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Groundwater Availability and Use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Review of 15 Countries

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Groundwater Availability and Use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Review of 15 Countries GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY AND USE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: A REVIEW OF GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY AND USE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: A Editors Paul Pavelic Mark Giordano Bernard Keraita Vidya Ramesh Tamma Rao 15 COUNTRIES GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY AND USE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: A REVIEW OF 15 COUNTRIES i ii GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY AND USE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: A REVIEW OF 15 COUNTRIES Editors Paul Pavelic Mark Giordano Bernard Keraita Vidya Ramesh Tamma Rao iii © International Water Management Institute, Sri Lanka, 2012 FUNDING: This book contributes to a research project led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and financially supported by the Rockefeller Foundation through Project Number 2008-AGR-305, entitled ‘Groundwater in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Food Security and Livelihoods’ and administered through the CGIAR Research Programs on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) and Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). PUBLISHED BY: International Water Management Institute PO Box No. 2075, 127, Sunil Mawatha, Pelawatte, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org CitatioN: Pavelic, P.; Giordano, M.; Keraita, B.; Ramesh, V; Rao, T. (Eds.). 2012. Groundwater availability and use in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review of 15 countries. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 274 p. doi: 10.5337/2012.213 KEYWORDS: Groundwater development / groundwater potential / groundwater recharge / aquifers / groundwater irrigation / irrigated farming / groundwater policy / groundwater extraction / water availability / water storage / water quality / water use / domestic consumption / livestock / case studies / wells / boreholes / pumps /costs / drainage / socioeconomic environment / hydrogeology / legal aspects /water rights / Sub-Saharan Africa ISBN No: ISBN 978-92-9090-758-9 Printing and design by DhrutiDesign, India The views expressed in this document cannot be taken to reflect the official opinions of IWMI, CGIAR or ESSP. This book is meant for educational and learning purposes. The author(s) of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action. iv Table of Contents No. Content Page No. Foreword vii Preface ix 1 Introduction Paul Pavelic, Bernard Keraita and Mark Giordano 1 2 Burkina Faso Emmanuel Obuobie and Boubacar Barry 7 3 Ethiopia Tenalem Ayenew, Paulos Masresha and Seleshi B. Awulachew 24 4 Ghana Emmanuel Obuobie and Boubacar Barry 42 5 Kenya Paul G. Ndiritu and Ian Thande Githae 63 6 Malawi Geoffrey M.S. Chavula 78 7 Mali Boubacar Barry and Emmanuel Obuobie 91 8 Mozambique A. Naafs and W. Rhebergen 109 9 Niger Boubacar Barry and Emmanuel Obuobie 122 10 Nigeria S.M.A. Adelana 137 11 Somalia Paul G. Ndiritu 157 12 South Africa Devi Dutt Tewari 175 13 Tanzania Japhet J. Kashaigili 195 14 Uganda Callist Tindimugaya 217 15 Zambia Alex K. Nonde 233 16 Zimbabwe Mutsa Masiyandima 249 17 Synthesis and Conclusions Tamma Rao and Paul Pavelic 267 v vi FOREWORD A critical global challenge of our era is to manage the natural resource base in a sustainable manner; striking the right balance between economic growth and optimal resource use. Developing nations are often faced with the added dilemma of trying to do this under a variety of socio-economic and political constraints. The countries that make up Sub-Saharan Africa are a mix of resource rich and resource poor, but are generally underutilizing their available water resources, including groundwater. Most of the countries in the region have agriculture as their primary source of livelihoods and an entrenched dependence on wells and boreholes for the provision of rural water supplies. This is paralleled by a growing hope that groundwater may also serve to boost the area under informal irrigation. With limited documented information on the groundwater resources and a growing dependence on groundwater extraction taking place for drinking, domestic, irrigation, livestock and industry, there is a pressing need to consolidate existing knowledge. This book is the culmination of extensive surveys of the literature across 15 Sub- Saharan Africa nations that has resulted in country-level reports that have compiled data, maps and information on the groundwater use, challenges faced, existing policies and future steps needed to promote sustainable use of the resource. The chapters within have drawn from those country reports and aim to provide an overview of the groundwater status within these countries and to bring out the major research gaps that exist. While the hydrogeological and climatic features of any given region dictate the availability and replenishment of groundwater, the future quantity and quality of groundwater depends to a large extent on the land use and management practices of the communities vii within an aquifer province. By making use of the hydrogeological knowledge base, appropriate policies and practices can be implemented and the standard of living of the communities improved. Cross learning is also encouraged, by drawing from the examples of policies and practices of the study countries so that it would be beneficial to other nations in the region. This book serves as a necessary first step towards collating and synthesizing the available information, highlighting the need for a strong database that can contribute towards strengthened groundwater management and policy across the region. Many critical gaps remain and therefore this book represents a small milestone in a much longer journey towards the evolution of sustainable agricultural groundwater development and the Millennium Development Goals. Colin Chartres Director General International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Sri Lanka August 2012 viii Preface The origins of this publication can be traced back over a decade and covers the life of two major research projects lead by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The first was the Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture (CA) (www. iwmi.cgiar.org/ assessment/) supported by the government of the Netherlands and the OEPC Fund for International Development that was completed in 2007, and more recently, the three-year Rockefeller Foundation supported project Groundwater in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for food security and livelihoods, (www.gw-africa.iwmi.org/). Both the extensive studies are premised upon the view that across the African continent there are large untapped groundwater reserves that, if used wisely, represents, perhaps the single most important solution to achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, mitigating drought impacts and livelihood improvements of smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, it has become increasingly clear that access and availability of knowledge on the groundwater systems, and their sustainable groundwater potential is a major universal constraint that needs to be overcome. Tapping into this latent resource requires a rethink about the different policies and strategies and should be informed by clearer scientific insights into the physical, socio- economic and institutional opportunities and constraints of groundwater availability across a continent that represents a complex mosaic of hydrogeological, climatic and socio-economic conditions. This book is based upon country reports (CR) from 15 African nations, including virtually all of the focal countries of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA). These reports ix were prepared by recognized experts from IWMI, academia and industry with extensive knowledge on groundwater development and management of their respective country. The CR are a desktop study of the existing geological, hydrogeological, hydrological and socio- economic data and reports from a thorough review of the white and grey literature from various government departments, NGOs, donor reviews and reports, student theses and consultant reports. In most cases, this is the first time such a compilation and analysis has taken place at such a scale. Special mention and gratitude goes to Dr. Mutsa Masiyandima (formerly at the IWMI Pretoria office) for overseeing the production of several of the CR in southern and eastern Africa as well as writing one of the CR (Zimbabwe) and to Dr. Emmanuel Obuobie (ex-IWMI Accra office and presently with CSIR-WRI Ghana) for contributing to many of the book chapters and to overseeing the other west African CR. We acknowledge the final editing input of Dr. Padmaja Karanam, whose timely contribution helped to enhance the book quality. We hope that this book and the individual CR will provide a helpful resource document for researchers, practitioners, managers and investors working on groundwater issues throughout Sub- Saharan Africa. Paul Pavelic, Lao PDR; Mark Giordano, Sri Lanka; Bernard Keraita, Ghana; Vidya Ramesh, India; Tamma Rao, India August, 2012 x GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY AND USE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: A Review of 15 Countries CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Paul Pavelic1, Bernard Keraita2 and Mark Giordano3 1 International Water Management Institute, Lao PDR 2 International Water Management Institute, Ghana 3 International Water Management Institute, Sri Lanka Introduction T raditionally, the spread and extent of human settlement beyond
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