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UNIVERZITA KARLOVA Diplomová Práce 2021 David Jošt

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UNIVERZITA KARLOVA Diplomová Práce 2021 David Jošt UNIVERZITA KARLOVA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH VĚD Institut Komunikačních studií a žurnalistiky Katedra mediálních studií Diplomová práce 2021 David Jošt UNIVERZITA KARLOVA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH VĚD Institut komunikačních studií a žurnalistiky Katedra mediálních studií Analýza účasti politických aktérů v pořadu Otázky Václava Moravce mezi lety 2016 a 2018 Diplomová práce Autor práce: David Jošt Studijní program: Mediální a komunikační studia Vedoucí práce: prof. PhDr. Jan Jirák, PhD. Rok obhajoby: 2021 Prohlášení 1. Prohlašuji, že jsem předkládanou práci zpracoval samostatně a použil jen uvedené prameny a literaturu. 2. Prohlašuji, že práce nebyla využita k získání jiného titulu. 3. Souhlasím s tím, aby práce byla zpřístupněna pro studijní a výzkumné účely. V Praze dne 29. 4. 2021 David Jošt Bibliografický záznam JOŠT, David. Analýza účasti politických aktérů v pořadu Otázky Václava Moravce mezi lety 2016 a 2018. Praha, 2020. 97 s. Diplomová práce (Mgr.). Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd, Institut komunikačních studií a žurnalistiky. Katedra mediálních studií. Vedoucí diplomové práce Prof. PhDr. Jan Jirák, PhD. Rozsah práce: 122 748 Anotace Tato diplomová práce se zabývá analýzou účastnického spektra diskusního pořadu Otázky Václava Moravce mezi lety 2016 a 2018. Zkoumá jeho politickou vyváženost, proměnu ve sledovaných letech a vliv, který na jeho podobu měly volby do Poslanecké sněmovny v roce 2017. Teoretická část přibližuje kvalitativní ukazatel předpojatosti a okolnosti, které na něj mohou mít vliv. Věnuje se alternativně veřejnoprávních médií a povinnostem, které pro vybraný pořad České televize vyplývají ze zákona. Výzkumnou metodou je kvalitativní obsahová analýza. V analytické části jsou účastníci pořadu kódování z hlediska pohlaví, věku, politické příslušnosti a funkce. Získané poznatky o účastnickém spektru jsou následně konfrontovány s Kodexem ČT s cílem potvrdit či vyvrátit jeho dodržování. Annotation The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the spectrum of participants in the Questions of Václav Moravec talk show between the years 2016 and 2018. It investigates its political balance, changes over the monitoring period and the impact the 2017 election had on it. Theoretical part deals with qualitative indicators of bias and circumstances that might affect it. It discusses the alternatives to public media and obligations the Czech Television must meet in its shows as defined by law. Content analysis has been chosen as the research method. In the analytical part of the thesis, participants are coded based on their sex, age, political affiliation and function. Obtained results about the spectrum of participants are then confronted with the CT Code to either confirm or refute its compliance. Klíčová slova Otázky Václava Moravce, Česká televize, Kodex České televize, diskusní pořad, účastnické spektrum, nestrannost, vyváženost Keywords Questions of Václav Moravec, Czech Television, CT Code, talk show, spectrum of participants, impartiality, balance Title Analysis of politicians attendance in Otázky Václava Moravce between 2016 and 2018 Poděkování Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval prof. PhDr. Janu Jirákovi, Ph.D. za nekonečnou trpělivost a užitečné rady. Obsah Úvod .................................................................................................................................... 10 1. TEORETICKÁ ČÁST ................................................................................................. 12 1.1 Nároky na chování médií, normativní teorie a společensky odpovědná média .. 12 1.1.1. Nároky na chování médií ............................................................................... 12 1.1.2. Normativní teorie ........................................................................................... 12 1.1.3. Teorie společenské odpovědnosti .................................................................. 13 1.2 Nároky na chování médií (media performance), resp. kvalitu zpravodajství v liberálně demokratických společnostech ...................................................................... 14 1.3 Role médií ........................................................................................................... 15 1.3.1 Hlídací pes ..................................................................................................... 15 1.3.2 Advokát ......................................................................................................... 16 1.3.3 Svědek ........................................................................................................... 16 1.4 Kvalitativní ukazatele mediovaného obsahu ....................................................... 16 1.4.1 Objektivita jako kvalitativní ukazatel (pojetí, výzkumy) .............................. 16 1.4.2 (Ne)předpojatost jako kvalitativní ukazatel (pojetí, výzkumy) ..................... 18 1.4.3 Další kvalitativní ukazatele a jejich vzájemná interakce ............................... 20 1.5 Předpojatost jako výzkumný problém ................................................................. 21 1.5.1 Limity zjišťování předpojatosti ..................................................................... 22 1.6 Politické a ekonomické tlaky na mediální produkci ............................................ 22 1.6.1 Média a politika ............................................................................................. 23 1.6.2 Média a ekonomika ....................................................................................... 24 1.7 Gatekeeping ......................................................................................................... 25 1.8 Alternativa médií veřejné služby ......................................................................... 25 1.8.1 Veřejnoprávní televize v České republice ..................................................... 26 2. METODICKÁ ČÁST .................................................................................................. 28 2.1 Kvantitativní obsahová analýza ........................................................................... 28 2.1.1 Výběr výzkumného tématu ............................................................................ 28 2.1.2 Operacionalizace ........................................................................................... 31 2.1.3 Plánování a organizace .................................................................................. 32 2.1.4 Příprava a ověřovací fáze .............................................................................. 32 2.1.5 Sběr dat .......................................................................................................... 32 2.1.6 Vyhodnocování (analýza a interpretace získaných dat) ................................ 33 3. ANALYTICKÁ ČÁST ................................................................................................ 34 3.1 Povinnosti České televize vyplývající ze zákona ................................................ 34 3.1.1 Kodex České televize .................................................................................... 34 3.1.2 Hodnocení plnění veřejné služby .................................................................. 35 3.1.3 Analýza diskusních pořadů České televize ................................................... 36 3.1.4 Role České televize ....................................................................................... 36 3.1.5 Politická debata v Československé a České televizi ..................................... 36 3.1.6 Představení pořadu Otázky Václava Moravce............................................... 38 3.1.7 Gatekeeping pořadu Otázky Václava Moravce ............................................. 38 3.1.8 Proměny nálad, respektive volebních preferencí, ve sledovaném období ..... 40 3.2 Obsahová analýza diskusního pořadu Otázky Václava Moravce ........................ 41 3.2.1 Tematická variabilita ..................................................................................... 41 3.2.2 Účastnické spektrum z hlediska pohlaví ....................................................... 44 3.2.3 Účastnické spektrum z hlediska věku ............................................................ 44 3.2.4 Političtí a nepolitičtí hosté ............................................................................. 46 3.2.5 Jedineční účastníci a účastnící s nejvyšší četností návštěv ............................ 47 3.2.6 Účastnické spektrum z hlediska funkcí ......................................................... 50 3.2.7 Nepolitičtí hosté ............................................................................................. 51 3.2.8 Zastoupení politických stran .......................................................................... 53 3.2.9 Proměna účastnického spektra 2016-2018 .................................................... 60 3.2.10 Vliv výsledku voleb 2017 na proměnu účastnického spektra ....................... 61 3.2.11 Váha politických subjektů a nárok na účast .................................................. 63 3.2.12 První období (2016–2017 (do voleb)) ........................................................... 63 3.2.13 Druhé období ((od voleb) 2017-2018) .......................................................... 64 3.2.14 Účast a nárok na účast v celém analyzovaném období ................................. 65 3.2.15 Zastoupení koalice a opozice 2016-2018 ...................................................... 66 3.2.16 Zastoupení neparlamentních stran 2016-2018 ..............................................
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