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Observatorio Astronómico Félix Aguilar Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales San Juan ANUARIO ASTRONÓMICO 2012 Volumen XXII 2 Anuario Astronómico 2012 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN JUAN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS, FÍSICAS Y NATURALES OBSERVATORIO ASTRONÓMICO “FELIX AGUILAR” ANUARIO ASTRONÓMICO 2012 Claudio Carlos Mallamaci - José Alberto Pérez San Juan - República Argentina - 2012 4 Anuario Astronómico 2012 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Contenido Introducción 7 Fenómenos 9 Sol 11 Fases de la Luna 11 Eclipses y Tránsitos 11 Artículos del calendario 12 Entrada del Sol en los signos del Zodíaco 12 Reporte de las estaciones 12 Perigeo y apogeo de la Luna 12 Fenómenos planetarios geo y heliocéntricos 13 (Mercurio, Venus y planetas superiores) Datos de Planetas 13 Configuración diaria del Sol, Luna y Planetas 14 Sol 19 Luna 27 Tiempo sidéreo y coordenadas del Sol 35 Planetas 43 Posiciones aparentes de estrellas 53 Tablas 95 Refracción Astronómica Normal 95 Correcciones a las Refracciones Normales 96 Calendario 97 5 Anuario Astronómico 2012 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan 6 Anuario Astronómico 2012 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Introducción Este anuario astronómico, preparado y publicado por el Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar", tiene como objeto principal proporcionar, a docentes y aficionados en general, datos útiles sobre temas astronómicos. La publicación fue originalmente pensada para proveer, fundamentalmente, las circunstancias locales (San Juan) de las salidas y puestas del Sol y la Luna, pues esta información es la que con mayor frecuencia se nos solicita. Sin embargo, hemos creído interesante incluir, además, datos generales sobre planetas, estrellas y eclipses, como así también algunos elementos del calendario y el cómputo eclesiástico. Las secciones "Sol", "Luna", "Tiempo sidéreo y coordenadas del Sol", "Planetas" y "Posiciones aparentes de estrellas" fueron calculadas por nosotros en nuestro Observatorio en tanto que la sección "Fenómenos" se obtuvo de la siguiente publicación: - Fenómenos Astronómicos 2012 Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada San Fernando-Cádiz España Importante Todos los tiempos indicados en este Anuario han sido calculados en Tiempo Universal por lo que habrá que hacer la conversión para el Huso Horario que esté en vigencia. Si por ejemplo la salida de un astro es a las 09h 28m 15s de Tiempo Universal, para el huso de -3h al Oeste de Greenwich habrá que restar 3h a dicho tiempo (09h 28m 15s -3h = 06h 28m 15s). Si el huso horario fuese -2h, entonces habrá que restarle 2h. Las circunstancias de salida y puesta del Sol y la Luna están calculadas para el lugar geográfico que ocupa nuestro Observatorio (latitud = -31°30'38.5" y longitud = -4h 34m 28.8s) y para un horizonte teórico sin montañas ni irregularidades. Por lo tanto las horas calculadas deben ser tomadas sólo a modo orientativo. Todas las observaciones y sugerencias que se puedan hacer sobre el contenido y el aspecto de esta publicación serán bienvenidas y agradeceremos nos las hagan llegar a nuestra dirección. Claudio Carlos Mallamaci - José Alberto Pérez Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Av. Benavidez 8175 oeste - 5407 Marquesado e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] San Juan - República Argentina 7 Anuario Astronómico 2012 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Agradecemos a la siguiente Institución el envío de la publicación que se indica, la que ha sido utilizada para la realización de esta publicación: - Real Instituto Y Observatorio de la Armada, San Fernando, Cádiz, España, "Fenómenos Astronómicos". Agradecemos también la colaboración del personal del Círculo Meridiano de nuestro Instituto, quienes colaboraron en la revisión del anuario. Claudio Carlos Mallamaci - José Alberto Pérez 8 Anuario Astronómico 2012 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Fenómenos En esta sección se dan las fechas de las circunstancias más notables por las que pasan el Sol, la Luna y los planetas, durante el año, con la precisión suficiente para una primera localización del fenómeno. Para el Sol se dan las fechas y los tiempos de los equinoccios y solsticios, es decir los comienzos de las cuatro estaciones, como también sus máximos acercamientos y alejamientos respecto a la Tierra (perigeo y apogeo). Los cambios de fases de la Luna están dados en horas y minutos y las lunaciones allí indicadas se enumeran siguiendo la serie de Brown, en la que la número 1 comenzó el 16 de enero de 1923. Se presentan, también, los fenómenos geocéntricos y heliocéntricos de los planetas, es decir aquellos que son medidos tomando a la Tierra y al Sol como cuerpo de referencia, respectivamente. Por último se detallan algunos fenómenos que, por su importancia, merecen ser destacados para su eventual observación y/o estudio. 9 Anuario Astronómico 2012 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan 10 Anuario Astronómico 2012 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Fenómenos Astronómicos para 2012 Sol (UT) d h d h m d h m Perigeo: Ene 05 01 Equinoccios: Mar 20 05 14 Sep 22 14 49 Apogeo : Jul 05 04 Solsticios : Jun 20 23 09 Dic 21 11 12 Fases de la Luna (UT) Lunación Luna Nueva Cuarto Creciente Luna Llena Cuarto Menguante d h m d h m d h m d h m 1101 Ene 01 06 14 Ene 09 07 30 Ene 16 09 08 1102 Ene 23 07 39 Ene 31 04 09 Feb 07 21 54 Feb 14 17 04 1103 Feb 21 22 34 Mar 01 01 21 Mar 08 09 39 Mar 15 01 25 1104 Mar 22 14 37 Mar 30 19 40 Abr 06 19 18 Abr 13 10 49 1105 Abr 21 07 18 Abr 29 09 57 May 06 03 35 May 12 21 47 1106 May 20 23 47 May 28 20 16 Jun 04 11 11 Jun 11 10 41 1107 Jun 19 15 02 Jun 27 03 30 Jul 03 18 52 Jul 11 01 48 1108 Jul 19 04 24 Jul 26 08 56 Ago 02 03 27 Ago 09 18 55 1109 Ago 17 15 54 Ago 24 13 53 Ago 31 13 58 Sep 08 13 15 1110 Sep 16 02 10 Sep 22 19 41 Sep 30 03 18 Oct 08 07 33 1111 Oct 15 12 02 Oct 22 03 32 Oct 29 19 49 Nov 07 00 35 1112 Nov 13 22 08 Nov 20 14 31 Nov 28 14 46 Dic 06 15 31 1113 Dic 13 08 41 Dic 20 05 19 Dic 28 10 21 Eclipses y Tránsitos Anular de Sol May. 20/21 Es visible en Norteamérica excepto el E. Groenlandia y el N. y NE. De Asia. Parcial de Luna Jun. 04 El principio de la fase parcial es visible en el extremo E de Asia, Australia, América excepto el NE. de Norteamérica y NE. de Sudamérica. El final de la fase parcial es visible en E. de Asia, Australia y W. Norteamérica y cono S, de Sudamérica. Tránsito de Venus Jun. 05/06 Es visible en Europa, Asia, África excepto el W., Norteamérica, Centroamérica y NW. de Sudamérica. Total de Sol Nov. 13/14 Es visible en el cono S. de Sudamérica, Antártida y SE. de Australia. Penumbral de Luna Nov. 28 El principio de la fase penumbral es visible en Norteamérica excepto el E., Groenlandia, Asia y Australia. El final de la fase penumbral es visible en Norteamérica, Europa, Asia, Australia y África excepto el W. y S. 11 Anuario Astronómico 2012 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Artículos principales del calendario Eras cronológicas Año de periodo juliano 6725 Año de la era de los judíos, que comienza el 17 de Septiembre 5773 Año de la era de la fundación de Roma, que comienza el 14 de Enero 2765 Año de la era de Nabonasar, que comienza en 24 de Abril 2761 Año de la era española, según "L'art de verifier les dates" 2050 Año de la Hégira, que comienza el 15 de abril 1434 Todas las fechas se refieren al calendario gregoriano. Cómputo eclesiástico Áureo número XVIII Indicción romana 5 Epacta 6 Letra dominical AG Ciclo solar 5 Letra del martirologio romano f Entrada del Sol en los signos del Zodíaco (UT) Enero 20 16h 10m en Acuario Julio 22 10h 01m en Leo Febrero 19 06 18 en Piscis Agosto 22 17 07 en Virgo Marzo 20 05 14 en Aries Septiembre 22 14 49 en Libra Abril 19 16 12 en Tauro Octubre 23 00 14 en Escorpio Mayo 20 15 16 en Géminis Noviembre 21 21 50 en Sagitario Junio 20 23 09 en Cáncer Diciembre 21 11 12 en Capricornio Reporte de las estaciones (UT) Equinoccio de marzo: 20/03/2012 05h14m Longitud del otoño: 92.75 días Solsticio de junio: 20/06/2012 23 09 Longitud del invierno: 93.65 días Equinoccio de septiembre: 22/09/2012 14 49 Longitud de la primavera: 89.85 días Solsticio de diciembre: 21/12/2012 11 12 Longitud del verano: 88.99 días Luna (UT) Apogeo Perigeo 02 Ene 20h 30 Ene 18h 27 Feb 14h 17 Ene 21h 11 Feb 19h 10 Mar 10h 26 Mar 06 22 Abr 14 19 May 16 07 Abr 17 06 May 04 03 Jun 13 16 Jun 01 13 Jul 17 10 Ago 11 01 Jul 18 29 Jul 09 23 Ago 20 07 Sep 06 05 Oct 01 01 Nov 16 19 Sep 03 17 Oct 01 14 Nov 10 28 Nov 20 25 Dic 21 --- 12 Dic 23 --- --- 12 Anuario Astronómico 2012 – C.C.
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