................................. 39 2.3 Probable early-medieval dykes ........................................................... 42 2.4 Possible early-medieval dykes ........................................................... 48 2.5 Probable rebuilt prehistoric or Roman dykes ...................................... 51 2.6 Probable reused prehistoric -
The Iron Age Tom Moore
The Iron Age Tom Moore INTRODUCfiON In the twenty years since Alan Saville's (1984) review of the Iron Age in Gloucestershire much has happened in Iron-Age archaeology, both in the region and beyond.1 Saville's paper marked an important point in Iron-Age studies in Gloucestershire and was matched by an increasing level of research both regionally and nationally. The mid 1980s saw a number of discussions of the Iron Age in the county, including those by Cunliffe (1984b) and Darvill (1987), whilst reviews were conducted for Avon (Burrow 1987) and Somerset (Cunliffe 1982). At the same time significant advances and developments in British Iron-Age studies as a whole had a direct impact on how the period was viewed in the region. Richard Hingley's (1984) examination of the Iron-Age landscapes of Oxfordshire suggested a division between more integrated unenclosed communities in the Upper Thames Valley and isolated enclosure communities on the Cotswold uplands, arguing for very different social systems in the two areas. In contrast, Barry Cunliffe' s model ( 1984a; 1991 ), based on his work at Danebury, Hampshire, suggested a hierarchical Iron-Age society centred on hillforts directly influencing how hillforts and social organisation in the Cotswolds have been understood (Darvill1987; Saville 1984). Together these studies have set the agenda for how the 1st millennium BC in the region is regarded and their influence can be felt in more recent syntheses (e.g. Clarke 1993). Since 1984, however, our perception of Iron-Age societies has been radically altered. In particular, the role of hillforts as central places at the top of a hierarchical settlement pattern has been substantially challenged (Hill 1996). -
Caesar 54 Bc
CAESAR 54 BC INTRODUCTION Caesar 54BC, the fourth Campaign of Caesar in Gaul covers in fact the major invasion of the southern part of Britania (present-day England) by Julius Caesar. The Roman objective is to capture as many hostages as possible from the hostile local tribes. The Briton player must use all means at his disposal to prevent the suc- cess of the raid, to discourage further Roman invasions. Caesar 54BC lasts 14 turns, each of 2 weeks, between April and November 54 BC. The Romans, led by Caes- ar, are launching a campaign over the southern part of the island of Britania. • The Roman player must capture as fast as possible the stringholds of the opposing Briton tribes and take hostages from them, with the help of his famous general, his legions and his fleet. • His Briton opponent must prevent this, using his war chariots, coastal tribes and opportunities created by storms and bad weather hampering Roman supply. The game event cards allow full replay ability thanks to the numerous various situations that their create on the diplomatic, military, political or economical fields Average duration: 1h30 Favored side: none GAME DURATION Hardest side to play: none Caesar 54BC lasts 14 turns, each of 2 weeks, between April and November 54 BC. TheRoman player always moves first, followed by the Briton player. FORCES The Roman player controls the Roman (red), and possible (via Card) the Trinovantes (yellow) units. The Briton player controls the units of the various Briton tribes (Atrebates, Regnii, Catuvellaunii, Cantii, Begae, Incenii, Dobunii, all in variant of tan), as well as the Trinovantes (yellow) and the Menapii (light green). -
Histoire Des Collections Numismatiques Et Des Institutions Vouées À La Numismatique
25 Histoire des collections numismatiques et des institutions vouÉes À la numismatique Igor Van den Vonder and Guido Creemers tHe COINs AND MEDALs COLLECTION oF tHe GALLO-ROMAN MUSEUM IN TONGEREN (BELGIUM) the coin and medal collection of the Gallo-roman museum in tongeren is the former coin and medal cabinet (Munt- en Penningkabinet) of the Province of limburg. it is an important collection, comprising over 30,000 coins and exonumia. the collection reflects the coins produced and in circulation in the region from antiquity to the 19th century and is unique because many were excavated locally. When the coin and medal cabinet was established in 1985, the province’s own collection consisted of the collections belonging to the royal limburg Historical and antiquarian society (Koninklijk Limburgs Geschied- en Oud- heidkundig Genootschap) and the barons Philippe de schaetzen and armand de schaetzen de schaetzenhoff. these form the core of the collection, to- gether with the collection of the former small seminary of sint-truiden, on loan from the diocese of Hasselt. With the acquisition of several private collections, the coin and medal cabinet achieved its target of 10,000 items. an active collecting policy was implemented and the collection soon doubled in size, largely thanks to gifts. Furthermore, Belgium’s royal court made over Prince charles’ personal collection to the coin and medal cabinet as a long-term loan. systematic efforts were also made to acquire the coin hoards found in the region. at the end of the last century the Province of limburg decided to fully integrate the coin and medal cabinet into the archaeological collection of the Gallo-roman museum. -
Flying High Showcasing Our Operations - Page 4
The Hills Group Newsletter intouch Issue 16 September 2008 Flying High Showcasing our operations - page 4 > Dave Bevan > Summer party > Edward Davis Hill Celebrates 25 years’ service Music Festival in memoriam Testing times We have been forced to scale back our house building operation due to the dramatic downturn in the housing market caused by the ‘credit crunch’ and resulting lack of mortgage availability. As a consequence we have sadly had to let go of a number of valued employees in the Property Division, which is not a decision that a company such as this has taken lightly. However, on behalf of the Company and the shareholders, I would like to thank those leaving for everything that they have done for us, and wish them all the luck and success for the future. Michael Hill Eventful Summer On a lighter note, you can read about a variety of events that the Company has by Michael Hill, Group Chief Executive been involved with, however there are two Farewell Ted that really stand out. The hugely successful It was with great sadness that many of us open day that the Waste Solutions division paid our respects in July to Ted Hill, older held at Lower Compton gave guests a real brother to Robert and Richard and grandson understanding of our recycling and disposal of the Company’s founder. The memorial operations both from the ground and the service was held on an aptly glorious day of air! (see page 4) The other was this year’s sunshine and was followed by a celebration Summer Party which took place as a music of his life that he would have been proud of! festival in July. -
PR Box 1 Transcriptions
Pitt-Rivers papers Transcriptions Not all of the letters have been transcribed. A full listing is available here. The decision about which letters were ‘worth’ transcribing was taken by the transcriber (Alison Petch) alone based upon her research into Pitt-Rivers’ life and career and also her catalogue of the Pitt-Rivers papers and therefore reflects (to some degree) her personal bias. All notes about aspects of the letters were also prepared by the transcriber. Note that unlike the catalogue order (or the order they were kept in by Pitt-Rivers), these transcriptions are listed together in on-going communication order so that a conversation about a site or set of sites can be followed. The relevant sites are shown below as titles in bold Transcriptions and notes were prepared between November and December 2014. Berwickshire Box 1/ B3 [On blue paper, copy letters][1] Services – Ancient Monuments A 14235 / 1882 Subject: Guardianship of Ancient Monuments in Berwickshire Drafted by CHW [or HW] Copied by F Wilson Examined by CHW [or HW] Dispatched by G.W.D. Entred L. WR 14/ Page 156 To D. M. Home Esq [2] Convenor of Berwickshire Milne Graden Coldstream. Sir, With reference to your letter of the 27th ult. relative to the guardianship of various Ancient Monuments in the County of Berwickshire, I am directed to acquaint you that no appointment has yet been made of an Inspector under the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882 but that any communication addressed to this office will receive attention. I am &c N.J.C. [On outside of folded paper] A.M.P.A. -
“Celtic” Oppida
“Celtic” Oppida John Collis (Respondent: Greg Woolf) I will start by stating that I do not believe the sites our discussion. So, what sorts of archaeological feat which I am defiling with qualify as “city-states”; ures might we expect for our “city” and “tribal” indeed, in the past I have drawn a contrast between the states? city-states of the Mediterranean littoral and the inland The area with which I am dealing lies mainly “tribal states” of central and northern Gaul. However, within central and northern France, Switzerland, and their inclusion within the ambit of this symposium is Germany west of the Rhine (Collis [1984a-b], [1995a- useful for two reasons. Firstly, if a class of “city-state” bl). This is the area conquered by Julius Caesar in is to be defined, it is necessary to define the character 58-51 B.C.. In his Commentaries he refers on istics with reference to what is, or is not, shared with numerous occasions to “oppida”, sites often of urban similar types of simple state or quasi-state formations. character, and apparently all with some form of Secondly, the written documentary sources are some defences. Some of the sites he mentions are readily what thin, or even non-existent, for these sites; there recognisable as predecessors to Roman and modern fore archaeology must produce much of the data for towns (Fig. 1) - Vesontio (Besançon), Lutetia (Paris), Fig. 1. Sites mentioned by Caesar in the De Bello Galileo. 230 John Collis Durocortorum (Reims), and Avaricum (Bourges) - large size with the Gallic and central European sites while others have been deserted, or failed to develop - (Ulaca is about 80ha). -
Old Oswestry Hillfort and Its Landscape: Ancient Past, Uncertain Future
Old Oswestry Hillfort and its Landscape: Ancient Past, Uncertain Future edited by Tim Malim and George Nash Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-611-0 ISBN 978-1-78969-612-7 (e-Pdf) © the individual authors and Archaeopress 2020 Cover: Painting of Old Oswestry Hillfort by Allanah Piesse Back cover: Old Oswestry from the air, photograph by Alastair Reid Please note that all uncredited images and photographs within each chapter have been produced by the individual authors. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Holywell Press, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents Contributors ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ii Preface: Old Oswestry – 80 years on �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������v Tim Malim and George Nash Part 1 Setting the scene Chapter 1 The prehistoric Marches – warfare or continuity? �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 David J. Matthews Chapter 2 Everybody needs good neighbours: Old Oswestry hillfort in context ���������������������������������������������