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Positive Action in the Field of Equality Between Women and Men (Eg-S-Pa)

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Positive Action in the Field of Equality Between Women and Men (Eg-S-Pa) EG-S-PA (2000) 7 POSITIVE ACTION IN THE FIELD OF EQUALITY BETWEEN WOMEN AND MEN EG-S-PA (2000) 7 POSITIVE ACTION IN THE FIELD OF EQUALITY BETWEEN WOMEN AND MEN FINAL REPORT OF ACTIVITIES OF THE GROUP OF SPECIALISTS ON POSITIVE ACTION IN THE FIELD OF EQUALITY BETWEEN WOMEN AND MEN (EG-S-PA) Strasbourg, 2000 THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE The Council of Europe is a political organisation which was founded on 5 May 1949 by ten European countries in order to promote greater unity between its members. It now numbers 41 European states.1 The main aims of the Organisation are to promote democracy, human rights and the rule of law, and to develop common responses to political, social, cultural and legal challenges in its member states. Since 1989 it has integrated most of the countries of central and eastern Europe and supported them in their efforts to implement and consolidate their political, legal and administrative reforms. The Council of Europe has its permanent headquarters in Strasbourg (France). By Statute, it has two constituent organs: the Committee of Ministers, composed of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the 41 member states, and the Parliamentary Assembly, comprising delegations from the 41 national parliaments. The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe represents the entities of local and regional self-government within the member states. The European Court of Human Rights is the judicial body competent to adjudicate complaints brought against a state by individuals, associations or other contracting states on grounds of violation of the European Convention on Human Rights. The Council of Europe and equality between women and men The consideration of equality between women and men, seen as a fundamental human right, is the responsibility of the Steering Committee for Equality between Women and Men (CDEG). The experts who form the Committee (one from each member State) are entrusted with the task of stimulating action at the national level, as well as within the Council of Europe, to achieve effective equality between women and men. To this end, the CDEG carries out analyses, studies and evaluations, defines strategies and political measures, and, where necessary, frames the appropriate legal instruments. For further information on activities concerning equality between women and men, contact: Division Equality between Women and Men Directorate General of Human Rights Council of Europe 67075 STRASBOURG CEDEX Tel: +33 3 88 41 23 39 Fax: +33 3 90 21 49 18 1 Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom. CONTENTS FOREWORD..............................................................................................................................................5 I. THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................6 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................6 2. Description of legal background .........................................................................................10 i. The United Nations............................................................................................................10 a) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women ....................................................................................10 b) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ..................................................11 c) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights .............................12 The International Labour Organisation..............................................................................13 a) Convention No. 111 ......................................................................................................13 b) Convention No. 100 ......................................................................................................14 c) Declaration on Equality of Opportunity and Treatment for all Women Workers ......................................................................................................14 ii. The Council of Europe.......................................................................................................15 a) European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR)..................................................................................15 b) Future developments regarding the ECHR ..................................................................16 c) European Social Charter..............................................................................................16 d) Recommendation No. R (85) 2 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on legal protection against sex discrimination ................................18 e) Framework Convention for the protection of national minorities................................19 iii. The European Union..........................................................................................................20 a) The situation before the Treaty of Amsterdam..............................................................20 b) The Treaty of Amsterdam .............................................................................................20 c) The Directives...............................................................................................................22 d) Council Recommendation on the promotion of positive action for women.............................................................................................24 II. POSITIVE ACTION IN THE LABOUR MARKET, TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS .............................................................................................................26 1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................26 2. Definitions and examples......................................................................................................27 i. Protective measures ...........................................................................................................27 ii. Genuine occupational qualifications..................................................................................34 iii. Positive measures to promote equality ..............................................................................37 a) Measures implying obligation of results.......................................................................38 3 b) Supportive measures and incentives to promote equality between women and men ..............................................................................................50 c) Measures implying procedures (compulsory or voluntary)..........................................58 3. Who are the actors and what are their tools? ...................................................................66 i. International organisations.................................................................................................66 ii. The State............................................................................................................................69 iii. Local authorities ................................................................................................................70 iv. The social partners.............................................................................................................70 v. The employer.....................................................................................................................72 4. Monitoring positive action ...................................................................................................74 III. DECISION-MAKING .....................................................................................................................76 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................76 2. The political field...................................................................................................................80 i. Compatibility between positive action and constitutional rules regarding free elections......................................................................................................80 ii. Different levels ..................................................................................................................82 a) The international level..................................................................................................80 b) The European level.......................................................................................................82 c) The national level .........................................................................................................83 d) The local level...............................................................................................................85 iii. Different procedures ..........................................................................................................87
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