DOCSLIB.ORG

The Physical, Chemical and Mineralogical Properties of Three Cemented Layers Within Sulfide-Bearing Mine Tailings

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Physical, Chemical and Mineralogical Properties of Three Cemented Layers Within Sulfide-Bearing Mine Tailings Journal of Geochemical Exploration 76 (2002) 195–207 www.elsevier.com/locate/jgeoexp The physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of three cemented layers within sulfide-bearing mine tailings R.G. McGregora,*, D.W. Blowesb a XCG Consultants Ltd., 50 Queen Street North, Suite 904, Kitchener, ON, Canada N2H 6P4 b Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1 Accepted 22 August 2002 Abstract + The oxidation and subsequent dissolution of sulfide minerals within mine tailings impoundments releases H , Fe(II), SO4 and trace elements to the tailings pore water. Subsequent pH-buffering and hydrolysis reactions result in the precipitation of secondary phases such as gypsum, goethite and jarosite. In areas of intense precipitation, cemented layers or ‘‘hardpans’’ often form within the shallow tailings. Three cemented layers within pyrrhotite-bearing mine tailings at the Fault Lake, Nickel Rim and East Mine impoundments located near Sudbury, Canada, were examined. The location of the three cemented layers within the tailings stratigraphy varies as does their location relative to the water table. The morphology, mineralogy and chemical composition of the cemented layers also vary between sites. The bulk density within the three cemented layers all showed an increase relative to the surrounding uncemented tailings ranging from 9% to 29%. The porosity of each cemented layer decreased relative to the surrounding uncemented tailings ranging from an 8% to 18% decrease. The cemented layers also showed relative enrichment of total sulfur, carbon and trace elements relative to the surrounding uncemented tailings. Arsenic concentrations showed an enrichment in the cemented layers of up to 132%, Cd up to 99%, Co up to 84%, Cu up to 144%, Ni up to 693% and Zn up to 145% relative to the surrounding uncemented tailings. All the cemented layers studied show an evolution of the secondary phases with time from a gypsum–jarosite-based cement to a goethite-rich cement. The formation of these layers could potentially have a significant effect on the environmental impacts of sulfide-bearing mine waste. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cemented layer; Hardpan; Tailings; Geochemistry; Mineralogy 1. Introduction of the sulfide minerals contained within the tailings can result in the generation of low-pH conditions and Mining and metallurgical processing of sulfide- the release of sulfate, ferrous iron and other metals to bearing ores have led to the deposition of sulfide- the tailings pore water. Upon discharge to surface bearing wastes, including mill tailings. The oxidation water bodies, such as rivers and lakes, the ferrous iron and other heavy metals hydrolyse and precipitate out of solution, consuming alkalinity, and possibly low- ering the pH of the receiving water body (Morin et al., * Corresponding author. Fax: +1-519-741-5774. 1988; Blowes et al., 1995, Bain et al., 2000; Johnson E-mail address: [email protected] (R.G. McGregor). et al., 2000). 0375-6742/02/$ - see front matter D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S0375-6742(02)00255-8 196 R.G. McGregor, D.W. Blowes / Journal of Geochemical Exploration 76 (2002) 195–207 Previous studies on inactive mine tailings impound- al., 1998; Agnew and Taylor, 2000). Many of the ments have reported the presence of cemented layers above authors have hypothesized that the cemented within the shallow zones of the sulfidic tailings layers act as hydraulic barriers inhibiting transport of (Boorman and Watson, 1976; Kennedy and Haw- pore water, and diffusion barriers inhibiting transport thorne, 1987; McSweeney and Madison, 1988; of pore gases such as O2 and CO2. Laboratory studies Blowes et al., 1991; Tasse et al., 1997; McGregor et of cemented layers have shown that these layers can be Fig. 1. Map showing locations of the three tailings impoundments. R.G. McGregor, D.W. Blowes / Journal of Geochemical Exploration 76 (2002) 195–207 197 developed in a controlled setting using electrochemical including quartz, chlorite, biotite, calcic plagioclase and/or chemical additives to create a barrier to water and orthopyroxene. and gas migration (Ahmed, 1991, 1995; Chermak and The water table elevation varies from near the base Runnells, 1996; McGregor et al., 1997; Schippers et of the impoundment to 2 m below the base of the al., 1998; Agnew, 1998). impoundment (St-Arnaud et al., 1994). The discontin- This study compares the physical, chemical and uous cemented layer occurs at the surface of the mineralogical characteristics of cemented layers tailings and has undergone severe heaving due to observed at three sulfide-bearing mine tailings freeze/thaw weathering reactions and expansion due impoundments in Northern Ontario, Canada (Fig. 1). to secondary mineral precipitation. The cemented Each cemented layer is located within a different layer is underlain by oxidized tailings indicating that geochemical zone; the surface zone, the oxidized zone sulfide oxidation has occurred below the cemented or the transition zone, within the tailings. layer (Fig. 2). A detailed description of the geochem- istry and hydrogeology of the Fault Lake tailings is provided by St-Arnaud et al. (1994) and Woyshner et 2. Site descriptions al. (1995). 2.1. Fault Lake 2.2. Nickel Rim The Fault Lake tailings impoundment is located 3 The Nickel Rim tailings impoundment is located km north of the Town of Falconbridge, and was used 25 km northeast of Sudbury (Fig. 1). Deposition of the to deposit sulfide-bearing tailings from 1965 to 1978 silty-sand size tailings in a narrow bedrock valley (Fig. 1). The tailings impoundment covers an area of resulted in an impoundment covering approximately 22.2 ha and reaches a maximum depth of approx- 9.4 ha and reaching a maximum depth of 10 m imately 30 m (Table 1). The shallow (<1 m) tailings (Johnson et al., 2000) (Table 1). The tailings contain contain an average of 13.6 wt.% sulfur, mainly in the an average of 3.0 wt.% sulfur, principally as pyrrhotite form of pyrrhotite [Fe1ÀxS]. Trace amounts of chal- in a predominantly silicate gangue (Johnson et al., copyrite [CuFeS2], pentlandite [(Ni,Fe)9S8] and pyrite 2000). Jambor and Owens (1993) identified minor [FeS2] are also present within the tailings. The oxida- amounts of other sulfides within the tailings including tion of pyrrhotite within the shallow tailings has chalcopyrite, pentlandite, pyrite and marcasite. The resulted in a 20-cm thick cemented layer being created principal silicate minerals identified by Jambor and at the surface of the impoundment (Fig. 2). Woyshner Owens (1993) were calcic plagioclase and amphibole et al. (1995) report that as the depth increases, the with clinopyroxene, chlorite, biotite, talc, quartz and sulfur content of the tailings decreases to below 0.9 magnetite. Sulfide oxidation has resulted in low-pH wt.% S. The principal gangue minerals are silicates, conditions and high concentrations of Fe, SO4 and Table 1 Physical and chemical characteristics of the three tailings impoundments Fault Lake Nickel Rim East Mine Tailings surface area (ha) 22.6 9.4 50 Tailings thickness (m) 30 10 18 Depth to water table (mbgl) 32 0.25–1.15 6.5–10 Average sulfide contenta (as %S) 13.6 2.04 0.75 a Average carbonate content (as %CaCO3) 0.07 0.34 2.19 Dominant sulfide mineral Pyrrhotite Pyrrhotite Pyrrhotite Hardpan depth (mbgl) Surface 0.15 0.25 Hardpan thickness (m) 0.20 0.12 0.08 Geochemical zoneb Surface Oxidized Transition a Arithmatic mean of top 1 m of tailings. b See Fig. 2. 198 R.G. McGregor, D.W. Blowes / Journal of Geochemical Exploration 76 (2002) 195–207 Fig. 2. Plots showing tailings stratigraphy, geochemical zones, sulfur, carbon and calculated porosity values for the shallow tailings at the three tailings impoundments. The hatched areas represent cemented layers, whereas the cross-hatched and white areas indicate unoxidized and oxidized tailings, respectively. other heavy metals in the tailings pore water (Johnson oxidized tailings indicating that sulfide oxidation has et al., 2000).PrecipitationofFe,SO4 and other occurred below the cemented layer (Fig. 2). dissolved constituents has formed a 12-cm thick The thickness of the vadose zone varies throughout cemented layer within the tailings at a depth of 19 the impoundment with a maximum thickness of 1.2 m cm (Fig. 2). The discontinuous cemented layer is being reported by Johnson et al. (2000). The ground- situated above the water table and is surrounded by water flow through the tailings is predominantly R.G. McGregor, D.W. Blowes / Journal of Geochemical Exploration 76 (2002) 195–207 199 horizontal with Johnson et al. (2000) reporting electrode) were made immediately after the extraction groundwater velocities ranging from 4 to 8 m/year. of pore water. The EH values were corrected to the Johnson et al. (2000) provides a detailed description standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). All of the pore- of the hydrogeochemistry of the Nickel Rim tailings. water samples were filtered through 0.45-Am cellulose acetate membranes prior to being split into two sub- 2.3. East Mine samples. The first subsample was acidified to pH<1 with 12 N HCl for cation analysis while the second The East Mine tailings were deposited between sample was left unacidified and used for anion anal- 1946 and 1964 and cover an area of approximately 50 ysis. Carbonate alkalinity was determined in the field ha with a maximum thickness of 18 m (Table 1). The on 3–10-ml samples using a digital titrator and East Mine tailings impoundment is located approx- methyl red/bromocresol green pH indicator. Concen- imately 1 km north of the Town of Falconbridge, trations of Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ontario (Fig. 1). The predominantly silicate tailings Ni, Pb, Si and Zn were determined on the acidified contain an average sulfur content of 0.77 wt.% (as S), samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spec- primarily occurring as pyrrhotite.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iidentilica2tion and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals from the Colorado Plateaus
    IIdentilica2tion and occurrence of uranium and Vanadium Identification and Occurrence of Uranium and Vanadium Minerals From the Colorado Plateaus c By A. D. WEEKS and M. E. THOMPSON A CONTRIBUTION TO THE GEOLOGY OF URANIUM GEOLOGICAL S U R V E Y BULL E TIN 1009-B For jeld geologists and others having few laboratory facilities.- This report concerns work done on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and is published with the permission of the Commission. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE- INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan. Director Reprint, 1957 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Ofice Washington 25, D. C. - Price 25 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 30 31 32 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 , 40 41 42 42 1v CONTENTS Page 46 47 48 49 50 50 51 52 53 54 54 55 56 56 57 58 58 59 62 TABLES TABLE1. Optical properties of uranium minerals ______________________ 44 2. List of mine and mining district names showing county and State________________________________________---------- 60 IDENTIFICATION AND OCCURRENCE OF URANIUM AND VANADIUM MINERALS FROM THE COLORADO PLATEAUS By A. D. WEEKSand M. E. THOMPSON ABSTRACT This report, designed to make available to field geologists and others informa- tion obtained in recent investigations by the Geological Survey on identification and occurrence of uranium minerals of the Colorado Plateaus, contains descrip- tions of the physical properties, X-ray data, and in some instances results of chem- ical and spectrographic analysis of 48 uranium arid vanadium minerals.
    [Show full text]
  • Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Microbiology of Cobalt in Mining-Affected Environments
    minerals Article Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Microbiology of Cobalt in Mining-Affected Environments Gabriel Ziwa 1,2,*, Rich Crane 1,2 and Karen A. Hudson-Edwards 1,2 1 Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK; [email protected] (R.C.); [email protected] (K.A.H.-E.) 2 Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Cobalt is recognised by the European Commission as a “Critical Raw Material” due to its irreplaceable functionality in many types of modern technology, combined with its current high-risk status associated with its supply. Despite such importance, there remain major knowledge gaps with regard to the geochemistry, mineralogy, and microbiology of cobalt-bearing environments, particu- larly those associated with ore deposits and subsequent mining operations. In such environments, high concentrations of Co (up to 34,400 mg/L in mine water, 14,165 mg/kg in tailings, 21,134 mg/kg in soils, and 18,434 mg/kg in stream sediments) have been documented. Co is contained in ore and mine waste in a wide variety of primary (e.g., cobaltite, carrolite, and erythrite) and secondary (e.g., erythrite, heterogenite) minerals. When exposed to low pH conditions, a number of such minerals are 2+ known to undergo dissolution, typically forming Co (aq). At circumneutral pH, such aqueous Co can then become immobilised by co-precipitation and/or sorption onto Fe and Mn(oxyhydr)oxides. This paper brings together contemporary knowledge on such Co cycling across different mining environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Cobalt Mineral Ecology
    American Mineralogist, Volume 102, pages 108–116, 2017 Cobalt mineral ecology ROBERT M. HAZEN1,*, GRETHE HYSTAD2, JOSHUA J. GOLDEN3, DANIEL R. HUMMER1, CHAO LIU1, ROBERT T. DOWNS3, SHAUNNA M. MORRISON3, JOLYON RALPH4, AND EDWARD S. GREW5 1Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, U.S.A. 2Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Statistics, Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, Indiana 46323, U.S.A. 3Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1040 East 4th Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077, U.S.A. 4Mindat.org, 128 Mullards Close, Mitcham, Surrey CR4 4FD, U.K. 5School of Earth and Climate Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Minerals containing cobalt as an essential element display systematic trends in their diversity and distribution. We employ data for 66 approved Co mineral species (as tabulated by the official mineral list of the International Mineralogical Association, http://rruff.info/ima, as of 1 March 2016), represent- ing 3554 mineral species-locality pairs (www.mindat.org and other sources, as of 1 March 2016). We find that cobalt-containing mineral species, for which 20% are known at only one locality and more than half are known from five or fewer localities, conform to a Large Number of Rare Events (LNRE) distribution. Our model predicts that at least 81 Co minerals exist in Earth’s crust today, indicating that at least 15 species have yet to be discovered—a minimum estimate because it assumes that new minerals will be found only using the same methods as in the past. Numerous additional cobalt miner- als likely await discovery using micro-analytical methods.
    [Show full text]
  • The Production History and Geology of the Hacks, Ridenour, Riverview and Chapel Breccia Pipes, Northwestern Arizona
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The production history and geology of the Hacks, Ridenour, Riverview and Chapel breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona BY William L. Chenoweth Open-File Report 88-0648 1988 This report was prepared under contract to the U.S. Geological Survey and was funded by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in cooperation with the Hualapai Tribe. It has not been reviewed for conformity with USGS editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. (Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the USGS.) Consulting geologist Grand Junction, Colorado CONTENTS Page Abstract....................................................... 1 Introduction................................................... 1 Scope and purpose......................................... 4 Acknowledgements.......................................... 4 Exploration and mining history................................. 4 Summary of the AEC's raw materials programs.................... 6 Description of deposits........................................ 7 Hacks Mine................................................ 7 Ridenour Mine............................................. 22 Riverview Mine............................................ 33 Chapel prospect........................................... 37 Summary........................................................ 40 References cited............................................... 42 Appendix....................................................... 47 Geochemical data ,
    [Show full text]
  • MINERAL POTENTIAL REPORT for the Lands Now Excluded from Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument
    United States Department ofthe Interior Bureau of Land Management MINERAL POTENTIAL REPORT for the Lands now Excluded from Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument Garfield and Kane Counties, Utah Prepared by: Technical Approval: flirf/tl (Signature) Michael Vanden Berg (Print name) (Print name) Energy and Mineral Program Manager - Utah Geological Survey (Title) (Title) April 18, 2018 /f-P/2ft. 't 2o/ 8 (Date) (Date) M~zr;rL {Signature) 11 (Si~ ~.u.. "'- ~b ~ t:, "4 5~ A.J ~txM:t ;e;,E~ 't"'-. (Print name) (Print name) J.-"' ,·s h;c.-+ (V\ £uA.o...~ fk()~""....:r ~~/,~ L{ ( {Title) . Zo'{_ 2o l~0 +(~it71 ~ . I (Date) (Date) This preliminary repon makes information available to the public that may not conform to UGS technical, editorial. or policy standards; this should be considered by an individual or group planning to take action based on the contents ofthis report. Although this product represents the work of professional scientists, the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Utah Geological Survey, makes no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding it!I suitability for a panicular use. The Utah Department ofNatural Resources, Utah Geological Survey, shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to claims by users ofthis product. TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................... 4 Oil, Gas, and Coal Bed Methane ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Southafrican
    S O U T H A F R I C A N WATER QUALITY GUIDELINES VOLUME 4 AGRICULTURAL USE : IRRIGATION Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Second Edition 1996 SOUTH AFRICAN WATER QUALITY GUIDELINES Volume 4: Agricultural Water Use: Irrigation Second Edition, 1996 I would like to receive future versions of this document (Please supply the information required below in block letters and mail to the given address) Name:................................................................................................................................. Organisation:...................................................................................................................... Address:............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ Postal Code:...................................................................................................................... Telephone No.:.................................................................................................................. E-Mail:...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mallardite from the Jokoku Mine, Hokkaido, Japan
    J. Japan, Assoc. Min.P etr. Econ. Geol. 74, 406-412, 1979 MALLARDITE FROM THE JOKOKU MINE, HOKKAIDO, JAPAN MATSUO NAMBU, KATSUTOSHI TANIDA and TsUYOSHI KITAMURA Research Institute of Mineral Dressing and Metallurgy, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai 980, Japan and EIhHI KATO J6koku Mine, Chugai Co. Ltd., Kaminokuni, Hiyama, Hokkaido 049-06, Japan Mallardite, MnSO4.7H2O, reported only from its original locality, the Lucky Boy mine, Utah (Carnot, 1879), was found from the Jokoku mine, Hokkaido, Japan. The mineral occurs as efflorescences which are composed of aggregates of minute fibers or prismatic crystals on the walls of mine passages. X-ray powder diffraction pattern shows that it is monoclinic with a0=14.15, b0=6.50, c0=11.06A, ƒÀ=105•‹36', Z=4 and space group P21/c seems probable from the analogy with melanterite and bieberite. Wet chemical analysis leads to an emperical formula of (Mn0.90, Mg0.11)1.01S1.00O4,00•E6.8H2O, showing the material to be very close to the ideall formula MnSO4•E7H2O. The mineral is colorless with vitreous luster, and transparent to translucent. Powdered material is white in color. It is readily soluble in cold water. Specific gravity is 1.838 (calc.). Optically biaxial possitive with large optic axial angle. Extinction angle is Z•Èc=44•‹. Refractive indices measured by the immersion method are ƒ¿=1.462, ƒÀ=1.465, ƒÁ =1.474, and ƒÁ-ƒ¿=0.012, all •}0.003. Studies on the stability relation among synthetic manganese sulfate hydrates (Cottrell, 1900) and the field evidence in adits where the material was collected indicate that mallardite is formed at temperatures below about 10•Ž and under high relative humidity.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances and Gaps in the Knowledge of Thermodynamics and Crystallography of Acid Mine Drainage Sulfate Minerals
    MINERALOGY CHIMIA 2010, 64, No. 10 699 doi:10.2533/chimia.2010.699 Chimia 64 (2010) 699–704 © Schweizerische Chemische Gesellschaft Advances and Gaps in the Knowledge of Thermodynamics and Crystallography of Acid Mine Drainage Sulfate Minerals Juraj Majzlan* Abstract: Acidic and metal-rich waters produced by sulfide decomposition at mining sites are termed acid mine drainage (AMD). They precipitate a number of minerals, very often sulfates. The recent advances in thermodyna- mic properties and crystallography of these sulfates are reviewed here. There is a reasonable amount of data for the divalent (Mg, Ni, Co, Fe2+, Cu, Zn) sulfates and these data may be combined with and optimized by tempe- rature-relative humidity brackets available in the literature. For the sulfates with Fe3+, most data exist for jarosite; for other minerals and phases in this system, a few calorimetric studies were reported. No data whatsoever are available for the Fe2+-Fe3+ sulfates. A significant advance is the development of the Pitzer model for Fe3+-sulfate solutions and its confrontation with the available thermodynamic and solubility data. In summary, our knowledge about the thermodynamic properties of the AMD sulfates is unsatisfactory and fragmented. Keywords: Acid mine drainage Introduction population matches the quantities of the relatively recently.[12,13] A sizeable body of overall natural mass flow.[4] The mining of data accumulated during the last ten years, The ever-increasing demand for metals ores and salts does not dominate the an- partially because of interest in AMD, par- dictates the steady increase in the exploi- thropogenic mass flow but cannot be ne- tially because sulfate minerals have been tation of ore deposits, and, to a smaller glected.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Goslarite–Bianchite Equilibria by the Humidity-Buffer Technique at 0.1 Mpa" (2005)
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USGS Staff -- Published Research US Geological Survey 2005 Determination of Goslarite–Bianchite Equilibria by the Humidity- Buffer Technique at 0.1 MPa I-Ming Chou 954 National Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, U.S.A., [email protected] Robert R. Seal II 954 National Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, U.S.A. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Chou, I-Ming and Seal II, Robert R., "Determination of Goslarite–Bianchite Equilibria by the Humidity-Buffer Technique at 0.1 MPa" (2005). USGS Staff -- Published Research. 336. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/336 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the US Geological Survey at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USGS Staff -- Published Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Chemical Geology 215 (2005) 517–523 www.elsevier.com/locate/chemgeo Determination of goslarite–bianchite equilibria by the humidity-buffer technique at 0.1 MPa I-Ming Chou*, Robert R. Seal II 954 National Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192, USA Accepted 1 June 2004 Abstract Goslarite–bianchite equilibria were determined along four humidity-buffer curves at 0.1 MPa and between 27 and 36 8C. Results, based on tight reversals along each humidity buffer, can be represented by ln K (F0.005)=19.643À7015.38/T, where K is the equilibrium constant and T is temperature in K.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE and HYDROGEN BONDING of DEUTERATED MELANTERITE, Feso4•7D2O
    457 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 45, pp. 457-469 (2007) DOI : 10.2113/gscanmin.45.3.457 THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND HYDROGEN BONDING OF DEUTERATED MELANTERITE, FeSO4•7D2O Jennifer L. ANDERSON§ and Ronald C. PETERSON Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada Ian P. SWAINSON Neutron Program for Materials Research, National Research Laboratory, Chalk River, Ontario K0J 1J0, Canada Abstract The atomic structure of synthetic, deuterated melanterite (FeSO4•7D2O), a 14.0774(9), b 6.5039(4), c 11.0506(7) Å, ␤ 105.604(1)°, space group P21/c, Z = 4, has been refi ned from the combined refi nement of 2.3731(1) Å and 1.3308 Å neutron powder-diffraction data to a Rwp(tot) = 3.01% and Rp(tot) = 2.18%. Both the short- and long-wavelength data were required to obtain a satisfactory fi t in the Rietveld refi nement. The results of this study confi rm the previously proposed H-bonding scheme for melanterite. Small but signifi cant variations of the Fe–O bond lengths are attributed to details of the hydrogen bonds to the oxygen atoms of the Fe octahedra. We draw comparisons between the monoclinic and orthorhombic heptahydrate sulfate minerals associated with mine wastes and relate differences in the structure to strengths and weaknesses in their H-bond networks. Keywords: deuterated melanterite, hydrogen bonding, mine waste, sulfate minerals, crystal structure, neutron diffraction, epsomite. Sommaire Nous avons affi né la structure cristalline de la mélanterite deutérée synthétique, (FeSO4•7D2O), a 14.0774(9), b 6.5039(4), c 11.0506(7) Å, ␤ 105.604(1)°, groupe spatial P21/c, Z = 4, en utilisant une combinaison de données obtenues par diffraction de neutrons à 2.3731(1) Å et à 1.3308 Å, jusqu’à un résidu Rwp(tot) de 3.01% et Rp(tot) de 2.18%.
    [Show full text]
  • Cornish Mineral Reference Manual
    Cornish Mineral Reference Manual Peter Golley and Richard Williams April 1995 First published 1995 by Endsleigh Publications in association with Cornish Hillside Publications © Endsleigh Publications 1995 ISBN 0 9519419 9 2 Endsleigh Publications Endsleigh House 50 Daniell Road Truro, Cornwall TR1 2DA England Printed in Great Britain by Short Run Press Ltd, Exeter. Introduction Cornwall's mining history stretches back 2,000 years; its mineralogy dates from comparatively recent times. In his Alphabetum Minerale (Truro, 1682) Becher wrote that he knew of no place on earth that surpassed Cornwall in the number and variety of its minerals. Hogg's 'Manual of Mineralogy' (Truro 1825) is subtitled 'in wich [sic] is shown how much Cornwall contributes to the illustration of the science', although the manual is not exclusively based on Cornish minerals. It was Garby (TRGSC, 1848) who was the first to offer a systematic list of Cornish species, with locations in his 'Catalogue of Minerals'. Garby was followed twenty-three years later by Collins' A Handbook to the Mineralogy of Cornwall and Devon' (1871; 1892 with addenda, the latter being reprinted by Bradford Barton of Truro in 1969). Collins followed this with a supplement in 1911. (JRIC Vol. xvii, pt.2.). Finally the torch was taken up by Robson in 1944 in the form of his 'Cornish Mineral Index' (TRGSC Vol. xvii), his amendments and additions were published in the same Transactions in 1952. All these sources are well known, but the next to appear is regrettably much less so. it would never the less be only just to mention Purser's 'Minerals and locations in S.W.
    [Show full text]
  • General Index
    GENERAL INDEX General Index The following abbreviations appear after page numbers. m A map of the locality or a map on which the locality In the case of special issues, the letter precedes the page ( ) Reported from this locality; no further information appears number. b Book review n Brief descriptive note, as in “What’s New in T Tsumeb (vol. 8, no. 3) c Crystal morphology information Minerals?” M Michigan Copper Country (vol. 23, no. 2) d Crystal drawing p Photograph or other illustration Y Yukon Phosphates (vol. 23, no. 4) ff Continues on following non-consecutive pages, or q Quantitative data (x-ray data, chemical analysis, G Greenland (vol. 24, no. 2) referenced frequently throughout lengthy article physical properties, etc.) H History of Mineral Collecting (vol. 25, no. 6) g Geologic information s Specimen locality attribution only; no information h Historical information about the locality itself ABELSONITE Santo Domingo mine, Batopilas district, af- Austria United States ter argentite cubes 17:75p, 17:78 Knappenwand, Salzburg 17:177p; “byssolite,” Utah Guanajuato in apatite 17:108p Uintah County (crystalline) 8:379p Reyes mine: 25:58n; after argentite 7:187, Brazil 7: 18: ABERNATHYITE 188p; after cubic argentite 433n; ar- Bahia borescent, on polybasite 18:366–367n; Brumado district (crystals to 25 cm; some Vs. chernikovite (formerly hydrogen autunite) crystals to 2.5 cm 14:386; 7 cm crystal curved) 9:204–205p 19:251q 17:341n Canada France Namibia British Columbia Lodéve, Herault 18:365n Tsumeb (disseminated) 8:T18n Ice River complex (tremolite-actinolite, green ACANTHITE Norway fibrous) 12:224 Australia Kongsberg (after argentite; some after silver Québec Queensland wires, crystals) 17:33c B.C.
    [Show full text]