J.Bio.Innov 9(6), pp: 1420-1439, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Yadav et al.,

https://doi.org/10.46344/JBINO.2020.v09i06.28

INCENSE AND STICKS: TYPES, COMPONENTS, ORIGIN AND THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND IMPORTANCE AMONG DIFFERENT RELIGIONS

Virendra Kumar Yadav1, Nisha Choudhary2, Samreen Heena Khan2, Areeba Khayal3, Raman Kumar Ravi4, Pankaj Kumar4, Shreya Modi2, G. Gnanamoorthy5

1School of Lifesciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 3002017,

2School of Nanosciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382030, India

3Department of Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry Section, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India 4School of Environment and sustainable development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382030, India

6Department of inorganic chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, T.N.-600025, India Email id: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Incensing (incense stick burning) is an ancient tradition during different rituals in almost every religion. Earlier, it was used explicitly for divine purposes only. However, with the advancement of time, it is being used for secondary purposes, such as air fresheners and insect repellant. Incense sticks burning hold an important place in Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam. All religions have their own belief behind the usage of incense sticks. Peoples from different countries, use incense of different sizes and flavors at various occasions. The tradition of incensing and incense stick burning is not new to our society. Peoples are using incense sticks since ancient times on different occasions in different forms. The passing time has brought various changes in the ingredients, functionality, manufacturing, and burning methods of the incense sticks. Today, the incense sticks are not only limited to fragrance purposes but also used as air fresheners and insect repellants. All religions have their own beliefs for the usage of incense sticks.

Keywords: Incense; Incense sticks; Hinduism; Buddhism; Bakhoor

2020 November Edition |www.jbino.com |Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 9(6), pp: 1420-1439, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Yadav et al.,

INTRODUCTION

Incense is an aromatic biotic material that common practice. There are several releases fragrant smoke on burning [1]. literatures which suggests the origin of Incense is accessible in different shapes incense and incense sticks either from and sizes around the globe [2]. The incense China, India or Egypt [2]. Though their use is is usually made up of fragrant materials mentioned in all the religious book of all combined with a flammable binding the religions. Here, in the present review, material [3]. There are several materials insight on the various forms of incense and which are used from ancient times either in incense sticks in the market has been combination or alone for incense. Such provided. Here we have also tried to type of materials are aromatic , provide a vision on the beliefs about , , and essential oils [4]. It was lighting the incense and incense sticks especially used to eliminate the bad odor, among different followers of religion. We negative energy from the surroundings and have also tried to put light on their filled with positive energy [5]. Moreover it composition and importance and origin. was also used for worshiping the deity in different religions around the world. 2. Classification of incense sticks on the Nowadays, it is being used as an insect basis of burning repellent i.e. mosquito repellent [6], Broadly, based on their shape and size, the meditation and aroma therapy [2]. The incense burning could be classified into application of incense for deity purposes is two groups [8-10]. One is direct burning available in all the ancient literatures. where the incense and incense sticks are Today, incense is used at all the religious combusted directly by using fire. While places, including churches, temples, second method is placing the incense and mosques, and other religious places [2]. incense sticks on a heating object like The incensing is performed by burning the heater or other such types of devices. The incense material in different forms like preferences of the direct and indirect powder, rope, coil, paper etc. and burning of incense depends on the culture, different [7]. Today, incense and personal choice, and tradition [11]. The incense sticks market are spread around production of direct or indirect burning the whole world. The major countries that incense is manufactured in order to uses and exports incense and incense provide a pleasant smell in the sticks are USA, Brazil, China and India [2]. environment [12, 13]. However, the The market of China and India has composition of both direct and indirect increased drastically in the last few years incense differs due to the previous due to high demand and production prerequisite for stable and sustained inside and outside their countries. Different burning. Direct burning incense is burned religions have different beliefs for burning independently of anyone, rather than heat of incense and incense sticks and or fire from an external source. For direct- incensing at all the events have become a burning, the incense's tip or end is ignited 2020 November Edition |www.jbino.com |Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 9(6), pp: 1420-1439, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Yadav et al.,

with a fire until it begins to transform into 2.1 Indirect-burning Incense and ash at the end of the burning. Flames on Incense Sticks the incense are then blown out, with the Indirect-burning incense, also known as incense proceeding to burn without a "non-flammable incense", is a mixture of flame on its own. Backhanded consuming fragrant materials like resins [15]. They do incense is a blend of fragrant fixings that not contain combustible materials that are scorched over a warm source. Indirect require different burning sources. This burning incense, bits of the incense is fragrance can be different from the signed by putting them over a heating burning time of the surface of the material. element or onto a hot metallic plate in a The more delicate fragrance components censer or thurible [14]. Both the processes tend to burn faster due to larger surface of burning of incense and incense sticks area than coarser or thicker fragrances are given below in detail [2]. with smaller surface areas [16]. The burning of incense sticks in such type of incense and incense sticks are usually is ensured by charcoal or coal powder [2, 10].

Fig.1 Types of indirect burning of incense sticks

While the indirect burning of incense sticks [17]. Whereas, in powdered or granulated and incense, is further alone categorized one, incense material is converted into into three types; whole, powdered or finer particles that help in the burning granulated and paste [10] which is shown process quickly into better pieces. This in the Fig 1. In the whole form of incense, fragrance is consumed rapidly and the fragrant material is directly burned in its produces strong smells in a short period of crude natural form over coal embers time [10].

2020 November Edition |www.jbino.com |Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 9(6), pp: 1420-1439, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Yadav et al.,

While, the powdered incense material is suitable fragrance of proper concentration combined with a sticky and incombustible for smoother burning. The demarcating binder such as honey, dried fruits, and features about the direct-burning incense transformed into balls or little pastilles. They is that the incense material itself can take can be developed in a controlled virtually any shape, as indicated by utility atmosphere in which the fragrances can [28]. Out of direct burning some of the be mixed and combined [4]. The best most common types are the coil ones, example of granulated or powdered which are extruded and formed into a incense are "Bukhoor" or "Bakhoor," which loop-shaped without a base [5, 10]. This are especially a type of Arabian incense incense can burn for a more extended [18]. Similar kind of incense material is also period, from hours to days, and is usually used by the Japanese people which is delivered and utilized by Chinese culture marked by a kneaded incense, called [29]. Besides, coils, there are cones also nerikō or awasekō [19, 20]. While, such which falls in this family of direct burning of type of incense i.e. fine powder or incense [10]. Incense belonging to the grounded is also used by the Eastern direct burning, burns rapidly in comparison Orthodox Christian Convention (EOCC). In to the indirect or other type of incense such type of incense, crude frank incense burning. Such types of incense were initially [21] is crushed into fine granules which is designed in Japan in the 1800s. Another further mixed with different sweet-smelling member in this family is cored sticks; where essential oils [22]. such type of incense sticks has a supporting core of bamboo [30]. The 2.2 Direct-burning of incense and higher quality of such cored sticks has a incense sticks fragrant base which in turn is covered by a thick coat of incense The direct burning incense is also known as material that burns with the core's “combustible incense” [23], is directly smoldering heat. This kind of incense is ignited by fire. The shiny embers on the generally produced and widely used in incense burner will continue to smolder the India and China [15]. Sometimes the cored incense burner without the application of sticks is also called as joss sticks in Chinese outside heat or flame source [24]. In the folk prayers [31]. Solid sticks also belongs to direct burning incense or incense sticks, the the direct burning of incense and incense incense is either expelled, pressed into a sticks where such types of incense sticks structure, squeezed, or coated with has no supporting core and is made of supporting material [2, 25]. This type of incense material [32, 33]. Such solid sticks, fragrance is produced from a moldable are designed such that it could be substrate that uses an aromatic finely effortlessly broken into fragments, it ground (or liquid) fragrance material and enables one to decide the particular an odorless adhesive [26, 27]. The length of incense they wish to burn. These composition of such types of direct incense are the most commonly used incense in burning must be changed to produce a Japan and Tibet. Powdered form of 2020 November Edition |www.jbino.com |Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 9(6), pp: 1420-1439, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Yadav et al.,

incense from this class is considered unique types of incense, direct-burning incense as these are free incense powder form and are very common in India [10]. used for making indirect incense so that it The term incense refers to the substance can be burned at anyplace without any itself, not to the smell it produces [36]. further modifications [34]. Both, comes from tree resins and some and Tibetans used to prepare a long solid flowers, seeds, roots, and barks that are incense. Besides all above there are paper aromatic [37]. The originated from type of incense and incense sticks also in incense shows in the word itself, i.e., 'per' this family which are infused with incense, and 'fumum' means through and smoke or collapsed accordion-style, ignited, and fumes in Latin [21]. Incense is composed of combusted out [2]. While in the rope type aromatic organic materials which release of incense [10], incense powder is moved perfumed smoke when it is subjected to into paper sheets, converted into rope, burn. Incense sticks, a word that in itself entangled firmly, grown at that point, and creates an aura of fresh aroma and a bent again, creating two strands of rope fragrance leading to a relaxed feel to [5]. The larger end of such rope type of breathe. The incense stick is cylindrical with incense has harbour or inlet which could a bamboo base and a mixture of incense be kept vertically in a shallow stone dish for worshipping gods and other rituals in and the pointed end is used as lit. This kind houses and religious places [38]. Incense of incense could be easily transported to sticks are used to purify the bad air and fill larger distance by keeping them fresh for a the environment with pleasant fragrance prolonged period. Rope type of incense and positive energy. It is believed in most was especially used in the countries like of the religions that the holy smoke Tibet and Nepal for a considerable period resealed from such incense sticks that [5]. "Joss" is another type of direct incense prevents unwanted negative energy and burning, which is derived from the Latin an evil spirit from entering home [12, 38]. word, „Deus‟ (God) and is derived from the People of different religions around the Portuguese 'deos', Javanese' dejos. Joss globe uses incense sticks in their daily life are also lighted at sanctuaries crosswise for worshipping the deity. Based on the over several parts of East, South, and geographical area and languages, it is [35]. known with different names such as From, the above sections, now it is clear “agarbatti” in India [39], joss sticks in China that there are various incense forms, and other South Asian countries [40], and including sticks, joss sticks, cones, coils, “bakhoor” in countries [27]. In India, powders, rope, rocks/charcoal, and incense sticks are utilized from the ancient smudge bundles [5]. The main difference period for religious purposes. Indian between the first two forms is that the incense sticks have a slender bamboo former has a slender bamboo base where base onto which the mixtures of incense the mixture of incense ingredients is ingredients are attached [12]. The average attached, while the latter is without a dimension of Indian incense sticks is 15-19 central base [10]. Among all the above 2020 November Edition |www.jbino.com |Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 9(6), pp: 1420-1439, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Yadav et al.,

cm in length of bamboo and diameter of base note in several incense sticks. It is also 0.4 cm [2]. an excellent fixative, which minimizes the 3. Types of incense sticks: based on the evaporation rate and allows the original source of composition composition to last longer by preserving its Based on the source of compositional right fragrance. origin, incense sticks can be either 4. Types of incense sticks based on the synthetic or natural [2]. Natural incense origin sticks are sticks that are coated with Based on the origin, incense sticks could materials naturally obtained from nature. be categorized broadly into Western The natural incense sticks are considered incense and Eastern incense [42]. The as gift for God, don‟t leave any residue, incense stick is used western churches and are harmless to an individual [2]. It has comes almost exclusively from the gum therapeutic effect on the devotees as it fills resins in tree bark. These resin pieces, the environment with fresh air which helps called grains, are easy to carry and release in to relax in harmony with nature. These their fragrance when they are sprinkled on natural incense sticks produce a pleasing burning coal [43]. While the Eastern aroma to ensure that the home is not incense is processed from other plants for choked with undesirable smoke by instance sandalwood, patchouli, maintaining the fragrance level liked by , and vetiver [10]. These plants everyone [10]. Some of the significant and their parts are harvested and ground natural incense sticks ingredients are; using large mortar and pestle and water is sandalwood, mogra, and musk [10]. added to make a paste. A potassium Sandalwood is a class of which is nitrate is mixed in it to help the material obtained from trees; incense sticks usually burn uniformly [5]. have from sandalwood. The 5. Raw materials and composition of sandalwood, as well as oil, have the incense sticks aroma distinct to be accepted for The incense sticks business depends centuries. The fragrance released from intensely on forest items for raw materials. sandalwood coated sticks marks a religious Manufacturing of incense sticks doesn't significance and is believed to act as an involve any complex synthetic substances antiseptic [41]. While the second one is and raw materials. The various mogra, which is a flower predominantly components which are necessary for the found in India, is a natural source in manufacturing of incense sticks are as incense sticks. It is believed that the mogra follows: nargis powder, raw bamboo sticks, flower has a soothing and long-lasting water, variety of oils, aromatics including aroma without producing a harmful matter flower essence, sandalwood oil, rose to breathe in. The fragrance has an petals, natural as well as chemical aesthetic appeal and involves no artificial aromatic ingredients, sawdust, thick paper, ingredients or polluting agents in its gelatin paper, scissor, waste paper, various composition. The third one is musk type color powder, charcoal and sticky powder where such fragrance has been used as a such as Jigat,Sal gum, Guggul (Gum/gum 2020 November Edition |www.jbino.com |Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 9(6), pp: 1420-1439, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Yadav et al.,

of Commiphor amukul) [2, 12]. The stick of percent of the demand for Jigat is incense is manufactured from "bamboo accomplished by importing the material sticks" and fragrance oils whereby both the from and . According to component and natural material. Through All India Agarbatti Manufacturer's Affiliation in India, the sticks are imported and (AIAMA) estimate, the current interest for produced of bamboo from China. A paste Jigat is about 10000 tons per year. formed of sawdust through machine 5.2 Bamboo wood, a sort of hardwood, is covered with In the Indian market, the raw material the upper part of each stick. The sawdust is needed for the production of incense extremely permeable and holds perfume sticks is widely accessible at a low cost [2]. easily. Charcoal is often employed to Bamboo sticks are another key raw manufacture the permeable punk, and in material required for the business. The incense sticks manufactured in India, it is center of the incense sticks is produced of preferred [38]. a split, cut, and measured bamboo which The aromatic oils are derived from the oil are of two categories: square and a round through naturally aromatic plants or part, each roughly 1.5 mm-2mm and 3 mm several other perfumes including thick, and in lengths of either 8" (203.2mm) fragrances that are blended together in an or 9" (228.6mm) [2]. The industry utilizes oil base. Probably depends on the smell, around 208 billion bamboo sticks every small amounts of paint have been used to year. The bamboo stick's expense is just color-code the ends of the incense sticks about 1% of that of the finished incense Aromatic ingredients (oils), both natural sticks [2]. The base material of the Incense and chemical, are used to add aroma in sticks is bamboo, widely accessible on the incense sticks. Indian market and transported from China 5.1 Jigat and . Jigat is an essential element for the making 6. Composition of incense and incense of agarbatti. It can be separated by sticks peeling of barks of tree species like Litsea The contents of incense are secrets and chinensis (Syn. Litsea glutinosa), Machilus vary from one manufacturer to other, but macarantha trees in the Coorg and mainly it has fragrant gums, resins, wood Maland districts of tropical wet evergreen powders, herbs, and spices, shown in Fig.2, forests in Karnataka state of India. [44, 45]. in the following compositions:- The availability of the binding material for 1) Herbal and wood powder 21%: (coal masala incense sticks seems to have powder and sawdust) emerged a major problem for the 2) Fragrant materials 35% traditionally manufacturers of incense sticks. Currently, would be a masala (powder of ground jigat obtained from the glutinous bark ingredients) [2]. of Persea macrantha is mainly used by the 3) Adhesive powder 11%: or paste- manufacturers [45]. Jigat is a vernacular generally made of charcoal dust or word signifying "sticky" that is used in the sawdust and joss/jigit/gum/tabu powder– Karnataka province of India. Currently, 50 an adhesive made from the bark of Litsea 2020 November Edition |www.jbino.com |Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 9(6), pp: 1420-1439, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Yadav et al.,

glutinosa and other trees) [2]. In India, [38] to reduce the particulate matter and wood glue called patta or bummi powder gaseous products formed during incense or jigat powder is used. sticks' burning [38]. Since incense sticks are 4) Bamboo sticks 33%: by weight and fully burned, 1/3rd ash by weight of the ash generally have two different sizes, 7" and is formed. About 60-70% weight of incense 10" inches. sticks comprises of hazardous material. Moreover, Indian incense stick manufacturers add 40% calcium phthalate

Fig. 2 Components of a typical Indian incense sticks

Incense sticks of about 75% are prepared religions, incense has performed a key role. of the modest quality containing just The ancient religions linked the natural charcoal powder or low-quality world with their gods. It was claimed that sandalwood powder with a blend of 50% fragrant plant materials forced demons of "wood gun" powder [12]. Essential oils, away and allowed the gods to come on refined resins, natural fixatives such as the earth; they also had the realistic amber, musk, and civet are available application of exiling unpleasant smell. The together with synthetic aromatics in Old Testament, the , and several advanced varieties. other ancient books document the 7. Evolution of incense and incense sticks consumption of incense sticks [46]. Incense in world sticks have been extensively found in Throughout the ancient century, the various worship places since prehistoric emergence of the incense sticks could be times, such as churches, monasteries, attributed to the burning of aromatic mosques, and temples. During wood. Since achieved by mankind these celebrations, ceremonies, and several fragrant incense sticks played a vital role in everyday rituals in which it is said to worship regular rituals and became more religious ancestors, the Hindu, Buddhist, Taoist, and [33]. In most of the popular world‟s Shinto religions everyone use incense [47]. 2020 November Edition |www.jbino.com |Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 9(6), pp: 1420-1439, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Yadav et al.,

Incense has been commonly seen in sideview mirrors have also been immersed countries namely Greece, Japan, Egypt in incense fumes to subtly smell the fur. China and India throughout prehistoric Clocks were created of sticks of incense; days. Different countries have different various scents from the sticks alerted those beliefs about incense usage in other monitoring the time of the shifting hours. places, purposes, and events [22]. For Incense was also used by the Chinese for instance, in India, the incense sticks usage different purposes, namely scenting includes worshipping the deity as it is clothing, fumigating books to eliminate considered a valuable greetings to the bookworms, and scenting inks and idols [48]. In addition, it is often assumed documents. Sometimes the fan (an import that the burning of incense as well as sticks from Japan into China) was made with of incense occupies the environment with sandalwood forming the ribs, so the divinity, which would be a tool for comfort movement of the fan would disperse the and pureness of the mind. In moulds and wood's fragrance. Further the Western burn-in designs, the Egyptians used to Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox manufacture cosmetics and perfumes of Church employed incense in services and incense combined with oils or unguents ceremonies during Christianity. Incense has and mixed fresh herbs assumed to deliver often been introduced more intensively in better prosperity. During prayers and Eastern services.[14]. ceremonies to visualize the gods, the 8. Incense sticks and religious beliefs in Babylonians used incense; their different religions preferences were resins from cypress, oak, Since ancient times, the incense burning and pine trees. While exorcisms and for and incense sticks is practiced by every rehabilitation, they often depended on religion and this custom is followed even incense[47]. Before the Babylonian exile today. In the world of technology, (586-538 B.C.) they introduced incense into companies have also started various Israel; and since, both during the exile, modified incense sticks in terms of aroma, incense has been part of ancient Jewish flavor length, or e-incense sticks. Numerous worship. In order to scare away spirits and companies have also come up with new to satisfy the gods, both the romans and incense ash collectors. From all the Greeks employed incense. The ancient evidence, it is concluded that incense and Greeks practiced many sacrificial rites and incense sticks find a unique role in every gradually started supplementing live religion that has been discussed in present offerings for the burning of incense. In review. South Asian countries, such as Japan, 8.1 Hinduism China, and Burma, incense as well as sticks In Indian culture, incense sticks is of incense have a specialized purpose. recognized with lots of importance, all The custom of incense in Japan involved religions in within India use incense for specific racks to hold kimonos, so that the worship purposes. The natural aromas of smoke from burning incense could the incense can help to improve the mood penetrate these folds of clothing. The and allow our minds to focus. It holds 2020 November Edition |www.jbino.com |Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 9(6), pp: 1420-1439, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Yadav et al.,

specific importance within Hinduism, as associated with India. Incense has its incense sticks has been considered as a spiritual values. This custom indicates the vital part of any Hindu custom. As in Hindu human virtue of giving up oneself for faith, no prayer session is properly society [2]. In Hinduism, the incense sticks accomplished despite using these soothing are utilized as air fresheners amid typical fragrant sticks. All Hindus are all familiar days and an integral part of every Hindu with the divine fragrances of the incense ceremony. sticks. The ritual of burning incense is 8. 2 Christianity incredibly symbolic in Hinduism. Incense Christians, and before them, Jews started has now become an aroma that is incense sticks used as part of their religious synonymous with Indian culture. The practice. A popular view in the late 1800s brightly colored sticks and infatuating strongly argued the use of incense sticks to scents can be found all over the country cover smells and prevent disease. Modern from temples to households. During the theories suggest that incense remembers a ceremonies, the stick of incense is ignited time of sacrifices, a part of religious to expel the unpleasant smell from the air. expressions that symbolizes God's It provides an ideal environment for incorruptibility. The transformation of resin promising habits by emitting a pleasant to smoke illustrates the change from the scent in the air. When they emit fumes, body to the soul. The act of "incensation" or they also work as organic disinfectants. It "thurification" is an unspoken way to has some psychological advantages also, express the of God, which comes as the incense stick's fragrance has a upon them who approach him in the healing power that soothingly has a proper attitude of being unworthy of even positive effect on the mind. The calming raising eyes to heaven [36]. Early Christian impact relaxes the brain and aids in churches used incense during the performing rituals with a better Eucharistic ceremony, in which it concentration in the prayers, which are symbolized the ascent of the prayers of the offered with a calm mind that acts as a faithful and merits of the saints. Later, meditation process [49]. incense was employed sporadically in the The worshipers also display their reverence Church of England and used during divine for the "Panch Bhutas", namely Earth, worship, and processions have been Water, Fire, Air, and Space, by lighting this continued [12]. spiritual stick. Bamboo and bamboo sticks Incense has been used by many Christian are not found appropriate in Hinduism and gatherings since ancient times, especially are seldom used to produce incense sticks. in the Roman Catholic and Eastern The bamboo method originated in India Customary holy places, yet also in even, as they do not use a bamboo core, Anglican and Lutheran Holy places. is distinguished from Nepal, Tibet, and Incense sticks might be utilized in Christian Japanese stick-making methods. Though worship at the Eucharist festival, and at the technique is employed in the west, grave festivals of solemn celebrations of particularly in America, it is strongly the Divine Office, particularly at Solemn 2020 November Edition |www.jbino.com |Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 9(6), pp: 1420-1439, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Yadav et al.,

Vespers. Several incense formulations are legalistic feelings communicated in the presently utilized, regularly with Hadith writing [50]. The significant utilization frankincense, , styrax, and copal or of incense was not without impact upon different aromatics. The smoke of burning Islamic individuals' business exercises. The incense is seen by a considerable lot of the incense burner is now and again Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox distributed piece in the Islamic Department faith as an indication of faith prayer. By the of the Staatliche Museen in Berlin, which is fourth century A.D., the early Christians had said to be found in the remnants of al- incorporated incense burning into their Rayy. Burning Arabian incense (Bakhour) is practices, particularly the Eucharist when a typical practice in the Middle East and the ascending smoke was thought to carry Arabian Gulf. All prophets used Bakhour prayers to heaven. They use a thurible, i.e., and the prophet Mohammed (S.A.W.) and a kind of censer, for collecting the incense his companions regularly and mostly on as it is burned. A server called a thurifer, Fridays. This tradition was started in Arabia sometimes helped by a “boat bearer”, and subsequently spread in the vast approach the individual directing the territory of the Muslim world. It is believed administration with a thurible with burning that the Holy Prophet said, "agarwood is a charcoals. Incense is taken from what is trenchant item of paradise. He also known as a "boat" and is generally divulged the various healing properties of honored with a prayer. The thurible is then agarwood, specified to Hindi Oud, and its closed and accepted by its chain and efficacy in treating pleurisy. It is used to swung towards the individual or thing Purify Kaaba and the Tahfidh graduation being incensed. Grains of favored incense ceremony. As claimed in Hadith of is put in the Easter flame and the Prophet, Angels love incense smell and mausoleum of blessed sacrificial stones hate repugnant odor. Bakhour is usually 8.3 Importance of incense sticks and fume in a Mabkhara (traditional incense incense in Jews burner), accustomed in several Arab Ketoret was the incense offered in countries to pass Bakhour during majlis, the Temple in Jerusalem and is stated in particularly on Jumma (Friday) or to await the Book of Exodus as a mixture guests [51]. The incense burners brought in of stacte, onycha, galbanum, and frankinc Arabic mijnmar for comparing the needs of ense [21]. different layers of refined social orders. 8.4 Importance of incense sticks and Although Arabian incense is a typical incense in Islam social practice in the Arabian Gulf, Incense burners were no novel vessels especially inside the home, there is a brought to meet Islamic social life. significant hole of information about the Although on a fundamental level, as substance of the smoke discharged into opposed to luxurious lifestyles, Islam does the environment [51]. Incense, Myrrha, is not forestall incense utilization. During the used for custom cleaning and to destroy main hundreds of years, the prominence the evil and antagonism. Numerous incense is best shown by the prolonged substances are utilized to create incense, 2020 November Edition |www.jbino.com |Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 9(6), pp: 1420-1439, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Yadav et al.,

including Oud, frankincense, aromatic In the long run, it shifted to Korea, Japan, wood, herbs, blossoms, fundamental oils, and Vietnam. Incense burning is a typical and fragrances. In most Arab nations, the Chinese religious custom in Chinese most generally utilized incense is Oud, culture, along with Taoism and Buddhism. It broadly used by numerous individuals [51]. is considered a technique for The Oud tree is known as the decontaminating the environment and agallocha, which has, at any rate, 15 types delivering the Buddhist Alamkaraka (Realm of Aquilaria and is otherwise called lignum of Adornment). In Chinese Taoist and , agarwood, and hawk wood [52]. The Buddhist temples, the internal spaces are fragrances of the agarwood known as scented with thick coiled incense, either Oud are essential in Saudi Arabia and the dangling from the roof or on unique stands. United Arab Emirates. Middle Eastern Oud Worshipers at the temple's lights and burn is a characteristic indoor aroma, incense sticks in substantial packs, which particularly in wedding parties and they wave while bowing to the statues or different functions [22]. It is likewise used to plaques of a God. Individual stick of aroma dress and home and to terminate incense is then vertically put into individual the tenuous smell of smoke, pet and censer situated before the statues or cooking smell. Bakhour is one of the most plaques either independently or in threes, well-known wellsprings of indoor smoke in depending upon the status of the divinity the Arabian Gulf area. People are or the person's sentiments. presented on a week by week premise in 9. Origin and history of incense and many homes [53]. Bakhour can shift in the incense sticks in different parts of the world arrangement, yet it ordinarily contains a 9.1 History of incense sticks in India wide assortment of regular fixings, such as Indian medical system has given agarwood, woodchips, musk, and the base of the current and the most sandalwood that are absorbed scented sorted out method for the incense sticks oils. In most Arab countries, incense is making system, and that is still in practice. burned in scented chips or blocks called The Rig Veda and the Atharva-Veda are bakhoor, which is used specifically on held as excellent sources to gather insights weddings or on Fridays or generally to regarding the old history of incense sticks. perfume the house. The first phase belonging to Ayurveda 8.5 Buddhism, Taoism, and Shinto in manages the utilization of medications, Asia where incense was used as a therapeutic Incense sticks are also termed as joss sticks, tool for healing purposes. During that time, especially in East Asia, South Asia, and Hinduism understood the noteworthiness Southeast Asia [40]. Incense has played an and made full utilization of incense, and important role in East Asian Buddhist continued to turn into a piece of Buddhism services and rituals and those of Chinese in India [54]. During that time, the status of Taoist and Japanese Shinto places of the Indian incense was achieved an worship. The use of Incense use in religious invaluable position. It was the incense ceremonies was first introduced in China. sticks that met the source to reach China. 2020 November Edition |www.jbino.com |Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 9(6), pp: 1420-1439, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Yadav et al.,

As, per the facts, the Buddhist priests were of incense are called joss sticks [35]. the principal experts around 200 CE. They Incense paste is also shaped into obtained the method of incense characters from the Chinese alphabet or production in the beginning periods [9]. into maze-like shapes that are formed. 9. 2 History and origin of incense and Many of them are long and thin and are of incense sticks in China different colour like yellow, red, and, more For over two thousand years, the Chinese rarely, black. Thicker sticks are used for have used incense in religious ceremonies, special ceremonies, such as funerals. Spiral ancestor veneration, traditional Chinese incense is also used regularly, which is medicine, and daily life [55]. With the found hanging above temple ceilings with introduction of Buddhism, China came long burning time [58]. The neighbouring calibrated incense sticks and incense countries of China including Taiwan, clocks [55]. Incense stick burning is an Singapore, or Malaysia, celebrates the everyday practice in traditional Chinese Ghost Festival [59]. In such type of festival religion. Among ethnic Chinese and there is a tradition of lighting a large, pillar- Chinese influenced communities, incense like dragon incense sticks which in turn stick is burned traditionally before a home generate so much smoke and heat that or business threshold, before the picture of they are only burned outside [59, 60]. a Chinese popular religion divinity or spirit The elemental composition of Chinese of place, or in small and humble or large incense sticks is comprised of the two most and elaborate shrine found at the main essential ingredients i.e., agarwood entrance to every village [40]. Here, the (chénxiāng) and sandalwood (tánxiāng) God of the earth is entrusted with the hope [61]. Chinese incense sticks are generally to bring wealth and health to the village. used without aroma or only the slightest They can also be burned in front of the trace of jasmine or rose. It is the smoke, not door or window as a gift to heaven or spirit. the scent, which is essential in conveying In some areas of China, incense sticks are the divine prayers to heaven. They are used as timing devices. The use of these composed of the dried powdered bark of aroma timers has spread from Buddhist a non-scented species of native monasteries to Chinese secular societies. to , Cinnamomum There are several types of incense sticks or cambodianum. Though they contain no incense used for different purposes or on sandalwood, they often include the festive days in China. The significant Chinese character for sandalwood on the differences in Chinese and other countries‟ label, as a generic term for incense. Some are that the Chinese incense has Buddhists use highly scented Chinese variable shapes and sizes [17, 56]. The incense sticks [9]. These are often quite Chinese prefer the process of extruding the expensive due to the use of large amounts incense mix through a kind of sieve to form of sandalwood, agarwood, or floral scents straight or curled strands, like small noodles, [55]. The sandalwood used in Chinese that can then be dried and burned [57]. incenses does not come from Extruded pieces left to dry as straight sticks India. Incense burners, which are 2020 November Edition |www.jbino.com |Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 9(6), pp: 1420-1439, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Yadav et al.,

containers made of metal or pottery, were [22]. Agarwood is known as "Jinkō" in first used in China as early as 2,000 B.C. Japan, which deciphers as "incense that and became an art form during China's sinks in the water" because of the resin's Han dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.) [62]. These weight in the wood. Sandalwood is one of burners had pierced lids to allow the the most calming incense ingredients and smoke and scent to escape. The designs is perfect for meditation [2] and often also from this period through the Ming dynasty used in the Japanese tea ceremony [63]. (1368-1644) became omate increasingly Another essential ingredient in Japanese with smoke-breathing dragons and other incense is kyara, which is also a kind of imaginative creations. agarwood [19, 25]. Japanese incense 9.3 History and origin of incense and companies‟ categorized agarwood into six incense sticks among Tibetans types depending on the region obtained Tibetan incense refers to a common type and properties of the agarwood [22]. In of incense found in Tibet, Nepal, and Japanese Shinto and Buddhist Bhutan. These incenses have a temples, the incense sticks are placed characteristic "earthy" scent to them. horizontally into censers on top of the ash Ingredients vary from cinnamon, , since incense sticks commonly lack a and juniper, to Kusum flower, supporting core center [9]. While there are ashwagandha, or sahi jeera. Many Tibetan several Buddhist sects of Japan which uses incenses are thought to have medicinal a censer called egōro, which are usually properties. Their recipes come from made of brass with a long handle and no ancient Vedic texts that are based on chain. Here they don‟t use charcoal, rather even older Ayurvedic medical texts. The uses makkō powder which is lit, and the recipes have remained unchanged for incense mixture is burned on top [64]. This centuries [10]. method is known as sonae-kō (religious 9.4 History and origin of incense and burning). incense sticks among Japanese 10. Conclusion In Japan, the ancient stories of Burning of incense and incense sticks is a aromatherapy include art, culture, history, common practice across the whole globe. and rituals. It is often in sharp contrast to In different religions and parts of the world some indistinguishable features from music, incense and incense sticks are used in literature, and art. Incense burning may different forms i.e. varying from powder, happen inside the tea function. The cone, ropes, paper or sticks. Their size and specialty of incense appreciation, or Koh- shape might have varied in religion to do [14], is mostly practiced as different religion and parts of the world but the aim forms of artistic expression in the tea was to worship the deity, elimination of ceremony, and generally inside a tea bad energy and fill the environment with room of conventional Zen design. positive energy. While their recent Agarwood (Jinkō) and sandalwood modifications, they have been used as an (Byakudan) are the two most basic and insect repellant. From, the religious essential ingredients in Japanese incense literature it has been found that incense 2020 November Edition |www.jbino.com |Innovative Association J.Bio.Innov 9(6), pp: 1420-1439, 2020 |ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic) Yadav et al.,

and incense sticks were used from ancient from burning incense. The Science of times only. The present review highlights the total environment, 2002. 295((1- the importance of incense sticks in religious 3)): p. 51-67. processes across the world.

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