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Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek

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Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Korkut Gökhan KURTAR TÜRKİYE SU ÜRÜNLERİ YETİŞTİRİCİLİK SEKTÖRÜNDE İŞ SAĞLIĞI VE GÜVENLİĞİ MEVZUATI SU ÜRÜNLERİ YETİŞTİRİCİLİK ANABİLİM DALI ADANA, 2011 ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ TÜRKİYE SU ÜRÜNLERİ YETİŞTİRİCİLİK SEKTÖRÜNDE İŞ SAĞLIĞI VE GÜVENLİĞİ MEVZUATI Korkut Gökhan KURTAR YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ SU ÜRÜNLERİ YETİŞTİRİCİLİK ANABİLİM DALI Bu Tez 17/01/2011 Tarihinde Aşağıdaki Jüri Üyeleri Tarafından Oybirliği/Oyçokluğu ile Kabul Edilmiştir. ………………........................... ………………………….. ……................................ Doç. Dr. Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE Prof. Dr. Suat DİKEL Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hülya ŞEREFLİŞAN DANIŞMAN ÜYE ÜYE Bu Tez Enstitümüz Su Ürünleri Yetiştiricilik Anabilim Dalında hazırlanmıştır. Kod No: Prof. Dr. İlhami YEĞİNGİL Enstitü Müdürü Not: Bu tezde kullanılan özgün ve başka kaynaktan yapılan bildirişlerin, çizelge ve fotoğrafların kaynak gösterilmeden kullanımı, 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunundaki hükümlere tabidir. ÖZ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ TÜRKİYE SU ÜRÜNLERİ YETİŞ TİRİCİLİK SEKTÖRÜNDE İŞ SAĞLIĞI VE GÜVENL İĞİ MEVZUATI Korkut Gökhan KURTAR ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVESİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ SU ÜRÜNLERİ ANABİLİM DALI Danışman: Doç. Dr. Mahmut Ali Gökçe Yıl: 2011 Sayfa:149 Jüri : Doç. Dr. Mahmut Ali Gökçe Prof. Dr. Suat DİKEL Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hülya ŞEREFLİŞAN İnsanların gıdaya ulaşım hakları ve sağlıklı beslenmelerinin gereği olarak ihtiyaç duyduğu hayvansal kökenli protein kaynakları git gide azalmaktadır. Meydana gelen bu açığın kapatılması için uzun yıllardır su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği teşvik edilmektedir. Su ürünleri yetiştiricilik sektörü büyüme ile gelen sorunlar ile karşı karşıyadır. Çevresel kaygılardan dolayı denizel işletmelerin kıyıdan uzaklara taşınması gerekmiştir. Ülkemiz dünyada yaşanan bu değişimlere karşı kayıtsız kalmamış ve denizel yetiştiricilik işletmelerini açık denizlere taşımıştır. Emeğin yoğun olduğu bir sektör olarak istihdam boyutu önemli olan sektör tehlikelere ve kazalara açık hale gelmiştir. Denizel işletmelerde istihdam edilen çalışanlar bugün, kıyıda olduklarından çok daha fazla risk ve tehlike içerisinde olup kanunlarla belirtilen işçi sağlığı ve güvenliği konusunda işverenler tarafından acil önlemler alınmak durumundadır. Bu çalışmada söz konusu tehlikeler ile oluşan risklere yönelik önlemler incelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Konu mümkün olduğu kadar uluslararası boyutu ile karşılaştırmalı olarak irdelenecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği I ABSTRACT MSc THESIS OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY LEGISLATION IN TURKISH AQUACULTURE SECTOR Korkut Gökhan KURTAR ÇUKUROVA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE FOR NATURAL AND APLLIED SCIENCES FACULTY FOR FISHERIES Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE Year: 2011 Page: 149 Jury : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE Prof. Dr. Suat DİKEL Asst. Prof. Dr. Hülya ŞEREFLİŞAN Animal protein resources have been decreasing due to various constraints and fisheries also facing this complex problem. In terms of food security and healthy nutrition rights of human being it has significant importance to supply the markets with high quality animal protein consisting of fisheries products. Currently, aquaculture sector faces the problems regarding rapid growth. Concerning the environmental impacts of aquaculture, cages systems have been moved to off shore. This movement imposed the laborers to the dangerous activities and high risk factors. As far as it is possible the subject will be examined comparatively. Today, laborers working in off shore systems are more vulnerable before then they were and in shore aquaculture was not dangerous as it is. On the other hand; to deal with occupational safety and health problems rising due to rapid growth of sector, urgent measures has to be taken. In this context, in the scope of the thesis our purpose is to examine the situation with a comparative study regarding Occupational Health and Safety and risk analysis. Key Words: Aquaculture, Occupational Health and Safety, Risk Analysis II TEŞEKKÜR Bütün süreç boyunca bilgi birikimi ve deneyimini paylaşan ve aktaran çok değerli Hocam Doç. Dr. Mahmut Ali GÖKÇE’ye; İş Sağılığı ve Güvenliği konusunda deneyimi ve bilgisini her zaman paylaşarak yol gösteren Hocam Doç. Dr. Suphi URAL’A, En kıymetlim, ne zaman ne yana baksam hep yanımda, hep başımda olan Annem Emekli Öğretmen Meral YÜCEL’e Teşekkür ederim. III İÇİNDEKİLER SAYFA ÖZ……………………………………………………………………………………..I ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………….II TEŞEKKÜR…………………………………………………………………………III İÇİNDEKİLER……………………………………………………………………...IV ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ………………………………………………………………V ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ…………………………………………………………………VI KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ………………………………………………………….VII 1. GİRİŞ………………………………………………………………………………1 2. ÖNCEKİ ÇALIŞMALAR………………………………………..………………15 3.MATERYAL VE METOD…………………………………………..……………31 3.1. Materyal………………………………………………………………………31 3.2.Metod………………………………………………………………………….31 4.BULGULAR ……………………………………………………………………...33 4.1. İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği’ne İlişkin Temel Ulusal Mevzuat……………………34 4.2. Su Ürünleri Yetiştiriciliğinin Yasal Dayanağı……………………………......36 4.2.1.Su Ürünleri Kanunu…………………………………………………….36 4.2.2. Su Ürünleri Yetiştiriciliği Yönetmeliği………………………………..37 4.3. İş Kanunu …………………………………………………………………….38 4.3.1. İş Sağlığı ve İş Güvenliği Tüzüğü…………………………………….41 4.3.2. Sanayi, Ticaret, Tarım ve Orman İşlerinden Sayılan İşlere İlişkin Yönetmelik.……………………………………………….……42 4.3.3. Balıkçı Gemilerinde Yapılan Çalışmalarda Sağlık ve Güvenlik Önlemleri Hakkında Yönetmelik…………………………...43 4.3.4. İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kurulları Hakkında Yönetmelik……………..45 4.3.5. Tarımdan Sayılan İşlerde Çalışan İşçilerin Çalışma Koşullarına İlişkin Yönetmelik…………………………………………..47 4.3.6. Ağır ve Tehlikeli İşler Yönetmeliği…………………………………...48 4.3.7. İş Kanununa İlişkin Fazla Çalışma ve Fazla Sürelerle Çalışma Yönetmeliği…………………………………………..50 4.3.8. Sağlık Kuralları Bakımından Günde Ancak Yedibuçuk Saat veya IV Daha Az Çalışılması Gereken İşler Hakkında Yönetmelik…………...51 4.4. Kavramsal Boyutuyla İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği……………………………….52 4.4.1. İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği’nin Konusu…………………………………...54 4.4.1.1. İş Kazasının Tanımı ve Türleri……….………………………..54 4.4.1.2. İş Kazası ve Meslek Hastalığı Konusunun Gelişimi…………..58 4.4.2.1. Risk Analizi……………………………………………..……..64 4.5. İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Konusunda Uluslararası Örgütler ve Diğer Ülke Örnekleri……...…………………………………………………70 4.5.1. Avrupa Birliği………………………………………………………….70 4.5.1.2.Avrupa Birliğinde İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Mevzuatı…………..73 4.5.1.3. Avrupa Yönergeleri (Direktifleri)……………………………...73 4.5.1.4. Balıkçı Teknesinde Çalışma (Teknede Sağlık ve Güvenlik) Yönerge 93/103/EC…………………………………………….75 4.5.1.5. “Teknede Tıbbi Yardım” Yönerge 92/29/EEC…………………76 4.5.1.6. İş yerinde Sağlık ve Güvenlik için Avrupa Ajansı ve İyi Uygulama………………………………………..77 4.5.1.7. Avrupa Birliği Üye Devletleri İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Örnekleri.......................................................................................80 4.5.2. Kanada………………………..……………………………………….83 4.5.3. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri…..……………………………………….95 4.5.4.İngiltere………………………..……………………………………….99 4.5.5. Japonya………………………..……………………………………..101 4.5.6. Batı Avustralya………………...…………………………………….102 4.5.7. Malezya………………………...…………………………………….105 4.5.8. Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü (ILO)………..………………………...109 5. TARTIŞMA……………………………………………………………………..115 6. SONUÇLAR VE ÖNERİLER………………………………………………….129 6.1. Sonuç………...…………………………………………………………….129 6.2. Öneriler…………………………………………………………………….130 KAYNAKLAR……………………………………………………………………131 ÖZGEÇMİŞ………………………………………………………………………149 V ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ SAYFA Çizelge 1.1. Dünya balıkçılık ve yetiştiricilik üretimi (milyon/ton), Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (2010)…...………..……………………………..2 Çizelge 1.2. Su ürünleri yetiştiricilik işletmeleri sayı ve kapasiteleri TÜGEM (2009), ………………………...……………………………5 Çizelge 1.3. Kapasite ve boyutlarına göre işletmelerin sınıflandırılması, TÜGEM (2009)…………………………………………………………6 Çizelge 1.4. TAGEM (1998), Türkiye’nin su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği açısından mevcut imkânlar……………………………….9 Çizelge 4.1. Katılım Öncesi Mali Araç (2006), Kuluçkahane Teknik Personel Gereksinimleri..………………………..38 Çizelge 4.2. Tarım ve Hayvancılık ile ilgili liste (a)…………………………...……49 Çizelge 4.3. Tarım ve Hayvancılık ile ilgili liste(b)………………………………...49 Çizelge 4.4. Tarım ve Hayvancılık ile ilgili liste (c)………………………………...49 Çizelge 5.1. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı İstatistikleri, 2008…………………………………………………….117 Çizelge 5.2. İşletme sayıları ve toplam kapasiteleri, TÜGEM 2010…………...…118 Çizelge 5.3. İşletmelerin üretim kapasitelerine göre değerlendirilmesi, TÜGEM (2008), …………………………….………………………..119 Çizelge 5.4. Yetiştiricilikte istihdam rakamları, TÜGEM (2010)…….……….......119 Çizelge 5.5. Türler açısından yetiştiricilik, TÜGEM (2010)………………………123 Çizelge 5.6. Toplam Geçici İş Göremezlik Süreleri ile Hastanede geçen günlerin Faaliyetlere göre dağılımı ÇSGB Yıllık İstatistik Çalışmaları (2008), …………………………………………………..126 VI VII ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ SAYFA Şekil 4.1. Türk Hukuk Sistemi (Collins, 2004), Türk Hukuk Sistemi……………………………………………………...33 Şekil 4.2.Maslow’un İhtiyaçlar Hiyerarşisi Piramidi……………………………….55 Şekil 4.3. İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Yönetim Sistemleri ve Risk Değerlendirme Yöntemleri, Özkılıç (2005)..……………………………………………...64 Şekil 4.4. Risk Yönetim Sistemi, Özkılıç (2005)…...……………………………….67 Şekil 4.5. İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliğinde Paydaşlar, OHSA (2010)……………………78 VIII IX GRAFİKLER DİZİNİ SAYFA Grafik 1.1. Su ürünleri üretimi yetiştiricilik ve avcılık dağılım grafiği
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