Report on Tree Seed Demand in Cambodia

Report on

Tree Seed Demand in Cambodia

November 2015 CONTENTS List of abbreviation ...... 3 I. Introduction ...... 4 II. Methodologies ...... 4 III. Results ...... 5 3.1 Species used for tree planting programme ...... 5 3.2 Seed source for tree planting programme ...... 7 3.3 Seedling/seed demand ...... 8 IV. Conclusion ...... 14 Annex 1: Questionnaire for interview...... 16 Annex 2: Number of seed per kilogram for each species use for calculation ...... 21

LIST OF ABBREVIATION FA : Forestry Administration CF : Community Forestry NGOs : Non-Government Organizations IRD : Forest and Wildlife Research and Development Institute

I. INTRODUCTION One of the influential factors in the promotion of reforestation programmes is the access to tree seeds/planting materials which is difficult in Cambodia as the country is lacking a seed distribution system. The Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and Development (IRD), Cambodia and the Research Institute for Forest Ecology and Environment, Vietnam, are jointly implementing a regional project, “Promotion of forest rehabilitation in Cambodia and Vietnam through demonstration models and improvement of seed supply system.” This project has a five years period, starting from 2015 and ending in 2019. The project component to Cambodia was designed to “promote reforestation and forest rehabilitation by a wider range of stakeholders through better access to seeds/planting materials. In order to achieve this goal, a number of activities have been proposed for implementation during the project timeframe, one of which is to “conduct seed demand survey.” This baseline survey of the current use and demand of tree seeds in plantation forestry as well as seed source in Cambodia is important for future direction and assisting seed users to access the good quality seed. Furthermore, good quality seed from specific seed source is expected to produce good quality seedling for better tree plantation establishment and future tree improvement research activities. The main objective of this survey is to better understand and estimate the demand of tree seed for tree plantation in Cambodia as well as tree species used for tree planting programme.

II. METHODOLOGIES There are three main actors involve with tree planting in Cambodia, including public sector (such as Forestry administration), concession company and community forestry and NGOs. Two methods were employed for estimating the amount of seed used in Cambodia, namely field survey for primary data and reviewing existing document for the secondary data.

The secondary data were collected mainly from FA publication such as forest statistic. The primary data were collected from companies involve with tree planting activities, tree nurseries under the Forestry Administration, and nurseries managed by local community and NGOs. Apart from Forestry Administration, other institutions such as Fishery Administration and General Department of Administration for Nature Conservation and Protection are also involved with tree planting programme. Therefore, data collection was also done through interview and existing documents. The questionnaire as shown in Annex 1 was used for field survey with local community, private sector and tree nursery. This questionnaire focused mainly on the tree species, seed/seedling produced per year and their seed sources. Furthermore, the questions were also intended to capture information about the future demand of seedling/seeds for tree planting programme.

Sampling of the nurseries was made based on network of respondents. This mean that the only few nursery and companies that were known were purposely selected for interview. After

interview, the interviewees were asked to recommend the potential interviewees that they have known for further interview. The same process was done till no news interviewee was recommended. Finally, there are 22 interviewees from local communities, NGOs, and private sector were interviewed while the remaining data from other stakeholder was collected from existing sources such as FA magazine and Forest Statistic for capturing the whole country data and information.

Since some data was reported as number of seedlings and some were reported as the amount of seed used in tree planting programme, the calculation was based on the conversion from the average number of seed per kilogram to number of seedling and the amount of seedling produced per year to the amount of seed used (Annex 2). Therefore, the actual amount of seed used would be higher than the calculation. This is because calculation was not included the seed purity, survival percentage of seedling, and other seedling damage, etc.

III. RESULTS

3.1 Species used for tree planting programme There are 41 tree species have been used for tree planting programme by Forestry Administration, Community Forestry, Nursery Center, NGOs, and companies in 2015, and other stakeholders. There are some concession companies have also involves with planting forest tree species. However, most of those tree species are exotic species as shown in Figure 1. The two majorities of tree species planted by private sector are Acacia sp. and Tectona grandis with the percentage of 61% and 33% of the planted trees, respectively.

Figure 1: Percentage of Tree species planted by Concession Company

It is found that the number of exotic tree species (Acacia sp.) was the first majority tree species, which is accounted to 19.8% of total seedlings, planted in 2015. It is followed by Kranhoung (Dalbergia cochinchinensis) and teak (Tectona grandis) which were accounted to 9.8% and 9.0%, respectively (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Percentage of forest tree species planted by all stakeholders in 2015

However, if the tree planting by Concession Company is not included, then a number of indigenous tree species were the majority of tree species to be planted. Those indigenous tree species such as Kranhoung (Dalbergia cochinchinensis), Beng (Afzelia xylocarpa), Koki (Hopea sp.) and Chhoe Teal (Dipterocarpus sp) are the first, second, third, and fourth rank in term of the quantity of seedlings that have been planted in 2015, respectively, with percentage of 12.7%, 8.6%, 8.6%, and 8.2%, respectively, (Figure 3). It is noted that beside commercial tree species, some other NTFPs are also planted. These include bamboo and rattan.

Figure 3: Percentage of forest tree species planted by all stakeholders in 2015 (Exclude Concession Company)

3.2 Seed source for tree planting programme There are 9 different seed source that supply forest tree seed for forest tree nursery and tree planting programme. Those sources are school, pagoda, road side, degraded forest, community forest, protection forest, plantation forest, imported seed, and others (in this category, the source of seed includes natural sources, buying from other people, from other company, from friend, and unknown source). It is found that seed used from other sources for tree nursery was the first main important source in which 26.8% of respondents have used seed from this source and it followed by community forestry, pagoda, and road side with the percentage of 24.9%, 13.4%, and 12.3%, respectively, as shown in Table 1.

This finding suggested that the majority of tree seed used in the nursery come from the source that is not properly managed for seed collection. Therefore, seed source establishment for supporting tree planting programme is very important for providing good quality planting material to tree planting programme. The benefits of using good quality seeds, collected from selected parent’s trees, are two folds: improved survival and greater product yield. Seed from healthy, well-formed trees provide assurance that resulting planting stock will have good form, survival and better resist stressed conditions. Good quality seed will give higher yield in terms

7 of stem volume and wood quality. The investment in seed selection will be more than compensated for by higher product yields1.

Table 1. Sources of seed used in tree planting programmes

Source of Seed Percentage School 4.6 Pagoda 13.4 Road side 12.3 Degraded forest 1.5 Community forest 24.9 Protection forest 6.1 Plantation forest 5 Imported seed 5.4 Other 26.8

3.3 Seedling/seed demand It is estimated that 12.8 million seedlings of 41 forest tree species produced in 2015 or the demand of seeds used in 2015 was 15,203 kg (Table 2). Among these seedlings, Acacia was the first majority tree species that have been produced and planted with the total seedling of 2.5 million seedlings or at least 72.2 kg of acacia seed was used to produce 2.5 million seedlings. It is followed by Kranhoung (Dalbergia cochinchinensis) and teak (Tectona grandis) with the total seedling of 1.3 million (or at least 31.1 kg of Dalbergia cochinchinensis seed) and 1.2 million seedlings (or at least 1,170.8 kg of Tectona grandis seed), respectively. However, Acacia and teak are mostly planted by concession companies that are why these two exotic tree species become the first and third majority of tree planting programme while many other tree species have been planted by Forestry Administration, local communities, individual household, and other stakeholders.

In term of seed used for tree nursery, more than 15,203 kg of seed was utilized to produce the seedlings to meet the need of tree planting programme in 2015. This is because one seedling may require more than one seed, depending on many factors such as seed germination, survival rate, seedling damage, and quality of seed. It is noted that the amount of seed used in 2015 is much higher than the amount of seed used in 2002 which was just only 2,256 kg2. This would cause by many reasons. The tree planting programme is very active during the last few years using mainly indigenous tree species such as beng (Afzelia xylocarpa), Cher Teal

1 ITTO. 2005. Final technical report: Guidelines for tree improvement and seed production of Panggal Buaya (Zantoxyllum rhetsa), SAWO KECIK (Manilkara kauki), Pulai (Alstonia scholaris) and BENTAWAS (Wrightia pubescens). ITTO Project PD 137/02 Rev.2 (F). 2 Forestry Administration (2003): Forest tree seed assessment

(Dipterocarpus sp) and Kokoh (Sindora cochinchinensis) in which the seed is heavy with the amount of 100 seed/kg, 300 seed/kg, and 400 seed/kg, respectively. It is noted that only 7 species, namely: Beng (Afzelia xylocarpa), Cher Teal (Dipterocarpus sp.), Koki (Hope asp), Korkoh (Sindora cochinchinensis), teak (Tectona grandis), Pdeak (Anisoptera costata) and Trach (Dipterocarpus intricatus) with the total of 4.6 million seedlings requires 14,034 kg of seeds while the rest (34 tree species or 8.3 million seedlings) requires only 1,169 kg of seeds.

Table 2: Number of Seedlings and amount of seed used in tree planting programme in Cambodia in 2015 and 2016.

No. Khmer Scientific name Species Seedlings and Seedlings and Seeds Name category Seeds used in 2015 used in 2016 Seedlings Seeds Seedlings Seeds (number) (kg) (number) (kg) 1 Acacia Acacia spp. 5 2,526,736 72.2 2,627,805 75.1 2 Ang Kanh Cassia siamea 0 281,598 7.0 292,862 7.3 3 Angkea sil Ochna harmandii 4 60,400 6.7 62,816 7.0 4 Bamboo Bambusa spp. 4 60,400 3.0 62,816 3.1 5 Beng Afzelia xylocarpa 0 845,194 8451.9 879,002 8,790.0

6 Chankrisna Aquilaria crassna 3 200,400 50.1 208,416 52.1 7 Chres Albizia lebbeck 0 221,199 24.6 230,047 25.6 8 Cher Kmao Diospyros 0 160,799 64.3 167,231 66.9 crumenata 9 Choeu Teal Dipterocarpus spp. 2 805,194 2684.0 837,402 2,791.3

10 Entanel Lagerstroemia 4 80,400 0.2 83,616 0.2 loudonii 11 Haysan Cassia garettiana 0 10,000 3.0 10,400 3.1 12 Kanthom Leucaeana 4 60,400 4.0 62,816 4.2 Thet leucocephala 13 Ka Ngok Delonix regia 4 241,598 53.7 251,262 55.8 14 Koki Hopea odorata 1 845,194 281.7 879,002 293.0

15 Korkoh Sindora 1 382,397 956.0 397,693 994.2 cochinchinensis

16 Krob Bek Khaya senegalensis 4 301,598 79 313,662 83 17 Kranhoung Dalbergia 0 1,245,594 31.1 1,295,417 32.4 cochinchinensis 18 Loeung Cassia fistula 4 181,199 25.9 188,447 26.9 reach 19 Lumbor Shorea farinosa 2 10,000 30.0 10,400 31.2 20 Maisak Tectona grandis 1 1,170,799 1170.8 1,217,631 1,217.6

21 Morom Moringa oleifera 4 120,799 35.5 125,631 37.0 22 Neang Noun Dalbergia bariensis 0 523,196 104.6 544,124 108.8 23 Pdao Calamus sp. 4 60,400 60.4 62,816 62.8 24 Pnheav Baccaurea ramiflora 4 60,400 60.4 62,816 62.8 25 Prin Prey Syzygium spp. 3 60,400 54.9 62,816 57.1 26 Pdeak Anisoptera costata 2 382,397 254.9 397,693 265.1

27 Popel Shorea 1 10,000 50.0 10,400 52.0 cochinchinensis 28 Preng Kjol Eucalyptus sp. 5 342,923 0.33 356,640 0.4 29 Rang Toek Barringtonia 4 2,000 20.0 2,080 20.8 acutangula 30 Reang Shorea siamensis 1 60,800 20.3 63,232 21.1 Phnom 31 Rumdoul Goniothalamus 4 4,000 20.0 4,160 20.8 repevensis 32 Sangke Combretum 4 20,000 20.0 20,800 20.8 quadrangulare 33 Samrang 4 10,000 20.0 10,400 20.8 34 Samroung Sterculia parviflora 4 10,000 40.0 10,400 41.6 Roxb. 35 Sdao Azadirachta indica 3 181,199 90.6 188,447 94.2 36 Sokrom Xylia xylocarpa 1 80,400 23.6 83,616 24.6 37 Thnong Pterocarpus 0 643,996 32.2 669,755 33.5 macrocarpus 38 Trach Dipterocarpus 2 140,799 234.7 146,431 244.1 intricatus

39 Trobeak Lagerstroemia 4 140,799 0.4 146,431 0.4 Prey floribunda 40 Tro Seak Peltophorum 1 181,199 15.1 188,447 15.7 dasyrrhachis 41 Troyoeng Diospyros 0 30,000 45.0 31,200 46.8 pilosanthera Total 12,756,802 15,203 13,267,074 15,810.8

Note for Species Category: 0 Luxury category 1, 2 and 3 Classes 1, 2 and 3, respectively 4 Un-classified 5 Acacias and eucalypt

The study was also tried to capture the future plan for seedling production or seed demand. However, it seems that all of respondents have no long term plan but only short term plan like

3 Most of Eucalyptus spp. are planted by cloning/cuting

10 the year after interview. Thus, they produce seedlings on annual basis. As shown in Table 2, the seed demand in 2015 was 15,203 kg while in 2016, the demand would be increased up to 15,810 kg while there is no information for 2017 or longer plan.

If we look at the species category (timber grade), it is observed that tree seed in luxury grade was the majority tree seed used in 2015 which accounted to 57.6 % of the total seeds and it followed by the seed of tree species in grade 2 and grade 1 with 21.1% and 16.6%, respectively, (Table 3).

Table 3: Amount of seed used in each tree species group

No Group of Number Amount of Percentage Number of Percentage species of seed used in (%) seedlings (%) species 2015 (kg) produced in 2015 (million) 1 Luxury 9 8,763 57.6 3.96 31.1 grade 2 Grade 1 7 2,517 16.6 2.73 21.4 3 Grade 2 4 3,204 21.1 1.33 10.5 4 Grades 3 19 645 4.2 1.85 14.6 and 4 5 Acacia and 2 73 0.5 2.86 22.5 eucalypt Total 41 15,202 100 12.8 100.0

The concession company is also an important player in tree planting programme. Within 12.8 million seedlings or 15,203 kg of seed used in 2015, the concession companies have planted around 3 million seedlings or more than 1,125 kg of seed. However, only 4 species have been planted by companies, namely: Acacia (Acacia spp.), Preng Kjol (Eucalyptus sp.), teak (Tectona grandis), and Chankrisna (Aquilaria crassna) as shown in Table 4. Most of seed use in tree planting programme by company use imported seeds. Those seeds imported from different countries such as Acacia sp. (imported from Indonesia, and Australia), Eucarlyptus sp. (Imported from Australia) and Tectona grandis (Imported from Lao, Thailand, and Malaysia). Even seed is the most common method used for tree planting programme, some species (such as Eucalyptus sp.) are sometime planted by cutting/budding method and this method is used mainly by the company.

Table 5 shows the amount of seedlings and seeds used by all stakeholders (exclude company). It is observed that Kranhoung (Dalbergia cochinchinensis) is the most preferable species for tree planting in 2015 and for 2016 while it is followed by Beng (Afzelia xylocarpa) and Koki (Hope asp.)

Table 4: Seedlings/seeds used by companies in 2015 and plan for 2016

No. Khmer Name Scientific name Seedlings and Seeds Seedlings and Seeds used in 2015 used in 2016 Seedlings Seeds Seedlings Seeds (number) (kg) (number) (kg) 1 Acacia Acacia spp. 1,761,941 50 1,832,419 52 2 Preng Kjol Eucalyptus sp. 61,325 0 63,778 0 3 Maisak Tectona grandis 1,050,000 1,050 1,092,000 1,092 4 Chankrisna Aquilaria crassna 100,000 25 104,000 26 Total 2,973,266 1,125 3,092,197 1,170

Table 5: Seedlings and Seed demand for all stakeholders (Exclude Company)

No. Khmer Scientific name Species Seedlings and Seedlings and Seeds Name category Seeds used in used in 2016 2015 Seedlings Seeds Seedlings Seeds (number) (kg) (number) (kg) 1 Acacia Acacia spp. 5 764,795 21.9 795,386 22.7 2 Ang Kanh Cassia siamea 0 281,598 7.0 292,862 7.3 3 Angkea sil Ochna harmandii 4 60,400 6.7 62,816 7.0 4 Bamboo Bambusa spp. 4 60,400 3.0 62,816 3.1 5 Beng Afzelia xylocarpa 0 845,194 8451.9 879,002 8,790.0

6 Chankrisna Aquilaria crassna 3 100,400 25.1 104,416 26.1 7 Chres Albizia lebbeck 0 221,199 24.6 230,047 25.6 8 Cher Kmao Diospyros crumenata 0 160,799 64.3 167,231 66.9 9 Cher Teal Dipterocarpus spp. 2 805,194 2684.0 837,402 2,791.3

15 KorKoh Sindora 1 382,397 956.0 397,693 994.2 cochinchinensis

16 Krob Beak Khaya senegalensis 4 301,598 79 313,662 83 17 Kranhoung Dalbergia 0 1,245,594 31.1 1,295,417 32.4

cochinchinensis 18 Loeng reach Cassia fistula 4 181,199 25.9 188,447 26.9 19 Lumbor Shorea farinosa 2 10,000 30.0 10,400 31.2 20 Maisak Tectona grandis 1 120,799 120.8 125,631 125.6

21 Morom Moringa oleifera 4 120,799 35.5 125,631 37.0 22 Neang Dalbergia bariensis 0 523,196 104.6 544,124 108.8 Noun 23 Pdav Calamus sp. 4 60,400 60.4 62,816 62.8 24 Pneav Baccaurea ramiflora 4 60,400 60.4 62,816 62.8 25 Prin Prey Syzygium spp. 3 60,400 54.9 62,816 57.1 26 Pdeak Anisoptera costata 2 382,397 254.9 397,693 265.1

27 Popel Shorea 1 10,000 50.0 10,400 52.0 cochinchinensis 28 Preng Kjol Eucalyptus sp. 5 281,598 0.3 292,862 0.3 29 Reang Toek Barringtonia 4 2,000 20.0 2,080 20.8 acutangula 30 Reang Shorea siamensis 1 60,800 20.3 63,232 21.1 Phnom 31 Rumdoul Goniothalamus 4 4,000 20.0 4,160 20.8 repevensis 32 Sangke Combretum 4 20,000 20.0 20,800 20.8 quadrangulare 33 Samrang 4 10,000 20.0 10,400 20.8 34 Samroung Sterculia parviflora 4 10,000 40.0 10,400 41.6 Roxb. 35 Sdao Azadirachta indica 3 181,199 90.6 188,447 94.2 36 Sokrom Xylia xylocarpa 1 80,400 23.6 83,616 24.6 37 Thnong Pterocarpus 0 643,996 32.2 669,755 33.5 macrocarpus 38 Trach Dipterocarpus 2 140,799 234.7 146,431 244.1 intricatus

It was reported that seed of some tree species, as shown in Figure 4, were preferred for seedling production by respondents. However, the respondents find difficulty to access those seeds. Among 14 tree species wanted, Kranhoung is the most preferred species with

percentage of 24% and it is followed by Neang Noun with the percentage of 20%. This finding suggested that seed sources establishment for these species would be also important. Furthermore, some species are available locally in large quantity, such as Loeung reach and Trabek prey, but other seed users find it difficult to get them. This finding indicates that seeds have not been widely moved across the country due to the lack of seed dealers.

Figure 4. Tree species that respondents find difficult to find the seeds

IV. CONCLUSION The demand of seedlings and seeds use in tree planting programme in Cambodia started increasing from around two tons per year in 20024 to around fifteen tons per year in 2015. This trend is still continuing. More than 40 tree species have been planted in 2015. Among that there are 38 tree species are indigenous tree species while only 3 species are exotic tree species. The reason behind that would be awareness of stakeholder who is now giving high priority to the indigenous tree species. Exotic tree species are mostly planted for export by private company.

Among indigenous tree species, Kranhoung (Dalbergia cochinchinensis) is the majority seedlings that was produced in 2015 with the total 1.3 million seedlings and it followed by Koki (Hopea odorata) and Beng (Afzelia xylocarpa) with the total of 845,194 seedlings each in 2015.

4 Forestry Administration (2003): Forest tree seed assessment

Even tree planting is increasing; most of tree seed used for seedling production comes from unmanaged seed source. This would resulted in poor growth performance and, thus, provide low yield. Therefore, it would be very important to consider the establishment of seed source for supplying good quality seed to seedling producers so that better yield from tree planting programme could be achieved.

ANNEX 1: Questionnaire for interview QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SEED DEMAND IN CAMBODIA XXXXXXXXXXXX

Interviewer name:………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….Tel:………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. I. General information

1. What is your name?...... 2. Sex: 1 Male 2 Female 3.Age:...... Years 4. Your company name/ name of your nursery/name of your center...... 5.Village...... 6.Commune...... 7.District...... 8. Province…………………….………… 9. UTM of nursery site (if available): ………………………………………………….…………………………… 10. What is your full capacity of your nursery?...... Seedlings 11. Nursery size:………………………………………m2

II Seed Demand 2.1 Demand of seed/seedling from your own company/center/nursery

1. What tree N species have 2.Number 3.Who 4.Numb 5.Price 6. If only 7.Weight of seed used in 8.Weight of seed used in the future (kg) 10.Rem you planted/ of are er of of planted, the past and future (kg) ark (kg= used in tree seedling seedling seedling Seed/Se where did seedling planting produced buyers planted edling/K you get 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 ) /nursery? /year /year g your seedlings?

2.2 Note: Source of Seed/Cutting/seedling 1.School, 2.Pagoda, 3.Road, 4. Degraded Forest 5.Community Forest, 6. Protection Forest, 7.Plantation Forest, 8.Importation Forest, 9.Other

Note: Market/Kind of Customer: 1.Pagoda, 2.School, 3 .Communities, 4.NGO, 5.Companies, 6.Individual

N0 1. What tree species Source of Seed Remark(Detail Market/Kind of Customer Remar have you planted/ Source ) k used in tree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 planting/nursery?

13 2.3 Do you have any tree species that want to produce/plant but don’t have seeds/cutting? Why do you want to plant it?  Answer:

2.4 Do you know any places/companies produce seedlings or planted tree? 1. Yes 2.No

2.5 If yes, Demand of seed/seedling from other companies/centers/nurseries that you know.

1. What tree N species have 2.Number 3.Who are 4.Numb 5.Pric 6. If only 7.Weight of seed used in 8.Weight of seed used in the future (kg) 10.Rema you planted/ of seedling er of e of planted, the past and future (kg) rk (kg= used in tree seedling buyers seedling Seed/ where did seedling) planting produced planted Kg you get 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 /nursery? /year /year your seedlings? 1

ANNEX 2: Number of seed per kilogram for each species use for calculation No. Species Scientific name Average number of Seed/kg 1 Acacia Acacia spp. 35,000

2 Ang Kanh Cassia siamea 40,000

3 Angkea sil Ochna harmandii 9,000

4 Bamboo Bambusa sp. 20,000

5 Beng Afzelia xylocarpa 100

6 Chankrisna Aquilaria crassna 4,000

7 Chres Albizia lebbeck 9,000

8 Cher Kmao Diospyros crumenata 2,500

9 Cher Teal dipterocarpus sp. 300

10 Entanel Lagerstroemia loudonii 400,000

11 Haysan Cassia garettiana Craib 3,333

12 Kanthom Thet Leucaeana leucocephala 15,000

13 Ka Ngok Delonix regia 4,500

14 Koki Hopea sp. 3,000

15 KorKoh Sindora cochinchinensis 400

16 Krob Beak Khaya senegalensis 7,600

17 Kranhoung Dalbergia cochinchinensis 40,000

18 Loeng reach Cassia fistula 7,000

19 Lumbor Shorea farinosa 333

20 Maisak Tectona grandis 1,000

21 Morom Moringa oletfera 3,400

22 Neang Noun Dalbergia bariensis 5,000

23 Pdav Calamus sp. 1,000

24 Pneav Baccaurea ramiflora 1,000

25 Prin Prey Syzygium spp. 1,100

26 Pdeak Anisoptera costata 1,500

27 Popel Shorea cochinchinensis Pierre 200

28 Preng Kjol Eucalyptus sp. 1,000,000

29 Rang Toek Barringtonia acutangula (L.) 100 Gaertn.

30 Reang Phnom Shorea siamensis 3,000

31 Rumdoul 200

32 Sangke Combretum quadrangulare Kurz 1,000

33 Samrang 500

34 Samroung Sterculia parviflora Roxb. 250

35 Sdao Azadirachta indica 2,000

36 Sokrom Xylia xylocarpa 3,400

37 Thnong Pterocarpus macrocarpus 20,000

38 Trach Dipterocarpus intricatus 600

39 Trobeak Prey Lagerstroemia floribunda 400,000

40 Tro Seak Peltophorum dasyrrhachis 12,000

41 Troyoeng Diospyros pilosanthera 667