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1 The government of the first became 6 Prior to entering , the United States directly involved in supporting the of agricultural protested ’s use of submarine warfare primarily products as a result of because it (1) increased imports of foreign food products during (1) violated the Monroe Doctrine the Progressive Era (2) discouraged immigration to the United States (2) the Depression of the 1930's (3) posed a direct threat to American cities (3) participation in World War II (4) violated the principle of freedom of the seas (4) the global need for more food after World War II 7 Many farmers failed to share in the general prosperity of 2 The Federal Deposit Corporation and the the 1920s mainly because they Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), (1) lacked new farm machinery to increase production established during the , were important because they (2) did not have sufficient numbers of farm (3) had to pay high to their workers (1) increased the supply of in the economy (4) received low for crops due to (2) guaranteed loans to failing businesses and (3) attempted to restore public confidence in 8 President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s reelection in 1940 financial institutions created a controversy that eventually led to (4) provided grants to unemployed workers (1) the Supreme Court declaring the election 3 President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s response to Supreme unconstitutional Court decisions that declared several New Deal laws unconstitutional was to (2) the establishment of presidential term limits (3) an effort to increase voter participation (1) ask Congress to limit the Court’s jurisdiction (4) an attempt to increase the number of Justices on (2) propose legislation to increase the size of the the Supreme Court Court 9 Which pair of events illustrates an accurate (3) demand the of several justices cause-and-effect relationship? (4) ignore the Court’s rulings (1) Sacco and Vanzetti trial ratification of the 4 The major purpose of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s woman suffrage amendment holiday of 1933 was to (2) rebirth of the KKK formation of the Populist (1) restore public confidence in the nation’s banks Party (2) reinforce strict laws to punish banks charging high (3) Red Scare demand for limits on immigration rates (4) high food prices start of the Great Depression (3) reduce the number of banks to a manageable 10 President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor number policy was designed mainly to (4) encourage the nation’s banks to loan more money to failing businesses (1) reduce border conflicts with Canada 5 Public disregard for Prohibition and for laws prohibiting (2) increase acceptance of minorities within the gambling indicates that United States (3) encourage Germany and the to (1) the American film industry has great influence on resolve their differences public opinion (4) improve relations with Latin America (2) the system of checks and balances does not work (3) attempts to legislate public morality may be met with strong resistance (4) American citizens have little, if any, respect for laws WWI to Great Depression

11 The "dust bowls" described by John Steinbeck in The 16 During World War I, what was President Woodrow Grapes of Wrath had the greatest impact on Wilson's purpose in outlining the Fourteen Points? (1) residents of urban slums (1) asking Congress for additional funding for the (2) workers in factory sweatshops war effort (3) plantation owners in the rural south (2) suggesting a peace plan to prevent future wars (4) farmers on the Great Plains (3) proposing war crimes trials for leaders of enemy nations 12 A main reason that demand for American farm dropped dramatically in the 1920's was that (4) calling for military alliances against aggressor nations (1) European need for imported farm products 17 The Red Scare, the growth of the Ku Klux Klan, and declined after World War I the murder convictions of Sacco and Vanzetti were (2) fashion styles required less cotton material than influenced by previous styles (3) Americans refused to buy foods that were (1) the rise of organized crime genetically altered (2) the passage of immigration quota acts (4) people left the cities to return to the farms (3) a distrust of foreigners 13 A major criticism of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's (4) an effort to stop fascism programs to combat the Great Depression was that 18 In the 1920s, which economic factor led to the Great these programs Depression? (1) reduced the power of the Federal Government (1) lack of in the stock (2) ignored the plight of homeowners with mortgages (2) attempt by the United States to promote free (3) provided too much protection for big business (3) failure to develop new consumer goods industries (4) made people dependent on the Federal (4) overproduction of farm products and Government manufactured goods 14 What was an underlying cause of the Great Depression? (1) unequal distribution of income throughout the 1920s (2) adoption of high federal rates during the 1920s (3) failure of American farmers to produce enough food after World War I (4) rapid increase in federal defense spending following World War I 15 The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s most enhanced American culture by (1) pressuring southern states to extend voting rights (2) expanding African American access to (3) popularizing African American contributions to the arts (4) convincing the Supreme Court to allow WWI to Great Depression

Base your answers to questions 19 and 20 on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.

19 The main idea of this 1937 cartoon about President Franklin D. Roosevelt is that the president is (1) trying to increase the public's respect for the Supreme Court (2) seeking the Supreme Court's help against his political opponents (3) attempting to exercise too much influence over the Supreme Court (4) refusing to allow the Supreme Court to review legislation WWI to Great Depression

20 One outcome of the situation referred to in the cartoon was that (1) President Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection (2) the Supreme Court ended most New Deal programs (3) President Roosevelt was impeached for abuse of his powers (4) Congress rejected President Roosevelt's effort to pack the Supreme Court

21 Which event of the 1920s symbolized a conflict over Base your answers to questions 23 and 24 on the cultural values? cartoon below. (1) election of (2) transatlantic flight of (3) Scopes trial (4) 22 One common theme in many of the writings of Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Langston Hughes was (1) the need to regulate business (2) the benefits of mass production (3) optimism for reforms promised by the Great Society (4) dissatisfaction with the American culture of the 1920

23 To try to correct the problem shown in the cartoon, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed (1) increasing the number of justices on the Supreme Court (2) raising the of federal judges (3) reducing the Supreme Court's use of judicial review (4) exercising his veto power over Supreme Court decisions 24 President Roosevelt's attempt to correct the problem shown in the cartoon resulted in (1) the quick end of New Deal reforms (2) of several federal judges (3) congressional rejection of the president's proposal (4) a decrease in the authority of the Supreme Court WWI to Great Depression

25 What was the goal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's 29 The conviction of John Scopes in 1925 for teaching plan to add more justices to the Supreme Court? about evolution supported the ideas of those Americans who (1) to help the Supreme Court implement its decisions (1) believed in religious freedom and the separation (2) to limit judicial opposition to New Deal of church and state programs (2) hoped to lessen the differences between rural and (3) to convince Congress to enact new economic urban lifestyles laws (3) wanted to promote traditional fundamentalist (4) to replace the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court values 26 Which statement best describes Franklin Roosevelt's (4) favored the changes resulting from the new New Deal programs? technology of the 1920's 30 A major reason the United States became involved in (1) They reduced the number of people who could World War I was to participate in governmental decision-making. (2) They expanded the economic role of (1) fulfill treaty obligations to European allies government, while attempting to preserve (2) protect the shipping rights of a neutral nation . (3) reinforce the Monroe Doctrine (3) They stressed the need for state and local (4) gain colonies in the Pacific government leadership rather than national 31 In the United States, the decade of the 1920's was leadership. characterized by (4) They emphasized the importance of the standard as the basis for . (1) a willingness to encourage immigration to the United States 27 President Franklin D. Roosevelt's controversy with the Supreme Court was a result of (2) increased consumer borrowing and spending (3) the active involvement of the United States in (1) the requirement that all judges must retire at age European affairs 70 (4) major reforms in national labor legislation (2) his belief that the Court was too liberal in its interpretations 32 Breadlines, Hoovervilles, and the Bonus Army were all direct results of (3) the Court's unwillingness to accept difficult cases (4) the Court's opposition to several New Deal (1) housing shortages in the 1920s laws (2) relief efforts of the New Deal 28 In the years before the United States entered World (3) mechanization of agriculture War I, President Woodrow Wilson violated his position (4) during the Great Depression of strict neutrality by 33 What was a central belief of the Transcendentalists? (1) secretly sending troops to fight for the democratic (1) People can rise above basic reason. nations (2) Morality is relative. (2) openly encouraging Mexico to send troops to (3) Salvation can be found only in good works. support the Allies (4) People's fates are predestined. (3) supporting economic policies that favored the Allied nations 34 During World War I, relations between the United (4) using United States warships to attack German States and Mexico were characterized mainly by submarines (1) military alliances (2) a shared defense program (3) improved political and economic ties (4) hostility and suspicion WWI to Great Depression

35 During the 20th century, economic opportunities for women and minorities in the United States have increased most during periods of (1) war (2) (3) nativist agitation (4) overseas expansion 36 What was a major reason for United States entry into World War I? (1) to overthrow the czarist government of (2) to keep Latin America from being attacked by Germany (3) to maintain freedom of the seas (4) to up the colonial empires of the Allies 37 Which heading would be most appropriate for the partial outline below?

I.______

A. Wages lagging behind the cost of living B. Overproduction of consumer goods C. Excessive buying on (1) Mercantilist Economic Theory (2) Features of a Bull Stock Market (3) Monopolistic Business Practices (4) Causes of the Great Depression 38 Many opponents of New Deal programs claimed that these programs violated the American tradition of (1) welfare capitalism (2) governmental of business (3) collective bargaining (4) individual responsibility 39 Deficit spending by the Federal Government as a means of reviving the economy is based on the idea that (1) purchasing power will increase and will be stimulated (2) only the National Government can operate businesses efficiently (3) the National Government should turn its revenue over to the states (4) lower interest rates will encourage investment WWI to Great Depression

Base your answers to questions 40 and 41 on the song lyrics below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Dust Storm Disaster On the 14th of April of 1935, There struck the worst of dust storms that ever filled the sky. You could see the dust storm comin', the cloud looked deathlike black, And through our mighty nation, it left a dreadful track...

The storm took place at sundown, it lasted through the night, When we looked out next morning, we saw a terrible sight. We saw outside our window where wheat fields they had grown Was now a rippling ocean of dust the wind had blown.

It covered up our fences, it covered up our barns, It covered up our tractor in the wild and dusty storm. We loaded our jalopies and piled our families in, We rattled down that highway to never come back again. –Woody Guthrie 40 Which region of the United States was most directly affected by the situation described in this song? (1) Southeast (2) Great Lakes (3) Great Plains (4) Pacific Northwest 41 These song lyrics were written about people who became (1) sharecroppers in the South (2) migrant farm workers on the West Coast (3) fishermen in New England (4) coal miners in the Ohio River valley

42 The national policy of Prohibition ended when the 44 The convictions of Sacco and Vanzetti in the 1920s states most closely reflected the (1) strengthened food and drug laws (1) increase in nativist attitudes (2) legalized alcohol for medical purposes (2) federal government’s war on crime (3) ratified the 21st amendment (3) corruption of political machines (4) banned interstate shipment of alcoholic beverages (4) rise in labor unrest 43 Which action by Germany prompted the United States 45 What was one cause of the stock market crash of 1929 to enter World War I? and the Great Depression that followed? (1) attacking British shipping (1) Costs associated with World War I had (2) forming an alliance with Austria-Hungary bankrupted the economy. (3) resuming unrestricted submarine warfare (2) Speculators had purchased shares of stock on (4) invading France margin with borrowed funds. (3) Federal tax cuts had caused high . (4) Low farm production had weakened banks. WWI to Great Depression

46 Which New Deal reforms most directly targeted the 48 Based on the cartoon, which conclusion is valid? basic problem of the victims of the Dust Bowl? (1) The New Deal was a military as well as a (1) guaranteeing workers the right to organize and political force. bargain collectively (2) Congress accepted most of President Franklin (2) regulating the sale of stocks and bonds D. Roosevelt's plans for dealing with the (3) providing farmers low-cost loans and parity Depression. payments (3) President Franklin D. Roosevelt strictly followed (4) raising individual and corporate income tax rates the concept of checks and balances. Base your answers to questions 47 and 48 on the (4) The judiciary of the 1930's was controlled by the cartoon below, and on your knowledge of social executive. studies. 49 The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act) affected workers by (1) protecting their right to form unions and bargain collectively (2) preventing public employee unions from going on strike (3) providing federal for retired workers (4) forbidding racial discrimination in 50 ". . . cannot be cured by legislative action or executive pronouncement. . . The best contribution of government lies in [stimulating] . . . voluntary [economic recovery programs] in the community. The government – national, state, and local – can join with the community in such programs and do its part." –Herbert Hoover

This quotation suggests most clearly that in times of economic crisis 47 President Franklin D. Roosevelt's unhappiness with the governmental situation suggested in the cartoon led (1) the national government should take full him to responsibility for solving economic problems (2) people should be patient and economic problems (1) attempt to increase the number of United will solve themselves States Supreme Court Justices (3) voluntary and private organizations, with (2) abandon many of his New Deal economic government encouragement, should deal with reforms economic problems (3) refuse to be nominated for a third Presidential (4) the government should not be expected to deal term with economic problems since it did not cause (4) turn over the responsibility for economic them recovery to the states WWI to Great Depression

51 The New Deal was a major change in United States history because (1) previous administrations had not had to deal with depressions (2) it established the precedent of balanced Federal budgets (3) the government became more heavily involved in important aspects of the economy (4) it led to a clash between the branches of government 52 Which major trend characterized the 1920's and continues today? (1) retail buying on installment credit (2) legal discrimination against eastern European immigrants (3) the steadily increasing power of established churches (4) the mass migration of northern blacks to southern rural areas 53 What was a major cause of the Great Depression? (1) decrease in the production of goods during most of the 1920s (2) unequal distribution of in the United States (3) overregulation of the banking industry (4) low tariffs on foreign goods 54 President Franklin D. Roosevelt's proposal to add additional justices to the Supreme Court was seen by his opponents as a threat to the (1) principle of federalism (2) power of the executive branch (3) two-party political system (4) system of checks and balances 55 In the 1930s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt changed the federal government’s role in the economy by (1) reducing programs to help the unemployed (2) ending efforts at trustbusting (3) raising tariffs to protect domestic industries (4) using deficit spending to stimulate economic growth WWI to Great Depression

56 Base your answer to the following question on the photograph below and on your knowledge of social studies.

What was the main reason for the emergence of "Hoovervilles" like the one shown in the photograph? (1) Many Americans had lost during the Great Depression. (2) Thousands of homes had been destroyed by the effects of the Dust Bowl. (3) Housing projects could not keep up with the demand for homes needed by the poor. (4) Preparations for World War II had created a shortage of building materials. 57 "Section 202. (a) Every qualified individual shall be 58 Which generalization is consistent with the ruling of entitled to receive . . . on the date he attains the age of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United sixty-five, . . . and ending on the date of his death, an States? old-age benefit . . ." (1) The freedoms guaranteed in the Bill of Rights are virtually unlimited. A major purpose of this section of Federal legislation was to (2) Government has the right to suspend any rights at any time. (1) guarantee an annual income to experienced (3) Individual rights can be limited in the national employees interest. (2) assure adequate medical care for the elderly (4) The balance between individual rights and the (3) reward workers for their support of the union general social welfare almost always favors movement individual rights. (4) provide economic assistance to retired workers 59 To help win World War II, the federal government found it necessary to (1) return to the (2) outlaw labor unions (3) impose and price controls (4) integrate the militar WWI to Great Depression

60 Which feature of the immigration laws of the 1920's 63 Base your answer to question on the chart below and was different from prior laws? on your knowledge of social studies. (1) Quotas were set to limit immigration from many countries. (2) Preference was granted to Chinese immigrants. (3) Refugees from war-torn Europe were encouraged to enter the United States. (4) Efforts were made to stop illegal immigration from Latin America. 61 Base your answer on the graph below and on your knowledge of social studies.

This graph supports the idea that the United States entered World War I to (1) limit the spread of communism in Europe (2) protect its economic (3) stop attacks on its warships (4) punish Germany for war crimes Which conclusion is most clearly supported by the information in the chart? 62 "Radical Immigrants Deported" "Bombs Explode on Wall Street" (1) President Herbert Hoover's economic policies "Palmer Raids Criticized by Congress" expanded opportunities. (2) The United States unemployment rate reached its highest level in 1938. These post-World War I headlines are most closely (3) President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal associated with the programs failed to address the unemployment crisis. (1) Volstead Act (2) Ku Klux Klan (4) World War II ended the high unemployment (3) Scopes trial (4) Red Scare rates of the Great Depression. WWI to Great Depression

64 A major result of the New Deal was that it 71 The term Dust Bowl is most closely associated with which historical circumstance? (1) eliminated poverty in the United States (2) extended the merit system in the civil (1) a major drought that occurred during the (3) destroyed the private enterprise system 1930s (4) greatly increased the size and power of the (2) logging practices in the Pacific Northwest in the Federal Government 1950s (3) an increase in pollution during the 1960s 65 Which fundamental economic problem of farmers did New Deal policies attempt to solve? (4) the migration to the Sun Belt in the 72 A major goal of the immigration acts of the 1920s was (1) overproduction to (2) of fertile land (3) shortage of labor (1) allow unlimited immigration from Southeast Asia (4) lack of transportation facilities (2) assure equal numbers of immigrants from all nations 66 The Supreme Court declared some New Deal laws (3) favor wealthy and well-educated immigrants unconstitutional because these laws (4) use quotas to limit immigration from southern (1) overextended the power of the federal and eastern Europe government 73 Which statement best summarizes President Herbert (2) forced the federal government into heavy debt Hoover's approach to the Great Depression? (3) ignored the rights of minority groups and women (4) failed to solve the problems for which they were (1) The Federal Government should provide intended substantial relief to the unemployed. (2) High unemployment is good for the economy. 67 What was a major result of Prohibition in the United (3) Unemployed workers should be patient States during the 1920s? because prosperity will eventually trickle (1) restriction of immigration down to them. (2) growth of communism (4) Helping the unemployed poor should be the first (3) destruction of family values concern of government. (4) increase in organized crime 74 A result of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s was 68 One result of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New the Deal was that it (1) restoration of buildings and the infrastructure in (1) raised the national debt (2) weakened labor unions (2) increased recognition of African-American (3) deregulated the stock market writers and musicians (4) repealed federal antitrust laws (3) end of racial segregation laws in New York State (4) appointment of several African Americans as 69 In 1920, women gained the right to vote as a result of a presidential advisors (1) presidential order 75 During World War I, many American women helped (2) Supreme Court decision gain support for the suffrage movement by (3) national election (1) protesting against the war (4) constitutional amendment (2) joining the military service 70 Which movement’s primary goal was the ratification (3) lobbying for child-care facilities of a constitutional amendment authorizing Prohibition? (4) working in wartime industries (1) abolitionist (2) Populist (3) temperance (4) settlement house WWI to Great Depression

76 "The age of Franklin D. Roosevelt set the agenda for 80 After World War I, which factor was the major the postwar era. Long after Roosevelt was gone, New cause of the migration of many African Americans to Deal ideas shaped policies." the North? (1) the start of the Harlem Renaissance Which statement best supports the idea expressed in this quotation? (2) increased job opportunities in Northern cities (3) laws passed in Northern States to end racial (1) The government continues to have a major discrimination role in economic affairs. (4) Federal Government job- programs (2) The military has as many troops today as they did in World War II. 81 During President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term, what was the greatest obstacle to his New Deal (3) The Presidency has been controlled by the programs? Democratic Party since the New Deal. (4) The President continues to have limited powers (1) decisions of the United States Supreme Court, in foreign affairs. declaring some legislation unconstitutional 77 ". . . There's no chance of progress and reform in an (2) lack of support from the American voters administration in which war plays the principal part..." (3) opposition of labor unions — President-elect Woodrow Wilson, 1913 (4) refusal of Democrats to support most of the bills favored by the President 82 The National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) of In this statement, President-elect Wilson was 1935 strengthened labor unions because it legalized expressing the belief that (1) collective bargaining (1) the United States should enter World War I (2) the open shop immediately (3) blacklisting (2) reform movements are strengthened by war (4) the sit-down strike (3) the nation will require a change in leadership if it goes to war 83 One motivation for the passage of the immigration (4) the Progressive movement would be best quota acts of 1921 and 1924 was served by continued peace (1) congressional support for free, unlimited 78 Labor unions increased their power and influence immigration during the Great Depression of the 1930's mainly (2) the industrialists' need for workers from southern because and eastern Europe (3) the prevailing mood of welcome to new foreign (1) major corporations began to support the goals of ideas labor unions (4) a recurrence of nativist attitudes following (2) unions gained major rights under Federal law World War I (3) many people were employed by the Federal Government 84 Motion pictures were popular during the Great (4) union leaders were elected to government offices Depression partly because 79 A major effect of the Harlem Renaissance was that it (1) they were regarded as the best source of education and culture (1) exposed corruption in New York City politics (2) they were an inexpensive means of escaping (2) led to the end of the Great Migration the reality of economic hardship (3) increased awareness of African American (3) few other forms of leisure-time activities were culture available (4) inspired the Progressive movement (4) Americans wanted to imitate European lifestyles WWI to Great Depression

85 A major reason for the emergence of a "consumer 90 Which situation helped cause the stock market crash of culture" in the 1920's was that 1929? (1) the Federal Government encouraged labor to (1) excessive and buying on margin unionize (2) unwillingness of people to invest in new (2) enforcement of antitrust laws resulted in higher industries prices (3) increased government spending (3) minimum- laws expanded buying power (4) too much government regulation of business (4) and installment payments 91 The changing image of women during the 1920s was encouraged buying symbolized by the 86 Which government action most benefited the labor (1) passage of an equal pay act union movement? (2) drafting of women into the army (1) sending Federal troops to end the Pullman strike (3) popularity of the flappers and their style of (2) passage of the Wagner Act, guaranteeing dress workers the right to organize and to bargain (4) appointment of several women to President collectively ’s cabinet (3) imposition of wage and price controls during several Presidential administrations (4) enactment of right-to-work laws at various times 87 The "clear and present danger" ruling in the Supreme Court case Schenck v. United States (1919) confirmed the idea that (1) prayer in public schools is unconstitutional (2) racism in the United States is illegal (3) interstate commerce can be regulated by state governments (4) constitutional rights are not absolute 88 “Troops Break Up Bonus Army ” “FDR Proclaims Bank Holiday” “Misery Created by Dust Bowl”

These headlines concern events that occurred during the (1) (2) Progressive Era (3) Great Depression (4) Cold War 89 Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Sinclair Lewis were popular authors who often wrote about (1) the problems of urban life in the (2) disillusionment with American society in the 1920s (3) the migration of farmers in the 1930s (4) water and air pollution in the 1960s WWI to Great Depression

92 Base your answer on the photograph below and on your knowledge of social studies.

The situation shown in this photograph occurred in which region? (1) Ohio River valley (2) Great Plains (3) Rocky Mountains (4) Northeast WWI to Great Depression

Base your answers to questions 93 and 94 on the 95 Base your answer on the chart below and on your cartoon below and on your knowledge of social knowledge of social studies. studies.

Which conclusion is best supported by the information on the chart? (1) Business advertising has succeeded in selling more products. (2) Violence by labor had increased throughout the country. (3) Economic conditions had become worse. (4) The stock market had recovered in 1933. 96 Which principle is illustrated by the passage of the Sedition Act of 1798, the of habeas corpus 93 President Roosevelt responded to the situation in 1861, and the adoption of the Espionage Act in illustrated in the cartoon by 1917? (1) calling for repeal of many New Deal programs (1) National interest is sometimes given priority (2) demanding popular election of members of the over individual rights. judicial branch (2) National crises often result in restriction of the (3) asking voters to elect more Democrats to powers of the executive branch. Congress (3) The Supreme Court consistently defends the Bill (4) proposing to increase the number of justices of Rights. on the Supreme Court (4) Congress expands its other powers when it 94 What is the main idea of this cartoon? declares war. (1) The legislative branch disagreed with the 97 The strongest opposition to President Franklin D. executive branch during the presidency of Roosevelt’s New Deal programs came from Franklin D. Roosevelt. (1) western farmers (2) business leaders (2) President Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted the (3) factory workers (4) recent immigrants Supreme Court to support his programs. (3) Justices of the Supreme Court were not asked for 98 The Scopes trial of the 1920s dealt with a conflict their opinion about New Deal programs. between (4) The three branches of government agreed on the (1) communism and capitalism correct response to the Great Depression. (2) Protestants and Catholics (3) science and religion (4) labor and management WWI to Great Depression

Base your answers to questions 99 and 100 on the 102 The Tennessee trial of John T. Scopes in 1925 passage below and on your knowledge of social illustrated a conflict concerning what? studies. (1) free in the marketplace ...2. We propose to limit the amount any one man (2) due process of law can earn in one year or inherit to $1 million to the (3) freedom of the press person. (4) religious beliefs and scientific theories 3. Now, by limiting the size of the fortunes and 103 One result of the New Deal programs that dealt with incomes of the big men, we will throw into the the Great Depression is that the Federal Government government Treasury the money and from which we will care for the millions of people who (1) emphasized the role of the private sector in have nothing; and with this money we will provide economic activities a home and the comforts of home, with such (2) was restricted to regulating economic affairs common conveniences as radio and automobile, for (3) became smaller and more streamlined in dealing every family in America, free of debt.... with social issues — Senator , 1935 (4) became more involved in the lives of citizens 99 Based on these statements by Senator Long, one 104 Which statement most accurately describes reason for the suffering caused by the Great conditions of American farmers during the economic Depression was the boom of the mid-1920s? (1) failure of President Franklin D. Roosevelt to sign (1) Shortages of fertile land and farm equipment relief legislation lowered farm income. (2) overproduction of military equipment (2) Overproduction helped keep farmers from (3) uneven distribution of income that favored the participating in the prosperity of the times. rich (3) Subsidies and other government programs (4) failure of labor unions to accept shorter work dramatically increased farmers’ incomes. days (4) Higher prices for farm products resulted in a 100 President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to the higher standard of living for farmers. circumstances described in this passage by 105 The intent of the United States immigration laws of (1) renewing New Deal programs to help big the 1920s was to business (1) increase economic opportunities for recent (2) raising taxes to assure a balanced federal budget immigrants (3) stressing economic principles (2) encourage cultural diversity (4) increasing New Deal efforts for relief and (3) restore an open-door policy toward immigration reform (4) restrict immigration through the use of quotas 101 Which statement best explains a major cause of the 106 Senator Huey Long, Dr. , and Great Depression in the United States? Father Charles Coughlin are best known as (1) High income tax rates forced many workers (1) members of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's into poverty. cabinet (2) Large quantities of foreign imports forced (2) outspoken critics of President Franklin D. American companies out of business. Roosevelt's New Deal (3) The government controlled almost every (3) supporters of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's aspect of the American economy. reelection campaign in 1940 (4) Factories and farms produced more products (4) members of the Supreme Court nominated by than Americans could afford to buy. President Franklin D. Roosevelt WWI to Great Depression

107 Which is a valid conclusion based upon a study of the Base your answers to questions 110 and 111 on the New Deal? cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies. (1) Labor, but not business, was affected. (2) It resulted in a government budget surplus. (3) It forced individuals to accept responsibility for their own economic welfare. (4) It continued to influence United States economic policy for many years. 108 Base your answer on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.

110 Which action by President Franklin D. Roosevelt best supports the cartoon's viewpoint? (1) proposal of Social Security legislation (2) creation of the Tennessee Vally Authority (3) proposal to "pack" the Supreme Court (4) entrance into World War II 111 The main idea of the cartoon is that The situation shown in the map threatened the United States policy of (1) the New Deal was threat to constitutional government in the United States (1) intervention (2) containment (2) American citizens strongly supported President (3) neutrality (4) collective security Franklin D. Roosevelt's programs 109 A major reason that President Franklin D. Roosevelt (3) the Constitution was strengthened by New Deal proposed adding Justices to the Supreme Court in legislation 1937 was to (4) President Franklin D. Roosevelt established (1) make the Court processes more democratic programs without the knowledge of Congress (2) end corruption and favoritism in handling cases (3) influence Court decisions related to New Deal 112 The main reason President Franklin D. Roosevelt programs attempted to increase the number of Justices on the United States Supreme Court was to (4) ensure the appointment of members of minority groups (1) force the Court to hear cases involving the rights of minorities and women (2) speed up the Court's review of cases (3) increase the independence of the Court (4) make the Court more supportive of New Deal programs WWI to Great Depression

113 A main goal of the agricultural policy of the New 118 What was one similarity between the Red Scare Deal was to following World War I and the Cold War following World War II? (1) decrease farm surpluses (2) reduce farm imports (1) Fear of communism led to the suppression of (3) increase the productivity of farms the civil liberties of some Americans. (4) encourage farmers to move to the cities (2) Large numbers of Russian revolutionaries settled in the United States. 114 Many members of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's (3) Congressional investigations proved that the own political party opposed his plan Federal Government was heavily infiltrated by to add more Justices to the Supreme Court. These Communist spies. Democrats were against this plan because they (4) Renewed fighting between wartime enemies was a constant threat. (1) disagreed with most New Deal legislation 119 "You cannot extend the mastery of government over (2) wanted to weaken President Roosevelt's image the daily working life of the people without, at the for the next election same time, making it the master of the people's souls (3) wanted to protect the concept of separation of and thought." powers –President Herbert Hoover (4) agreed with the Court's rulings on civil rights legislation The idea expressed in the quotation is a basis for 115 Which economic condition of the 1920s was a major President Hoover's belief that the problems of the cause of the Great Depression? Great Depression could best be solved by (1) Farm prices rose dramatically. (1) nationalizing major industries (2) Industry overproduced consumer goods. (2) requiring business to pay a to (3) Banks were reluctant to lend money. workers (4) Demand increased faster than supply. (3) relying mostly on private enterprise and individual initiative to improve economic 116 The Republican Presidents of the 1920's generally conditions followed a foreign policy based on (4) creating government job programs for the (1) collective security (2) brinkmanship unemployed (3) noninvolvement (4) militarism 120 Critics of the New Deal claimed that the Tennessee 117 In 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt was Valley Authority (TVA) and the Social Security criticized for his proposal to add justices to the System threatened the United States economy by United States Supreme Court because these (1) applying socialist principles appointments would have (2) imposing unfair working hours (1) broken earlier campaign promises (3) decreasing government spending (2) violated the constitutional limit on the number (4) eroding antitrust laws of justices 121 In the 1930's, the enactment of New Deal programs (3) threatened the system of checks and balances demonstrated a belief that (4) established a more conservative Court (1) corporations were best left to operate without government interference (2) state governments should give up control over commerce inside their states (3) the Federal Government must concern itself with the people's economic well-being (4) the United States Constitution was not relevant to 20th-century life WWI to Great Depression

122 Base your answer on the quotation below and on your knowledge of social studies.

...I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people. Let us all here assembled constitute ourselves prophets of a new order of competence and of courage. This is more than a political campaign; it is a call to arms. Give me your help, not to win votes alone, but to win in this crusade to restore America to its own people. – Franklin D. Roosevelt, Acceptance Speech, Democratic National Convention, 1932

In this statement, Franklin D. Roosevelt promised to (1) build up the military (2) reduce government interference in business (3) end an isolationist foreign policy (4) provide government assistance to combat the Great Depression Base your answers to questions 123 and 124 on the chart below and your knowledge of social studies.

123 One reason for the passage of the laws shown in this chart was to (1) limit economic growth (2) protect the jobs of workers in the United States (3) improve working conditions in American factories (4) promote non-European immigration 124 What was an effect of the immigration laws of 1921 and 1924? (1) reduction of immigration from southern and eastern Europe and Asia (2) establishment of equality among ethnic groups seeking entrance to the United States (3) increase in the total number of immigrants allowed to enter the United States (4) removal of restrictions from the nations of northern and WWI to Great Depression

125 What was one economic consequence of President Base your answers to questions 129 through 131 on Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal? this discussion and on your knowledge of social studies. The discussion below refers to the New Deal (1) Bank encouraged investment. era of the late 1930's. (2) Major industries were nationalized. (3) Balanced budgets became the model for Speaker A: Our nation's economy has been ruined by economic stability. costly government programs that destroy freedom of (4) The role of the federal government in the enterprise and individual initiative. economy expanded. 126 What was a major result of Prohibition in the United Speaker B: I strongly disagree. Our economy will be States during the 1920s? helped by public works projects, unemployment insurance systems, and old-age insurance. (1) restriction of immigration This is peaceful . (2) growth of communism (3) destruction of family values Speaker C: We have had no revolution. We are simply (4) increase in organized crime witnessing the evolution of an idea that began in the 127 Which events best support the image of the 1920's as days of Populism and Progressivism. a decade of nativist sentiment? Speaker D: We need not concern ourselves with (1) the passage of the National Origins Act and whether these changes are revolutionary or the rise of the Ku Klux Klan evolutionary, or whether or not the budget is balanced. (2) the Scopes trial and the passage of women's The important thing is to conserve our resources, and suffrage we are seeking ways to do this through the democratic (3) the Washington Naval Conference and the process. Kellogg-Briand Pact 129 The positions taken by speakers B and D are best (4) the growth of the auto industry and the Teapot exemplified by such measures as the Dome affair (1) Securities and Exchange Commission and the 128 Which situation was the immediate cause of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation United States entry into World War I in 1917? (2) Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act and the (1) The League of Nations requested help. Export-Import Bank (2) The Maine was blown up in Havana Harbor. (3) and the Tennessee Valley (3) Nazi tyranny threatened Western democracy. Authority (4) German submarines sank United States (4) National Recovery Act and the Gold Reserve merchant ships. Act 130 Which President based his economic theories on the idea expressed by speaker A? (1) Harry Truman (2) Lyndon Johnson (3) (4) 131 The idea referred to by speaker C is (1) a regulatory role for the government (2) the free and unlimited coinage of silver (3) civil rights for minorities (4) an income tax amendment WWI to Great Depression

132 Since 1930, during periods of economic recession, 137 What was a guiding principle of the New Deal which fiscal action has been taken by the United economic policies? States Government to stimulate the economy? (1) Pro-business tax breaks would solve the (1) maintaining a large budgetary surplus problems associated with urban poverty. (2) increasing corporate income taxes (2) Antitrust legislation would destroy the free (3) lowering taxes market economy of the United States. (4) raising interest rates on loans (3) Rugged individualism must be allowed to solve social inequality. 133 A major reason the United States entered 'World War I was to (4) Government must assume more responsibility for helping the poor (1) maintain freedom of the seas 138 A function of the regulatory agencies of the Federal (2) stop impressment of United States sailors Government is to (3) protect United States cities from foreign attacks (4) counter a German invasion of Latin America (1) protect profits of major manufacturing industries 134 One major result of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's (2) determine prices in the stock market New Deal policy was that it (3) enforce laws governing businesses (1) weakened the power of the chief executive (4) establish the types of taxes local governments (2) strengthened the policy of laissez-faire can levy (3) increased the power of the Federal Government (4) expanded the importance of States rights 135 Which economic practice became significantly more widespread during the 1920s? (1) governmental regulation of business (2) stock market speculation (3) dependence on government welfare programs (4) reduction of tariff rates 136 Which conditions are most characteristic of an economic depression? (1) high unemployment and overproduction (2) large business and low taxes (3) too much money in circulation and high stock prices (4) high employment and increased real estate investments WWI to Great Depression

139 Base your answer to the following question on the photograph below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Why were communities such as the one shown in this photograph from the 1930s called "Hoovervilles"? (1) because of Hoover's support for federal programs to provide jobs for the unemployed (2) because of Hoover's refusal to provide direct federal aid to the homeless (3) because of Hoover's efforts to help the residents return to their farms (4) because of Hoover's emergency relief program to provide food to the poor 140 During the 1930s, poor land management and severe drought conditions across parts of the Midwest resulted in the (1) formation of the United States Department of Agriculture (2) creation of wheat surpluses (3) growth of the Granger movement (4) development of Dust Bowl conditions on the Great Plain 141 A major difference between the philosophies of President Herbert Hoover and President Franklin D. Roosevelt in responding to the Great Depression is that Roosevelt (1) wanted to rely on private charities to provide assistance (2) stressed the need for individual self-reliance (3) supported direct relief to people out of work (4) thought the government should not be involved in economic reform WWI to Great Depression

142 Base your answer to the question on the cartoon 143 Base your answer to the following question on below and on your knowledge of social studies. the statements below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Statement A: The best way to economic recovery is to subsidize industry so that it will hire more workers and expand production.

Statement B: If jobs are not available, the government must create jobs for those who are unemployed.

Statement C: According to human nature, the most talented people will always come out on top.

Statement D: Our government is responsible for the nation's economic well-being. Which statements most strongly support the actions of President Franklin D. Roosevelt? (1) A and C (2) B and C (3) C and D (4) B and D 144 Which choice is the best description of the Lost Generation? (1) Writers who moved to Europe because they were disenchanted with American culture. (2) Actors who protested the immorality of the . The cartoon illustrates President Franklin D. (3) Influential philosophers who believed that life Roosevelt's dissatisfaction with was meaningless. (1) Congress leading the nation into World War II (4) Journalists who warned of the Great Depression. (2) Congress resisting proposals to strengthen the 145 Which issue was the focus of the Supreme Court navy decision in Schenck v. United States (1919)? (3) New Deal programs being declared (1) freedom of speech for war protesters unconstitutional (2) relocation of ethnic minority groups (4) being unable to appoint minorities to the (3) use of detention camps for enemy aliens Supreme Court (4) integration of military forces 146 The Red Scare, the National Origins Acts of the 1920's, and the verdict in the Sacco and Vanzetti trial are examples of negative American attitudes toward (1) immigrants (2) business leaders (3) African Americans (4) labor union leaders WWI to Great Depression

147 Base your answer to following question on the 148 During President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term, cartoon below and on your knowledge of social what was the greatest obstacle to his New Deal studies. programs? (1) decisions of the United States Supreme Court, declaring some legislation unconstitutional (2) lack of support from the American voters (3) opposition of labor unions (4) refusal of Congress to pass most of the bills favored by the president 149 In the United States, the Red Scare of 1919 and the McCarthy Era of the early 1950's were periods of (1) severe economic depression (2) widespread support for groups promoting international anarchy (3) great growth in art, literature, and music (4) persecution of people suspected of holding anti-American political views 150 During World War I, President Woodrow Wilson used his wartime powers to (1) Win passage of quota acts (2) grant all women the right to vote (3) expand freedom of the press (4) increase government control of the economy 151 The "clear and present danger" test that resulted from the Supreme Court decision in Schenck v. United States placed limits on the (1) free speech protections granted by the first Which statement about President Franklin D. amendment Roosevelt's plans for a second term most accurately expresses the main idea of the cartoon? (2) powers of Congress under the elastic clause (3) rights of the accused in criminal cases (1) Congress will give President Roosevelt a free (4) powers of the President during wartime hand to lead the nation. (2) The American people will trust Congress to control President Roosevelt. (3) President Roosevelt will seek direction from the people. (4) The Great Depression will no longer be a serious concern. WWI to Great Depression

Base your answers to questions 152 and 153 on the 155 During the Great Depression, expressions such as statements of speakers below and on your knowledge Hoovervilles and Hoover blankets showed that of social studies. President Hoover (1) was seen as a role model Speaker A: "Government support for the arts makes the same sense as government support for the construction (2) used the military to aid the unemployed of dams and roads. We must support our creative (3) was blamed for the suffering of the poor people." (4) supported relief and public housing for the needy Speaker B: "Today, people are starving in our own 156 Which aspect of the New Deal programs was most land. To give public funds to something as frivolous as clearly a continuation of Progressive Era policies? the arts would be an insult to the poor." (1) government regulation of business activities Speaker C: "The arts should be supported in the same (2) restoration of the cultural and tribal traditions of manner they were after the Civil War, by contributions Native American Indians from wealthy individuals. Today, those individuals (3) free health care for all Americans have been replaced by corporations." (4) government purchase of surplus farm products 157 A major idea in the philosophy behind the New Deal Speaker D: "With government support for the arts will was that come government control. The relationship between the arts and the government must be like that of the (1) the states should accept more responsibility for separation of church and state – absolute." the funding of social programs 152 Which speaker would be most opposed to the (2) individual citizens should solve their own relationship between the arts and the government that problems exists in totalitarian countries? (3) private organizations are best equipped to solve social problems (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (4) the resources of the Federal Government 153 Which speaker would most favor the type of should be used to solve social problems government support for the arts found in the New 158 Which Presidential action was perceived as a threat to Deal? the system of checks and balances? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) 's appointments to his Cabinet 154 A lasting effect of the New Deal has been a belief that (2) 's issuance of the government should Emancipation Proclamation (1) own the principal means of producing goods (3) Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to increase the and services size of the Supreme Court (2) allow natural market forces to determine (4) Ronald Reagan's supply-side economic economic conditions proposals (3) maintain a balanced federal budget during hard 159 The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the economic times Works Progress Administration (WPA) were both (4) assume responsibility for the well-being of its New Deal programs developed to address the citizens problem of (1) excessive stock market speculation (2) high unemployment (3) increased use of credit (4) limited income of senior citizens WWI to Great Depression

160 A lasting result of the New Deal in the United States 164 Base your answer to the following question on the has been the tables below and on your knowledge of social studies. (1) reduction of the national debt (2) control of stock prices by the Federal Government (3) joint effort of business and labor to strengthen the Presidency (4) assumption by the Federal Government of greater responsibility for the nation's well being 161 “Harding Rejects Wilson’s Foreign Policy—Wants Return to ‘Normalcy’” “Coolidge Declares: ‘The Chief Business of the American People Is Business’” “Hoover Calls for ‘Rugged Individualism’; Which situation is associated with the trends in Rejects agriculture shown in these tables? Paternalism and ” (1) Farm foreclosures decreased. (2) Farm size was substantially reduced. Which policy of Republican presidents in the 1920s is most consistent with the positions stated in these (3) Farm output declined. headlines? (4) Farmers became a smaller percentage of the labor force. (1) The United States should assist unions and provide old-age insurance. 165 Base your answer to the following question on the (2) The United States should acquire and protect an quotation below and on your knowledge of social empire. studies. (3) The federal government should support the poor "Korematsu was not excluded from the military area and raise farm prices. because of hostility to him or his race. He was (4) The federal government should assist excluded because we are at war with the Japanese business and limit foreign commitments. Empire, because the . . . authorities feared an 162 The main purpose of New Deal measures such as the invasion of our West Coast and felt constrained to Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the take proper security measures." Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was to —Justice Hugo Black (1) provide immediate employment opportunities Korematsu v. United States, 1944 (2) develop rules to limit speculation and safeguard Which generalization is supported by this quotation? (3) enable the Federal Government to take over failing industries (1) Individual rights need to be maintained in (4) assure a guaranteed income for American national emergencies. families (2) The Supreme Court lacks the power to block presidential actions taken during wartime. 163 Much of the economic growth of the 1920s was based (3) Individual rights can be restricted under on certain circumstances. (1) increased trade with other nations (4) Only the Supreme Court can alter the (2) the production of new consumer goods constitutional rights of American citizens. (3) rising prices of agricultural products (4) the rapid development of the West WWI to Great Depression

166 Which combination of factors contributed most to the start of the Great Depression of the 1930's? (1) immigration restrictions and a lack of skilled workers (2) high taxes and overspending on social welfare programs (3) United States war debts and the declining of the dollar (4) overproduction and the excessive use of credit 167 The National Industrial Recovery Act and the National Labor Relations Act are often cited as evidence that New Deal legislation (1) tried to keep the costs of labor down (2) sympathized with the interests of workers (3) blamed unions for slowing economic recovery (4) favored management over unions 168 President Franklin D. Roosevelt tried to pack the United States Supreme Court, but Congress did not support him. This situation is an example of (1) Congress undermining the separation of powers (2) the president using the unwritten constitution (3) the use of the system of checks and balances (4) how federalism was preserved by one branch of government 169 Which economic trend of the 1920s helped cause the Great Depression? (1) increasing government intervention (2) nationalization of investment banks (3) decreasing reliance on credit (4) widening gaps between the rich and the poor WWI to Great Depression

170 Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.

This cartoonist believes that President Franklin D. Roosevelt's actions related to the Supreme Court were (1) embraced by most of the American public (2) necessary to protect the Bill of Rights (3) harmful to the system of checks and balances (4) needed to navigate safely through the Great Depression WWI to Great Depression

171 Base your answer on the graph below and on your knowledge of social studies.

The low level of immigration between 1930 and 1945 is most directly related to (1) passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act (2) the Great Depression and World War II (3) the Cold War and the civil rights movement (4) improvements in living standards in Europe and Asia 172 The influence of nativism during the 1920s is best 174 The “clear and present danger” doctrine stated by the illustrated by the Supreme Court in the case of Schenck v. United States (1919) had an important impact on the Bill of (1) increase in the popularity of the automobile Rights because it (2) emergence of the flappers (3) expansion of trusts and monopolies (1) limited the powers of the president (4) growth of the Ku Klux Klan (2) placed limits on freedom of speech (3) clarified standards for a fair trial 173 During the 1920s, installment buying, income inequality, and stock market speculation contributed (4) expanded the rights of persons accused of to the crimes 175 What was the major cause of African American (1) introduction of supply-side economics migration from the rural South to northern cities (2) return of laissez-faire economic principles during World War I? (3) economic weaknesses that helped bring about the Great Depression (1) offers of free public education (4) decision to lower tariff rates (2) availability of factory jobs (3) desire to live in integrated neighborhoods (4) opportunity to gain religious freedom WWI to Great Depression

176 In 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to 181 Which group of Americans generally failed to increase the number of Supreme Court justices experience the economic prosperity of the 1920s? because (1) farmers (2) retailers (1) some justices complained they were unable to (3) consumers (4) manufacturers handle the heavy caseload 182 Which opinion contributed to the restrictive (2) some regions of the country were not immigration legislation of the 1920's? represented on the Court (3) the Court needed more minority representation (1) Religious differences are not important. (4) the Court had declared several New Deal (2) Well-educated immigrants should be kept out of programs unconstitutional the country. (3) Only skilled workers are needed for factory 177 A major purpose for the creation of the Federal jobs. Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) during the 1930's was to (4) Some immigrant groups will never be assimilated. (1) limit government borrowing 183 The "clear and present danger" ruling of the Supreme (2) break up banking monopolies Court in Schenck v. United States illustrates the (3) strengthen in the continuing conflict between banking system (4) implement monetary policies to fight the (1) free speech and governmental authority Depression (2) the use of search warrants and the rights of the accused 178 What was a major reason for United States entry into (3) state powers and Federal powers World War I? (4) religious freedom and separation of church and (1) to overthrow the czarist government of Russia state (2) to keep Latin America from being attacked by 184 What is one lasting effect of the New Deal? Germany (3) to maintain freedom of the seas (1) Organized labor continues to grow in size and (4) to break up the colonial empires of the Allies influence. (2) Many government programs started in the 179 The New Deal tried to solve many problems of the 1930's continue in the 1990's. Great Depression by (3) Women have finally attained: equal economic (1) providing federal aid to many sectors of the status. economy (4) The Republican Party has continued to control (2) reducing taxes on big business to stimulate job the National Government since the 1930's. creation 185 Critics charged that President Franklin D. Roosevelt's (3) lowering federal spending to maintain a plan to increase the number of Supreme Court balanced budget Justices was clearly in conflict with (4) decreasing foreign competition by raising tariffs (1) the Supreme Court's practice of judicial restraint 180 During the 1920s, the United States changed its (2) the constitutional principle of checks and immigration policy by passing new laws that balances (1) provided incentives to attract more immigrants (3) attempts of Congress to limit judicial to factory jobs responsibilities (2) encouraged Chinese immigrants to enter the (4) efforts to restrict the number of terms a country President could serve (3) allowed unrestricted immigration of war refugees from Vietnam (4) established quotas that reduced the number of immigrants from certain countries WWI to Great Depression

186 The prosperity of the United States in the mid-1920s 187 Base your answer to the following question on the resulted in part from poem below and on your knowledge of social studies. (1) increased demand for new consumer goods (2) high-wage contracts negotiated by labor unions I, Too (3) record-high farm prices I, too, sing America. (4) increased government regulation of the economy I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong.

Tomorrow, I'll be at the table When company comes. Nobody'll dare Say to me, "Eat in the kitchen," Then.

Besides, They'll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed — I, too, am America.

— Langston Hughes, in Rampersad and Roessel, eds.,

The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes,

Alfred A. Knopf

This Langston Hughes poem illustrates a major theme of the Harlem Renaissance by (1) supporting the creation of colleges operated by African Americans (2) stressing the need for economic reform (3) expressing the pride and hope of many African Americans (4) detailing mistreatment of African Americans by the music industry WWI to Great Depression

188 The growth of the automobile industry after World Base your answers to questions 191 and 192 on War I changed the United States economy by the song below and on your knowledge of social studies. (1) stimulating the development of other new industries Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? (2) decreasing employment opportunities for They used to tell me I was building a dream assembly-line workers And so I followed the mob. (3) increasing the number of railroad passengers When there was earth to plow or guns to bear, (4) encouraging government operation of major I was always there, right on the job. industries They used to tell me I was building a dream 189 During the 1920s, the Scopes trial and the dispute With peace and glory ahead — Why should I be over Prohibition showed the clash between standing in line, just waiting for bread? (1) rich people and poor people (2) traditional values and modernism Once I built a railroad, I made it run, (3) business owners and labor unions Made it race against time. (4) the national government and state governments Once I built a railroad, now it's done — 190 The popularity of escapist novels and movies during Brother, can you spare a dime?... the Great Depression is evidence that Once in khaki suits, gee, we looked swell (1) the Great Depression was not really a time of Full of that Yankee Doodle-de-dum. economic distress Half a million boots went slogging through hell, (2) popular culture is shaped by economic and And I was the kid with the drum.... social conditions — E. Y. Harburg and J. Gorney, 1932 (3) American society did not try to solve the 191 Which program was created to deal with the problem problems of the Great Depression identified in this song? (4) the greatest employment opportunities for the (1) Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) average person in the 1930's were in the field of entertainment (2) Works Progress Administration (WPA) (3) Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (4) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) 192 Which statement most accurately expresses the main idea of this song? (1) Railroad workers were often overpaid. (2) The average wage in 1930 was 10 cents an hour. (3) Soldiers never have difficulty finding jobs when they return from war. (4) Hard times threaten economic opportunity.

193 The Scopes trial of 1925 illustrated the (1) desire for new voting rights laws (2) need for better private schools (3) conflict between Protestant fundamentalism and science (4) effects of the Red Scare on the legal system WWI to Great Depression

194 Base your answer on the cartoon below and on your 196 Which argument was used by the Supreme Court in knowledge of social studies. reaching its “clear and present danger” ruling in Schenck v. United States (1919)? (1) The military is under civilian control. (2) Powers are separated between the federal and state governments. (3) Constitutional rights are not absolute. (4) The Constitution provides for equal protection under the laws 197 The Social Security Act (1935) is considered an important program because it (1) brought about a quick end to the Great Depression (2) provided employment for those in need of a job (3) established a progressive income tax (4) extended support to elderly citizens 198 Which change in the buying habits of American consumers occurred during the 1920's? (1) The number of credit purchases increased. (2) Locally made products were preferred over national brands. (3) Preferences for imported goods greatly increased. (4) Homemade products experienced a revival in popularity. What is the main idea of this cartoon? (1) President Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted to end Supreme Court opposition to the New Deal. (2) Congress refused to pass New Deal legislation. (3) President Franklin D. Roosevelt had not faced any opposition to his New Deal. (4) Congress voted to increase the size of the Supreme Court. 195 The conflict between science and religion in the 1920's was most clearly shown in (1) trial of John Scopes (2) arrest of Sacco and Vanzetti (3) nativist reactions to immigration (4) poetry of the Harlem Renaissance WWI to Great Depression

Base your answers to questions 199 and 200 on the 203 Base your answer to the following question on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies. map below and on your knowledge of social studies.

199 In the 1930s, the shaded area outlined on the map became known as the (1) Rust Belt (2) Dust Bowl (3) Continental Divide (4) Mississippi Delta

200 In the 1930s, what was a major impact of the events Which region of the United States suffered most that occurred in the shaded area on the region's directly from the Dust Bowl? population? (1) Southwest (2) Pacific Northwest (1) A large number of people migrated west. (3) Rocky Mountains (4) Great Plains (2) Many people arrived seeking economic opportunity. 204 The 1920's are often called the "Roaring Twenties" (3) Farm prosperity raised land values. because the decade was noted for (4) Major dam building ended annual flooding. (1) changing cultural values (2) economic depression 201 What was one factor that led to the Great Depression? (3) political reform (1) government limitations on the amount of money (4) overseas expansion in circulation 205 Which statement concerning immigration to the (2) high wages paid by employers United States during the early part of the 20th century (3) increases in the tax rate for corporations is most accurate? (4) excessive speculation in the stock market (1) Immigration generally had little influence on 202 During the New Deal, the Federal Government American society. attempted to improve conditions for farmers by (2) Heavy immigration from eastern and (1) ending the practice of sharecropping southern Europe led to the establishment of quotas. (2) supporting the formation of farmworker unions (3) Border patrols were set up to check illegal (3) raising tariffs on farm imports immigration from Latin America. (4) paying farmers to take land out of (4) Most immigrants were middle class and upper production class people from northern Europe. WWI to Great Depression

206 During World War I, many African Americans living 211 Which event most influenced President Woodrow in the South moved to northern cities primarily Wilson's decision to enter World War I because (1) defeat of russia by Germany (1) more workers were needed in industry (2) assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (2) prejudice had been eliminated in the North (3) raids by Mexico on the southwestern United (3) affirmative action programs provided better States training opportunities (4) renewal of unrestricted submarine warfare (4) the cost of living in the cities was lower by Germany 207 During the 1920s, the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti, the 212 The repeal of national Prohibition in 1933 showed Palmer raids, and the revival of the Ku Klux Klan that demonstrate that (1) alcohol consumption was not socially (1) nativist sentiments were on the rise acceptable (2) cultural values were similar between urban and (2) the government should lower the drinking age rural Americans (3) crime rates had fallen to record low levels (3) popular support for international involvement (4) unpopular laws are difficult to enforce was increasing 213 From 1914 to 1916, as World War I raged in (4) public support for limiting immigration was Europe, Americans were not able to "remain declining neutral in thought as well as action" mainly 208 Which economic trend of the 1920s helped cause the because Great Depression? (1) United States membership in military alliances (1) rising cost of mass-produced goods required the nation to fight (2) increasing income tax rates (2) United States newspapers encouraged a policy (3) falling tariff rates of imperialist expansion (4) widening income gap between the rich and (3) the warring powers interfered with the the poor United States right to freedom of the seas 209 During the Great Depression of the 1930s and the (4) President Woodrow Wilson supported the war economic crisis of 2008-2010, the federal aims of Germany and Austria-Hungary government initiated reforms in the banking system 214 "Instead of meeting on the front porch under the to watchful eyes of adults, our young people are now traveling to the next town or city and spending long (1) strengthen federal control over the financial hours together in what are virtually 'private rooms on system wheels.' " (2) eliminate the flow of capital to foreign countries (3) promote laissez-faire business practices The concern voiced in this quotation from the 1920's (4) provide for a more equitable distribution of was most probably caused by the rapid development wealth of 210 As part of the New Deal, the Securities and Exchange (1) the railroad Commission (SEC) and the Federal Deposit (2) the automobile Insurance Corporation (FDIC) were created to (3) movies and movie theaters (1) allow for a quick recovery of stock prices (4) regular bus service between cities (2) provide direct loans to businesses (3) protect individual investors from stock fraud and bank failure (4) allow banks and companies to invest in the stock market WWI to Great Depression

215 The return to "normalcy" during the 1920's can best 218 Langston Hughes and Duke Ellington are noted for be described as an attempt to their contributions to the cultural movement of the 1920s known as the (1) expand social welfare programs (2) show greater tolerance toward immigrant groups (1) Gospel of Wealth (3) reduce the role of government in regulating (2) Lost Generation the economy (3) Harlem Renaissance (4) increase United States intervention in European (4) Gilded Age political affairs 219 The Dust Bowl experiences of the Oklahoma farmers Base your answers to questions 216 and 217 on the during the Great Depression demonstrated the passage below and on your knowledge of social (1) effect of geography on people's lives studies. We intend to begin on the first of February (2) success of government farm subsidies unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor (3) limitation of civil liberties during times of crisis in spite of this to keep the United States of (4) result of the Indian Removal Act America neutral. In the event of this not Base your answers to questions 220 and 221 on the succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of passage below and on your knowledge of social alliance on the following basis: make war together, studies. make peace together, generous financial support . . . It has been impossible in so short a space to and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to review the entire menace of the internal revolution reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, in this country as I know it, but this may serve to and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to arouse the American citizen to its reality, its you.... danger, and the great need of united effort to stamp — Telegram of January 19, 1917 it out, under our feet, if needs be. It is being done. 216 This telegram was part of an effort to The Department of Justice will pursue the attack of these "Reds" upon the Government of the United (1) form an alliance between Germany and the States with vigilance, and no alien, advocating the United States overthrow of existing law and order in this country, (2) convince several western states to secede from shall escape arrest and prompt deportation .... the United States - Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, "The Case (3) bring Mexico into World War I on the side of Against the 'Reds'," 1920 Great Britain and France 220 The alleged danger referred to in this passage (4) enlist Mexican support for Germany if the contributed to the United States declared war (1) elimination of the military draft 217 Publication of this telegram in United States newspapers helped to (2) ratification of the Treaty of Versailles (3) changing of United States immigration policy (1) reelect Woodrow Wilson as president (4) failure of the American Federation of Labor (2) convince the American public to support entrance into World War I 221 Based on this passage, in 1920 the Attorney General of the United States advocated the deportation of (3) encourage Congress to pass neutrality legislation (1) communist and anarchist immigrants (4) grant statehood to Arizona and New Mexico (2) men who avoided the draft in World War I (3) citizens who criticized the government (4) wartime workers from Latin America WWI to Great Depression

222 Which event led to the other three? 226 Base your answer on the graph below and on your knowledge of social studies. (1) migration of 300,000 people to California to find work (2) development of Dust Bowl conditions on the Great Plains (3) passage of New Deal legislation to conserve soil (4) publication of John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath 223 A lasting result of the New Deal in the United States has been the (1) reduction of the national debt (2) control of stock prices by the Federal Government (3) joint effort of business and labor to strengthen the Presidency (4) federal government assuming a greater The major reason for the change in the number of responsibility for the nation's well being bank failures between the early 1930's and 1937 is 224 During the twentieth century, United States farmers that by 1937 have responded to a decline in farm income by (1) new banking laws had restored public seeking confidence in the nation's banks (1) cheaper storage facilities (2) most people were too poor to have any savings (2) a return to subsistence agriculture (3) the government had purchased and was now (3) government price supports operating the nation's banks (4) lower prices for farm products (4) most Americans had transferred their savings to European banks 225 President Woodrow Wilson’s policy of strict neutrality during the early years of World War I was challenged by (1) German violations of freedom of the seas (2) British disrespect for the Roosevelt corollary (3) attacks by Mexicans on United States border towns (4) the refusal of the League of Nations to supply peacekeepers WWI to Great Depression

227 Base your answer to the following question on the 229 Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Lyndon B cartoon below and on your knowledge of social Johnson supported domestic policies that studies. (1) favored only one region of the nation (2) attempted to increase the wealth of the rich (3) led to tax cuts for all Americans (4) provided direct help to those in need 230 President Franklin D. Roosevelt's court-packing proposal was criticized because it (1) attempted to give more power to the judicial branch (2) directly violated the Federal-state relationship (3) threatened the system of checks and balances in the Federal Government (4) violated the constitutional guarantee of the right to legal counsel 231 During the 1920s, controversies concerning the Scopes trial, national Prohibition, and the behavior of “flappers” were all signs of disagreement over (1) the return to normalcy (2) traditional values and changing lifestyles (3) causes of the Great Depression (4) the benefits of new technology 232 Which economic factor was a major cause of the Great Depression? (1) purchase of stocks on credit (2) increases in taxes on business (3) reduction of tariffs on imports (4) failure to produce enough consumer goods Based on this cartoon, economic recovery would require (1) fewer by the federal government (2) increased taxes on the, working class (3) more money in the hands of lower-income families (4) protective tariffs on foreign goods 228 Since the Great Depression of the 1930's, which action has the Federal Government most often taken to lower the unemployment rate? (1) increased government spending (2) raised individual and corporate taxes (3) raised the (4) increased the minimum wage WWI to Great Depression

Base your answers to questions 233 and 234 on the 236 A major reason for creating the Tennessee Valley photograph below and on your knowledge of social Authority (TVA) in 1933 was to studies. (1) build and manage a turnpike in the valley (2) provide health care benefits for southerners (3) encourage African Americans to settle in the valley (4) improve economic conditions in a poor rural region 237 Republican opponents of President Franklin D. Roosevelt criticized the New Deal program on the grounds that it (1) spent more money than was taken in (2) weakened the power of the executive branch (3) failed to include labor legislation (4) promoted the ideas of laissez-faire economics

233 During the 1930s, the conditions shown in this 238 What is one lasting effect of the New Deal? photograph occurred mainly (1) Organized labor continues to decline in size and (1) on the Atlantic Coast influence. (2) on the Great Plains (2) Many government programs started in the 1930's continue in the 1990's. (3) in the Rocky Mountains (3) Women have finally attained equal economic (4) in the Pacific Northwest status. 234 Many farmers in the region affected by the conditions (4) The Republican Party has continued to control shown in this photograph reacted by the national government since the 1930's. (1) migrating to California 239 Which combination of factors contributed most to the (2) accepting aid from the Tennessee Valley start of the Great Depression of the 1930's? Authority (1) immigration restrictions and a lack of skilled (3) investing in better farm equipment workers (4) marching on Washington, D.C. (2) high taxes and overspending on social welfare programs 235 Which statement expresses the New Deal philosophy (3) United States war debts and the declining value about the role of government? of the dollar (1) In a capitalist economy, the main duty of the (4) overproduction and the excessive use of government is to protect business profits. credit (2) Government should control the prices of goods 240 Most conservatives who opposed President Franklin and services. D. Roosevelt's policies believed that the New Deal (3) Government must become involved in the was economy to benefit the people. (4) Balancing the budget is more important than (1) endangering the free enterprise system creating jobs. (2) threatening national security (3) ignoring problems faced by rural Americans (4) failing to enact needed social welfare reforms WWI to Great Depression

241 "There are too many foreigners and undesirables coming into the United States. Let's pull up the ladder."

Which concept is best illustrated by this statement? (1) populism (2) social mobility (3) nativism (4) reverse discrimination 242 Opponents of the New Deal criticized President Franklin D. Roosevelt for (1) expanding the role and size of the federal government (2) permitting banks to operate without government regulation (3) weakening the executive branch (4) reducing spending to balance the budget 243 During the 1920's, the prevailing view of government's role in the United States economy was that the government should (1) control the means of production (2) promote the (3) play a major role through regulatory action (4) interfere as little as possible WWI to Great Depression

244 Base your answer on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.

This cartoon is portraying a situation that resulted from the (1) public rejection of the New Deal (2) economic downturn of the late 1920s (3) failure of the Civilian Conservation Corps (4) opposition to the Treaty of Versaille. 245 Which situation was a major cause of the Great 247 Passage of the Social Security Act (1935) helped Depression? American workers by (1) The United States economy depended on (1) creating jobs for the unemployed foreign trade. (2) guaranteeing a minimum wage (2) Prices for agricultural products reached an (3) legalizing the right to join labor unions all-time high. (4) providing financial assistance after (3) Consumer demand was low, while industrial retirement production was high. 248 The development and operation of the Tennessee (4) Labor unions grew rapidly. Valley Authority by the United States Government is 246 The New Deal was similar to the earlier Progressive an example of movement in that both (1) Federal intervention to meet regional needs (1) attempted to reform the (2) experimentation with nuclear technology (2) aimed to overcome severe economic (3) Government's attempt to earn maximum profits depressions in business (3) emphasized the need to control the evils of (4) a return to laissez-faire economics organized labor (4) made strong efforts to fight racial segregation WWI to Great Depression

249 What was a principle reason for rapid economic 252 In an effort to resolve conflicts with the frontier growth in the United States during the 1920s? settlers in the 1870s, the federal government forced Native American Indians to (1) prosperity of American agriculture (2) increase of American imports (1) move west of the Mississippi River (3) development of many new consumer goods (2) live on reservations with definite boundaries (4) increased spending on defense (3) relocate to urban industrial centers 250 Base your answer to the following question on the (4) help build the transcontinental railroad graph below and on your knowledge of social studies. 253 Which geographic area was most seriously affected by the Dust Bowl of the 1930s? (1) Atlantic Coastal Plain (2) Ohio River valley (3) Great Plains (4) Pacific Coast 254 The War Industries Board, the War Labor Board, and the Food Administration were all created as part of the United States war effort in World War I. Their creation demonstrates that in time of war (1) individual freedoms are suspended (2) government becomes more involved in directing the economy (3) the United States adopts a socialist economy (4) farming is given an equal status with industry 255 The 1925 trial of John Scopes involved a conflict between (1) communists and industrialists (2) science and religion (3) the Ku Klux Klan and civil rights advocates (4) supporters and opponents of a ban on the sale of Data from this graph support the conclusion that alcoholic beverages World War I 256 A major difference between the New Deal and the (1) caused the United States trade deficit to increase policies followed by earlier administrations was that (2) cost the United States many billions of dollars the New Deal (3) was a significant benefit to the American (1) emphasized and encouraged rugged economy individualism (4) created an unfavorable balance of trade (2) advocated socialism as a solution to the 251 Which development led to the other three? problems of the times (1) decline in the availability of mass transit (3) provided the government with a more active (2) expansion of roads and highways role in the economy (3) rise of the automobile industry (4) was able to eliminate discrimination in employment (4) growth of suburban housing WWI to Great Depression

257 Base your answer to the following question on the 260 In the 1930s, one factor that accounted for the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social westward migration of farmers from the Great Plains studies. was (1) high farm prices (2) new technologies (3) the Dust Bowl (4) the baby boom 261 What was a major factor leading to the erosion of regional cultural differences in the 1920s? (1) development of television (2) growing popularity of radio and motion pictures (3) publication of novels by F. Scott Fitzgerald and Sinclair Lewis (4) expansion of air travel after Charles Lindbergh’s flight 262 The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920's was a period when African Americans (1) left the United States in large numbers to settle in Nigeria (2) created noteworthy works of art and literature Which constitutional principle is illustrated in this (3) migrated to the West in search of land and jobs cartoon? (4) used to fight segregation in the Armed Forces (1) federalism (2) checks and balances (3) States rights (4) executive privilege 258 During the late 1800s, the principles of Social Darwinism were used to justify (1) support for unlimited immigration (2) desegregation of public facilities (3) the use of strikes by organized labor (4) the accumulation of great wealth industrialists by industrialists 259 What event proved that even during the Roaring Twenties, religious fundamentalists still had strong influence over American politics? (1) the Great Depression (2) the Red Scare (3) the Sacco and Vanzetti Trial (4) the Scopes Trial WWI to Great Depression

263 Base your answer on the photograph below and on 265 Base your answer to question on the photograph your knowledge of social studies. below and on your knowledge of social studies.

The conditions shown in this 1936 photograph were caused mainly by (1) periods of widespread flooding (2) deforestation and overgrazing (3) global warming (4) drought and poor farming techniques 266 After World War I, why did American farmers fail to share in the general economic growth of the United Which New Deal agency was created to provide States? employment for individuals such as the man in the photograph? (1) Many immigrants were settling in the west and competing with the farmers. (1) Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) (2) The Federal Government reduced the number of (2) Social Security Administration (SSA) acres on which farmers could grow subsidized (3) Works Progress Administration (WPA) crops. (4) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) (3) Farmers could not produce enough to keep up 264 Which statement best illustrates a basic idea of with demand. President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal? (4) Overproduction and competition caused (1) Communism provides the only real solution to falling prices. economic problems. 267 Henry Ford’s use of the assembly line in the (2) Unemployed workers should rely on the states production of automobiles led directly to rather than on the federal government for help. (1) a decrease in the number of automobiles (3) The United States reached its economic peak in available the 1920s and is now a declining industrial (2) a decrease in the cost of automobiles power. (3) an increase in the unemployment rate (4) The economy sometimes needs public money (4) an increase in the time needed to produce a to encourage business activity. single automobile WWI to Great Depression

268 During the New Deal, the main purpose of the 273 Until the New Deal, the basic approach of Agricultural Adjustment Acts was to government in the United States for handling a depression was to (1) stimulate farm production to provide food for unemployed city workers (1) allow the economy to adjust itself (2) assist farmers in relocating to towns and cities (2) ask other nations for economic aid (3) produce a farm surplus for export to foreign (3) establish massive deficit-spending programs countries (4) try a variety of approaches from inaction to (4) increase farm income by controlling intervention production 274 President Herbert Hoover's refusal to provide funds 269 Which foreign policy did Warren G. Harding support for the unemployed during the Depression was based when he used the phrase “return to normalcy” during on his belief that his presidential campaign of 1920? (1) the unemployment problem was not serious (1) appeasement (2) internationalism (2) workers would not accept government (3) containment (4) isolationism assistance 270 Which statement about Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New (3) labor unions should provide for the unemployed Deal program is most accurate? (4) Federal relief programs would destroy individual initiative (1) Protective tariff rates increased. (2) Social welfare programs were expanded. 275 How did the United States emerge from World War I, in terms of international trade and finance? (3) Government regulation of business was reduced. (4) Government support of environmental (1) as a leading creditor nation conservation ended. (2) dependent on Middle Eastern oil 271 The "boom" years of the 1920's were characterized by (3) burdened with a huge trade deficit (4) responsible for rebuilding the economies of both (1) decreases in both agricultural surpluses and wartime allies and enemies farm foreclosures (2) limited investment capital and declining 276 Which factor encouraged an American policy of numbers of workers in the labor force neutrality during the 1930s? (3) widespread use of the automobile and an (1) disillusionment with World War I and its increase in buying results (4) increased regulation of the marketplace by both (2) decline in the military readiness of other nations Federal and state governments (3) repeal of Prohibition 272 During President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first two (4) economic prosperity of the period terms, the strongest opposition to his New Deal 277 The 1920s are often called the Roaring Twenties policies came from because the decade was noted for (1) big business (1) political reform (2) labor union members (2) economic depression (3) the poor (3) social and cultural changes (4) Western farmers (4) ending Prohibition WWI to Great Depression

278 Duke Ellington, Langston Hughes, and Bessie Smith 283 One reason for the economic decline in the United are most closely associated with efforts to States in the late 1920's was (1) expand the Back to Africa movement (1) a drastic reduction in tariffs (2) fight discrimination through the judicial system (2) industrial and agricultural overproduction (3) promote the cultural identity of African (3) excessive government regulation Americans through the arts (4) insufficient capital for investment (4) establish the National Association for the 284 During the Great Depression, one way New Deal Advancement of Colored People programs tried to stimulate economic recovery was by 279 The Scopes Trial of 1925 is an example of (1) raising tariff rates (1) the effects of assimilation on American culture (2) increasing interest rates (2) a clash between scientific ideas and religious (3) creating public works jobs beliefs (4) lowering the minimum wage (3) an increase in violence in American society 285 Which statement is accurate about American culture (4) government intervention in racial conflicts during the Great Depression? 280 "... Our whole system of self-government will (1) The Federal Government provided money to crumble either if officials elect what laws they will support the arts. enforce or citizens elect what laws they will support. The worst evil of disregard for some law is that it (2) Most movies featured realistic themes and destroys respect for all law...." unhappy endings. — President Herbert Hoover, 1929 (3) Rock-and-roll music became popular. (4) Interest in professional sports declined. 286 A major goal of the New Deal was to Which issue is President Hoover discussing in this statement? (1) keep the United States out of war (2) provide work for the unemployed (1) national Prohibition (3) conserve natural resources (2) environmental conservation (4) establish wage and price controls (3) Social Security taxes (4) voting rights for women 287 Which is the most valid statement concerning the social welfare programs of the New Deal period? 281 In stating the principle of a "clear and present danger" in Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court (1) Charitable causes received little private established that financial support. (2) Health care costs were greater in rural areas than (1) constitutional rights are not absolute in urban areas. (2) the Constitution guarantees the right to privacy (3) Government assumed responsibility for (3) Congress can pass a law to eliminate any part of functions previously performed by other the Bill of Rights institutions. (4) all individual rights are eliminated during (4) State governments refused to participate in wartime programs for the poor. 282 Franklin Roosevelt's foreign policy toward Latin 288 Which group of Americans generally failed to American nations differed most from that of earlier experience the economic prosperity of the 1920s? administrations in that it stressed (1) farmers (2) retailers (1) aggressive imperialism (3) consumers (4) manufacturers (2) noninvolvement (3) hemispheric cooperation (4) economic domination WWI to Great Depression

289 Which action was a result of the other three? 294 Which New Deal program was chiefly designed to correct abuses in the stock market? (1) Germany’s policy of unrestricted submarine warfare (1) Federal Emergency Relief Act (2) United States entry into World War I (2) Civilian Conservation Corps (3) interception of the Zimmermann Note (3) Works Progress Administration (4) United States loans to Allied nations (4) Securities and Exchange Commission 290 During the New Deal period, Congress blocked 295 During the New Deal, the Federal Government President Franklin D. Roosevelt's attempt to attempted to improve the farm economy by (1) pay farmers not to produce crops (1) reducing the production of agricultural goods (2) decrease Federal spending (2) opening up more land for homesteaders (3) regulate the banking industry (3) raising tariffs to reduce foreign competition (4) appoint additional Justices to the Supreme (4) lowering property taxes on farmland Court 296 Much of the domestic legislation of the New Deal 291 Which groups were most helped by the Wagner Act was based on the idea that the government should and the Fair Labor Standards Act, passed during the (1) own and operate the nation's key industries New Deal? (2) assign the responsibility to local communities (1) workers and labor unions for social welfare programs (2) stockbrokers and investors (3) protect individuals against risks that they can (3) large businesses and corporations not handle on their own (4) farmers and landowners (4) allow the return of trusts and monopolies as 292 Which factors were the major causes of the Red Scare major economic forces and the Palmer Raids, which followed World War I? 297 The response of President George Washington to warring European nations in the 1790's was most (1) success of the Communist Party in similar to the response of President congressional and Presidential elections (2) race riots in Los Angeles and the revival of the (1) Woodrow Wilson to the start of World War I Ku Klux Klan (2) Harry Truman to the invasion of South Korea (3) failure of the United States to join the League of (3) Lyndon Johnson to communist expansion in Nations and the unpaid German war debts Southeast Asia (4) the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in Russia (4) George Bush to the invasion of Kuwait and workers' strikes in the United States 298 In the United States, a major cause of the Great 293 The march of the “Bonus Army” and referring to Depression was shantytowns as “Hoovervilles” in the early 1930s (1) excessive government spending on the military illustrate (2) the rapid decrease in consumer demand and (1) growing discontent with Republican efforts purchasing power to deal with the Great Depression (3) the large deficits resulting from World War I (2) state projects that created jobs for the (4) increased government spending on social unemployed welfare programs (3) federal attempts to restore confidence in the American economy (4) the president’s success in solving social problems WWI to Great Depression

299 Which action is often viewed as the most serious Base your answers to questions 303 and 304 on the attempt to undermine the independence of the photograph below and on your knowledge of social judiciary? studies. (1) appointment of conservative Supreme Court Justices by President Ronald Reagan (2) President Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to reorganize the Supreme Court (3) appointment of Supreme Court Justices to unlimited terms of office (4) periodic increases in the salaries of Supreme Court Justices 300 During President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration, which situation was viewed by critics as a threat to the principle of separation of powers? (1) changing the date of the Presidential inauguration (2) congressional support of banking legislation 303 In which geographic region of the nation was this (3) proposing the expansion of Supreme Court 1935 photograph taken? membership (1) New England (2) Southeast (4) passage of Social Security legislation (3) Pacific Northwest (4) Great Plains 301 Which event is most closely associated with the end of the Great Depression? 304 The conditions shown in the photograph were mainly the result of (1) passage of the Social Security Act (1) government subsidies to increase crop (2) beginning of World War II production (3) reelection of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in (2) migrations from farms to cities 1940 (3) poor farming methods and sustained drought (4) announcement of the Marshall Plan (4) reduced tariffs on farm machinery and crops 302 What was the primary motive behind President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s 1937 proposal to add 305 The most immediate goal of the New Deal programs members to the Supreme Court? proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt was to (1) removal of Republican justices from the Court (1) have the states assume responsibility for relief (2) ending the Court’s use of judicial review programs (3) assuring United States neutrality at the start of (2) control wages and prices World War II (3) conserve natural resources (4) protection of New Deal programs from (4) provide work for the unemployed unfavorable Court decisions 306 Langston Hughes, Bessie Smith, and Duke Ellington are most closely associated with the (1) Gilded Age (2) Populist movement (3) Harlem Renaissance (4) Cold War WWI to Great Depression

307 Present-day United States immigration laws provide 311 One major way President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s for New Deal tried to combat the effects of the Great Depression was by (1) a quota system for all countries outside Western Europe (1) keeping workers’ wages low (2) admission of only displaced persons and (2) increasing protective tariff rates professionals (3) giving states more control over the federal (3) transfers of unused quotas of Western European budget nations to Asian nations (4) funding public works relief programs (4) admission of immigrants on the basis of 312 Which feature of the economic boom of the 1920's standards not related to race or nationality contributed most to the stock market crash of 1929? 308 Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), United States v. E. C. (1) increased use of the automobile Knight Co. (1895), and Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States (1935) are all Supreme (2) growth of the entertainment industry Court cases dealing with (3) use of new energy sources (4) speculation in real estate and other (1) presidential power during wartime investments (2) federal authority to regulate interstate commerce 313 In the 1880s and the 1920s, low prices for United States agricultural products were the result of (3) protection of students' religious freedom (4) government regulation of passenger (1) the overproduction of staple crops transportation (2) a shortage of usable farm land 309 President Franklin D. Roosevelt's clashes with the (3) competition from cheaper imported goods United States Supreme Court over his New Deal (4) inflationary monetary policies programs best illustrate (1) federalism that was carried to extremes (2) separation of powers in operation (3) refusal of the Supreme Court to engage in judicial review (4) weaknesses in the constitutional amendment process 310 A major impact of New Deal legislation has been (1) the dominance of the judiciary over the legislative and executive branches (2) a weakening of the President's influence in lawmaking (3) a stronger link between the national and local levels of government (4) a reduction in the power of the Federal Government over the states WWI to Great Depression

314 Base your answer to this question on the cartoon 316 A study of the "flappers" of the 1920's would indicate below and on your knowledge of social studies. that (1) some women rejected traditional feminine roles (2) many women were elected to national political office (3) women were fired from traditionally male occupations (4) the earning power of women was equal to that of men in the same occupation 317 The farm policy of the New Deal was designed to (1) decrease Federal involvement in agriculture (2) reduce prices of farm products to aid factory workers (3) enlarge farms by approving corporate mergers (4) increase prices of farm products by reducing farm output 318 Critics charged that New Deal policies favored socialism because the federal government (1) took ownership of most major industries (2) favored farmers over workers and business owners (3) increased its responsibility for the welfare of the economy The cartoonist is commenting on President Franklin (4) declined to prosecute business monopolies (1) win congressional approval for his Supreme 319 One similarity between the popular culture of the Court nominees 1920s and the popular culture of the 1950s is that (2) gain Supreme Court support for his many Americans in both periods had legislative program (1) a welcoming attitude toward immigrants (3) set up a retirement plan for Supreme Court (2) a strong desire to own consumer goods Justices (3) an increased interest in rural lifestyles (4) keep members of Congress off the Supreme (4) an exaggerated distrust of new technology Court 320 Which condition increased the negative effects of the 315 "Europeans can't buy goods from Americans because Great Depression? Europeans can't sell goods in the American market. Obviously, they don't have the chance to earn the (1) Factories had to decrease production because money they need to buy our goods." of low demand. (2) Low levels of unemployment created labor This statement focuses on which cause of the Great shortages. Depression? (3) The demand for imported products increased. (1) restriction of credit by banks (4) The Federal Government raised taxes repeatedly. (2) high protective tariffs (3) low wages of American workers (4) overspeculation on the stock market WWI to Great Depression

321 Which book describes how the Dust Bowl of the 325 Base your answer to the following question on the 1930s affected farmers of the Great Plains? cartoon below. (1) How the Other Half Lives (2) The Jungle (3) The Grapes of Wrath (4) Silent Spring 322 Base your answer to the following question on the song lyrics below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? . . . Once I built a tower, up to the sun, brick and rivet and lime. Once I built a tower, now it's done-- Brother, can you spare a dime? . . . — E. Y. Harburg and J. Gorney

These song lyrics are most closely related to (1) the writers of the Harlem Renaissance (2) unemployment during the Great Depression (3) the "Lost Generation" following World War I The cartoonist is commenting on President Franklin (4) business expansion during the 1950s D. Roosevelt's efforts to 323 Many of the songs, movies, and books of the 1930s (1) veto several bills sent him by Congress are similar in that they (2) end New Deal programs (3) gain quick passage of his legislation (1) romanticized urban life (4) slow down the legislative process (2) relived the bad times of the past (3) helped people escape from the realities of 326 "Public Ignores Prohibition Restrictions" everyday life "Evolution and Creation Debated in Scopes Trial" (4) pointed out the mistakes that led to the Great "Women Bring Change to the Industrial Workforce" Depression What do headlines such as these from the 1920s 324 During the 1920s, Congress passed a series of illustrate? immigration laws that were primarily designed to (1) conflict between traditional and modern (1) increase immigration from Asia values (2) expand the workforce for the growing economy (2) trend toward mass consumption of consumer (3) limit immigration from southern and eastern goods Europe (3) hostility of certain groups toward ethnic (4) prohibit immigration from Latin America minorities (4) debate over the role of government in the economy WWI to Great Depression

327 The economic boom of the 1920s was primarily 331 Which generalization can best be drawn from the caused by the experiment with national Prohibition (1919–1933)? (1) new economic policies of the League of’ (1) Social attitudes can make laws difficult to Nations enforce. (2) development of new consumer goods (2) Americans resent higher taxes. industries (3) Morality can be legislated successfully. (3) advent of advertising on radio (4) People will sacrifice willingly for the common (4) elimination of barriers to international trade good. 328 During times of war, civil liberties in the United 332 During most of the 1920s, which group experienced States have often been restricted because the most severe economic problems? (1) the majority of Americans opposed the war (1) owners of small family farms effort (2) workers in the automobile industry (2) martial law was usually adopted (3) bankers in urban centers (3) national security received greater priority (4) entertainers in the field of radio (4) enemy spies encouraged antiwar 333 The prohibition of alcoholic beverages, the Scopes 329 Base your answer to the following question on the Trial, and the passage of the National Origins Act all song excerpt below and on your knowledge of social occurred during the 1920's. These events are evidence studies. that during this decade (1) the reform spirit of the Progressive movement “Come all of you good workers, was as strong as ever Good news to you I’ll tell Of how the good old union (2) relations between blacks and whites began to Has come in here to dwell . . . improve Don’t scab for the bosses, (3) there was a conflict between old and new Don’t listen to their lies. American ideals Us poor folks haven’t got a chance (4) the country was more receptive to socialist ideas Unless we organize.” 334 In 1948, President Harry Truman showed his support — Florence Reece, for civil rights by issuing an executive order to “Which Side Are You On?” (1) end the immigration quota system This song from the 1930s expresses (2) assure equal status for women in military service (1) criticism of labor unions (3) ban racial segregation in the military (2) support for the rights of workers (4) guarantee jobs for Native American Indians (3) sympathy for Communist Party protests (4) anger against government welfare programs 335 The economic boom of the 1920s was fueled in part by 330 Occurring after the Worcester v. Georgia decision, what forced march of the Cherokees from Georgia to (1) government subsidies paid to farmers Oklahoma under Andrew Jackson often called? (2) tariff reductions on European goods (3) increased investment in the stock market (1) the Trail of Tears (4) construction by the Tennessee Valley Authority (2) Little Big Horn (TVA) (3) the Seminole War (4) the Cherokee Removal Act WWI to Great Depression

336 During his reelection campaign in 1916, President 341 The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s can best be Woodrow Wilson used the slogan, "He kept us out of described as war." In April of 1917, Wilson asked Congress to (1) an organization created to help promote declare war on Germany. What helped bring about African-American businesses this change? (2) a movement that sought to draw people back to (1) Bolshevik forces increased their strength in the inner cities Germany and Italy. (3) a relief program to provide jobs for minority (2) Britain was invaded by nations of the Central workers Powers. (4) a period of great achievement by (3) Russia signed a treaty of alliance with the African-American writers, artists, and Central Powers. performers (4) Germany resumed unrestricted submarine 342 Congress refused to enact President Franklin D. warfare. Roosevelt’s court-packing plan because the plan 337 The Harlem Renaissance can best be described as a (1) threatened to upset the constitutional system (1) renewal of religious fundamentalism of checks and balances (2) revival of Dutch culture in New York City (2) entrusted too much power to the judicial branch (3) new era in Broadway musicals (3) called for an increase in income taxes (4) black expression of racial heritage (4) required passage of a constitutional amendment 338 What was one effect of the Bolshevik Revolution 343 Which statement about the stock market crash of (October 1917) on the United States? 1929 is most accurate? (1) Nativism increased, leading to the Red Scare. (1) It was the single cause of the Great Depression. (2) Federal courts banned anti-immigrant groups. (2) It was caused by the effects of the Great (3) The Allied powers needed fewer United States Depression. troops. (3) It continued long after the Great Depression (4) Immigration laws were changed to allow ended. refugees from Russia. (4) It helped lead to the Great Depression. 339 The power of labor unions increased during the New 344 Which event of the 1920s best reflects the conflict in Deal mainly because American society between science and religion? (1) a new spirit of cooperation existed between (1) passage of the quota acts employers and government (2) Scopes trial (2) a shortage of skilled and unskilled laborers (3) trial of Sacco and Vanzetti developed (4) Red Scare (3) management changed its attitude toward 345 Which development most clearly illustrates the organized labor nativist attitudes that existed in the United States in (4) Federal legislation guaranteed labor's right the 1920s? to organize and bargain collectively (1) limits on immigration established by the 340 Which amendment to the United States Constitution Quota Acts realized the principal goal of the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848? (2) pro-business policies of the federal government (3) artistic and literary achievements of the Harlem (1) 13th, ending Renaissance (2) 16th, creating a graduated income tax (4) conflicts between religion and science as shown (3) 18th, establishing Prohibition in the Scopes Trial (4) 19th, providing for women's suffrage WWI to Great Depression

346 At the beginning of World War I, President Woodrow 352 "These are the times that try men's souls. The summer Wilson continued the traditional foreign policy of the soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, United States by shrink from the service of their country ...." (1) asking Congress to declare war against Germany Which attitude is best reflected in this quotation? (2) refusing to allow trade with either side (3) adopting a policy of neutrality (1) neutrality (2) nationalism (4) sending troops to aid Britain and France (3) colonialism (4) imperialism 347 In the 1930s, which geographic factor most 353 Immigration laws passed during the 1920s changed influenced the westward migration of thousands of United States policy by people from the southern Great Plains? (1) establishing immigration quotas (1) extended drought in farming areas (2) allowing only skilled workers into the country (2) excessive flooding of the Mississippi River (3) favoring immigration from Asia (3) serious earthquakes in Pacific coastal areas (4) encouraging an increase in immigration to the (4) destructive hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico United States 348 Which New Deal agency had the creation of new jobs 354 Participants in the Harlem Renaissance encouraged as its primary goal? black Americans to (1) Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) (1) demand political supremacy (2) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) (2) take pride in their culture (3) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (3) take violent action against the government (4) Works Progress Administration (WPA) (4) leave the South and come to the North 349 The Scopes trial and the Sacco and Vanzetti case both 355 In the 1920's and 1930's, one result of women's involved success in gaining the right to vote was (1) disputes over the death penalty (1) many women were elected to political offices (2) clashes over cultural values (2) Congress passed laws to end other forms of (3) protests by temperance leaders discrimination against women (4) challenges to search and seizure protections (3) more votes were cast in elections, but there were few changes in their outcome 350 During the 1920s, much of the debt accumulated by (4) the vote was extended to other groups to which consumers was due to it had been denied (1) installment buying of manufactured goods 356 What was the major reason that African Americans (2) overproduction of farm products migrated to northern cities during and after World (3) long strikes by labor unions War I? (4) raising income taxes (1) A surplus of cotton led to widespread farm 351 In the 1920's, the Sacco and Vanzetti case, the Red foreclosures in the South. Scare, and the activities of the Ku Klux Klan all (2) Discrimination had been eliminated in the represented North. (1) threats to civil liberties (3) Political opportunities had expanded in the (2) victories over discrimination and persecution South. (3) support for the Prohibition movement (4) Industrial jobs were available in the North. (4) greater social freedom for Americans WWI to Great Depression

357 Base your answer to the following question on the 360 The rapid, worldwide spread of the Great Depression cartoon below and on your knowledge of social of the 1930's was evidence of studies. (1) the failure of government job programs (2) global financial interdependence (3) a shortage of American factories making consumer goods (4) the negative effects of unrestricted immigration 361 The Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) were used by President Woodrow Wilson's administration during World War I to (1) discourage congressional support for the war effort (2) place German Americans in internment camps (3) remove Communists from government positions (4) silence critics of the war effort

During which period were several Federal laws passed to implement the immigration policy suggested by the cartoon? (1) colonial period (2) early 1800's (3) early 1920's (4) Great Depression 358 In the case Schenck v. United States, the United States Supreme Court settled the issue of limits on individual freedoms during wartime by establishing the (1) clear and present danger test (2) states’ rights principle (3) separate but equal doctrine (4) popular sovereignty principle 359 An important factor contributing to the start of the Great Depression in the United States was the (1) increase in military spending (2) failure to maintain the gold standard (3) reduction of tariff rates (4) uneven distribution of wealth WWI to Great Depression

Base your answers to questions 362 and 363 on the 364 President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal reflected poem below and on your knowledge of social studies. his belief that during a depression the federal government should “I, Too, Sing America” (1) assume ownership of failed corporations I, too, sing America. (2) return to laissez-faire capitalistic principles (3) take a leadership role in economic recovery I am the darker brother. (4) help farmers instead of industrial workers They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong.

Tomorrow, I’ll sit at the table When company comes. Nobody’ll dare Say to me, “Eat in the kitchen,” Then.

Besides, They’ll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed—

I, too, am America.

— Langston Hughes, 1926 362 The main purpose of this poem was to (1) end the institution of slavery (2) demonstrate self-respect by African Americans (3) maintain separation of the races (4) promote the back-to-Africa movement 363 This poem was a literary contribution from the (1) abolitionist movement (2) Progressive Era (3) Prohibition movement (4) Harlem Renaissance WWI to Great Depression

365 Base the answer to your question on the graph below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which conclusion is best supported by the information on the graph? (1) The level of automobile production remained constant. (2) The average American family found the automobile too expensive to purchase. (3) By 1929, most of the automobiles in the world were produced in the United States. (4) Changes in economic conditions led to changes in automobile production. 366 The Harlem Renaissance was influenced by the 369 "The business of America is business." (1) migration of African Americans from the In this 1924 statement, President Calvin Coolidge rural South to the urban North was expressing the idea that (2) passage of federal laws outlawing racial discrimination in public facilities (1) workers should have a greater role in (3) racial integration of the military during World influencing business decisions War I (2) the United States should end trade with other (4) use of affirmative action after World War II countries and become economically self-sufficient 367 The economic boom and the financial speculation of (3) basic industries should be owned by the Federal the 1920's were caused in part by Government (1) installment buying and an unregulated stock (4) the economy functions best if government market allows business to operate freely (2) the expansion of civil rights to women and 370 Which group of Americans generally failed to minorities experience the economic prosperity of the 1920s? (3) the mobilization of the economy for war (4) increased government restrictions on big (1) farmers (2) retailers business (3) consumers (4) manufacturers 368 In the 1920's, the growth of the Ku Klux Klan and the 371 The creation of the System was an passage of restrictive immigration laws reflected a attempt to growing American belief in (1) introduce national (1) nativism (2) socialism (2) regulate the (3) imperialism (4) internationalism (3) create a progressive tax policy (4) shift more responsibilities to the states WWI to Great Depression

372 A major effect of the National Labor Relations Act 376 The Fair Labor Standards Act, passed in 1938, helped (Wagner Act, 1935) was that labor unions American workers by (1) were soon controlled by large corporations (1) banning the closed shop (2) experienced increasing difficulty in gaining new (2) creating universal health insurance members (3) establishing a federal minimum wage (3) obtained the right to bargain collectively (4) ending the outsourcing of American jobs (4) lost the right to strike 377 A major reason the United States entered World War I 373 Which statement most accurately describes United was to States immigration policy since 1920? (1) gain additional colonial possessions (1) Any person wishing to immigrate to the United (2) react to the bombing of Pearl Harbor States has been welcomed. (3) safeguard freedom of the seas for United (2) Limits have been placed on the numbers of States ships immigrants allowed to enter the United (4) honor prewar commitments to its military allies States. 378 Which group did not fare well during The Coolidge (3) Only immigrants with jobs or relatives in the prosperity in the 1920's? United States have been admitted. (4) Immigrants have been required to speak English (1) small farmers before they can be admitted to the United States. (2) bankers 374 "The New Deal was able to approach the agony of the (3) automobile manufacturers Depression in the pragmatic spirit which in time (4) stock market speculators rekindled hope . . . that free men could manage their 379 • Teapot Dome Scandal own economic destiny." • Harlem Renaissance –Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. • Scopes trial

The author of this quotation suggests that the New During which decade did these events occur? Deal (1) 1920s (2) 1930s (1) began the downfall of capitalism (3) 1940s (4) 1950s (2) proposed unworkable and irrational solutions 380 A major difference between the programs of the (3) demonstrated the need for constitutional limits Presidential administrations of the 1920's and the to Presidential power programs of the New Deal was that the New Deal (4) met the demands of a crisis without destroying traditional American values (1) eliminated job discrimination for women and minorities 375 After World War I, one way in which the Red Scare, the passing of the Quota Acts, and the growth of the (2) emphasized Federal Government Ku Klux Klan were similar is that they all involvement in the economy (3) encouraged rugged individualism (1) exploited fears about people who were (4) promoted supply-side economics considered un-American (2) encouraged the assimilation of new immigrants into American society (3) supported the goals of the suffrage movement (4) exhibited prejudice against African Americans WWI to Great Depression

381 Base your answer to question on the cartoon below 383 "The tools of government which we had in 1933 are and on your knowledge of social studies. outmoded. We have had to forge new tools for a new role of government in a democracy – a role of new responsibility for new needs and increased responsibility for old needs, long neglected." –– Franklin D. Roosevelt

President Roosevelt made this statement in order to (1) justify an increase in the number of new Supreme Court justices (2) defend the New Deal programs (3) support a renewal of laissez-faire government (4) secure aid for democratic countries in Europe 384 The Harlem Renaissance was important to American society because it (1) highlighted the cultural achievements of African Americans (2) isolated African Americans from society (3) provided new political opportunities for African Americans (4) brought an end to racial segregation in the North 385 In Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court decided that a "clear and present danger" to the United States permitted (1) the expansion of Presidential power in time of peace Based on this cartoon, President Franklin D. (2) the establishment of a peacetime draft Roosevelt's goal concerning the Supreme Cout was to (3) restrictions of first amendment rights (1) increase ethnic and racial diversity (4) limitations on the voting rights of minorities (2) insure support for New Deal legislation (3) appoint justices who would use a strict interpretation of the Constitution (4) strengthen judicial independence 382 A condition of the 1920's that helped cause the Great Depression of the 1930's was (1) overspeculation in land in the West (2) overdependence on foreign trade (3) overproduction of goods by factories and farms (4) overspending on social programs by the government WWI to Great Depression

386 Base your answer to question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal or alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.... — Zimmerman telegram, 1917

The disclosure of this document contributed to (1) a declaration of war against Mexico (2) the entry of the United States into World War I (3) the passage of the Treaty of Versailles (4) a restriction on immigration from Latin America 387 At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, most Americans believed that (1) their country should stay out of the war (2) sending direct aid to Russia was necessary and desirable (3) the government should immediately declare war against Germany (4) the government should be more concerned with conditions in the Far East than with events in Europe WWI to Great Depression

Base your answers to questions 388 through 390 on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.

388 This 1937 cartoon is criticizing President Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to (1) reduce the number of federal courts (2) impeach current Supreme Court justices (3) give states the power to appoint Supreme Court justices (4) increase the number of justices on the Supreme Court 389 One reason President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed the plan shown in the cartoon was that the Supreme Court had (1) challenged his right to run for a third term (2) rejected several important Cabinet appointments (3) ruled against laws to protect the rights of minorities (4) declared parts of key New Deal programs unconstitutional 390 Many members of Congress opposed the plan shown in the cartoon because it would (1) reduce the power of the president (2) upset the system of checks and balances (3) destroy the system of federalism (4) cost too much to implement WWI to Great Depression

391 The New Deal changed American political thinking 396 The Great Migration during World War I refers to the because it was based on the principle that the movement of (1) economy will fix itself if left alone (1) factory workers from the Northeast to the Sun (2) federal government should attempt to solve Belt social and economic problems (2) communists deported to Russia as undesirable (3) political parties must work together to deal with aliens national problems (3) African Americans to northern cities to find (4) states should take a leadership position in work solving social issues (4) refugees fleeing from eastern Europe to the 392 The Harlem Renaissance promoted African American United States culture by 397 A major long-term result of the New Deal was that (1) increasing factory employment opportunities for (1) state governments increased their powers of minorities taxation (2) encouraging immigration from Africa (2) the government established a "safety " to (3) focusing attention on artistic contributions protect the poor (4) bringing an end to legalized racial segregation (3) the executive branch gave up much of its decision-making power to Congress 393 One of the major causes of the stock market crash of 1929 was (4) Congress was required to balance the Federal budget before instituting new programs (1) excessive buying of stocks on margin 398 Which action did President Franklin D. Roosevelt (2) overconsumption of take that helped organized labor gain (3) failure of international banking systems strength during the New Deal? (4) low prices of stocks and bonds (1) requiring the American Federation of Labor to 394 Mark Twain, Langston Hughes, and John Steinbeck admit skilled workers made their most important contributions to the United (2) allowing women to work in government States in the field of agencies (1) music (2) politics (3) signing the National Labor Relations Act (3) literature (4) business (Wagner Act) 395 Which argument did President Woodrow Wilson use (4) selecting John L. Lewis as his Secretary of to persuade Congress to enter World War I? Labor 399 A major factor contributing to the Great Depression (1) making the world safe for democracy of the 1930's in the United States was the (2) retaliating against the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor (1) decline in farm prosperity in the 1920's (3) assisting the neutral nations with their defense (2) recent increase in population due to immigration (4) removing the Nazi threat from the Western (3) closing of the frontier Hemisphere (4) heavy military spending in the 1920's WWI to Great Depression

400 What was a primary reason for the great migration of 404 Base your answer to the following question on the African Americans to northern cities during World cartoon below and your knowledge of social studies. War I? (1) Job opportunities were available in northern factories. (2) Jim Crow laws in the South had been repealed. (3) Voting rights laws had been passed in northern states. (4) The federal government had guaranteed an end to discrimination. 401 The creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority is an example of (1) federal intervention to meet regional needs (2) state-funded regional transportation (3) free-market capitalism (4) laissez-faire economics 402 Which aspect of life during the 1920's most likely caused the decade to be labeled the "Roaring Twenties"? (1) technological improvement How was the situation illustrated in the cartoon (2) social change resolved? (3) political reform (1) The United States entered World War II after the (4) territorial expansion attack on Pearl Harbor. 403 Automobiles, radio, motion pictures, and television (2) The Supreme Court used its power of judicial are technological advances of the 20th century. These review. inventions affect American life because they (3) Congress rejected the president's plan to pack the Supreme Court. (1) are less popular than had been anticipated (4) The president vetoed Congress's attempt to (2) tend to standardize American culture reform the judiciary system. (3) have little impact on traditional lifestyles and values 405 One way in which the Gold Rush in 1849 and the (4) are generally too expensive for ordinary Dust Bowl of the 1930s are similar is that both working people resulted in (1) a war with other countries (2) the sale of cheap federal land (3) an increase in westward migration (4) the removal of Native American Indians to reservations WWI to Great Depression

406 Which factor contributed to the Red Scare in the 408 Which event led to the start of the Great Depression? United States during the 1920's? (1) Red Scare (1919-1920) (1) Germany's attacks on United States cargo ships (2) election of President Herbert Hoover (1928) (2) the radical nature of the national administration (3) stock market crash (1929) in power (4) passage of the Emergency Banking Act (1933) (3) widespread hostility toward big business 409 National attention was drawn to the Scopes trial of (4) success of the Communist Revolution in 1925 because the case Russia (1) represented a conflict between science and 407 Base your answer to question on the poster below and religion on your knowledge of social studies. (2) reversed a previous Supreme Court decision on free speech (3) upheld the right of veterans to protest in Washington, D. C. (4) revealed the extent of prejudice against immigrants

This poster was used during the administration of President Woodrow Wilson to (1) convince men to enlist in the military services (2) help finance the war effort (3) support membership in the League of Nations (4) emphasize the goals of the Fourteen Points WWI to Great Depression

410 Base your answer to question on the maps below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which conclusion is most clearly supported by the information provided by these maps? (1) The Great Depression altered American political preferences. (2) The Republican Party remained strong in the deep South. (3) The Democratic Party lost support in the Northeast between the two elections. (4) Most voters believed in traditional approaches to economic problems. WWI to Great Depression

411 Base your answer to the following question on the 414 The National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) of cartoon below and on your knowledge of social 1935 gave labor unions the right to studies. (1) represent workers in collective bargaining (2) insist on an open shop in the workplace (3) establish quotas on immigration (4) use blacklists and yellow dog contracts 415 The New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt changed the United States economy by (1) restoring the principle of a balanced budget (2) expanding the trustbusting practices of Progressive Era presidents (3) encouraging greater production of agricultural goods (4) increasing government involvement with both business and labor 416 A major weakness in the prosperity of the 1920's was that it was (1) confined to the industrial states of the Northeast (2) accompanied by runaway inflation (3) based on large Federal expenditures (4) unevenly distributed through the population Which factor contributed most to the situation shown 417 What was a basic cause of the Great Depression of in the cartoon? the 1930s? (1) low tariff rates (1) Too many antitrust laws were passed. (2) shortages of consumer goods (2) Tariffs on foreign manufactured goods were (3) nonregulation of banks reduced. (4) creation of a national bank (3) The distribution of income was unequal. 412 In 1933, the most immediate job facing President (4) Immigration was not limited. Franklin D. Roosevelt was to 418 Which conditions are most characteristic of a (1) reform the tariff system depression? (2) help the unemployed (1) high production and high demand (3) keep the nation out of war (2) few jobs and little demand (4) protect the nation's overseas possessions (3) much money in circulation and high stock prices 413 What is one lasting effect of the New Deal? (4) supply meeting demand and high employment (1) Organized labor continued to decline in size and 419 President Franklin D. Roosevelt believed that influence. declaring a bank holiday and creating the Federal (2) Many government programs started in the Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) would help 1930's continue in the 1990's. the nation’s banking system by (3) Women have finally attained equal economic (1) restoring public confidence in the banks status. (2) reducing government regulation of banks (4) The Republican Party has continued to control (3) restricting foreign investments the national government since the 1930's. (4) granting tax relief to individuals WWI to Great Depression

420 By proclaiming the Open Door policy in 1899, the 425 In the United States, one of the basic causes of the United States was attempting to Great Depression that began in 1929 was the (1) keep Japan from attacking and colonizing China (1) lack of available credit (2) increase trade between Russia and the United (2) abundance of purchasing power of farmers States (3) low protective tariffs of the 1920's (3) ensure equal trading opportunities in China (4) overexpansion of industrial production (4) prevent European countries from colonizing the 426 What was a major cause of the Great Depression? Western Hemisphere (1) overproduction and 421 The migrations of African Americans from the South to the North during World War I and World War II are (2) a decrease in the supply of consumer goods most directly related to (3) an increase in demand for imported products (4) an increase in the price of wheat on the world (1) the availability of factory jobs market (2) a widespread farming crisis 427 Which is an accurate statement about American (3) plans to pursue military society during the 1920's? (4) access to free land (1) The public expressed great interest in sports 422 The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s expanded the heroes and movie stars. influence of African Americans by (2) Social attitudes were identical to those of earlier (1) financing the construction of apartments in New decades. York City (3) Political figures were widely praised as role (2) gaining passage of civil rights legislation models. (3) helping elect African Americans to high political (4) Achieving for minorities offices became a major social goal. (4) promoting the artistic contributions of 428 The New Deal reform that helped labor unions win African Americans the right to represent workers was the 423 Which is the most valid generalization to be drawn (1) creation of Social Security from the study of Prohibition in the United States? (2) formation of the Securities and Exchange (1) Social attitudes can make laws difficult to Commission enforce. (3) passage of the National Labor Relations (2) Increased taxes affect consumer spending. (Wagner) Act (3) Morality can be legislated successfully. (4) establishment of unemployment insurance (4) People will sacrifice willingly for the common 429 The election of Franklin D. Roosevelt to a third term good. as President in 1940 was controversial primarily 424 In the United States, a major effect of the Great because this action Depression of the 1930's was to (1) upset the system of checks and balances (1) reinforce traditional beliefs in rugged (2) violated an amendment to the Constitution individualism (3) challenged a long-held political tradition (2) give political control to the Socialist Party (4) interfered with the functioning of the electoral (3) make increased governmental intervention in college the economy more acceptable (4) strengthen the demand for the acquisition of overseas territories WWI to Great Depression

430 In the 1920s, the passage of the Quota Acts and the 435 The policies of Presidents and trial of Sacco and Vanzetti illustrate that many Franklin D. Roosevelt that differed most were those Americans were concerning (1) intolerant of ethnic minorities (1) conservation of natural resources (2) committed to racial integration (2) the protection of the consumer (3) worried about foreign wars (3) relations with Latin American nations (4) determined to increase immigration (4) the power of the Presidency 431 A major result of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's 436 The works of Duke Ellington and Langston Hughes New Deal was reflected the (1) a decline in the Federal deficit (1) expanding role of women in the 1920s (2) an expansion of the power of the Federal (2) achievements of the Harlem Renaissance Government (3) architectural innovations of the 1930s (3) a change in the voting rights of women (4) influence of southern European immigrant (4) a reinstatement of the gold standard for United groups States 437 Which event of the 1920's was most inconsistent with 432 The economic prosperity of the 1920s was mainly the the racial and ethnic intolerance of the decade? result of the (1) Red Scare (1) adoption of lower tariff rates (2) Harlem Renaissance (2) stricter enforcement of antitrust laws (3) Sacco-Vanzetti trial (3) success of most United States farmers (4) resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan (4) development of new industries for consumer 438 The United States found it difficult to remain neutral goods during the first three years of World War I because of 433 Which is a valid conclusion based on a study of the its desire to presidencies of and Franklin D. (1) expand its interests in the Caribbean Roosevelt? (2) control the Suez Canal (1) Strong third parties develop when the two major (3) maintain freedom of the seas for trade with parties ignore popular demands European nations (2) Presidential success depends mainly on a (4) obtain migrant workers for American farms sympathetic Supreme Court 439 Which federal agency, created during the New Deal, (3) Economic crisis can force a President to was intended to prevent serious problems in the stock suspend basic civil liberties market? (4) A President's political program may change in the face of current needs (1) Social Security Administration 434 During the 1920s, members of the Ku Klux Klan (2) Works Progress Administration were closely associated with (3) Agricultural Adjustment Administration (4) Securities and Exchange Commission (1) favoring increased urbanization (2) promoting nativist ideas and policies (3) expanding educational opportunities for minorities (4) opposing the deportation of political dissidents WWI to Great Depression

440 "In times of economic depression, it is the 444 Which characteristic of the 1920's is best illustrated responsibility of government to create programs that by the Red Scare, the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti, and would provide jobs to the unemployed. The revenues the activities of the Ku Klux Klan? that would be generated will repay the government (1) increased nativism expenditures." (2) belief in unlimited progress This philosophy was most clearly carried out by the (3) growth in humanitarian causes Presidential administration of (4) faith in big business (1) Woodrow Wilson 445 Base your answer to question on the photograph (2) Warren G. Harding below and on your knowledge of social studies. (3) Herbert Hoover (4) Franklin D. Roosevelt 441 In the mid-1930's, critics viewed Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to pack the Supreme Court with additional Justices as (1) an ineffective response to the problems of the Great Depression (2) a violation of the principle of checks and balances (3) a threat to representative government (4) the beginning of socialism in the judicial system 442 What was a major result of President Herbert Hoover’s use of the military to drive the Bonus Army out of the nation’s capital? (1) Army veterans widely approved President Hoover’s decision. (2) President Hoover’s reelection campaign was damaged. Many Americans responded to photographs such as (3) Habeas corpus was suspended across the this by country. (4) The Supreme Court declared the action (1) opposing government subsidies for low-income unconstitutional. housing (2) petitioning Congress to decrease funding for the 443 The Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) helped Veterans Administration American workers by (3) demanding legislation to increase the power of (1) establishing health plans the military (2) legalizing strikes and boycotts (4) criticizing the government for its treatment (3) establishing a minimum wage in many of World War I veterans industries (4) making labor unions accept women and African Americans as members WWI to Great Depression

446 What was the primary reason many African 451 During the 1920s, which economic trend helped Americans migrated to the North both during and cause the Great Depression? after World War I? (1) buying goods on credit (1) More economic opportunities existed in the (2) rather than spending North. (3) continuing shortages of consumer goods (2) Few chances to gain political office were (4) imposing low tariffs on imported products available in the South. 452 During the 1920s, the Palmer raids, immigration (3) Racism and discrimination had been eliminated quotas, and the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti resulted in the North. from (4) Southern cities were overcrowded. (1) racial prejudice against African Americans 447 Which economic factor contributed most directly to the start of the Great Depression? (2) opposition to the Ku Klux Klan (3) the fear that American values were (1) low worker productivity threatened by radical ideas (2) high income taxes (4) the need to strengthen national defense (3) decreasing tariff rates 453 An immediate result of the Supreme Court decisions (4) buying stocks on margin in Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States 448 New Deal programs such as the Civilian (1935) and United States v. Butler (1936) was that Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress (1) some aspects of the New Deal were declared Administration (WPA) were primarily intended to unconstitutional help (2) State governments took over relief agencies (1) farmers (3) Congress was forced to abandon efforts to (2) homeowners improve the economy (3) businesses (4) the constitutional authority of the President was (4) unemployed workers greatly expanded 449 A major feature of the immigration legislation of the 454 The "clear and present danger" principle stated by the 1920's is that this legislation Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States (1919) had the effect of (1) gave preference to immigrants from northern and western Europe (1) prohibiting the president from implementing a (2) encouraged Asians to migrate to the United military draft States (2) preventing the wartime internment of citizens (3) provided equal quotas for all nations (3) restricting the formation of defense alliances (4) restricted immigration from countries that were (4) limiting freedom of speech during wartime enemies of the United States in World War I 455 The "clear and present danger" doctrine established in 450 Which economic condition was a major cause of the Schenck v. United States (1919) concerned the issue Great Depression? of (1) high wages of industrial workers (1) freedom of speech (2) deficit spending by the federal government (2) the right to bear arms (3) inability of industry to produce enough (3) the right to an attorney consumer goods (4) separation of church and state (4) uneven distribution of income between the rich and the poor WWI to Great Depression

456 What was a major reason American farmers failed to 459 "American citizens act within their indisputable rights obtain a fair share of the economic prosperity of the in taking their ships and in traveling whenever their 1920s? legitimate business calls them upon the high seas...." (1) Crops failed due to poor weather conditions. United States efforts to protect the rights described in (2) The government controlled food prices. this quotation were a main reason that the United (3) Farm crops were overproduced. States (4) Banks refused to lend money to farmers. (1) entered World War I in 1917 457 Base your answer on the cartoon below and on your (2) passed restrictive immigration laws in the knowledge of social studies. 1920's (3) adopted a policy of high protective tariffs in the 1930's (4) established a blockade against Cuba in 1962 460 President Woodrow Wilson's statement "The world must be made safe for democracy" was made to justify his decision to (1) end United States imperialism in Latin America (2) support tariff reform (3) send troops into Mexico to capture Pancho Villa (4) ask Congress to declare war against Germany 461 The United States Supreme Court in Schenk v. United States (1919) ruled that freedom of speech may be limited during national emergencies when the speech (1) threatens the principle of States rights (2) conflicts with national economic policies (3) interferes with a presidential campaign This cartoon portrays President Franklin D. (4) presents a clear and present danger to the Roosevelt's attempt to nation (1) continue life terms for Supreme Court justices 462 One way in which the economic principles of (2) increase Presidential influence on the Republican presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Supreme Court Coolidge were similar is that both believed that government should (3) prevent Congress from interfering with the Federal Court system (1) raise income taxes (4) strengthen the independence of the Supreme (2) provide relief payments to unemployed workers Court (3) limit its regulation of business activities 458 In the 1920s, both Langston Hughes and Duke (4) purchase surplus farm products Ellington made major contributions to (1) economic growth (2) educational reform (3) the creative arts (4) political leadership WWI to Great Depression

463 One difference between the administrations of 467 Base your answer to question on the cartoon below President Franklin D. Roosevelt and President and on your knowledge of social studies. Herbert Hoover is that Roosevelt was (1) unwilling to allow government agencies to establish jobs programs (2) unable to win congressional support for his economic program (3) able to ignore economic issues for most of his first term in office (4) more willing to use government intervention to solve economic problems 464 The Supreme Court decision in Schenck v. United States (1919) supported the position that during a national emergency (1) internal migration may be restricted (2) civil liberties of United States citizens may be limited (3) Congress may take control of the economy (4) minority groups may be segregated from the general population 465 Which statement most accurately describes the relief, recovery, and reform measures of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal? (1) They were implemented with little controversy. (2) They represented a major change in the role Which statement most accurately expresses the main of government. idea of the cartoon? (3) They lasted only until the Depression was over. (1) President Franklin D. Roosevelt should limit the (4) They relied on rugged individualism rather than powers of Congress. government programs. (2) Actions by President Franklin D. Roosevelt 466 The Chinese Exclusion Act, the Gentlemen's threaten American democracy. Agreement, and the National Origins Act all show (3) President Franklin D. Roosevelt is more that at times the United States powerful than European dictators. (1) opposed the principle of open immigration (4) The Supreme Court is helping President (2) supported the restriction of immigration from Franklin D. Roosevelt reorganize his western Europe administration. (3) encouraged immigrants who would provide 468 President Herbert Hoover’s response to the Great cheap labor Depression was often criticized because it (4) favored immigration from all parts of the world (1) wasted money on new social programs (2) caused widespread rioting and looting in major cities (3) raised taxes on businesses and the wealthy (4) failed to provide direct relief for the neediest persons WWI to Great Depression

469 President Franklin D. Roosevelt believed that 472 Base your answer to the question on the poem below declaring a bank holiday and creating the Federal and on your knowledge of social studies. Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) would aid the nation's banking system by Mother to Son Well, son, I'll tell you: (1) restricting foreign investments Life for me ain't been no crystal stair. (2) eliminating government regulation of banks It's had tacks in it, (3) restoring public confidence in banks And splinters, (4) granting tax relief And boards torn up, 470 In the 1920's, one reason for placing restrictions on And places with no carpet on the floor— Bare. immigration to the United States was that But all the time I'se been a-climbin' on, (1) factory owners were hiring only native-born And reachin' landin's, workers And turnin' corners, (2) Congress was concerned about radical ideas And sometimes goin' in the dark being brought into the United States Where there ain't been no light. (3) the United States was overcrowded and could So boy, don't you turn back. not accept more immigrants Don't you set down on the steps (4) many foreign governments demanded the Cause you finds it kinder hard. United States close its borders to immigrants Don't you fall now— For I'se still goin', honey, 471 Which legislation best illustrates that laws must be I'se still climbin', accepted by a large-portion of the population or they And life for me ain't been no crystal stair. become impossible to enforce? —Langston Hughes, 1922 (1) establishment of immigration quotas (2) placement of high tariffs on imports One purpose of this poem, written during the Harlem (3) passage of Prohibition Renaissance, was to (4) banning of prayer in public schools (1) explain the advantages of inner-city life (2) discuss ideas in the language used by immigrant Americans (3) ask African Americans to accept things as they are (4) encourage African Americans to continue their struggle for equality 473 President Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to increase the size of the Supreme Court reflected his desire to make the Court (1) sympathetic to New Deal programs (2) committed to African-American rights (3) independent of Congress (4) responsive to business WWI to Great Depression

474 Base your answer to the following question on the 477 An accurate statement about the Great Depression of cartoon below and on your knowledge of social the 1930's is that studies. (1) agriculture was the only sector of the economy to escape the effects of the Depression (2) the trade barriers erected by major nations helped to keep the Depression confined to the United States (3) a variety of factors combined to bring about the (4) a massive response by the Federal Government under the Hoover administration failed to bring about recovery 478 Base your answer to question on the posters below and on your knowledge of social studies.

The main idea of the cartoon is that the New Deal (1) threatens the Constitution and the American people (2) threatens the two-party political system (3) provides American citizens with greater political The United States government published these World freedom War I posters to encourage Americans to (4) provides protection from foreign tyranny (1) increase military enlistments 475 What were two basic causes of the Dust Bowl during (2) reduce the use of consumer goods the early 1930s? (3) invest in the war effort (1) strip mining and toxic waste dumping (4) conserve scarce resources for the military (2) overfarming and severe drought 479 Which action is an example of nativism in the 1920s? (3) clear-cutting of forests and construction of (1) widespread violation of Prohibition laws railroads (2) efforts to improve living conditions for Native (4) overpopulation and urban sprawl American Indians 476 The contributions of Langston Hughes and Duke (3) passage of laws restricting immigration Ellington illustrate the importance of the Harlem (4) provision of credit to farmers Renaissance to (1) economic growth (2) educational reform (3) the creative arts (4) political leadership WWI to Great Depression

480 In the 1920's, the depressed situation of United States 486 During the early 1930s, the main goal of the Bonus agriculture was chiefly caused by Army was to pressure the Hoover administration to (1) overregulation by government (1) strengthen the nation's defenses (2) mechanization and overproduction (2) end the military draft (3) inefficient production techniques (3) bring American troops home from overseas (4) stock-market speculation (4) support the early payment of money 481 The clash between President Franklin D. Roosevelt promised to veterans and the United States Supreme Court over New Deal 487 "The business of America is business." laws best illustrates the operation of — President Calvin Coolidge (1) federalism By making this statement, President Coolidge was (2) due process expressing his support for (3) checks and balances (4) the two-party system (1) higher taxes on corporations (2) banking regulations 482 Which situation was a basic cause of the Great (3) democratic socialism Depression? (4) the free-enterprise system (1) continued increases in wages for workers 488 Much of the domestic legislation of the New Deal (2) excessive profits for farmers period was based on the idea that the federal (3) overregulation of the stock market government should (4) overproduction of consumer goods (1) favor big business over labor and farming 483 Which characteristic of the 1920s is illustrated by the (2) assume some responsibility for the welfare of trial of Sacco and Vanzetti? people (1) hostility toward woman’s suffrage (3) own and operate the major industries of the (2) support for segregation country (3) opposition to separation of church and state (4) require local communities to be responsible for (4) intolerance toward immigrants social welfare programs 484 What was a main result of national Prohibition during 489 The United States entered World War I mainly the 1920s? because the United States (1) Respect for the law decreased. (1) wanted to protect its colonial empire in the (2) Woman’s suffrage was restricted. Pacific Ocean area (3) Racial prejudice increased. (2) believed that its rights as a neutral nation (4) Religious tolerance grew. had been violated (3) was required by treaty obligations to aid France 485 When the Great Depression began in 1929, the most and Great Britain common economic belief supported by the (4) suffered a direct military attack Republican Party was that 490 Which American author was part of the Harlem (1) an increase in defense spending would stimulate Renaissance of the 1920s? the economy (2) unemployed workers should receive Federal (1) F. Scott Fitzgerald (2) Ernest Hemingway (3) the government should assume control of (3) Langston Hughes industry (4) John Steinbeck (4) the economy would recover on its own WWI to Great Depression

491 Which factor contributed most to the repeal of 496 Base your answer to question on the passage below national Prohibition in 1933? and on your knowledge of social studies. (1) the inability of government to enforce the law ... And then the dispossessed were drawn west (2) an improvement in the economy -from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico; (3) a decline in organized crime from Nevada and Arkansas families, tribes, (4) the start of World War II dusted out, tractored out. Carloads, caravans, 492 Supporters of a graduated national income tax argued homeless and hungry; twenty thousand and fifty that it was the fairest type of tax because the thousand and a hundred thousand and two hundred thousand. They streamed over the (1) rate of taxation was the same for all persons mountains, hungry and restless-restless as ants, (2) rate of taxation increased as incomes rose scurrying to flnd work to do----to lift, to push, to (3) income tax provided the most revenue for the pull, to pick, to cut-anything, any burden to bear, government for food. The kids are hungry. We got no place to (4) income tax replaced state and local government live. Like ants scurrying for work, for food, and taxes most of all for land .... 493 Which action by President Franklin D. Roosevelt - John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath challenged the principle of checks and balances? (1) frequently vetoing New Deal legislation The movement of the people described in this (2) trying to increase the number of justices on passage was primarily the result of the the Supreme Court (1) effects of severe drought conditions on the (3) taking over the Senate's treaty ratification power Great Plains (4) desegregating defense industries (2) high cost of the machinery needed to maintain 494 A major characteristic of the United States economy family farms during the 1920's was the (3) overpopulation of the Midwest caused by the (1) slowdown in the use of technology in industry Homestead Act (2) general prosperity of farmers (4) construction of the interstate highway system (3) uneven distribution of income among 497 The New Deal changed political thinking in the Americans United States because it supported the idea that the (4) increase in the strength of organized labor (1) rights of workers are less important than the 495 A major goal of the Government in creating the interests of business Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the (2) Supreme Court should leave an important role Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was to to play in the economy (1) increase the government's tax revenue (3) government should become more involved in the social and economic life of the people (2) provide jobs for the unemployed (4) president's foreign policy is more important than (3) restore the public's faith in financial his domestic policy institutions (4) stimulate economic growth WWI to Great Depression

498 Base your answer on the graph below and on your knowledge of social studies. 501 Base your answer to this question on the statement below and on your knowledge of social studies. . . . With a profound sense of the solemn and even tragical character of the step I am taking and of the grave responsibilities which it involves, but in unhesitating obedience to what I deem my constitutional duty, I advise that the Congress declare the recent course of the Imperial German Government to he in fact nothing less than war against the government and.people of the United States; that it formally accept the status of belligerent which has thus been thrust upon it, and that it take immediate steps not only to put Which statement is best supported by the information the country in a more thorough state of defense in the graph? but also to exert all its power and employ all its resources to bring the Government of the German (1) The New Deal had no effect in reducing Empire to terms and end the war. . . unemployment. (2) Unemployment reached its peak within a year Which presidential action is the focus of this after the stock market crash. statement? (3) Unemployment was a major issue in the (1) William McKinley's request for war in 1898 Presidential election of 1932. (2) Theodore Roosevelt's support for the (4) Increased production in the early stages of Panamanian revolt in 1903 World War II had little effect on unemployment. (3) William Howard Taft's decision to send troops 499 Which feature of the immigration laws of the 1920's to Latin America in 1912 was different from prior laws? (4) Woodrow Wilson's response to unrestricted (1) Quotas were set to limit immigration from submarine warfare in 1917 many countries 502 The primary purpose of the National Labor Relations (2) Preference was granted to Chinese immigrants. Act of 1935 (Wagner Act) was to (3) Refugees from war-torn Europe were (1) allow factory owners to use court injunctions encouraged to enter the United States. against workers (4) Efforts were made to stop illegal immigration (2) guarantee collective bargaining rights from Latin America. (3) establish the Social Security system 500 Which action is an example of nativism in the 1920s? (4) ban the use of strikes by unions (1) widespread violation of Prohibition laws 503 Which goal of the New Deal resulted in the (2) efforts to improve living conditions for Native establishment of the Federal Deposit Insurance American Indians Corporation (FDIC) and the Securities and Exchange (3) passage of laws restricting immigration Commission (SEC)? (4) provision of credit to farmers (1) preventing the recurrence of conditions that contributed to the Great Depression (2) helping low-income citizens by redistributing wealth (3) stimulating consumer demand by creating jobs (4) aiding business recovery with government subsidies WWI to Great Depression

504 Which factor contributed most to the growth of 509 In the decade after World War I, both organized labor nativist attitudes in the United States in the years and nativist groups favored passage of laws that immediately following World War I? would (1) the establishment of national Prohibition (1) reduce immigration (2) a decline of organized religions (2) end racial segregation (3) the increase in the number of settlement houses (3) guarantee pensions for retired workers (4) the large numbers of immigrants from (4) provide citizenship for Native American Indians southern and eastern Europe 505 During the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, African American authors and artists used literature and art to (1) end segregation of public facilities (2) promote affirmative action programs (3) celebrate the richness of their heritage (4) urge voters to elect more African Americans to political office 506 At the beginning of World War I, how did President Woodrow Wilson follow a traditional United States foreign policy? (1) by refusing to permit trade with either side in the conflict (2) by sending troops to aid Great Britain (3) by declaring American neutrality (4) by requesting an immediate declaration of war against the aggressors 507 The 1925 trial of John Scopes reflects the conflict between (1) science and religion (2) isolation and international involvement (3) traditional roles and new roles for women (4) Prohibition and organized crime 508 Which principle is illustrated by the passage of the Sedition Act of 1798, the suspension of habeas corpus in 1861, and the adoption of the Espionage Act in 1917? (1) National interest is sometimes given priority over individual rights. (2) National crises often result in restriction of the powers of the executive branch. (3) The Supreme Court consistently defends the Bill of Rights. (4) Congress expands its other powers when it declares war. WWI to Great Depression

510 Base your answer to the following question on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.

What was the most likely cause of the election results shown on the map? (1) Most voters blamed President Herbert Hoover for the Great Depression. (2) It is difficult to defeat an incumbent president. (3) Franklin D. Roosevelt had more business experience than Herbert Hoover. (4) Republican Party popularity had been declining for several elections. WWI to Great Depression

511 Base your answer on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.

The main idea of the cartoon is that President Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted to (1) impeach justices who did not support him (2) control the decisions of the Supreme Court (3) create higher qualifications for justices (4) encourage the Supreme Court to act more efficiently WWI to Great Depression

512 Base your answer to the following question on the 514 Base your answer on the graph below and on your cartoon below. knowledge of social studies.

Which situation best accounts for the differences in Federal income and spending between 1928 and 1936, as shown in the graph?

This cartoon illustrates that President Franklin D. (1) government funding of programs to combat Roosevelt caused a controversy based on economic problems (2) increase in personal income tax rates (1) increased military spending in the early 1930s (3) military spending for World War II (2) a plan to assume some of the powers reserved to (4) United States trade imbalance with Japan the states (3) efforts to counter the Dust Bowl with federal 515 Which statement about the United States economy conservation measures during the 1920s is true? (4) proposals that violated the principle of (1) Federal regulation of business was strengthened. separation of powers (2) The purchase of stocks steadily declined. 513 Which geographic feature most influenced the ability (3) Mass production increased the supply of of the United States to protect its mainland from consumer goods. attack during World War I? (4) Republican Party presidents supported unemployment insurance. (1) Gulf of Mexico (2) Great Lakes (3) Pacific Ocean (4) Atlantic Ocean WWI to Great Depression

Base your answers to questions 516 and 517 on the 520 "The annual quota of any nationality shall be 2 per quotation below. centum of the number of foreign-born individuals of such nationality resident in continental United States "The quotas established by the immigration act of as determined by the United States census of 1890, 1921 . . . were unsatisfactory for two reasons: they but the minimum quota of any nationality shall be admitted too large a number of immigrants; they did 100." not discriminate sufficiently in favor of immigration – Section 11a, Immigration Act of 1924 from Northern and Western Europe." – Henry Steele Commager 516 This quotation can be used to demonstrate the way in The passage of this act reflects the American public's which the United States Government was influenced perception that by (1) too many immigrants were corning into the (1) nativism (2) progressivism country (3) humanitarianism (4) containment (2) dictatorships were emerging in western Europe (3) fewer workers were needed in consumer goods 517 To achieve the goals stated in the quotation, Congress industries passed the Immigration Act of 1924, which provided (4) economic prosperity was dependent on for unskilled foreign labor (1) an increase in the number of immigrants 521 What did the decline of Progressivism during World admitted annually War I and of the New Deal at the start of World War (2) the elimination of most aspects of the quota II show? system (3) a reduction in immigration from southern (1) That the problems these movements faced were and eastern Europe effectively solved. (4) a return to an open immigration policy (2) That domestic programs may be overshadowed by wartime priorities. 518 What was one feature of the United States economy (3) That balanced budgets are more important to the during the 1920s that contributed to the Great public than social reforms. Depression? (4) That Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt lacked the leadership to continue (1) increase in federal regulation these movements. (2) expansion of easy credit (3) growth of the trade deficit 522 Which conclusion can be drawn from the occurrence of the Red Scare and the decision of the Supreme (4) influence of foreign corporations Court in Schenck v. United States? 519 In the United States, attempts to enforce laws relating (1) Immigrants to the United States are consistently to Prohibition led to a public awareness that denied equal protection under the law. (1) violators of Federal laws inevitably receive (2) A person's best protection from persecution rests severe punishment with the Supreme Court. (2) unpopular laws are difficult, if not impossible (3) Civil rights are sometimes compromised by to enforce the public's fear of radical political groups. (3) government should limit itself only to actions (4) Violent protests in the United States are usually clearly defined in the Constitution met with a violent response from the (4) government action determines social behavior government. WWI to Great Depression

523 During the second half of the 1920s, which economic trend was a major cause of the Great Depression? (1) deficits in the federal budget (2) reductions in tariff rates (3) creation of national and state sales taxes (4) overproduction and underconsumption 524 Which factor led to agricultural overproduction and falling farm prices during the 1920s? (1) decline in European demand after World War I (2) lower tariffs enacted by Congress (3) lack of access to cheap credit (4) decreasing population in cities of the South 525 What was a major reason the United States entered World War I (1917)? (1) The Japanese had occupied Manchuria. (2) Foreign troops had landed on American soil. (3) The Austro-Hungarian Empire had invaded Belgium. (4) Germany had resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. WWI to Great Depression

526 Base your answer to on the graph below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which statement about the period from 1918 through 1929 is most clearly supported by information in the graph? (1) The percentage of income controlled by the wealthiest Americans declined. (2) The income gap between the wealthiest fifth and the rest of the population increased. (3) The overall per capita income in the United States declined. (4) The percentage of income controlled by the poor steadily increased. 527 National Prohibition, as authorized by the 18th 528 Which generalization most accurately describes amendment, stated that the literary works of Langston Hughes, Sinclair Lewis, and John Steinbeck? (1) Americans must be 18 years old to purchase alcoholic beverages (1) Politics and art seldom mix well. (2) only imported alcoholic beverages would be (2) The best literature concerns the lives of the sold wealthy. (3) alcoholic beverages could be sold only in (3) Literature often reflects the times in which it government-run stores is created. (4) the manufacture and sale of alcoholic (4) Traditional American themes are the most beverages was banned popular. 529 A significant contribution to the industrialization of the United States was Henry Ford’s development of (1) the assembly line (2) electric-powered vehicles (3) the first holding company (4) a new process for making steel WWI to Great Depression

530 New Deal strategies for dealing with the economic 533 Which geographic area is most closely associated depression of the 1930's were most frequently with the Dust Bowl of the 1930s? criticized because they ran contrary to a tradition of (1) Great Lakes basin (1) a welfare state (2) Mississippi River valley (2) laissez-faire (3) Appalachian Mountains (3) government regulation (4) Great Plains (4) protectionism 534 In the 1920's, the Immigration Act of 1924 and the 531 Which conditions are most characteristic of an Sacco-Vanzetti trial were typical of the economic depression? (1) rejection of traditional customs and beliefs (1) high unemployment and overproduction (2) acceptance of cultural differences (2) large business investments and low taxes (3) increase in nativism and intolerance (3) too much money in circulation and high stock (4) support of humanitarian causes prices 535 Why did many United States farmers fail to benefit (4) high employment and increased real estate from the economic prosperity of the 1920s? investments (1) No technological advances were made in 532 Base your answer on the passage below and on your agriculture. knowledge of social studies. (2) Levels of farm production declined. ...I see one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, (3) Farm exports were heavily taxed. ill-nourished. (4) Agricultural goods were overproduced It is not in despair that I paint you that picture. I 536 In the 1920s, controversies over Prohibition, the paint it for you in hope—because the Nation, National Origins Act, and the Scopes trial all seeing and understanding the injustice in it, reflected disagreement over the proposes to paint it out. We are determined to make every American citizen the subject of his (1) effects of demobilization country's interest and concern; and we will never (2) cultural values of the American people regard any faithful, law-abiding group within our (3) role of the federal government in the economy borders as superfluous. The test of our progress is (4) influence of labor unions on American life not whether we add more to the abundance of 537 During President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s those who have much; it is whether we provide administration, the Federal Deposit Insurance enough for those who have too little... Corporation (FDIC) and the Securities and Exchange —President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Second Inaugural Commission (SEC) were created as a way to Address, January 20, 1937 (1) provide jobs to those who were unemployed (2) raise revenue for relief and recovery programs President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed the (3) limit risks associated with savings and situation described in this speech by investments (1) reducing the influence of labor unions (4) implement the new income tax amendment (2) supporting programs to aid the poor and unemployed (3) promoting the interests of big business (4) adopting the trickle-down economic theory WWI to Great Depression

538 One similarity between the 1920's and the 1960's in 542 In 1920, when Presidential candidate Warren G. the United States is that during both decades Harding called for "a return to normalcy," he was advocating (1) traditional standards of dress, conduct, and conformity were challenged (1) increased support for Progressive Era programs (2) involvement in international peacekeeping and the League of Nations organizations was rejected (2) increased farm production and an emphasis on (3) economic conditions led to a severe depression the rural lifestyle (4) civil rights legislation improved conditions for (3) reduced international involvement and less minorities government regulation of business 539 President Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to "pack" the (4) reduced racial segregation and the elimination Supreme Court was unsuccessful and unpopular of discrimination against women mainly because this plan 543 A significant cause of the Great Depression of the 1930's was that (1) endangered the concept of federalism (2) would have increased the power of the judiciary (1) some banking policies were unsound and had (3) threatened the system of checks and balances led to the overexpansion of credit (4) would have amended the Bill of Rights (2) a decrease in protective tariffs had opened American business to competition from abroad 540 "They used to tell me I was building a dream, (3) a wave of violent strikes had paralyzed the With peace and glory ahead. major industries Why should I be standing on line just waiting for bread? (4) consumer goods were relatively inexpensive Once I built a railroad, made it run, 544 Base your answer to the following question on the Made it race against time. graph below and on your knowledge of social studies. Once I built a railroad. Now it's done. Brother, can you spare a dime?"

The words of this song suggest that the of economic success (1) can be achieved only through hard work (2) holds its greatest opportunities during periods of war Based on the graph, which is an accurate statement (3) is forfeited by people on welfare about the Great Depression? (4) can be shattered by forces beyond an (1) It was overcome without the use of deficit individual's control spending. 541 One goal of many Harlem Renaissance writers was to (2) It was the first downturn in the nation's . (1) increase pride in African American culture (3) Urban areas of the nation were affected, but not (2) support existing racial barriers rural areas. (3) cut off connections with mainstream American (4) The lowest point was during the first half of values the 1930's. (4) encourage African Americans to create their own political party WWI to Great Depression

545 The term Harlem Renaissance best describes (1) state and federal laws passed to end racial discrimination (2) urban renewal efforts in New York City (3) government programs to promote African American businesses (4) a period of African American cultural achievements 546 Base your answer to the following question on the photograph below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Communities such as the one shown in this photograph from the 1930s were called "Hoovervilles" because of President Herbert Hoover's (1) support for federal programs to provide jobs for the unemployed (2) refusal to provide direct federal aid to the homeless (3) efforts to help the residents return to their farms (4) emergency relief program to provide food to the poor WWI to Great Depression

547 Base your answer on the cartoon below and on your 549 " ... They call it a 'negotiated peace.' Nonsense! Is it a knowledge of social studies. negotiated peace if a gang of outlaws surrounds your community and on threat of extermination makes you pay tribute to save your own skins? ... " - President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, December 29, 1940

In this quotation, the expression "gang of outlaws" was meant to apply to the (1) Maoist rebels in China (2) fascist dictators in Europe (3) communist revolutionaries in Poland (4) North Korean invaders of South Korea 550 The "flappers" of the 1920's gained public attention mainly because they (1) often refused to conform to society's expectations (2) fought for the right of women to vote (3) fled the United States to live in Europe What is the main idea of the cartoon? (4) worked for equal status in employment (1) President Franklin D. Roosevelt used a 551 After the election of 1932, a friend told President system of trial and error to improve the Franklin D. Roosevelt that if he succeeded he would economy. go down in history as the greatest American (2) President Franklin D. Roosevelt consistently President. Roosevelt replied, "Yet if I fail, I may be adopted the Depression remedies proposed by the last one." This response reflected President Congress. Roosevelt's belief that the (3) Congress and the President were unable to cope with the Depression. (1) Constitution limited him to two terms in the (4) The President and Congress constantly fought Presidency over Depression-Era programs. (2) military was seriously considering a takeover of the government 548 In the 1920's, the belief in never-ending prosperity (3) Great Depression threatened the people's helped to promote faith in democracy (1) a renewal of interest in handmade goods (4) American people were opposed to major (2) strict enforcement of governmental financial changes in the role of government regulations 552 The 1920's are sometimes called the "Roaring (3) massive government efforts to increase the Twenties" because incomes of farmers (4) heavy increases in stock speculation (1) foreign trade prospered after World War I (2) the United States assumed a leadership role in world affairs (3) political reforms made government more democratic (4) widespread social and economic change occurred WWI to Great Depression

553 Base your answer to question on the poster below and 555 What was President Woodrow Wilson's stated policy on your knowledge of social studies. toward the warring nations of Europe prior to United States entry into World War I? (1) neutrality (2) containment (3) internationalism (4) dollar diplomacy 556 The migration of African Americans to the North during and following World War I was mainly a result of the (1) success of military desegregation (2) efforts of the civil rights movement (3) availability of new factory jobs (4) impact of affirmative action programs 557 Soon after Franklin D. Roosevelt became President in 1933, he supported (1) stronger civil rights laws to protect African Americans (2) increased enforcement of Federal antitrust laws (3) expanded programs of direct relief to the unemployed (4) increased farm output to feed the hungry 558 The election of Franklin D. Roosevelt to the Presidency in 1932 reflected the desire of many Americans to (1) return to a policy of laissez-faire (2) abandon capitalism in favor of socialism The cooperation mentioned in the poster was (3) continue the domestic policies of the Hoover intended to be between administration (4) have government take an active role in (1) business and government solving economic problems (2) consumers and producers (3) workers and retirees 559 Which idea is closest to a basic principle of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program? (4) socialists and capitalists (1) the Jeffersonian belief that government should 554 A primary aim of United States immigration policy in pursue a policy of laissez-faire the 1920's was to (2) the belief of 19th-century industrialists that (1) encourage immigration of well-educated and trusts and monopolies benefited the economy wealthy persons (3) the post-Reconstruction Southern policy that (2) increase the number of immigrants from Asia prevented blacks from gaining economic power and Latin America (4) the progressive philosophy that the powers of (3) limit immigration from southern and eastern government should be used to solve social European nations and economic problems (4) help solve the World War I refugee problem WWI to Great Depression

560 Base your answer to question on the cartoon below 561 Which statement best describes the labor movement and on your knowledge of social studies. during the 1930's? (1) It grew rapidly once the right to organize was protected by law. (2) Only organizations of skilled craft unions survived the Depression. (3) Unions almost disappeared as a result of the Depression. (4) Unions joined together to promote a socialist solution to the Depression. 562 What is a major function of the Federal Reserve Board and the Securities and Exchange Commission? (1) writing legislation affecting economic issues (2) enforcing tariff laws and collecting duties on imports (3) guarding against fraud and corruption in government agencies (4) regulating certain economic activities of banks and the stock market 563 In terms of international trade and finance, the United States emerged from World War I (1) as a leading creditor nation (2) dependent on Middle Eastern oil (3) burdened with a huge trade deficit (4) responsible for rebuilding the economies of both Which statement most accurately expresses the wartime allies and enemies viewpoint of the cartoonist? (1) New Deal programs are endangering the country. (2) Most Americans support New Deal programs (3) Supreme Court decisions are overturning New Deal programs. (4) New Deal programs emphasize health care reforms.