Appendix B:

Glossary Beam trawl - A conical-shaped net held open by an hori- Glossary B: Appendix zontal beam. At each end of the beam are iron frame- works that hold the net open in a vertical direction. ABC - See Acceptable Biological Catch. Benthic - Of, relating to, or occurring at the bottom of a body of water (including the ocean). Abyss - The deepest part of the ocean. Berried - Bearing eggs. Acceptable Biological Catch (ABC)- A term used by a management agency which refers to the range of allow- Bight - A name for the water body found abutting a large able catch for a species or species group. It is set each indentation in the coast. A bight is less enclosed than year by a scientific group created by the management a bay. agency. The agency then takes the ABC estimate and Billfishes - The family of fish that includes marlins, sailfish sets the annual total allowable catch (TAC). and spearfish. Advection - Horizontal or vertical movement of water. Bioaccumulation - The build-up over time of substances Allele - One of several variants of a gene that can occupy (like metals) that cannot be excreted by an organism. a locus on a chromosome. Biomass - The total weight or volume of a species in a Allozyme - A variant of an enzyme coded by a different given area. allele. Biosystematics - The study of relationships with refer- Amphipod - Laterally compressed, planktonic or benthic ence to the laws of classification of organisms; tax- crustaceans. onomy. Anadromous - Fish that migrate from saltwater to fresh Biota - Refers to any and all living organisms and the water to spawn. ecosystems in which they exist. Anaerobic - Living in the absence of oxygen. Biotoxin - Substances produced by organisms that can seriously impair living processes and in some cases Angler - A person catching fish or shellfish with no intent cause death. to sell. This includes people releasing the catch. Bioturbation - Disturbance of soft sediments by the move- Annuli - Annual variations in the pattern of growth rings ments and feeding activities of infauna (animals that live on fish scales. just beneath the surface of the sea bed). - The raising of fish or shellfish under some Bivalve - A mollusk with the shell divided into two halves; controls. Feed and ponds, pens, tanks, or other con- e.g. clams, mussels. tainers may be used. A hatchery is also aquaculture, but the fish are released before harvest size is reached. Brachiopod - A bivalve mollusk distinguished by having, on each side of the mouth, a long spiral arm, used to Artisanal - Commercial using traditional or obtain food. small scale manually-operated gear and boats. Brackish water - Water of reduced salinity resulting from a Ascidiacea - See Tunicate. mixture of freshwater and seawater. Bag limit - The number and/or size of a species that a Brail net - A small dip net used to scoop out portions person can legally take in a day or trip. This may or may of the catch from the main net and haul these portions not be the same as a possession limit. aboard. Brail nets are used to transfer tuna, salmon, Baitboat - Refers to a vessel that fishes with live bait. and sometimes menhaden from the purse seine to the Examples of target catch for baitboats include albacore boat’s hold. and other tunas. Broken and burnt otolith method - Otoliths are broken Baleen - A specialized plate of horny material used by and burned, revealing more accurate information about some species of whales (Mysticetes) to filter-feed. the age of a fish. Barbel - A slender flesh “chin whisker” found in many Bryozoa - A group of sessile colonial animals that are kinds of fishes. Barbels function primarily as sensory colonial invertebrates and live on hard surfaces. organs for locating food. Bycatch - The harvest of fish or shellfish other than the Bathymetry - The science of measuring depths in the species for which the fishing gear was set. Bycatch is ocean. also often called incidental catch. Some bycatch is kept Batoid - A skate or ray. for sale. CEQA - California Environmental Quality Act.

CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME California’s Living Marine Resources: December 2001 A Status Report 567 Appendix B: Glossary B: Appendix CPFV - Commercial passenger . Cilia - Hair-like structures used for locomotion, and in CPS - Coastal pelagic species. some species, for feeding. CPUE - See Catch Per Unit of Effort. Cladogenesis - The branching of an ancestral lineage to form equal sister taxa (species, genera, families, etc.). Calanoid copepod - A crustacean zooplankton that has a barrel-shaped body, is found in all oceans of the world, Cladocera - Planktonic crustacea with a bivalved outer and is an important food source for many fishes. skeleton. Calcareous - Made of calcium carbonate. Clupeid - A member of the Clupeidae family of fishes. Clupeids include herrings, shads, , and menha- Capelin - A small silvery fish, most common in the North den. They can be readily recognized by their keeled Atlantic. (sawtooth) bellies and silvery, deciduous scales. Caridean - An infraorder of the decapod crustaceans. Codend - The end of a trawl net. Fish are eventually Examples include many shrimps and prawns. pushed into the codend as the net is dragged along. Catadromous - Refers to fish that migrate from fresh Cohort - A group of fish spawned during a given period, water to saltwater to spawn. usually within a year. Catch - The total number or poundage of fish captured Coliform - A bacteria commonly associated with food poi- from an area over some period of time. This includes soning. fish that are caught but released or discarded instead of being landed. The catch may take place in an area Community - An ecological unit composed of the various different from where the fish are landed. Note that populations of micro-organisms, plants, and animals that catch, harvest, and landings are different terms with inhabit a particular area. different definitions. Congener - A member of the same genus. Catch Per Unit of Effort (CPUE) - The number of fish Convergence - The contact at the sea surface between caught by an amount of effort. Typically, effort is a two water masses converging, one plunging below combination of gear type, gear size, and the length of the other. time gear is used. Catch per unit of effort is often Copepod - A group of small planktonic, benthic or parasitic used as a measurement of relative abundance for a crustaceans. Copepods that spend their entire life in particular fish. the water column are usually the numerically dominant Caudal fin - Tail fin. group of zooplankton captured by nets in most marine Caudal peduncle - The tapered, posterior fleshy part of a areas. fish just in front of the tail fin. Coriolis effect - The deflection of air or water bodies, Cephalopod - Organisms belonging to the phylum Mol- relative to the solid earth beneath, as a result of the lusca that are nearly always carnivorous and are charac- earth’s eastward rotation. terized by complex behavior, a well-organized nervous - A container used by anglers to hold fish. system, a circle of grasping arms, and a powerful beak. Crustacean - A group of freshwater and saltwater animals Examples include squid and octopus. having no backbone, with jointed legs and a hard shell Cetacean - A member of the order of marine mammals made of chitin. Includes shrimp, crabs, lobsters, and that includes whales, porpoises, and dolphins. crayfish. Chimaera - A member of a group of bottom-dwelling, Ctenophore - Gelatinous zooplankton having eight longi- invertebrate-feeding fishes. Distinctive characteristics tudinal rows of fused cilia (‘ctenes’) used in swimming. include an operculum that covers four gill openings, an Cultch - Material (as oyster shells) laid down on oyster upper jaw fused to the skull, teeth consisting only of a grounds that furnish points of attachment for the few large, flat plates, and no scales. young oyster. Chitin - A horny substance forming the hard part of the Cycloid - A round, flat, and thin fish scale found on fish outer skeleton of crustacea. such as trout, minnow, and herring. Chiton - Mollusks found commonly on hard substrates that Davit - A fixed or movable crane that projects over the side are ovalshaped and flattened, have eight dorsal plates of a boat or over a hatchway. It is used for hauling nets, which cover the dorsal mantle, and are herbivores. anchors, boats or cargo. Chum - To attract fish to a hook by throwing whole or Demersal - Describes fish and animals that live near chopped fish or shellfish into the water. water bottoms. Examples of demersal fish are flounder and croaker.

California’s Living Marine Resources: CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME 568 A Status Report December 2001 Density - dependent factors - Factors, such as resource Epipelagic zone - The upper region of the sea from the Glossary B: Appendix availablilty, that vary with population density. surface to about 200-300 meters depth. Depuration - Cleansing of bivalve shellfish by moving Epiphyte - A plant that grows on another plant. them from polluted waters to clean waters. Epipodium - A ridge or fold in the lateral edges of each Detritivore - An organism that feeds on detritus. side of the foot of certain gastropod mollusks. Detritus - Any loose material produced directly from rock Escapement - The percentage of fish in a particular fish- disintegration. ery that escape from an inshore habitat and move off- Diatom - One-celled phytoplankton with an external skel- shore, where they eventually spawn. eton of silica. Estuary - A partially enclosed body of water having a free Dinoflagellate - Unicellular plankton having two flagella connection with the open sea; within it salt water and and, in some species, a cellulose test. fresh water mix. Doliolaria - The second stage of the echinoderm (which Etiology - All the causes of a disease or abnormality. include starfish and sea urchins) larvae. Euphausiid - Shrimplike crustaceans that spend their Dorsal fin - An unpaired fin on the dorsal or upper side of entire lives in the sea; “krill”. the body, between the head and the tail. Extirpation - Situation when something is no longer Dory - A flat-bottomed boat with high flaring sides, a sharp present. bow, and a deep V-shaped transom. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) - The region from 3-200 Downwelling - The sinking of water. nautical miles searward of the 48 contiguous states, Alaska, Hawaii, and U.S.-affiliated islands. The U.S. Drum seine - Similar to a purse seine but the seine is National Marine Service (NMFS) regulates stored on a large drum mounted at the stern. The drum fisheries within this area. is particularly successful in handling shallow nets. Ex-vessel - Refers to activities that occur when a commer- EPA - Environmental Protection Agency. cial fishing boat lands or unloads a catch. For example, ESA - Endangered Species Act. the price received by a captain for the catch is an ex- Ecosystem - A group of organisms that interact among vessel price. themselves and with their nonliving environment FL - See Fork Length. Effort - The amount of time and fishing power used to Falcate - Shaped like a sickle. harvest fish. Fishing power includes gear size, boat Fathom - A unit of measurement. One fathom equals six size, and horsepower. feet or 1.83 meters. Ekman circulation - Movement of surface water at an Filter feed - See Suspension Feed. angle from the wind, as a result of the Coriolis effect. Finfish - A common term to define fish as separate from El Niño - Condition in which warm surface water shellfish. moves into the eastern Pacific, collapsing upwelling and increasing surface-water temperatures and precipitation Fingerling - A term commonly used for any juvenile fish, along the west coast of North and South America. most commonly used for a life stage in trout and salmon. A fingerling is the stage after fry and before smolt. Elasmobranch - Describes a group of fish without a hard bony skeleton, including sharks, skates, and rays. Finlet - Small fins located posterior to the anal and dorsal fins. Examples are found in the (family Electrophoresis - A method of determining the genetic Scombridae). differences or similarities between individual fish or groups of fish by using tissue samples. Fishery - All the activities involved in catching a species of fish or group of species. Embayment - Formation of a bay. Also, the portion of water or coast that forms a bay. Fishery-dependent - Describes data about fish resources collected by sampling commercial and recreational Endangered species - A classification under the Endan- catches. gered Species Act. A species is considered endangered if it is in danger of extinction throughout a significant Fishery-independent - Describes data about fish portion of its range. resources collected by methods other than sampling commercial and recreational catches. An example of Entrainment - Mixing of salt water into fresh water, as in such a method is sampling in marine reserves. an estuary.

CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME California’s Living Marine Resources: December 2001 A Status Report 569 Appendix B: Glossary B: Appendix Food chain - A linear sequence of organisms in which Green mud - Greenish sand deposits in which glauconite each is food for the next member in the sequence. is abundant. Food web - A network describing the feeding interactions Groundfish - A species or group of fish that lives most of of the species in an area. its life on or near the sea bottom. Fork length - The length of a fish as measured from the tip Gurdy - Spool used in upon which the is of its snout to the fork in the tail. wound. The gurdies are usually powered, but on some Front - A major discontinuity separating ocean currents of the smaller boats, like salmon dories, they are often and water masses in any combination. hand-operated. Fully utilized - Situation when the amount of fishing effort Haplosporidian - A member of the phylum Haplosporidia, used is about equal to the amount needed to achieve which contains spore-forming parasitic protists. One the LTPY. member of this group, Haplosporidium nelsoni, also called MSX disease, has recently caused widespread Gaff - A pole with a large hook at its end. disease in Crassostrea virginica, the eastern oyster, on Galactans - Plant polysaccharides. Examples are agar- the U.S. east coast. agar and carrageenan. Haplotype - A set of genes that determines different anti- Gamete - An egg or a sperm. gens but are closely enough linked to be inherited as Gammarid - A member of the suborder Gammaridea and a unit. the order Amphipoda. Distinctive gammarid characteris- Haptera - Basal outgrowths that form part of a holdfast. tics include that the first segment of the thorax is fused Harvest - The total number or poundage of fish caught to the head and that they live in salt water, fresh water, and kept from an area over a period of time. Note that and tropical forests. An example is the beach hopper. landings, catch and harvest are different. Gastropod - A member of the class Gastropoda. Gastro- Heterosis - Segmentation in which the parts are different. pods have a flattened foot, usually a cap-shaped or Also, the tendency of cross-breeding to produce an coiled shell, a mouth apparatus known as a radula, animal or plant with a greater hardiness and capacity for and are characterized by a twisting of the body, growth than either of the parents; hybrid vigor. known as torsion. Examples include limpets, whelks, and periwinkles. Hermaphrodite - An individual with both male and female organs. Gastrula - A stage in the development of a fertilized egg. Histology - A branch of anatomy that deals with the Gel chromatography - A method for comparing DNA or minute structure of animal and plant tissues as discern- genes of different organisms. ible with a microscope. Genetic introgression - The transfer of a small amount Holdfast - The rootlike structure at the base of an alga that of genetic material from one (usually plant) species to attaches to rocky substrate. another as a result of hybridization between them and repeated back-crossing. Hydroacoustics - Sound waves travelling through water. Ghost fishing - Situation when abandoned fishing gear Hydrography - The arrangement and movement of bodies continues to catch organisms. of water, such as currents and water masses. Gillnet - A curtainlike net suspended in the water with Hydroid - Benthic colonial cnidarians (a phylum that mesh openings large enough to permit only the heads of includes jellyfish, sea anemones and corals), some of the fish to pass through, ensnaring them around the gills which produce free-swimming jellyfish. when they attempt to escape. INPFC - International North Pacific Fisheries Commission. Gill rakers - Bony, tooth-like structures on the anterior IWC - International Whaling Commission. edges of gill arches. Used for protection or for straining Immunodiffusion - Any of several techniques for obtain- out food. ing a precipitate between an antibody and its specific Gonad - Animal organs which produce gametes (eggs antigen. One technique is to suspend one in a gel and or spermatazoa). Female gonads are ovaries; male letting the other migrate through it from a well; another is gonads are testes. to let both antibody and antigen migrate through the gel Gonosomatic index - The ratio of the weight of a fish’s from separate wells to form an area of precipitation. eggs or sperm to its body weight. The index is used to Intertidal - Between the high and low tide marks and dermine the spawning time of a species of fish. periodically exposed to air. Gravid - Heavy with eggs or young.

California’s Living Marine Resources: CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME 570 A Status Report December 2001 Isopods - An order of crustaceans characterized by a Long-term potential yield - The maximum long-term Glossary B: Appendix small flattened bodies, sessile eyes, and both benthic average yield that can be achieved through conscien- and planktonic species. tious stewardship, by controlling the proportion of the Isotherm - An imaginary line passing through points on population removed by harvesting by regulating fishing the earth’s surface having the same mean temperature. effort or total catch levels. Jetty - A rocky structure constructed from land into the sea Lunate - Refers to the caudal fin shape that is indented to protect shore-based property. and looks like a crescent. Jig - An artificial lure made to simulate live bait. It is MLMA - Marine Life Management Act. usually made with a lead head cast on a single hook and MLPA - Marine Life Protection Act. is heavier than most other lures. MMPA - Marine Mammal Protection Act. Juvenile - A young fish or animal that has not reached MRFSS - Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey. sexual maturity. MSY - See Maximum Sustainable Yield. Keystone species - A species that maintains community Macrophyte - A plant that is large enough to be seen with structure through its feeding activities, and without which the naked eye. large changes would occur in the community. Mariculture - The raising of marine finfish or shellfish Knot - A unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour under some controls. Feed and ponds, pens, tanks (approximately 51 centimeters per second). or other containers may be used. A hatchery is also LTPY - Long-term potential yield. mariculture but the fish are released before harvest size La Niña - An episode of strong trade winds and unusually is reached. low sea surface temperature in the central and eastern Maturity - The age at which reproduction is possible. tropical Pacific. The antithesis of El Nino. Maximum sustainable yield - The largest average catch Lampara net - An encircling net (similar to purse seine yet that can be taken continuously (sustained) from a stock that does not close completely) used in shallow water. under average environmental conditions. This is often Landing - The number or poundage of fish unloaded at used as a management goal. a dock by commercial fishermen or brought to shore by Mean - The sum of the data divided by the number of recreational fishermen for personal use. Landings are pieces of data; the average. reported at the points at which fish are brought to shore. Median - Within a data set, the median is the the number Note that landings, catch, and harvest define different that divides the bottom 50% of the data from the top things. 50%. Lateen - A sailing used by early salmon fishing vessels Megalopa - A larval stage of crabs that follow the zoea off California. stages. Leader - A length of monofilament or wire that connects Meristem - The point or region from which active growth the main fishing line to the hook used for capturing fish. takes place. Limited entry - A program that changes a common prop- Mesohaline - A zone of water from 1.8% salinity to .5% erty resource like fish into private property for individual salinity. fishermen. License limitation and the individual transfer- able quota (ITQ) are two forms of limited entry. Mesopelagic - A somewhat arbitrary depth zone in off- shore or oceanic waters, usually below 600 feet and Limiting factor - A factor primarily responsible for deter- above 3,000 (200-1000 meters). mining the growth and/or reproduction of an organism or a population. The limiting factor may be a physical Metric ton - 2200 pounds. factor (such as temperature or light), a chemical factor Midden - A refuse heap left by prehistoric Native Ameri- (such as a particular nutrient), or a biological factor cans, usually marking campsites. (such as a competing species). The limiting factor may Milt - A term for the sperm of fish such as salmon, trout, differ at different times and places. and herring. Limnology - The study of freshwater ecosystems, espe- Mollusk - A group of freashwater and saltwater animals cially lakes. with no skeleton and usually one or two hard shells Littoral zone - The intertidal zone. made of calcium carbonate. Includes the oyster, clam, Longline - See Setline. mussel, snail, conch, scallop, squid, and octopus.

CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME California’s Living Marine Resources: December 2001 A Status Report 571 Appendix B: Glossary B: Appendix Mooching - A method of salmon fishing from a drifting Optimum yield - The harvest level for a species that or propelled boat. The bait is sunk deep with a heavy acheives the greatest overall benefits, including eco- sinker then brought upward at an angle as the boat is nomic, social, and biological considerations. Optimum maneuvered forward a few yards or the line retrieved. yield is different from maximum sustainable yield in that The bait is then allowed to sink once again to the bottom MSY considers only the biology of the species. The and the procedure repeated. term includes both commercial and sport yields. Morphology - The physical characteristics of an individual. Organic - Deriving from living organisms. Myctophid - A member of the Myctophidae family of Otolith - Calcareous concretions in the inner ear of a fish, fishes. Commonly called lanternfishes, they are abun- functioning as organs of hearing and balance. There are dant in all oceans of the world, usually at 200-1000 three pairs of otoliths in the skull of each fish, and these meters depth. are termed sagittae, lapilli, and asterisci. Otoliths are Mysid - A member of an order of shrimplike crustaceans, used by fishery biologists for numerous studies. mostly epibenthic. Otter trawl - A cone-shaped net that is dragged along the NEPA - National Environmental Policy Act. sea bottom. Its mouth is kept open by floats, weights and by two otter boards which shear outward as the net NFMP - Nearshore Fishery Management Plan. is towed. NISA - National Invasive Species Act. - Harvesting at a rate greater than that which NMFS - National Marine Fisheries Service. will meet the management goal. NPDES - National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. Overutilized - When more fishing effort is employed than Nacre - A smooth, shining, iridescent substance forming is necessary to achieve LTPY. the inner layer in many shells; mother-of-pearl. Oviparous - Producing eggs that hatch outside the Nekton - Organisms with swimming abilities that permit female’s body. them to move actively throught the water column and to Oviphagous - Refers to an organism that consumes eggs. move against currents. Examples include adult squid, Oviposit - To lay or deposit eggs, especially by means fish and marine mammals. of a specialized organ, as found on certain insects and Neuston - Organisms that inhabit the uppermost few mil- fishes. limeters of the surface water. Ovoviviparous - Pertaining to an animal that incubates Non-point source - Sources of pollution such as general eggs inside the mother until they hatch. runoff of sediments, fertilizer, pesticides, and other PFMC - Pacific Fishery Management Council. materials from farms and urban areas as compared to specific points of discharge such as factories. PSMFC - Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission. Nudibranch - Sea slug. A member of the mollusk class PacFIN - Pacific Fishery Information Network. A database Gastropoda that has no protective covering as an adult. containing West Coast fishing landings that is main- Respiration is carried on by gills or other projections on tained by the Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commis- the dorsal surface. sion. Nursery - Habitat suitable for protection and growth during Palp - Any of various sensory and usually fleshy append- an organism’s early life stages. ages near the oral aperture of certain invertebrates. Nutricline - The depth zone where nutrient concentrations Papilla - A nipplelike protuberance of the skin. increase rapidly with depth. Paranzella net - A bag-shaped net towed by two vessels Oocyte - An egg before the completion of maturation. that run at various distances apart to keep the mouth open and at various speeds according to the depth Oophagy - The first young to “hatch” in each of the two desired. The paranzella net initiated the West Coast oviducts proceed to eat the other embryos in the oviduct trawl fishery in 1876 but by World War II it had been with them. replaced by the less expensive otter trawl. Open access - A fishery in which no restrictions on entry Parturition - Birth. or gear occur. Licenses may be required in an open access fishery, but if no quotas on fishermen exist the Patchy distribution - A condition in which organisms fishery is still considered to be open access. occur in aggregations. Operculum - The covering of the gills of a fish. Found in Pectoral fins - Paired fins on the front lower sides of the higher order fishes. chest.

California’s Living Marine Resources: CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME 572 A Status Report December 2001 Pedicle - In jointed brachiopods, a short stalk, composed Potential yield - The yield estimated to be available for Glossary B: Appendix mostly of tough connective tissue, that emerges through exploitation. a hole or notch in the posterior part of the larger valve. Procaryote - A member of a group of unicellular organ- Muscles that are inserted into the pedicle make it pos- isms comprising the bacteria and the cyanophyceae, sible for an jointed brachiopod to change its orientation. whose cell structures differs from all other organisms. Pelagic - Refers to fish and animals that live in the open Productivity - The rate at which a given quantity of sea, away from the sea bottom. organic material is produced by organisms. Pelecypod - A bivalve. Protandry - An organism functions first as a male, then Penaid - Member of a family of shrimp, used in shrimp as a female. culture. Protogynous - Female in the first phase of one’s life. Periostracum - A protective layer of chitin covering the Pteropod - A holoplanktonic (permanent resident of the outer portion of the shell in many mollusks, especially plankton community) snail having two swimming wings. freshwater forms. Purse seine - A net that is cast in a circle around a school Pharyngeal - Of, pertaining to, or connected with the of fish. When the fish are surrounded, the bottom of the pharynx. net is closed up, preventing escape. Pharyngeal teeth - Teeth developed on the pharyngeal RecFIN - Recreational Fisheries Information Network. bone in many fishes. A database of the National Marine Fisheries Service Phycocolloid - A colloidal substance obtained from (NMFS). seaweeds. Recruit - An individual fish that has moved into a certain Phytoplankton - Microscopic planktonic plants. Exam- class, such as the spawning class or fishing-size class. ples include diatoms and dinoflagellates. Recruitment - A measure of the number of fish that enter Pinniped - A member of the order of marine mammals that a class during some time period, such as the spawning includes the seals, sea lions, and walruses, all having class or fishing-size class. four swimming flippers. Red tide - A red coloration of seawater caused by high Piscivorous - An organism that feeds on fish. concentrations of certain species of micro-organisms, Planktivorous - An organism that feeds on planktonic usually dinoflagellates, some of which release toxins. organisms. Reduction fishery - Harvested fish are processed into fish Plankton - Plants or animals that live in the water column meal, oils, or fertilizer. and are incapable of swimming against a current. Regime shift - A long-term change in marine ecosystems Pleopod - One of the swimming limbs attached to the and/or in biological production resulting from a change abdomen in crustaceans. in the physical environment. - A nonspecific term for any artificial lure having a Riffle - A shallow extending across the bed of a stream distinct “body” made of wood or plastic and having one over which the water flows swiftly so that the surface of or more sets of single, double, or triple hooks hattached. the water is broken in waves. Most plugs are designed to wobble or create a commo- Riprap - Piles of rock used to support river banks. tion in the water when retrieved. River-run - Describes upstream migration of anadromous Pneumatocyst - A gas-filled bladder at the base of each fish. kelp blade that helps buoy the frond in the water column. Roller trawl - A trawl net equipped with rollers that enable Point source - Specific points of origin of pollutants, the net to go over rocky areas without . such as factory drains or outlets from sewage-treatment Round haul net - A net, such as a purse seine, that plants. encircles schools of fish. Polychaete - Marine segmented worms belonging to the Running-ripe - A high state of reproductive readiness. phylum Annelida; some are planktonic, but most are Sac-roe - Fish eggs that are encased in a clear mem- benthic. brane. Sac-roe are found in herring, among other spe- Population - Fish of the same species inhabiting a speci- cies. fied geographic area. Salinity - The total amount of dissolved material (salts) in Potamodromous - Refers to fish that migrate entirely seawater. within fresh water.

CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME California’s Living Marine Resources: December 2001 A Status Report 573 Appendix B: Glossary B: Appendix Salmonid - A member of the Salmonidae family of large lakes), the smolts gradually become mature and fishes. Salmonids are the dominant fishes in the cold- return to their home streams for spawning. water streams and lakes of North America, Europe, Somatic cell - All cells other than those in sexual gametes and Asia, where they support large recreational and (egg and sperm). commercial fisheries. Spat - A flat young oyster. Satellite pop-up tag - A specialized tag usually used to Spatfall - Attachment of shellfish larvae to substrate where mark to study their migrations. Data from they develop into their adult forms. the tag is transmitted to researchers via a satellite. Spawn - The term for reproduction in fishes. Scaphopod - A member of the phylum Mollusca and class Scaphopoda which have an elongate conical shell and Spermatophore - An aggregation of sperm held together live buried within the sediment, feeding on foraminifer- by gelatinous material, or a gelatinous packet of sperm ans and other small animals. which is inserted into or attached to the female as part of reproductive behavior. Scute - A type of sharp scale found on fish such as sturgeon and jackmackerel. Spinning gear - A type of recreational with an open spool on the front end. Sea wall - Any solid structure onshore used to protect the land from wave damage and erosion. Spoon - An artificial lure with a curved or dished out body that wobbles but does not revolve. A spoon attracts fish Seed - Juvenile shellfish, such as clams, oysters, by its movements as well as color. and mussels. Sporophyte - A plant that produces spores. Serological - An adjective referring to the branch of sci- ence dealing with the properties and reactions of blood Stipe - The stem-like part that connects the holdfast and sera. blade of a frondose alga. Sessile - Referring to animals that are permanently Stock - A grouping of fish usually based on genetic rela- attached to a substrate. tionship, geographic distribution, and movement pat- terns. Also a managed unit of fish. Set gillnet - A gillnet that is anchored on both ends. Stratified random sampling - A sampling method in Setline - Fishing gear made up of a long main line which one (1) divides the population into subpopulations attached to which are a large number of short branch (called strata), (2) obtains from each stratum a simple lines. At the end of each branch line is a baited hook. random sample of size proportional to the size of the When catching groundfish, setlines are laid on the sea- stratum, and (3) uses all of the members obtained in floor. When catching swordfish, shark or tuna they are step 2 as the sample. buoyed near the surface. Setlines can be twenty or more miles long. They are also called longlines. Substrate - A solid surface on which an organism lives or to which it is attached (also called substratum); or, a Sexual dimorphism - A phenomenon in which males and chemical that forms the basis of a biochemical reaction females differ markedly in shape, size, color, or other or acts as a nutrient for microorganisms. ways. Subtidal zone - The benthic zone extending from the low Short ton - 2000 pounds. tide mark to the outer edge of the continental shelf. Single rig gear - Refers to a boat using a single trawl net Suspension feeder - An organism that feeds by capturing (instead of two trawl nets) when fishing for shrimp. particles suspended in the water column. Simple random sampling - A sampling procedure for Sympatry - The common occurrence of two taxa (closely which each possible sample is equally likely to be the related forms) in the same geographic area. one selected. A sample obtained by simple random sampling is called a simple random sample. TAC - See Total Allowable Catch. Skiff - Any of various small boats, especially a flat-bot- TL - Total length. tomed rowboat. Telemetry - The process of tracking movements of organ- Slough - A place of deep mud or mire. Also, a small isms using transmitting tags. backwater. Territorial sea - A zone extending seaward from the shore Smolt - A term for a specific life stage in salmonids. or internal waters of a nation for a distance of twelve In anadromous populations parr (small active fish with miles (19.3 km) as defined by the United Nations Confer- series of bars on their sides) transform into silvery ence on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The coastal smolts and migrate to the sea. Once in the ocean (or

California’s Living Marine Resources: CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME 574 A Status Report December 2001 state has full authority over this zone but must allow Ventral fins - Paired fins on the lower part of the body; Glossary B: Appendix rights of innocent passage. they may be near the anus, below the pectoral fins, or Test - The shell of a sea urchin. near the throat. They are also called pelvic fins. Thermocline - The water layer in which temperature Virtual population analysis (VPA) - A type of analysis changes most rapidly with increasing depth. that uses the number of fish caught at various ages or lengths and an estimate of natural mortality to estimate Threatened species - A classification under the Endan- fishing mortality in a cohort. It also provides an estimate gered Species Act. A species is considered threatened of the number of fish in a cohort at various ages. if it is likely to become an endangered species in the foreseeable future through a significant portion of Viviparous - Bringing forth living young, rather than being its range. an egg-layer. Tidal prism - The volume of water between the high tide Water column - The water from the surface to the bottom level and low tide level. at a given point. Total allowable catch (TAC) - The annual recommended Weir - A low dam or barrier made across a water channel catch for a species or species group. The regional fish- to raise the level of water for different purposes. Also, ery management council sets the TAC from the range of a barricade. the allowable biological catch. Wrack zone - A bank of accumulated litter at the strand- Trammel net - An entangling net that hangs down in line. several curtains. YOY - Young-of-the-year. Trawl - A sturdy bag or net that can be dragged along the Year-class - The fish spawned and hatched in a given ocean bottom, or at various depths above the bottom, year, a “generation” of fish. to catch fish. Zoea - A planktonic larval stage of crabs with characteristic Trematode - Any of a class (Trematoda) of parasitic flat- spines on the exoskeleton. worms including the flukes. Zooplankton - Animal members of the plankton. Trocophore - A free-swimming larval stage of polychaete Zoospore - A motile spore with one or more flagella or cilia worms and some mollusks, characterized by having by the vibration of which it swims. bands of cilia (hair-like structures) around the body. Troll - To trail artificial or natural baits behind a moving boat. The bait can be made to skip along the surface or Kristen Sortais trailed below at any depth to just above the bottom. A University of California, Davis bait or lure trailed behind an angler walking along a pier, bridge, or breakwater is also called trolling. References Trophic level - The nutritional position occupied by an organism in a food chain or food web; e.g. primary pro- Dawson, E.Y. 1966. Seashore plants of northern Califor- ducers (plants); primary consumers (herbivores); sec- nia. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 103pp. ondary consumers (carnivores), etc. Fitch, J.E. and R.J. Lavenberg. 1968. Deep-water shes Tunicate - Sessile benthic animals belonging to the of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, phylum Chordata. 155pp. Turbidity - Reduced visibility in water due to the presence Fitch, J.E. and R.J. Lavenberg. 1975. Tidepool and of suspended particles. nearshore shes of California. University of California Underutilized - When more fishing effort is required to Press, Berkeley, CA, 156pp. achieve the LTPY. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Upwelling - A rising of nutrient-rich water toward the sea Fisheries Division. 1960. Trilingual dictionary of sheries surface. technological terms – curing. FAO, Rome, Italy, 85pp. VPA - See Virtual Population Analysis. Kramer, D.E., W.H. Barss, B.C. Paust, and B.E. Bracken. 1995. Guide to northeast Pacic atshes : families Vector - A physical quantity that has magnitude and direc- Bothidae, Cynoglossidae, and Pleuronectidae. Alaska Sea tion. Examples are force, acceleration, and velocity. Grant College Program, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Veliger - A free-swimming larval stage of mollusks. AK, 104pp. Velum - A ciliated, sail-like appendage of a veliger larva.

CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME California’s Living Marine Resources: December 2001 A Status Report 575 Appendix B: Glossary B: Appendix Lalli, C.M. and T.R. Parsons. 1993. Biological oceanogra- & facilities. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic phy: an introduction. 1st ed. Pergamon Press, New York, and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries NY, 301pp. Service, Seattle, WA, 139pp. Levinton, J.S. 1995. Marine biology: function, biodiver- U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmo- sity, ecology. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, spheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. 420pp., 1999. Our living oceans: Report on the status of Meltzer, M. 1980. The world of the small commercial U.S. living marine resources, 1999. U.S. Dept. of shermen: their lives and their boats. Dover Publica- Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- tions, Inc., New York, NY, 86pp. tion, National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D.C., 301pp. Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. 10th ed. 1998. Merriam-Webster, Springeld, MA, 1559pp. Wallace, R.K. and K.M. Fletcher. 2000. Understanding sheries management: a manual for understanding the Moyle, P.B. and J.J. Cech, Jr. 2000. Fishes: an introduc- federal sheries management process, including analysis tion to ichthyology. 4th ed. Prentice- Hall, Uppersaddle of the 1996 Sustainable Fisheries Act. Mississippi-Alabama River, NJ, 612pp. Sea Grant Consortium, Mobile, AL and University, MS, Nebel, B.J. 1987. Environmental science: the way the 53pp. world works. 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, Weiss, N.A.; biographies by C. Weiss. 1995. Introductory NJ, 671pp. statistics. 4th ed. Addison Wesley, Reading, MA, 939pp. Newell, G.E. and R.C. Newell. 1963. Marine plankton, a practical guide. Hutchinson Educational, London, 206pp. Parker, S.P. (editor). 1984. McGraw-Hill dictionary of biology. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 384pp. Simpson, J.A. and E.S.C. Weiner (editors). 1998. The Oxford English dictionary. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Squire, J.L. and S.M. Smith. 1977. Anglers’ guide to the United States Pacic coast: marine sh, shing grounds

California’s Living Marine Resources: CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME 576 A Status Report December 2001