Committee: General Assembly Third Committee: Social, Humanitarian & Cultural (GA3)

Issue: Establishing a framework to counteract the developmental issues of

Student Officer: Aly Haytham and Saleh Zewail (General Assembly Third Committee President and Chair) I. Introduction

Around a quarter of the world’s urban population live in slums. And this figure is rising fast. The number of dwellers in developing countries increased from 689 million in 1990 to 880 million in 2014, according to the World Cities Report 2016.1 A slum is usually a highly populated urban residential area consisting mostly of closely packed, decrepit housing units in a situation of deteriorated or incomplete infrastructure, inhabited primarily by impoverished persons. Although slums are usually located in urban areas, in other countries, they can be located in suburban areas where housing quality is low and living conditions are poor. While slums differ in size and other characteristics, most lack reliable sanitation services, supply of clean water, reliable electricity, law enforcement, and other basic services. Slum residences vary from shanty houses to professionally built dwellings which, because of poor-quality construction and/or lack of basic maintenance, have deteriorated.

Slums are a major cause behind the emergence of major problems in these areas, which greatly affect the people living in the zone in a negative way. The lack of security and medical facilities are main reasons as to why crime rates have increased in these areas, with infections and diseases spreading, making the people that live there at health risk, which can sometimes lead to death. The lack of planning and organization in the construction of slums is also a main reason as to why so many disasters, like building collapsing, massive electric accidents, or sewage problems, are always occurring and will always have a negative impact on the people around. If the issue is left unresolved, in the long run, it would also have a negative impact on the nation’s economy itself where solving this issue would require great amounts of time and money, in addition to the cooperation between member states, to achieve a goal of reaching a ghetto free world. II. Key Vocabulary

Slum: A neglected settlement where the inhabitants are characterized as having inadequate housing ​ and basic services. A slum is often not recognized and addressed by the public authorities as an important or equal part of the city.2

1 Written by Rosamond Hutt, Senior Writer. “These Are the World's Five Biggest Slums.” World Economic Forum, ​ ​ www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/these-are-the-worlds-five-biggest-slums/. 2 Biau, Daniel, et al. “The Challenge of Slums.” Global Report on Human Settlements, UN-Habitat, 2003, ​ ​ www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Challenge%20of%20Slums.pdf. ​ 1 of 12

Urbanisation: “The process by which cities and towns grow and develop”3 which is a main factor ​ ​ causing slum development and expansion.

Forced Eviction: “The removal of people from their homes or the land they occupy against their will, ​ done without allowing them the legal protections and safeguards they're entitled to under international human rights laws.”4 which is carried out by many governments despite its bad reputation.

III. Focused Overview of the Issue

1) The Development and Expansion of Slums

Slums pose a formidable challenge, not only because of their very large scope, but also because of the fast degree of their expansion. For example, target 7.D of the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) was aimed at significantly improving the lives of 100 million slum dwellers which was successfully achieved by the termination date of the MDGs.5 Yet, in the same time frame, the number of slum dwellers had increased by more than 100 million.6 This shows the rapid degree of expansion of slums, which stresses the importance of solutions to go beyond the superficial level of helping slum dwellers and instead actually aims at tackling the root causes of the issue and preventing the development of new slums.

Slums first emerged on a large scale in the 20th century as a byproduct of the rapid urbanisation and globalization which accompanied the booming global economy.7 The emergence of slums was mainly due to the growth of urban settlements at a rate which exceeded the ability of governments to fulfill population and societal demands;8 thus causing poorer urban areas and residents to be neglected, forcing them to live in underdeveloped areas lacking basic services. Slum development was also exacerbated by economic recessions, like The Great

3 “Urbanisation and the Rise of Slum Housing.” Habitat for Humanity GB, 18 Sept. 2018, ​ ​ www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/blog/2018/09/urbanisation-slum-housing/. ​ 4 “Forced Evictions.” Issues, Amnesty International UK, May 2020, www.amnesty.org.uk/stop-forced-evictions. ​ ​ ​ ​ 5 “Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability.” United Nations Millennium Development Goals, United Nations, ​ ​ www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml. ​ 6 Mazarro, Alejandro De Castro. Slums. Disassembling the Concept. SciELO, Apr. 2018, ​ ​ ​ scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-69962018000100080&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en. 7 “Urbanisation and the Rise of Slum Housing.” Habitat for Humanity GB, 18 Sept. 2018, ​ ​ ​ ww​ w.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/blog/2018/09/urbanisation-slum-housing/. ​ 8 Ibid. 2 of 12

Depression of 1929, whereby large numbers of people fell into poverty which made formal proper housing unaffordable, causing them to seek alternatives in slums.9 This was also accompanied by decreases in job opportunities in the agricultural sector, which caused many rural residents to migrate to urban cities in hopes of finding better job opportunities and a higher quality of life. Many of these migrants couldn't afford proper housing and therefore also settled in slums.10 Furthermore, people which face destruction of their housing, for reasons like natural disasters, also often settle in slums due to their inability to afford formal housing.11 Between 1900 and 1980, 36 million people lost their homes due to natural disasters where, for example, in Tugurios, Paraguay, 55,000 people are driven out of their homes almost every other year due to seasonal floods.12 Furthermore, as time passes slums start to get overcrowded due to newborns and new residents settling in these slums causing the quality of life to deteriorate and trapping more people in the vicious cycle of inescapable poverty.13 That is especially true since escaping slums becomes very difficult without external aid. Slum dwellers are often lacking a proper education and the required skills to take on profitable jobs, which would have increased the likelihood of them affording proper housing.14

2) Characteristics of Slums/ Life in Slums

The most important characteristics of slum settlements are that which comprise inadequate housing where the human right to adequate housing is violated at the presence of one or more of the following:

● “Housing is not adequate if its occupants do not have a degree of tenure security which guarantees legal protection against forced evictions, harassment and other threats. ● Housing is not adequate if its occupants do not have safe drinking water, adequate sanitation, energy for cooking, heating, lighting, food storage or refuse disposal. ● Housing is not adequate if its cost threatens or compromises the occupants` enjoyment of other human rights. ● Housing is not adequate if the specific needs of disadvantaged and marginalized groups are not taken into account. ● Housing is not adequate if it is cut off from employment opportunities, health-care services, schools, childcare centres and other social facilities, or if located in polluted or dangerous areas. ● Housing is not adequate if it does not respect and take into account the expression of cultural identity.

9 Ibid. 10 Biau, Daniel, et al. “The Challenge of Slums.” Global Report on Human Settlements, UN-Habitat, 2003, ​ ​ ​ www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Challenge%20of%20Slums.pdf. ​ 11 Ibid. 12 Ibid. 13 “Urbanisation and the Rise of Slum Housing.” Habitat for Humanity GB, 18 Sept. 2018, ​ ​ ​ ww​w.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/blog/2018/09/urbanisation-slum-housing/. ​ 14 Biau, Daniel, et al. “The Challenge of Slums.” Global Report on Human Settlements, UN-Habitat, 2003, ​ ​ ​ www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Challenge%20of%20Slums.pdf. ​ 3 of 12

● Housing is not adequate if it does not guarantee physical safety or provide adequate space, as well as protection against the cold, damp heat, rain, wind, other threats to health and structural hazards.”15

Most slums actually violate most if not all of these standards and although these standards might seem to be too excessive they actually rely upon each other to a great extent and can be solved if the right solutions are proposed and implemented. Additionally, the human right to adequate housing is outlined in several international treaties most prominently including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) of which all states have ratified at least one treaty.16

Apart from the right to adequate housing, there are other human rights which are lacking in many slum settlements. Some rights which are closely linked to adequate housing and which are often violated in slum settings include the right to water, health, and work which are mainly caused by slums social exclusion from neighboring urban cities.17 Furthermore, the right to education of many slum dwellers is compromised where schools may be out of reach of slums in terms of proximity and/or financial requirements which accompany education.18 The right to food is also very relevant where slum dwellers often lack the finances to have access to adequate food and are therefore often extremely malnourished.19 Finally, slums also affect the right to democracy where slum dwellers are often not registered in governmental archives and are therefore unable to partake in public affairs such as voting.20

3) Complications due to Slums

Slums have several far reaching repercussions which cause problems both internally and externally. Firstly, slums comprise an additional risk on the health of their inhabitants where diseases and outbreaks are more easily transmitted in slums due to their substandard levels of sanitation and overcrowded nature, which is exacerbated by the fact that slums usually lack sufficient health care services.21 The health of slum dwellers is also threatened by preventable diseases where “more than 2.2 million people in developing countries die from preventable diseases associated with lack of access to safe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene”22 every year. Slums also have a prevalence of violence and criminal activity which also tends to affect surrounding cities. Slums are often lacking in terms of law enforcement, policing, and security since governments tend to neglect them, which causes crime to be easier to get away with.23 Furthermore, slums encompass many

15 Lalande, Christophe, et al. “The Human Rights-Based Approach to Housing and .” Human Rights in ​ ​ Cities Handbook Series, UN-Habitat, 2017, ​ www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Housing/InformalSettlements/UNHABITAT_HumanRights-BasedApproch.pdf. ​ 16 Ibid. 17 Ibid. 18 Ibid. 19 Ibid. 20 Ibid. 21 Biau, Daniel, et al. “The Challenge of Slums.” Global Report on Human Settlements, UN-Habitat, 2003, ​ ​ ​ www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Challenge%20of%20Slums.pdf. ​ 22 “Tracking the Improvement in the Lives of Slum Dwellers.” Slum Almanac 2015/2016, UN-Habitat, 2016, ​ ​ www.worldurbancampaign.org/sites/default/files/subsites/resources/Slum%20Almanac%202015-2016%20EN_16.02_we b_0.pdf. ​ 23 Biau, Daniel, et al. “The Challenge of Slums.” Global Report on Human Settlements, UN-Habitat, 2003, ​ ​ ​ www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Challenge%20of%20Slums.pdf. ​ 4 of 12

factors which are usually tied to criminal offences where things like mass unemployment and poverty have been linked to increased crime rates.24 Also, land disputes occasionally occur due to the rarity of land tenure rights which often sparks violence.25

4) Common Countermeasures

Slum removal or Forced evictions are practices where slum dwellers are removed against their will on the basis that their houses were built illegally. For the most part, forced evictions tend to be illegal as they violate multiple human rights, but they are legal in some countries when they are authorised by law.26 Slum relocation on the other hand is the relocation of slum dwellers to new settlements whereby the evictees are given ample notice and are provided with alternative housing which guarantees that their human rights are preserved.27 The third common countermeasure to this issue is slum upgrading, which is the most advocated for from a human rights perspective. Slum upgrading consists of improving the quality of life of slum dwellers by developing the slums by making basic needs available and extending infrastructure to the slums by improving things like sanitation and clean water access to fulfill demands of adequate housing.28

IV. Involved Countries and Organizations

1) UN-Habitat:

UN-Habitat is an United Nations organization that was established in 1978 in order to focus on human settlement and to create and develop more sustainable urban environments. In relation to the topic, the UN-Habitat has managed to aid slum communities by focusing on their deprivation through developing a program called Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme. ​ A few examples of the efforts that were made under this program in order to solve this crisis are: providing clean water access to slums, fixing housing conditions into safer and a higher standard of living, taking sanitation and hygiene measures, and securing land tenure.29 The outcome showed that 800,000 slum dwellers were helped out with improved tenure security, and over 5 million slum dwellers benefited worldwide.

2) Egypt

Egypt is home to 1,100 ghetto territories, 350 of which are in and around .30 Notwithstanding their absence of essential offices, for example, power, running water, and sewage, a considerable lot of those areas are assigned as "dangerous zones". The Informal Settlements

24 Ibid. 25 Ibid. 26 “Forced Evictions.” Human Rights, OHCHR, www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/ForcedEvictions/Pages/Index.aspx. ​ ​ ​ ​ 27 “Forced Evictions.” Issues, Amnesty International UK, May 2020, www.amnesty.org.uk/stop-forced-evictions. ​ ​ ​ ​ 28 Lalande, Christophe, et al. “Alternative Solutions to Forced Evictions and Slum Demolitions.” Human Rights in Cities, ​ ​ UN-Habitat, 2018, unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/documents/2019-05/forced_evictions_final.pdf. 29 “Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme (PSUP): UN-Habitat.” UN, ​ ​ unhabitat.org/topic/participatory-slum-upgrading-programme-psup. 30 Al Arabiya English. “Can Egypt's Slums Be Replaced by 'Safe Zones'?” Al Arabiya English, Al Arabiya English, 20 ​ ​ May 2020, english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2019/03/31/Can-Egypt-s-slums-be-replaced-by-safe-zones-. 5 of 12

Development Fund (ISDF)31 recognizes four degrees of unsafety dependent on the danger they pose to residents. Level one is geographical and ecological components; two, conditions reasonable for building; three, closeness to high-voltage power links and introduction to mechanical contamination; and four, area on state-possessed land.

Rockslides, which fall under level one, are among the most deadly indications of absence of wellbeing in ghetto regions based on mountain edges. They assumed a significant part in inciting the Egyptian government to address the issue of risky zones. With the point of having a slum free Egypt by 2030, the administration dispatched a venture to urbanize ghetto regions that are good for living and clear those that are most certainly not. The activity appears to be encouraging yet a long way from simple, and its prosperity is dependent upon various complex variables. The Egyptian government has been focusing its efforts to resolve the issue by evacuating people that live in slums and relocating them in a more habitable area. The ISDF manager Khaled Seddik stated that 215,000 units have been worked to take in moved occupants and another 80,000 have been finished by the end of 2019. As indicated by Seddik, Port Said will before long be the primary ghetto free city in Egypt following the finishing of the rest of the lodging units, with a primary goal of having a slum free nation by 2030.

3)

Nezo Chalco Itza, located in Mexico, is the world's largest slum with about 4 million people living in it.32 The residents of this slum account form nearly 10% of the total population of .33 The major issue with Mexico is that Mexicans approach Mexico city thinking that they will find a better life and a chance for legal employment. However, they later find out that the reality is that people live in slums and barely make any money from mostly working without papers. This action contributes to the greater issue, which is that the rich become richer and the poor become poorer. Hence, and because of the living conditions that are found in these slums, crime, harassment, and child abuse rates have and will remain to increase in these areas where the government does not reach. Even worse, these areas have become the mainland for cartels drug businesses where the lack of security is abused and people living in slums are used to finish the dirty jobs for an amount of money that might be greater than all what they have taken since moving into the slums. The presence of slums is also causing educational failure and has greatly affected the peoples’ health in a negative way due to the lack of hygiene, and the absence of any medical facilities in these areas.34

./www.isdf.gov.eg ,ﺻﻨﺪوق ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ 31 32 Project, Borgen. “5 Key Facts About Mexican Slums and Conditions in Mexico City.” The Borgen Project, Borgen ​ ​ Project Https://Borgenproject.org/Wp-Content/Uploads/The_Borgen_Project_Logo_small.Jpg, 29 Apr. 2020, borgenproject.org/about-mexican-slums/. 33Ibid. 34 “List of Slums.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Aug. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_slums. ​ ​ 6 of 12

V. Important Events & Chronology

Date Event (Day/Month/Year) December 10, 1948 UDHR sets out human rights including that of adequate housing.35 The UN Human Settlements Programme is mandated by the UN 1978 General Assembly to work towards a better urban future.36 2008 UN-Habitat launches its Participatory Slum Upgrading Program.37 MDG Target 7.D to improve the lives of 100 million slum January 1, 2016 dwellers achieved.38

VI. Past Resolutions and Treaties

Resolution 2011/21- Human settlement

This resolution was implemented in the ecosoc council in 2011 where it encourages the inclusion, where appropriate, of sustainable urbanization, including urban ​ poverty reduction, slum upgrading, and the relocation of those who live in slums to better areas that have better living conditions which include better housing, cleaner water, and a chance for legal employment.

A/RES/71/256-New Urban Agenda

This resolution was adopted by the General Assembly on the 23rd of December of 2016 and it proposes a new agenda for urban development. This resolution had tackled this issue from a sustainable perspective promoting sustainable urban development that is more inclusive and is aimed at working towards a more environmentally conscious and better urban future.

VII. Failed Solution Attempts

The Dharavi urbanization program was created to reshape the lives of half a million people in India. It was supposed to relocate these people to a place with better living conditions like safe houses, clean water, and a chance for legal employment.39 The main issue with this program was that when the government started relocating these people to their new homes, the cost for living in these places proved to simply be too much. So, what they did was they started leasing their homes illegally

35 Lalande, Christophe, et al. “The Human Rights-Based Approach to Housing and Slum Upgrading.” Human Rights in ​ ​ Cities Handbook Series, UN-Habitat, 2017, ​ www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Housing/InformalSettlements/UNHABITAT_HumanRights-BasedApproch.pdf. ​ 36 “Learn More about Us: UN-Habitat.” UN, unhabitat.org/about-us/learn-more. ​ ​ 37 “Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme (PSUP): UN-Habitat.” UN, ​ ​ unhabitat.org/topic/participatory-slum-upgrading-programme-psup. 38 “Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability.” United Nations Millennium Development Goals, United Nations, ​ ​ www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml. ​ 39 Livemint. “Opinion: India's Failure to Address Its Urban Slum Problem.” Mint, 22 Oct. 2018, ​ ​ www.livemint.com/Opinion/AhwjNLTtMS8GK7i1RBqnSI/Opinion--Indias-failure-to-address-its-urban-slum-problem.ht ml. 7 of 12

to make money and actually returned to living in the slums, because in their new homes, they do not have any source of income whatsoever, unlike when they were in the slums.40

The MDGs also had a target of improving the lives of 100 million slum dwellers which although was achieved it was counterbalanced by an increase of over 100 million slum dwellers in the same time frame.

There were also numerous initiatives taken by the voluntary sector around the world which did help in terms of specific cases of slum dwellers but seemed to fail in sparking real strong change on the national or global level.41 That is because such initiatives, especially when not supported by the government, just fail to make strong change due to the limitation of their scope since they are working against pre existing systems which are not compatible with neglected settlements.42

VIII. Possible Solutions

● Delegates may suggest ways to spread awareness regarding the issue via social media, billboards, news media outlets, etc.

● Delegates may come up with NGOs financed mainly by donations that help solve the issue of slums by building areas that provide any person's basic need like clean water, food, and proper shelter.

● Delegates may suggest that schools are to teach students about the basic human rights and the importance and essence of shelter, water, and food as basic needs and not luxuries.

● Enabling slum dwellers to earn land tenure rights to provide them with legal protection from threats such as forced evictions.

● Establishing a system of digital land registry where slums are recognised to counter occurrences such as land disputes.

● Imposing safety within slums by deploying security forces and/or imposing due process and holding legal offenders within slums accountable.

● Cooperation between the public, private, and voluntary sectors to aid with helping slum dwellers using countermeasures such as slum upgrading and slum relocation.

● Minimizing social exclusion of slum dwellers by integrating them into urban settlements and lifestyles enabling them to contribute towards socio-economic advancement.

● Promoting and participating in the UN-Habitat Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme (PSUP).

40 Ibid. 41 Biau, Daniel, et al. “The Challenge of Slums.” Global Report on Human Settlements, UN-Habitat, 2003, ​ ​ ​ www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Challenge%20of%20Slums.pdf. ​ 42 Biau, Daniel, et al. “The Challenge of Slums.” Global Report on Human Settlements, UN-Habitat, 2003, ​ ​ ​ www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Challenge%20of%20Slums.pdf. ​ 8 of 12

● Developing and extending infrastructure systems to include slums on the outskirts of urban cities.

● Passing legislation which protects slum dwellers from discriminatory and derogatory attitudes especially when it comes to concepts such as employment.

IX. Guiding Questions

● Are slums a major problem in your country? If yes, what is your government doing about it?

● Has your nation co sponsored any resolution regarding this issue?

● Does your nation have any associations or organizations that are solely responsible for solving the issue?

● What is the percentage of the people living in slums in your nation? What can be done to help them?

X. Useful Links

● “List of Slums.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Aug. 2020, ​ ​ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_slums. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_slums

This is a link that has information about nearly all the nations with large amounts of slums. It can help you understand what's going on in your delegation.

● https://www.worldurbancampaign.org/sites/default/files/subsites/resources/Slum%20Almanac%2 02015-2016%20EN_16.02_web_0.pdf

This is a link to a document containing many case studies on slums in different countries which can be useful for specific research about a delegates specific country.

● https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/what-we-do/slum-rehabilitation/what-is-a-slum/

This link contains interesting statistics about slums worldwide as well as a detailed dive on what are slums.

● https://www.amnesty.org.uk/stop-forced-evictions

This link outlines the main ideas behind forced evictions and their legality and differentiates between forced evictions and legal slum relocations.

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XI. Works Cited

Al Arabiya English. “Can Egypt's Slums Be Replaced by 'Safe Zones'?” Al Arabiya English, Al ​ ​ Arabiya English, 20 May 2020,

english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2019/03/31/Can-Egypt-s-slums-be-replaced-by-safe-zones-.

Biau, Daniel, et al. “The Challenge of Slums.” Global Report on Human Settlements, UN-Habitat, ​ ​ 2003, www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Challenge%20of%20Slums.pdf. ​ ​

“Forced Evictions.” Issues, Amnesty International UK, May 2020, ​ ​ www.amnesty.org.uk/stop-forced-evictions. ​

“Forced Evictions.” Human Rights, OHCHR, ​ ​ www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/ForcedEvictions/Pages/Index.aspx. ​

“Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability.” United Nations Millennium Development Goals, ​ ​ United Nations, www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml. ​ ​

Lalande, Christophe, et al. “Alternative Solutions to Forced Evictions and Slum Demolitions.”

Human Rights in Cities, UN-Habitat, 2018, ​ unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/documents/2019-05/forced_evictions_final.pdf.

Lalande, Christophe, et al. “The Human Rights-Based Approach to Housing and Slum Upgrading.”

Human Rights in Cities Handbook Series, UN-Habitat, 2017, ​ www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Housing/InformalSettlements/UNHABITAT_HumanRights-

BasedApproch.pdf. ​

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“List of Slums.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Aug. 2020, ​ ​ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_slums.

Livemint. “Opinion: India's Failure to Address Its Urban Slum Problem.” Mint, 22 Oct. 2018, ​ ​ www.livemint.com/Opinion/AhwjNLTtMS8GK7i1RBqnSI/Opinion--Indias-failure-to-address-

its-urban-slum-problem.html.

Mazarro, Alejandro De Castro. Slums. Disassembling the Concept. SciELO, Apr. 2018, ​ ​ scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-69962018000100080&lng=en&nrm

=iso&tlng=en.

Project, Borgen. “5 Key Facts About Mexican Slums and Conditions in Mexico City.” The Borgen ​ Project, Borgen Project ​ Https://Borgenproject.org/Wp-Content/Uploads/The_Borgen_Project_Logo_small.Jpg, 29 Apr.

2020, borgenproject.org/about-mexican-slums/.

“Urbanisation and the Rise of Slum Housing.” Habitat for Humanity GB, 18 Sept. 2018, ​ ​ www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/blog/2018/09/urbanisation-slum-housing/. ​

./www.isdf.gov.eg ,ﺻﻨﺪوق ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ​

Written by Rosamond Hutt, Senior Writer. “These Are the World's Five Biggest Slums.” World ​ Economic Forum, ​ www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/these-are-the-worlds-five-biggest-slums/.

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