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Aix-Marseille Universite Faculte Des Sciences Medicales Et Paramedicales De Marseille AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE FACULTE DES SCIENCES MEDICALES ET PARAMEDICALES DE MARSEILLE ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTE THESE Présentée et publiquement soutenue devant LA FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE MARSEILLE Le 04 Juillet 2019 Par Amadou Hamidou TOGO Evaluation du microbiote du lait maternel Pour obtenir le grade de Docteur d’Aix-Marseille Université Biologie-Santé, Spécialité Maladies Transmissibles et Pathologies Tropicales Membres du Jury de la Thèse: Mr le professeur Jean-Christophe Lagier Aix-Marseille Université Président Mme le professeur Marie Kempf Université d’Angers Rapporteur Mr le professeur Bouréma Kouriba Université de Bamako Rapporteur Mr le professeur Max Maurin Université de Grenoble Examinateur Mr le professeur Didier Raoult Aix-Marseille Université Directeur de thèse Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Unité de Microbes Evolution Phylogénie et Infections - MEPHI, IRD, AP-HM Avant-propos Le format de présentation de cette thèse correspond à une recommandation de la spécialité Maladies Infectieuses et Microbiologie du Master des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé qui dépend de l’Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie de Marseille. Le candidat est amené à respecter des règles qui lui sont imposées et qui comportent un format de thèse utilisé dans le Nord de l’Europe et qui permet un meilleur rangement que les thèses traditionnelles. Par ailleurs, la partie introduction et bibliographie est remplacée par une revue publiée dans un journal scientifique afin de permettre une évaluation extérieure de la qualité de la revue et de permettre à l’étudiant de commencer le plus tôt possible une bibliographie exhaustive sur le domaine de cette thèse. Par ailleurs, la thèse est présentée sur la base d’articles publiés, acceptés où soumis associés d’un bref commentaire donnant le sens général du travail. Cette forme de présentation parait plus en adéquation avec les exigences de la compétition internationale et permet de se concentrer sur des travaux qui bénéficieront d’une diffusion internationale. Professeur Didier RAOULT 1 Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier le Professeur Didier Raoult du fond de cœur; de m’avoir donné l’opportunité de faire cette thèse, d’avoir guidé mes pas tout au long de ce travail avec son «œil du Maître ». C’est un honneur pour moi, cher Maître, d’être compté parmi vos élèves. Je remercie le Docteur Matthieu Million qui n’a ménagé aucun effort pour la réalisation de cette thèse qu’il a codirigé avec une main de maître. C’était un grand plaisir pour moi de travailler avec vous. J’espère continuer à travailler avec vous même après cette thèse. Je remercie sincèrement les Professeurs Bouréma Kouriba et Marie Kempf pour avoir accepté d’être les rapporteurs de cette thèse. Je remercie le Professeur Max Maurin pour avoir accepté d’être examinateur de cette thèse. Je remercie le Professeur Jean-Christophe Lagier pour avoir accepté de présider ce jury de thèse. Je remercie toute la « famille de la Culturomics », en commençant par les responsables: Le Professeur Jean-Christophe Lagier, Le Docteur Matthieu Million, le Docteur Saber Khelaifia et le Docteur Gregory Dubourg pour leurs conseils scientifiques tout au long de cette thèse, ainsi que tous mes collègues de culturomics et ceux de l’open-space pour leurs conseils et les moments de difficulté et de joie passé ensemble. Je remercie les Docteurs Clotilde Des Robert, Véronique Brevaut et Aminata Camara pour leur collaboration. Je remercie le Professeur Pierre-Edouard Fournier pour ses conseils scientifiques, sa gentillesse et sa sympathie. Je remercie le Docteur Fadi Bittar pour ses conseils et sa collaboration Je remercie les ingénieurs, les techniciens et tout le personnel de l’IHU particulièrement Mme Micheline Pitaccolo qui ont d’une manière ou d’une autre contribué à la réalisation de cette thèse. Je remercie la famille Doumbo à Sirakoro-Meguetan et Faladjè-Bamako, particulièrement Mme Doumbo Fatoumata Guindo et Mme Doumbo Safiatou Niaré pour leur hospitalité, leur amour, de m’avoir accueilli comme leur enfant quand j’étais fraichement arrivé du village pour mes études de médecine à Bamako. 2 Je remercie mes collègues maliens de l’école doctoral de science de la vie et de la santé de Marseille pour les bons moments passé ensemble qui nous ont permis d’oublier les différents soucis. Je remercie tout le personnel du MRTC particulièrement le Professeur Abdoulaye Djimdé directeur du MRTC pour m’avoir initié à la recherche. Enfin, je tiens à remercier toute ma famille; ma femme; Na Fatoumata Djimdé, mes enfants; Fatoumata, Hawa et Alassane, ma grand-mère; Kougnon Togo et mes frères et sœurs pour leur soutien moral, leurs encouragements et pour avoir supporté ma longue absence pendant ces cinq années. Un grand merci à toutes et tous celles ou ceux que j’ai pu oublier de nommer, et qui, d’une manière ou d’une autre ont contribué à la réalisation de ce travail. Je termine mes remerciements en rendant hommages à mon cher maître, feu Le Professeur Ogobara K Doumbo. Je n’ai pas de mot pour qualifier tout ce que vous avez fait pour moi. Dormez en paix cher Maître. 3 Sommaire Résumé: ………………………………………………………..…………………………… 7 Abstract: …………………...……………………………………………………………..… 8 Introduction: ……………………………………………………………………………..… 9 Partie I: Caractérisation du microbiote du colostrum et du lait maternel, des femmes allaitantes en bonne santé en France et au Mali. .…………………………………...……. 14 Article I: Repertoire of Human Breast and Milk Microbiota: A Systematic Review. ............ 16 Article II: Culture of Methanogenic Archaea from Human Colostrum and Milk: The Neglected Critical Commensals. ............................................................................................................... 36 Article III: Extremely Common Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in Human Milk in Mali: A Health Emergency. ...................................................................................................... 70 Article IV: A New Strategy for the Discovery of Anti-Listeria and Anti-Cancer Probiotics. ……………….......................................................................................................................... 84 Article V: Assessment of colostrum and breast milk microbiota from healthy breastfeeding mothers by culturomics and 16S rRNA Genes amplicon sequencing. .................................... 95 Article VI: «Veillonella massiliensis», a new anaerobic species isolated from human colostrum. ..... ………………………………………………………………………….……. 96 Article VII: Lactimicrobium massiliense gen. nov., sp. nov.; Anaerolactibacter massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov.; Galactobacillus timonensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Acidipropionibacterium timonense sp. nov. isolated from breast milk from African healthy breastfeeding women...................................................................................................................................... 99 Partie II: La «microbial culturomics» comme outil pour faire progresser la taxonomie bactérienne: .……………………………………………………..……………………… 111 Article VIII: Description of Mediterraneibacter massiliensis, gen. nov., sp. nov., a new genus isolated from the gut microbiota of an obese patient and reclassification of Ruminococcus faecis, Ruminococcus lactaris, Ruminococcus torques, Ruminococcus gnavus and Clostridium glycyrrhizinilyticum as Mediterraneibacter faecis comb. nov., Mediterraneibacter lactaris comb. nov., Mediterraneibacter torques comb. nov., Mediterraneibacter gnavus comb. nov. and Mediterraneibacter glycyrrhizinilyticus comb. nov. ....................................................... 114 Article IX: Fournierella massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new human associated member of the family Ruminococcaceae. …………………………………..………………….……... 139 Article X: Anaerotruncus massiliensis sp. nov., a succinate-producing bacterium isolated from human stool from an obese patient after bariatric surgery. ..................................................... 147 4 Article XI: Butyricimonas phoceensis sp. nov., a new anaerobic species isolated from the human gut microbiota of a French morbidly obese patient...................................................... 156 Article XII: Noncontiguous finished genome sequence and description of Paenibacillus ihumii sp. nov. strain AT5. ................................................................................................................ 168 Article XIII: Draft genome and description of Eisenbergiella massiliensis strain AT11T: A new species isolated from human feces after bariatric surgery. .................................................... 178 Article XIV: Hugonella massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov., genome sequence, and description of a new strictly anaerobic bacterium isolated from the human gut. …………….………...…. 187 Article XV: Noncontiguous finished genome sequence and description of Enterococcus massiliensis sp. nov. ……………………………………………………….………...…...... 201 Article XVI: Draft genome and description of Negativicoccus massiliensis strains Marseille- P2082T, a new species isolated from the gut microbiota of an obese patient. …………….. 208 Conclusion et perspectives: …………………………………………………………….… 241 Références : …………………………………………………………………………...…... 243 Partie III: Annexes: ……………………………………………………………..…..……. 247 Article XVII: Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics. ………………………………………………………………………..……..... 249 Article XVIII: “Bariatricus massiliensis” as a new bacterial species from human gut microbiota. ……………………………………………………………………….....………
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