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The Teaching and Learning of Arabic in Early Modern Europe
© loop et al., 2017 | doi 10.1163/9789004338623_001 This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms ofJan the Loop, cc-by-nc Alastair License. Hamilton, and Charles Burnett - 9789004338623 Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 01:02:35AM via free access ii The History of Oriental Studies
Editors
Alastair Hamilton (University of London) Jan Loop (University of Kent)
Advisory Board
Thomas Burman (Notre Dame) Charles Burnett (London) – Bernard Heyberger (Paris) Noel Malcolm (Oxford) – Jan Schmidt (Leiden) Francis Richard (Paris) – Arnoud Vrolijk (Leiden) Joanna Weinberg (Oxford)
VOLUME 3
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Jan Loop, Alastair Hamilton, and Charles Burnett - 9789004338623 Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 01:02:35AM via free access iii The Teaching and Learning of Arabic in Early Modern Europe
Edited by
Jan Loop Alastair Hamilton Charles Burnett
LEIDEN | BOSTON
Jan Loop, Alastair Hamilton, and Charles Burnett - 9789004338623 Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 01:02:35AM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC License, which - iv permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, pro vided the original author(s) and source are credited. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 291827. The project Encounters with the Orient in Early Modern European Scholarship is financially supported by the HERA Joint Research Programme (www.heranet.info
Cover illustration: © Leiden University Libraries, Icones 81 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Loop, Jan editor. | Hamilton, Alastair, 1941- editor. | Burnett, Charles (Charles S. F.) editor. Title: The teaching and learning of Arabic in early modern Europe / edited by Jan Loop, Alastair Hamilton, Charles Burnett. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2017. | Series: The history of Oriental studies ; volume 3 | Based on a conference held on 16 November 2013 at the National Museum of Antiquities (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, RMO), in Leiden. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016051518 (print) | LCCN 2016053080 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004328143 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9789004338623 (E-book) Subjects: LCSH: Arabic language--Study and teaching (Higher)--Europe--History--17th century--Congresses. | Arabists--Europe--History--17th century--Congresses. Classification: LCC PJ6068.E85 T43 2017 (print) | LCC PJ6068.E85 (ebook) | DDC 492.7/8007104--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016051518
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 2405-4488 isbn 978-90-04-32814-3 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-33862-3 (e-book)
Copyright 2017 by the Authors and Editors. This work is published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV.
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Jan Loop, Alastair Hamilton, and Charles Burnett - 9789004338623 Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 01:02:35AM via free access ContentsContents v Contents
List of Figures vii List of Abbreviations viii Short Biographies of the Authors and Editors ix
Introduction 1 Jan Loop
1 Arabic Studies in the Netherlands and the Prerequisite of Social Impact – a Survey 13 Arnoud Vrolijk
2 Learning Arabic in Early Modern England 33 Mordechai Feingold
3 Johann Zechendorff (1580–1662) and Arabic Studies at Zwickau’s Latin School 57 Asaph Ben-Tov
4 Arabia in the Light of the Midnight Sun: Arabic Studies in Sweden between Gustaf Peringer Lillieblad and Jonas Hallenberg 93 Bernd Roling
5 Sacred History, Sacred Languages: The Question of Arabic in Early Modern Spain 133 Mercedes García-Arenal and Fernando Rodríguez Mediano
6 The Teaching and Learning of Arabic in Salamanca in the Early Modern Period 163 Nuria Martínez de Castilla Muñoz
7 Teaching and Learning Arabic in Early Modern Rome: Shaping a Missionary Language 189 Aurélien Girard
8 The Qur’an as Chrestomathy in Early Modern Europe 213 Alastair Hamilton
Jan Loop, Alastair Hamilton, and Charles Burnett - 9789004338623 Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 01:02:35AM via free access vi Contents Contents
Contents Contents v 9 Arabic Poetry as Teaching Material in Early Modern Grammars and List of Figures vii List of Abbreviations viii Textbooks 230 Short Biographies of the Authors and Editors ix Introduction 1 Jan Loop Jan Loop Chapter 1 Arabic Studies in the Netherlands and the Prerequisite of Social Impact – a Survey 13 Arnoud Vrolijk Chapter 2 10 Learning to Write, Read and Speak Arabic Outside of Early Modern Learning Arabic in Early-Modern England* 33 Mordechai Feingold Universities 252 Chapter 3 Johann Zechendorff (1580–1662) and Arabic Studies at Zwickau’s Latin School* 57 Sonja Brentjes Asaph Ben-Tov Chapter 4 Arabia in the Light of the Midnight Sun: Arabic Studies in Sweden between Gustaf Peringer Lillieblad and Jonas Hallenberg* 93 11 Learning Arabic in the Overseas Factories: The Case of the Bernd Roling Chapter 5 García-Arenal and Rodríguez Mediano English 272 Sacred History, Sacred Languages: The question of Arabic in Early Modern Spain* 133 Mercedes García-Arenal and Fernando Rodríguez Mediano Simon Mills Chapter 6 The Teaching and Learning of Arabic in Salamanca in the Early Modern Period* 163 Nuria Martínez de Castilla Muñoz Chapter 7 Teaching and Learning Arabic in Early Modern Rome: Shaping a Missionary Language* 189 12 Learning Oriental Languages in the Ottoman Empire: Aurélien Girard Chapter 8 Johannes Heyman (1667–1737) between Izmir and Damascus 294 The Qur’an as Chrestomathy in Early Modern Europe* 213 Alastair Hamilton Maurits H. van den Boogert Chapter 9 Arabic Poetry as Teaching Material in Early Modern Grammars and Textbooks* 230 Jan Loop Chapter 10 Learning to Write, Read and Speak Arabic Outside of Early Modern Universities 252 13 The Life and Hard Times of Solomon Negri: An Arabic Teacher in Sonja Brentjes Chapter 11 Early Modern Europe 310 Learning Arabic in the Overseas Factories: The Case of the English* 272 John-Paul A. Ghobrial Simon Mills Chapter 12 Learning Oriental Languages in the Ottoman Empire: Johannes Heyman (1667–1737) between Izmir and Damascus 294 Maurits H. van den Boogert Index 333 Chapter 13 The Life and Hard Times of Solomon Negri: An Arabic Teacher in Early Modern Europe* 310 John-Paul A. Ghobrial Index 333
Jan Loop, Alastair Hamilton, and Charles Burnett - 9789004338623 Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 01:02:35AM via free access List of FiguresList of Figures vii List of Figures
1.1 Oration of Thomas Erpenius (1584–1624) on the ‘Excellence and Dignity of the Arabic language’, May 1613 (printed Leiden, 1615 or later), title page. [Leiden University Libraries, 1369 D 38] 14 1.2 The cabinet of curiosities of Leiden University, with an Egyptian mummy donated by David Le Leu de Wilhem (1588–1658) in the far right corner. Les delices de Leide …, Leiden, 1712, facing p. 83. [Leiden University Libraries, 403 G 15] 17 1.3 The coffin of the Prophet Muhammad miraculously floating in the air, in anonymous, Historie van den Oorspronck … des grooten valschen Propheets Mahomets, Leiden, 1627, p. 23. [Leiden University Libraries, 1144 A 46] 24 1.4 ‘Les diverses postures des Turcs en priant’, illustrating ‘Turks’ during prayer in Adriaan Reland (1676–1718), La religion des Mahometans …, The Hague, 1721, facing p. 49. [Leiden University Libraries, 409 F 5] 29 3.1 Zechendorff, Septem Psalmorum poenitentialium Para-Phrasis Arabica, RSBZ, MS 18.4.29 fols. 204v-205r 61 3.2 Zechendorff, Circuli conjugationum, Zwickau 1645, RSBZ 87 3.3 Zechendorff, Circuli conjugationum, Zwickau 1645, RSBZ 88 3.4 Zechendorff, Circuli conjugationum, Zwickau 1645, RSBZ 89
Jan Loop, Alastair Hamilton, and Charles Burnett - 9789004338623 Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 01:02:35AM via free access viii List Of Figures List of Abbreviations
ACDF Archivio della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede, Rome ACPF Archivio della Congregazione di Propaganda Fide, Rome ADB Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie AFSt/H Franckeschen Stiftungen, Halle ANF Archives Nationales de France, Paris AUS Archivo Universitario de Salamanca BAV Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana BL British Library, London BNE Biblioteca Nacional de España, Madrid BnF Bibliotèque nationale de France, Paris Bodl. Oxf. Bodleian Library, Oxford BSB Bayrische Staatsbibliothek, Munich CUL Cambridge University Library EIC East India Company FBG Forschungsbibliothek Gotha GUL Glasgow University Library IOR India Office Records LUL Leiden University Library NDB Neue Deutsche Biographie ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography RSBZ Ratsschulbibliothek Zwickau SP State Papers SPCK Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge TNA The National Archives, Kew UUL Uppsala University Library ZBZ Zentralbibliothek Zurich
Jan Loop, Alastair Hamilton, and Charles Burnett - 9789004338623 Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 01:02:35AM via free access Short BiographiesShort Biographies of the Authors of the and Authors Editors and Editors ix Short Biographies of the Authors and Editors
Asaph Ben-Tov Ph.D. (2007), Hebrew University Jerusalem. He is the author of Lutheran Humanists and Greek Antiquity (Leiden, 2009) as well as several articles on the Classical tradition and Oriental studies in early modern Germany. He is cur- rently working on a biography of the seventeenth-century Orientalist Johann Ernst Gerhard (1621–1668) as well as on a more comprehensive book on Oriental studies in seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Germany.
Sonja Brentjes Ph.D. (1977), is a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin. Her research focuses on a contextualized history of science in Islamicate societies, map making, and early modern traveling between Europe, western Asia and North Africa. Among her publications are Travelers from Europe in the Ottoman and Safavid Empires, 16th–17th centuries. Seeking, Transforming, Discarding Knowledge (2010) and ‘Teaching the Mathematical Sciences in Islamic Societies. Eighth-Seventeenth Centuries’ (2014).
Maurits H. van den Boogert Ph.D. (2001), is the author of Aleppo Observed (Oxford, 2010) on the lives and works of Alexander and Patrick Russell and of a monograph about the Ottoman capitulations (Leiden, 2005). He also (co-)edited several collected volumes on Ottoman history.
Charles Burnett is Professor of the History of Arabic/Islamic Influences in Europe at the Warburg Institute, University of London. He is the leader of the Humanities in the European Research Area project on Encounters with the Orient in Early Modern European Scholarship (EOS). Among his books are The Introduction of Arabic Learning into England (1997), Arabic into Latin in the Middle Ages: The Translators and their Intellectual and Social Context (2009) and Numerals and Arithmetic in the Middle Ages (2010).
Mordechai Feingold is Professor of history at the California Institute of Technology. He is the author of The Newtonian Moment: Isaac Newton and the Making of Modern Culture (2004) and Newton and the Origin of Civilization (2012, with Jed Buchwald). He is currently working on an intellectual biography of John Rainolds, as well as on the history of the Royal Society.
Jan Loop, Alastair Hamilton, and Charles Burnett - 9789004338623 Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 01:02:35AM via free access x Short Biographies Of The Authors And Editors
Mercedes García-Arenal is a Research Professor at the Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, CSIC, Madrid. Her work focusses on interreligious relations, cultural transmission, forced conversion and its consequences both for minorities and for main- stream society in Iberia. Her publications include, together with G. Wiegers, A Man of Three Worlds. Samuel Pallache, a Moroccan Jew between Catholic and Protestant Europe (engl. trans. 2003), and, with Fernando Rodriguez Mediano, The Orient in Spain. Converted Muslims, the Forged Lead Books of Granada and the Rise of Orientalism (2013).
John-Paul Ghobrial is Associate Professor of Early Modern History at the University of Oxford, and a Fellow of Balliol College. His main fields of interest are the history of com- munication, the social and cultural history of Eastern Christianity, and exchanges between Europe and the Ottoman Empire in the early modern period.
Aurélien Girard is a Lecturer in Early Modern History at the University of Reims Champagne- Ardenne, and researcher at the Centre d’Études et de Recherche en Histoire Culturelle (CERHiC – EA 2616). He is a former fellow of the École française de Rome. His work focuses on the history of Eastern Christians in the Arabic prov- inces of the Ottoman Empire, and on the history of oriental studies in Europe (16th- 18th centuries). He has recently edited Connaître l’Orient dans l’Europe du XVIIe siècle, a special issue of the journal Dix-septième siècle (n° 268, 2015/3).
Alastair Hamilton is the former Arcadian Research Professor at the Warburg Institute, University of London and currently holds the Chair of Coptic Studies at the American University of Cairo. His publications include The Copts and the West 1439–1822. The European Discovery of the Egyptian Church (Oxford, 2006), and, with Francis Richard, André Du Ryer and Oriental Studies in Seventeenth-Century France (London and Oxford, 2004).
Jan Loop is a Senior Lecturer in Early Modern History at the University of Kent and co- leader of the HERA project on Encounters with the Orient in Early Modern European Scholarship (EOS). He is the author of Johann Heinrich Hottinger. Arabic and Islamic Studies in the 17th Century (Oxford, 2013) as well as of several essays and articles on early modern intellectual and cultural history. He is
Jan Loop, Alastair Hamilton, and Charles Burnett - 9789004338623 Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 01:02:35AM via free access Short Biographies of the Authors and Editors xi currently preparing a special issue of the Journal of Qur’anic Studies on the Qur’an in Europe and a book on explorations in the context of the ‘African Association’ in the early 19th century.
Nuria Martínez de Castilla Muñoz is Director of Studies at the École Pratique des Hautes Études. She leads the international research Project Corana. Production and transmission of the Qur’ân in the Western Islamic World (12th-17th centuries). She has published Una biblioteca morisca entre dos tapas (2010), the Catalogue of Aljamiado and Qur’ânic manuscripts of the TNT Library (CSIC) in Madrid (2011), as well as various journal articles and chapters in books.
Fernando Rodríguez Mediano is a Research Scientist (CSIC, Spain). His areas of expertise are sociology of religious elites in Morocco, Spanish protectorate over Northern Morocco and the history of Spanish Early Modern Orientalism. He is the author, together with Mercedes García-Arenal, of The Orient in Spain. Converted Muslims, The Forged Lead Books of Granada, and the Rise of Orientalism (Leiden, 2013) and “Luis de Mármol lecteur de Léon. Une appréhension espagnole de l’Afrique”, in François Pouillon (ed.), Léon l’Africain (Paris, 2009).
Simon Mills is a Leverhulme Early Career Fellow in the School of History at the University of Kent, Canterbury. He is currently finishing a monograph provisionally enti- tled A Commerce of Knowledge: Trade, Religion, and Scholarship between England and the Ottoman Empire. Other ongoing projects include work on the history of biblical scholarship, the philosophy curriculum in the British dis- senting academies, and ‘sacred geography’ in the eighteenth century.
Bernd Roling is Professor for Classical and Medieval Latin at the Freie Universität Berlin. His research interests include high medieval and early modern Latin poetry, medi- eval and early modern philosophy, the history of early modern science, the history of universities, and early modern esoteric traditions. His most recent monograph is Physica Sacra: Wunder, Naturwissenschaft und historischer Schriftsinn zwischen Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit (2013). He is currently pre- paring a book on the Swedish polymath Olaus Rudbeck and his reception in 18th-century Northern Europe.
Jan Loop, Alastair Hamilton, and Charles Burnett - 9789004338623 Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 01:02:35AM via free access xii Short Biographies Of The Authors And Editors
Arnoud Vrolijk Ph.D. (Leiden, 1998), is the curator of Oriental manuscripts and rare books at Leiden University. He also publishes regularly on the Leiden collections and the history of Oriental scholarship in the Netherlands. Among his most recent publications are ‘Scaliger and the Dutch Expansion in Asia: An Arabic Translation for an Early Voyage to the East Indies (1600)’ Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes (2015) and, together with R. van Leeuwen, Arabic Studies in the Netherlands. A Short History in Portraits, 1580–1950 (Leiden, 2014).
Jan Loop, Alastair Hamilton, and Charles Burnett - 9789004338623 Downloaded from Brill.com10/03/2021 01:02:35AM via free access