PEKI 50 I Decembcr 15, 1978

lt Mistahes Must Be Corrested 4. Wheneyer DiscoYered A New Hanoi Hoax -{L PEKING Vol. 21, No fll December 15,l$ta REVIEW Published in English, French, Spanish, Japanese, German, Arabic and ilL 4 [4.fu Portuguese editions BEIJINC ZHOUBAO CONTE NTS

THE WEEK President Bongo in Peking Chino Supports Kompucheon Struggle Agoinst Aggression A Heovy Blow to Soviet-Vietnomese Hegemonism Premier Huo Greets Mosoyoshi Ohiro Annuol Torgets Met Aheod of Schedule Foreign Trode lncreoses Chino Signs Agreements With Fronce ond Sweden Agreements Between Ch,inese ond British Bonks

ARTICLES AND DOCUMENTS Mistokes Must Be Corrected Whenever Discovered 7 Historicol Lessons in Redressing Folse Chorges 10 Chinese Press Survey: . Study Anew Stolin's Two Articles 12 Deputy Provinciol Porty Secretory Under Fire 13 Szechuon Todoy (lll): Biogos: An lnexhoustible Energy Resource-Our Corres- pondent Chou Chin 15 Explonotory Notes to Volume V of "selected Works of Moo Tsetung" (26) 18 New Honoi Hoor 21 Soviet-Vietnomese Treoty: An Allionce of Aggression 22 Worsow Poct Moscow Meeting: Kremlin's.Highhondedness 25 Cubo: From Economic Dependence to Politicol Submission 26

ROUND THE WORTD 29 Eritreon Guerrillos: Soviet Novol Bombordment U.S.S.R.-Afghoniston: Militory Co-operotion Joponr New Cobinet Formed ,U.S.A.: The People's Temple Trogedy

ON THE HOME FRONT 31 People's Procurotorotes Re-Estoblished Tientsin's New lndustriol Projects Worehousemon, Speciql Grode

Published every Fridoy by PEKING REVIEW, Peking (37), Chino Post Office Registrotion 2-92. ' No. Printed in the People'5 Republic of Chino \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ TH E WE E K

Presidenl Bongo in Peking iriews. He expressed the hope defeat Vietnamese aggression that existing ceoperation be- and win final victory." El Hadj Omar Bongo, Presi- tween the two countries would Republic of Gabon, continue to develop. dent of the lleauy Blou to $ouiet- paid an official visit to China I from December 4 to 6. This is Uielnamese llegemonism to this country. Ghina Supports f,ampuchean his fourth trip Chairman Yeh Chien-ying of Hua Kuo-feng, Chairman of $truggle Against the Standing Committee of the the Central Committee of the lggression National People's Congress, in Communist Party of China and his speech at the December 7 Premier of the State Council, Yeh Chien-ying, Chairman of meeting of the N.P.C. Standing pre- met and had a cordial and the Standing Committee of the Committee over which he friendly talk with President National People's Congress, sent sided, said that the Chinese Party and Government Delega- Bongo. Vice-Premier Teng a letter of reply on December 5 tion with Vice-Chairman Wang Hsiao-ping went to the Guest to Khieu Samphan, President of House to see him. The Vice- the Presidium of the State of Tung-hsing as the leader and Vice-Premier Chiu-li as its Premier had met the President Democratic Kampuchea, €X- Yu deputy leader Democrat- in 1974 when they were attend- pressing firm support for the visited ic I(ampuchea at when ing a U.N. special session, and Kampuchean people's jttst strug- a time Vietnamese expansionists that meeting resulted in the es- gle against aggression by the the were preparing for another tablishment of diplomatic rela- Vietnamese expansionists. The massive invasion of that coun- tions between the two countries. letter reads: try following the conclusion of At the banquet given by the "I have received your letter of the "friendship and co-opera- State Council in honour of Pres- November 24, L9{8. The Kam- tion treaty" betwOen the Soviet ident Bongo, Vice-Premier Li puchean people's struggle in Union and Viet Nam. Ttre dele- Hsien-nien spoke highly of the defence of their country's in- gation reiterated the Chinese development of friendly rela- dependence, sovereignty, ter- people's firm support for the tions and co-operation between Kampuchean people their ritorial integrity and national in China and the African ooun- just struggle against the Soviet- dignity is a righteous struggle. tries in recent years. Increasing Vietnamese hegemonists. The contact between China and The Chinese Government and visit further enhanced the Africa, he said, is conducive to people fully support the solemn revolutionary friendship and the strengthening of friendly and just ,position you have stat- militant unity between the two relations between the peoples of ed in the letter on behalf of the Parties, countries and peoples China and Africa and to the Government of Dem-ocratic of China and Kampuchea. cause of the people of the world Kampuchea and firmly support in their united struggle against Chairman Yeh went on to the Kampuchean people in their hegemonism and in defending discuss the significance of Vice- just aggression t:' struggle against Premier Teng Hsiao-ping's visit Peace. i ,,i qxpansion- by the Vietnamese to Thailand, Malaysia and Sin- President Bongo pointed out in ists. Your struggle has won and gapore. On his way home, Vice- his speech there exist the that is winning increasingly. wide Premier Teng held talks with most friendly and most fruitful sympathy and suplrcrt among Burmese President U Ne Win relations between Gabon and the people all over the world. in Rangoon. ' China in the economic, scientific, We are convinced that un- pol.itical and diplomatic fields. der the leadership of the Com- Chairman Yeh stressed that Such good relations, he said, munist Party of Kampuchea, the visits by Vice-Premier Teng stem from their many common the Kampuchean people will Hsiao-ping and Vice-Chairman

Decernber 15, 1978 Wang Tung-hsing were a heavY staunch revolutionary army, realization of the normalization blow to the Soviet-Vietnamese such a heroic people temper- of diplomatic relations between hegemonists, and were of great ed in the war and the China and Japan and to the de- importance to the expansion of correct leadership by the Party velopment'. of the relations be- the united front against hege- Central Cornmittee headed by tween the two countries. The monism and the defence of Comrade Pol Pot, the Kampu- Sino-Japanase Peace and peace and security in Southeast chean people will certainly win Friendship Treaty, which was Asia and the rest of Asia. final victory even though they signed on the basis of the China- have to fight a fierce, protract- Japan joint statement, has open- Vice-Premier Yu ChiuJi ed and arduous'war against ed up broad vistas for the fur- made a report at the meeting. Soviet-Vietnamese aggression. ther consolidation and develop- He said that during its visit to ment of the friendship and co- Democratic Kampuchea, the Fpreign Minister Huang Hua operation between the two Chinese Party and Government said in his report at the meet- countries. May the two govern- Delegation had tatks with the ing that Vice-Premier Teng ments join their efforts in mak- Kampuchean side, reaching Hsiao-ping's recent visit to ing new contributions to the unanimity on all the questions Thailand, Malaysia and Singa- steady development of the re- discussed. pore has. inc eased mutual lations between China and understanding and co-operation The Communist Party of Japan and to the maintenance between China and the three Kampuchea is a staunch Marx- of peace and stability in Asia, countries, strengthened China's ist-Leninist Party, Vice-Pre- the Pacific region and the relations with the ASEAN mier Yu said. With powerful world." countries and dealt a heavy support from the Soviet revi- blow to the Soviet Union and sionists, the Vietnamese expan- Viet Nam which were stepping sionists are now carrying out lnnual largets tet Ahead up their collusion in their infil- rabid armed aggression and $chedule and South- 0l subversive activities against tration expansion in east Asia and trying to sow Kampuchea. The Communist CoaI. China has produced 550 discord between China and the Party of Kampuchea, from the million tons of coa1, therebY Southeast Asian countries. The central down to the local levels, fulfilling this year's state Plan visit, he added, has broadened is determined to fight a war of 34 days ahead of schedule. This the united front against hege- resistance to the finish, Confi- is 50 million tons more than in mony and boosted the struggle dent of victory, it has made 1977 - At present, coal-miners in the region. preparations in every field for a are working hard so as to Pro- protracted struggle. duce 600 million tons for this Premier llua Greels :. year. The Vice-Piemier went on to ilasayoshi 0hira say: The Communist Party of been marked Premier Hua Kuefeng on There has Kampuchea has matured in improvement in qualitY and December 7 sent a message to struggle. The Kampuchean mechanization coal mining Masayoshi Ohira, congratulat- in f Revolutionary Army has rich year higher than last him his assumption of this is i experience in fighting and great ing on the office of Japanese Prime Year' combat strength. The Kampu- ! Minister. The message reads in chean people owe their victory Chemical Fertilizer. The chem- i part: entirely to their own struggle. ical fertilizer industry met j We are conyinced that, with "Your Excellency has made this year's production plan 33 such a good Party, such a outstanding contributions to the days ahead of schedule. BY

4 Peking Reoiero, No. 50 November 28, output had compared with last year. The schedule. By the end of Novem- reached 44 million tons. It is nation's .. .cement industry ber, import and export volume expected that at'the end of the reached the. yearly target of 54 was 39 per cent over the same year total output will reach 48 million tons 49 days ahead of 1977 period and 20 per cent ncrillions, or 10 million tons time. higher than Last year's annual more than 1977. Rail Freight. The railways ful- figure. Of the seven large plants filled the 1978 freight plan 33 The developrnent of the na- equipped with imported ma- days ahead of schedule" The tional economy has provided an chinery, three Taching amourit of freight in the first abundance of products of high - the Chemical Fertilizer Works, the 11 months was 6.5 per cent quality and better packing for Szechuan Chemical Works and higher than the whole of l9?7; export. To meet the demands the No. 2 Chemical Fertilizer Transport 'of major materials of foreign markets, the produc- Plant of the Shengli General like coal, steel and oil had also tion of some commodities is Petrochemical Works in Shan- overfilled the anntral plan. based on the amount of sales. tung have reached or exceed- - Sea Freight. The sea ports met A national conferehce on for- ed their designed capacity of their 1978 plan 37 days in eign trade was convened in Pe- 300,000 tons of synthetic amr.o- advance, having handled 250 king in mid-November. nia a year. million tons of cargo. The In its December 4 editorial Shanghai harbour, which han- Construction Materials. China Renrnin Ribao called for a big dles 40 per cent of the national has fulfilled its 1978 production boost in foreign trade so as to total, has overfulfilled its target plans for 14 major building accomplish the four moderniza- each day. materials one or two months tions at an early date. China's ahead of time. These include export, the editorial said, now Foreign Trade lncreases cement, plate glass ;.;j** only accounts for six-thou- tos. Eleven products upped China met its 1978 foreign sandths of the world's total. output more than 15 per cent, trade plan one month ahead of This, it declared, is incongruous

Left: Coal from Yenchow in Shantung Province for other parts of the country. Right: A workshop of ihe Wuhan IroD atrd Steel Company whlch bas fulfilled iis annual pro- duction plan ahead of time.

December 15, 1978 with China's international Public opinion in France and exporters of capital goods and status. other Western countries also associated services to finance "Agreemenls attached great importance to their trade with China. firese Ghina Signs the agreement. are the first inter-bank facili- Uith France and Sweden The agreement signed by the ties of their kind concluded with the Bank of China, sup- Sino-French Agreement. Th:e foreign trade ministers of the ported in- Chinese and French Govern- two countries points out that by an official credit surance organization. ments on December 4 signed a the two governments will do seven-year agreement on devel- everything possible to create Welcoming the signing of oping economic relations and the best conditions for the these agreements, MrY John co-operation. According to the strengthening of economic rela- Smith, British Secretary of agreement, the total volume of tions and co-operation between State for Trade, said: "The way trade between the two countries the two countries, and promote is now clear for a big.increase for this period will tot up to the rapid growth of bilateral in our trade with China and one 60,000 million francs. exchanges. The agreement stip- that will be of advantage both ulates that extensive co-opera- Vice-Premier Teng Hsiao- to. British exporters and to tion and exchanges will be con- ping attended the signing cere- China's programme to modern- ducted in the spheres of agri- mony. He said that the agree- ize and re-equip her industries. culture, animal husbandry, ment signified a good beginning I know that British exporter:s energy resources, mining, iron of co-operation between China are already actively pursuing a and steel, aviation, space tech- France. Trade relations numb,er of export opportunities and nology and machine building. between them, he went on to in China. I hope that the fi- say, must be developed on the Sino-Swedish Agreement. The nancing arrangements today basis of mutual benefit and Chinese and Swedish Govern- with the Bank of China will trust, for this is the way for menis on December 5 signed a smooth the way and encourage such relations to last. He added ten-year agreement on co-op- other exporters to follow." that there are broad prospects eration in industry, science and for many-sided co-operation be- technology. [N TIIE NEtr'S tween the two countries. Vice-Premier Kang Shih+n o Vice-Premier Teng Hsiao- In answering questions raised attended the signing ceremony. ping on December 6 met with by French correspondents, Vice- He said that on the basis of this Moudud Ahmed, Bangladesh Premier Teng said that China agreement China and Sweden Minister of Posts, Telegraphs had decided to buy from France wiII co-operate on a still more and Telephones, and the delega- equipment for two nuclear extensive scale in industry tion of posts, telegraphs and power stations. science and technology. telephones he led. French President Valery Gis- lgreements Between Ghinese card d'Estai.ng pointed out at o When meeting with the U.S. the December 6 cabinet meet- lnd British Banks Congressional Delegation on agreement a December 6, Vice-Premier Keng ing that the "has Agreements between the positive French Piao pointed out that the nor- very result." Bank of China and banks of the Minister malization of relations between Prime Raymond Barre United Kingdom for seven sep- China and the United States is said on December 4 that the arate "deposit facilities" total- the common aspiration of their agreement "has not only eco- ling 1,200 million U.S. dollars nomic also political signifi- peoples. Increasing contact be- but were signed in London on De- canee." In replying to questions tween the peoples, Vice-Premier cember 6. This was announced newsmen, French Keng will from the by Britain's Export Credits went on to sy, Prime Minister pointed deepen mutual out that Guarantee Department (E.C.G. further their the agreement posi- understanding friendship, "has very D.) in London. and tive medium and long-term ele- and help the normalization of ments." He expressed the hope The announcement said that relations between both coun- that "it is just the first stage." these deposits will enable U.K. tries at an early date.

6 Peking Reoiew, No. 50 Mistalres Must Be Corrected ItUhenever Discovered lIlrrMilrrilllllItllllllIIIIltttItiluurllllililMIllItilllllIlrlllllrlllilIrrrtlrrrIlllIIIIII

The crux matter whether one is able ETOLLOWING the downfall of the anti-Party of the is r Wang-Chang-Chiang-Yao "gang of four," and has the courage to seek truth from facts. the Party Central Committee headed by Chair- The principle formulated by Chairman Mao man Hua has repeatedly stressed the need to energetically carry out the Party's policy te that "counter-revolutionaries must be eliminat- ed wherever found, mistakes must Lre corrected wards cadres. A major.issue in this respect is whenever discovered" is one of seeking truth to redress cases in which people have been from facts. Chairman Mao taught us that we wronged, misjudged or framed. must neither regard the enemy as our own peo- Taking the Party as a whole, much work ple nor magnify contradictions between our- has been done in this respect over the past two selves and the enemy to such an extent as to years and a number of such cases have been include in them cdrtain contradictions among redressed. Many comrades who were wantonly the people and regard as counter-revolutionaries persecuted by Lin Piao and the "gang of four" persons who are actually not. have had their wrongs redressed and have been Out of their need to usurp the Party and rehabilitated, and quite a number of veteran state leadership, Lin Piao and the of four" cadres who had for a long time to "st6p aside" "gang incited people and over- [ave taken up new posts. There have been to "suspect everything gleat achievements in this work, and this has throw everything." They worked out a counter- produced favourable results throughout the revolutionary political programme declaring that country, giving impetus to various fields of "veteran cadres are democrats and democrats endeavour.. This must be fully affirmed. l are capitalist-roaders," thereby deliberately making a mess of the relationship between our- But progress in redressing these cases is selves and the enemy and trampling underfoot very uneven. in some places the work leaves the Party's principle of seeking truth from facts much 1o be desired, and in others there is much by pra,ctising idealism-and metaphysics. In this shilly-shallying; in many places only -ordinary cases people cases have been handled while some cases which way they concocted many in which were misjudged framed false have significant influence but .ha.ve not been .wronged, or on frame someone, dealt with for many years remain unsettled to charges. When they wanted to this day. they didn't bother about facts but fabricated charges; in some cases, by simply saying "I think you're a bad fellow" they could pass Seeking Truth From Focts the decision that someone was a turncoat, an enemy agent, a spy, a traitor, a counter-revolu- Why is it that in some places the work of tionary or a capitalist-roader. Their cohorts redressing these wrongs has been well handled even openly said: In ferreting out counter- and in some places progress is not satisfactory? revolutionaries, even if we should wrong 99

December 15, 1978 persons out of 100, we would still consider it a As the struggle to expose and criticize the great achievement if we succeed in uncovering "gang of four" develops in depth, the facts have one counter-revolutionary. become increasingly clear. Shouldn't this false report be invalidated so as to rehabilitate those the when At time Lin Piao and the "gang comrades unjustly charged by Chih Chun and abused power of four" the they had sbized to others in the report? Some refused to revefse serve, own ends, their thonsands upon thou- the verdict in the name of "upholding the ban- good good sands of and very cadras, especially ner of Chairman Mao." With the approval of leading cadres at all levels from the central the Party cbmnlittee at a, higher level, the re- authorities down who had long been following organized Party committee of Tsinghua Uni- Chairman Mao in the revolutionary struggle as versity explicitly declared that all those who well as cadres who were the mainstay on various were wronged on false charges in that report fronts, were brutally attacked and persecuted. are to be rehabilitated without exception. In wronged Many were and were not allowed to so doing, they have adhered to Chairman Mao's defend themselves. principle that "mistakes must be corrected Our work to redress these cases has won whenever discovered" and have thus defended the hearts of the peoptre. and upheld the banner of Chairman Mao. It is quite certain that if Chairman Mao Bosed on Focts were still alive, he himself would have correct- ed when he had found that the contents t'aets constitute the main basis for judging it out this document were false. Now Chairman whether a cadre is dealt with correctly. of Mao is no longer with us, so when we di;scover However, some claim that a case which has that this document is wrong and still do nothing been reeorded in a document, commented on or to correct the mistakes and do not give those approved by top-ranking leaders cannot be re- comrades wronged by Chih Chun and others a dressed even if it is proved to be false. This is chance to defend themselves and speak out their wrong because it ignores facts and believes only grievances, certainly we are not defending the in documents on file. Documents, too, must be banner of Chairman Mao but are doing jwt the tested in practice. Any document which does opposite. not tally with facts can be revised or. overruled through legitimate organizational procedure. As a matter of fact, Chairman Mao himself had during the Cultural Revolution corrected a leading comrades and As to examining number of cases fabricated by Lin Piao and the giving directives regarding a Case, generally "gang of four" and those wrong cases resutrting speaking, they are doing it on behalf of an or- from their interference and sabotage. The re- ganization at a certain level. If their opinion on a case is found to be wrong, no matter who marks written by Chairman Mao on May 1?, Ho they are, the organization at the same level has 19?5 on a report concerning the case of every right.to correct it. This is in confotmity Cheng and Fu Lien-chang, former Vice-Minis- with the Party Constitution ,and the Party's ters of Public Health,, are an outstanding exam- inno- principle, of democratic centralism. ple. Chairman Mao wrote: "Ho Cheng is cent. Of course he should be given work. All the Chih Chun and other henchmen of the slanders and false charges [heaped on him] in "gang of four" in Tsinghua University had at- the past should be oVerturned." "Fu Lien- tacked and persecuted many cadres and intel- chang died as a result of persecution. His lectuals there. To legitimatize this criminal act wrongs should be redressed at once. Ho Cheng of theirs, they told lies and in January 1969 has luckily survived, but Fu is in the dust. concocted a report entitled "Firmly Implement Alps." Here Chairman Mao put forward the .the Policy of 'Re-educating' Intellectuals and correct principle for dealing with eases in which 'Giving Them a Way Out."' Ttrat report was people are wronged, namely, "all the slanders approved by Chairman Mao and the Party Cen- and false charges in the past" should be tral Committee for circulation. overturned."

8 Pektng Reuieut, No. 50 flh fact that Chairman Mao himself attend- mittee decided to remove the de.signation of ed ttstp memorial meeting for former Vice- Rightist from the last group of them. At the Pren#tlr Comrade Chen Yi was a demonstration same time, it was decided that those who ac- of hi$Strong disapproval of the calumnies heap- tually were not Rightists but were mistaken ed orrthim by Lin Piao and the gang. Chairman for Rightists, must be rehabilitated even though Mao l*ad on many occasions given instructions 21 years have passed. Thus the Party Central that"Bomrade Ho Lung be r'ehabilitated. And it Committee headed by Chairman Hua has set was Chairman Mao who personally approved us another example of seeking truth from facts. the rchabilitation of ranking olfi"".r of the Lib eratidr Army Comrades Yang Cheng-wu, Yu Some people think that to redress the wrong Li-chin and Fu Chung-pi. cases in the Cultural Revolution is to negate its achievements, and to reverse the wrong cases All this shows that Chairman Mao, in res- in the past political movements is to negate the olutely carrying out the principle thal "mis- achievements of these movements. This is takes must be corrected whenever discovered," entirely wrong. It must be noted that the main had set a fine example for us in seeking truth current in the past political movements led by from' facts. the Party Central Committee headed by Chair- man Mao was good, but there were also some All U\lrong Coses Must Be Corrected wrong cases in certain movements mainly owing to the interference by erroneous lines. If we In reversing the wrong cases, we mean, at refuse to face the facts and correct these mis- present, all the cases fabricated by Lin Piao and takes, we would be doing a disservice to the the "gang of four" or resulting from the inter- past political movements and that would mean fer€nce and sabotage of their erroneous line, we are not protecting the achievements made cases in which the people have been wronged, under the guidance of Chairman Ma,o's revolu- misjudged or framed on falsi charges. What tionary line but are leaving the evil conse- about those earlier wrong cases? guences of the erroneous lines untouched.

Let us see what Chairman Mao said in 1962 We must be aware and.admit that, owing at an enlarged working conference. convened to the existence of classes and class struggle by the Party Central Committee. "There were and the interference of erroneous lines, there cases where we too handled some cadres in- is the likelihood of wrong cases. They may also correctly," he pointed out, "and no matter be caused b5r the discrepancy between man?s whether their handling was completely incorrect subjective knowledge and objective reality and or only partially so, after re-examination they by some people having this or that weakness should be rehabilitated according to the merits in their way of thinking and style of work, such of each case." Counter-revolutionaries must be as subjeetiveness, one-sidedness, carelessness, eliminated wherever found, mistakes must be listening to and believing only in certain peo- corrected whenever discovered ple's opinions and allowing emotion to sway - this is our Party's consistent policy. Therefore, all cases judgment. We must uphold the principle in which people have been wronged, misjudged that "mistakes must be corrected whenever or framed, irrespective of the time of these discovered," no matter under what circums- cases, must all be redressed once they are found tances these wrong cases took place. To do so to be wrong. only shows that our Party is impartial and self- less, open and aboveboard, and thoroughly Recently, in view of the fact that after long materialist. This is also a manifestation of our years of education and remoulding most of the Party's strength. Rightists (who attacked the Party and socialism, in 1957) have changed and given a good ac- (Ercerpts from an article bg ,,Renrnin count of themselves, the Party Central Com- Ribao" Commentator, Nouember lS)

Deceraber L5, 1978 H istorical Lessons IN Redressing False Charges

XPOSING and repudiating Lin Piao and the secuted on false charges, including old Bolshe- "gang of four" includes, as an important viks and senior cadres who had been tesied in aspect, rehabilitating victims to their false the long years of revolution. That is to say, charges, frame-ups and wrong decisions. This while counter-revolutionarie.s wdre duly punish- work, carried out according to the principles ed, many innocent people were wronged bdLause and policies of the Party Central Committee, of false charges or frame-ups; hence se,dbus involves a serious political task of clearing up losses were incurred. Stalin and the Central what has been confounded and setting things Committee of the C.P.S.U. (B.) perceived' this right. Whether we can do this well concerns at that time. On this account, the Plenary whether we can win complete victory in this big Session of the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U. political revolution, and it will exert a far-reach- (El.) held in January 1938 passed a special res- ing influence on the future historical develop- olution which said that in the course of purging ment of our Party and state. In this respect, and suppressing counter-revolutionaries, serious the historical lesson of the Soviet Union merits mistakes and deviations occurred. Party organ- our attention. izations at all levels were enjoined to punish according to Party discipline anyone who had In the 1930s, mainly up to 193?, mammoth slandered Party members, restore the struggles were launched throughput the Soviet to fully reputation of those who had been slandered; Union to purge undesirable members from ihe and any Party which had published Party and comb out counter-revolutionaries organization a dossier harmin'g the reputation of a Party from the ranks of the people. Through these member was asked to publish its new decision struggles, a group of Trotskyites, spies and in the press. Stalin's report to the Party's 18th other hostile elements of various descriptions Congress held in March 1939 stated in explicit who had sneaked into the Party and the Soviet terms that it could not be said that the purge state apparatus were liquidated, the Party had been done without any grave mistakes; un- organizations were purified and the dictatorship fortunately there were more mistakes than had of the proletariat was consolidated. This was an been expected. obvious fact, recognized even by some imperial- ists. Davis, once U.S. ambassador to the Soviet In accordance with instructions from Stalin Union, said in 1941 that the trials and liquida- and the Party Central Committee, mistakes tion, which seemed so world-shaking at the were corrected. Some people's Party member- time, were now understood as part of a resolute ship was restored and certain people who had effort by the Stalin government to prevent not been arrested were released. But the work of only insurrection from within, but attack from rehabilitating the victims was never carried out in real earnest before Stalin's death. This gave abroad. He especially pointed out that in 1941, rise to two problems: (1) Discontent and in-. Russia had no Fifth Column, the liquidation had dignation on the part of Party and non-Party purified the country and there were no more people, incurred by false charges, remained. rebellions in the country. (2) Just as the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U. However, in the course of the struggles, (8.) had correctly pointed out, a handful of serious mistakes were made: Large numbers of careerists within the Party, who had made Party members were expelled indiscriminately; trouble and were therefore responsible for the especially as a result of the broadening of the widespread committing of mistakes during the target of struggle, many innocent Party mem- purge, were able to hide themselves in the 'and bers, cadres non-Party citizens were per- revolutionary ranks because of the failure to

10 Peking Reuiero, No. 50 thotoughly rehahilitate those wrongly accused. whenever discovered. Under Chair.rnan Maots ThL planted a hidden danger. It was not only leadership, we achieved great success in sup- possible for these careerists to hide themselves, pressing counter-revolutionaries. At the same but provided them with a chance to succeed in time, we have paid serious'attention to dealing their schemes. Sure enough, after Stalin's with cadres who were wronged, especially to death, Khrushchov made use of some people's rehabilitating comrades who had been per- discontent over the broadening of the target of secuted under the erroneous line. The resolution attack during the suppression of counter- adopted by the Seventh PlenarySession of the revolutionaries to kindle opposition to Stalin, Sixth Party Central Committee held in April vicioqsly slander the socialist system and attack 1945 solemnly proclaimed: "Towards thbse com- the pioletarian dictatorship of th6 Soviet Union. rades who were wrongly punished because of the erroneous line, we must, in accordance with .rKhrushchov was at once a eareerist and a the actual situation, Iift this punishment, or hiShly accomplished double-dealing conspira- whatever part of it that was mistakenly im- tor.,-.'During purge,in the the Soviet Union, posed. After investigation, all comrades who grave mistake he was responsible for the of had been harmed due to wrong decisions should broadening the target in suppressing counter- be exonerated and remembered as comrades, revolutionaries in T[oscow and the Ukraine and their Party membership restored." Com- where posts and he held leading at one time rades of the older generation in our Party can another. The Central Committee of the C.P.S.U. still recall how Chairman Mao rehabilitated (8.) criticized him for this. Khrushchov comrades who had been persecuted by Wang himself had to admit at the . time that Ming's line. after the Party Central Committee had criticized cadres for expelling too many Party During the Great Cultural Revolution, Lin pushed members, the Moscow Party committee in fact Piao and the "gang of four" a counter- revolutionary revisionist line, enforced a fascist did not give any guarantee that it would correit dictatorship, perpetrated frame-ups and false its grave mistakes. This, too, he admitted, was charges in great numbers and mishandled many a serious mistake. However, it was exactly be- political cases. Since the downfall of the cause of his exceptionally active support and im- "gang of four," the Party Central Committee and plementation of the policy on suppressing Chairman Hua have time and again stressed the counter-revolutionaries that he got himself need to seriously implement the Party's policy into Stalin's confidence. During that period, he on cadres, and called for the revoking oI all was promoted to the high post of member of slanders and false charges imposed by Lin Piao the Party Central Committee Political Bureau. and the "gang of four." All victims to frame-ups, After Stalin's death, this culprit iri fabricating false charges and wrong decisions should be r'i- charges took advantage of the broadening of habilitated. A large amount of work has been the target in suppressing counter-revolutionaries done in this respect in the past two years and to attack Stalin, for this served his counter- more. revolutionary plot to usurp Party and state From the historical experience of the Soviet leadership. This historical lesson of the Soviet Union, we can see that by doing a good job of Union is very profound and thought-provoking. rehabilitating victims to the crimes of Lin Piao Of course, China is different from the and the "gang of four," we can, in the years Soviet Union. Chairman Mao had formulated to come, effectively prevent a.nti-Party career- for us the policies of suppressing counter-revolu- ists from making use of wrong, unrehabilitated tionaries: Emphasis on evidence, on investiga- cases to oppose Chairman Mao, Premier Chou, tion and study; strict prohibition of exacting Chairrnan Hua, and other leaders who pnactise confessions and giving them credence; Marxism. By doing large-scale rehabilitation killing none and arresting few when eliminating' work, we have not only thoroughly settled counter-revolutionaries from Party and govern- accounts with Lin Piao and the "gang of ment organs; elirnination of counter-revolution- four" for their counter-revolutionary crimes, aries wherever found, correction of mistakes but have laid bare the true features of

December 15, 1978 t1 those who followed Lin Piao and the "gang relating to whether we can defend thq;great of four" in doing evils. This will enable the banner of Chairman Mao. We must have,"Marx- cadres and the masses to discern between right ist farsightedness. i::: and wrong. If someday any careerist exploits (An abridged translati,o.n ot wrong decisions to engage in schemes, the " Renmi,n Ribao" Speciab C om,- people will see through them and-frustrate their mentatofi article of Nouem- schemes. Therefore, this is a dardinal question ber 20) ?:i;:

the Democratic Conference and established the Pre-parliament. Their aim was to divert the country from the revolutionary road ofl the Soviets and embark on the road of bouigtJois constituency. At that time, the Central'Eom- Study Anew Stalin's mittee of the Communist Party of Russia (Bolsheviks) in Petrograd decided not to His- Two Articles perse the Democratic Conference but to go ahead strengthening the Soviets, convene a QINGNIAN BAO (Chinese Youth DTHONGGUO Congress of Soviets, launch.an uprising and 5,sss11s) recently published an article issue a proclamation to the effect that the.Con- written by a reader after he had studied anew gress of Soviets was the organ of state power. a speech by Stalin. Guangming Ribao (Kwang- As Ilyich was not in Petrograd, he wrote to ming Daily) also published an article by one of say that he did not agree with the Central its readers on what he had learnt after studying Committee and that the scum (meaning the another speech by Stalin. The two papers re- Demoeratic Conference) should be dispersed printed the full texts of the speeches which, and arrested right away. Taking into consider. they considered, are of immediate significance. ation the actual situation at that time, the Central Committee did not follow Lenin's in- Lenin Acknowledged His Misc.olculotions struction but went on strengthening the Soviets In his speech delivered on April 23, 1920 at until the uprising was successfully carried out. a meeting called by the Moscow Committee, By then, Ilyich was already back in Petrograd. R.C.P. (B.) on the occasion of V.I. Lenin's 50th He told the Central Committee Members: "Yes, birthday, Stalin spoke of two occasions when it seems you were right." Lenin admitted that he had been in the wrong. In this speech, Stalin said: "Comrade The first case took place during a discus- Lenin was not afraid of acknowledging his sion on the Party's attitude towards the Duma mistakes. It was this modesty and courage that at the All-Russia Bolshevik Conference held particularly captivated us." in December 1905. Several people who were Chen Chien, the reader in Sinkiang's Shi- close to Lenin said that Ilyich was against boy-' hotzu Prefecture who sent in his notes on study- cotting the Duma and favoured taking part in ing this speech by Stalin, had this to say: What the elections. But the delegates from various Stalin said was intended to be a birthday gift provinces were. for boycotting. A debate en- to Lenin. That was the way the great teacher sued. After everyone had spoken, Lenin ad- and his student treated each other. How sincere mitted that he was wrong and agreed with the and how open and aboveboard they were! delegates from the provinces. A resolution on As the Communist Party and the revolu- boycotting the Duma was therefore adopted. tionary people see it, for revolutionary teachers Another case of a similar nature happened and leaders to be in the wrong at a time on in September 1917. During the rule of the certain matters in the course of making rev- bourgeoisie headed by Kerensky, the Menshe- olutiqr is something normal and unavoidable viks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, in a bid to during the process of cognition. From the cor- stem the mounting revolutionary tide, convened rections and supplements made by their com-

12 Peking.Reuiew, No. 50 radeSr.lirl-arms and students, the revolutionary experience of the viitory'of the'revolution in teachbls and leaders drew wisdom and the Soviet Union, Lenin changed this formula strength; they modestly listened to their stu- of 'Engels' and replaced it with another one, dents,",ise111'ageously admitted their own mis- saying that the Russians began the socialist rev- takesldnd corrected them. This did not in the olution and the Germans, Frenchmen and least tCrnish the names of revolutionary teach- Englishmen would finish it. ers and leaders prestige but added tb their and o period prior imperialist greatness. In the to the war, Lenin said that -structure.federation was an un- By trumpeting 'oabsolute authority" and suitable type of state But in 191?, "onet'remark overriding all others' remarks," in view of the new experience of the prole- Lin Piao and the "gang of four" in fact deified tarian struggle, he altered this formula, saying the' revolutionary teachers and leaders, and that federation was the appropriate type of state Stalinlls speech will help us clarify the confusion - structure during the transition to socialism. they,created and set things to rights ideological- Stalin noted: Marxism is a science. Marx- ly and theoretically. Herein lies the immediate ism cannot persist and develop as a science if sigr*ificance of the speech. it is not enriched by the new experience of the class the proletaiiat, does not Don't Be Bogged Down by Revolutionory struggle of if it of Teochers' lndividuol Conclusions digest this experience from the standpoint Marxism, from the point of view of the Marx- "Revisionism According to Zinoviev" is the ist method. There is nothing in common be- title of section 7 of part I of Stalin's "Reply to tween genuine Marxism and the practice of the Discussion" made at the Seventh Enlarged replacing, as Zinoviev did, the basic line of Plenum of the E.C.C.I. on December 13, 1926. Marxism by the letter of iridividual formulas In this speech, Stalin pointed out: Accord- and quotations from individual propositions of ing to Zinoviev, any improvement, any refine- Marxism. ment of old formulas or individual propositions In his notes on studying this part of of Marx or Engels, and still more their replace- Stalin's speech, Hsin Kwang-min wrote: ment by other formulas corresponding to new Zinoviev died long ago, but his anti-Mqrxist conditions, is revisionism. All this, of course, is viewpoints have spread far and wide and have comical. not yet been done away with. What Lin Piao He gave several examples showing how and the "gang of four" advocated - "each and revolutionary teachers changed their old every remark represents a truth" and "we must formulas in the light of new experiences gained act according to all remarks without exception" in class struggle. - was, in fact, the same as Zinoviev's views. o In the mid-l9th century, Marx said that when capitalism was on the upgradq the victory of socialism within national boundaries was Deputy Provincial Party impossible, and Lenin in. 1915 said that when the development of capitalism was on the down- Secretary Under Fire grade, when capitalism was moribund, such a victory was possible. f)EOPLE were asked by the Honan Provincial I o In the middle of the 19th century, Marx Committee of the Chinese Communist Party mistakes of one of its said that a socialist revolution in the econbmic to expose and criticize the played in relations of any country on the European con-f senior members for the role he tinent, or of the whole European contihent, with violating financial regulations, Renmin Ribao the report the exception of England, would be a storm reported. An editorial accompanying in a teacup, and Engels, in view of the new ex- was entitled "strictly Observe Party Discipline perience of the class struggle, later altered this and State Law." proposition and said of the socialist revolution He is Wang Wei-ehun, formerly deputy that "the Frenchman will begin it and the secretary of the committee and in charge of the German will finish it." Later. in view of the province's economic work.

December 15, 1978 IJ In summer 1975, the Chumatien Prefecture prises and circulating funds. Economig work (embracing a number of counties) in the prov- was seriously disrupted by this. ince was hit by a serious flood. Some leading By deception, Wang Wei-chun withheld a cadres in the locality embezzled and misused large part of the province's output of important relief funds and material allocated by the state. industrial products earmarked for distr{Pution Large sums from this fund as well as relief by the central authorities under a unified plan' material were diverted to building de luxe As Wang reported to the central authorities, meeting halls, theatres, hostels and so on. Some output of coal for the Lg7+-76 period was 5'3 county leaders seized the chance to build them- million tons less than the amount actually pro- selves luxury apartments. (In issue No. 38 this duced, and the number of tractors produced year, in this column we carried the article "A between 19?3 and 1976 was reduced by 32,900' Major Struggle" which reported the Party Investigation has shown that Wang is gUiItV Central Cqmr4ittee's circular on the. clecision of of graft and taking bribes. Once when Wang the Honan proviricial Party committee concern- was on an inspection tour in a county, he took ing this affair. Su Hua, the former first secre- gifts of local products amounting to the value tary of the prefectural Party committee, Yang of 1,100 yru.r. He also promoted a number of Tso-kung, its former deputy secretary, and four people who had given him gifts and had bribed other persons were expelled from the Party and him to leading posts. An example was his pro' handed over to the people's court to be dealt moting a newborn bourgeois element to a with according to law.) Ieading post in the provincial academy of agri- Today, it has been ascertained that Wang cultural science. was behind Su Hua and others who had violated Why could Wang Wei-chun do what he financial regulations. Duting the flood, Wang wanted, wilfully trampling underfoot the inter- was in charge of the relief work in Chumatien ests of the state and the people? Why could he Prefecture. He had supported and abetted Su violate the law and Party discipline with impu- Hua and others in their misdeeds. Wang had nity for so long? The Renmin Riboo editorial taken the lead in violating state law and Party pointed out that it was due mainly to the con- discipline. tinuing influence of Lin Piao and the l'gang of' ridden roughshod Renmin Riboo reported that Wang was four." These scoundrels had law' a faithfui follower of the revisionist line of Lin over the people, totally heedless of the principle that the Piao and tt-re "gang of four" which had sabo- Party discipline and the taged unified planning of the national economy. people's rights are.inviolable. He had acted against the Party's important pol- The editorial also said that many of those icies and principles on economic work. In the who had been corrupted and had committed years immediately preceding 1976, the province mistakes were themselves victims of Lin Piao's had invested 3,360 million yuan in some 1,000 and the "gang of four's" revisionist line. If they construction projects not listed in the state plan. admit their mistakes on their own irlitiative, This had gravely held up'key urgent projects in make good the losses as best they can and show the state plan. that they are sincerely repentant and willing to mend their ways, the people will forgive them' After the "gang of four" was overthrown in But as to people like Wang Wei-chun, who had October 1976, Wang persisted in his error. Last seriously violated the law and yet refused to year, Honan Province started another 577 proj- mend his ways after repeated education, ects outside of the state plan, despite repeated leniency is out of the question. This is the only emphasis by the Party Central Committee and tvay to improve the effectiveness of the socialist Chairman Hua Kuo-feng on strict observance Iegal system. of financial regula,tions. The editorial stressed that it is the duty of Under his influence and sometimes with all Party and government functionaries at all his approval, the province diverted to unauthor- levels to strictly observe the Constitution, the ized uses a total of 600 million yuan of state law, decrees and regulations like apybody else. loans for agriculture and 940 million yuan of Nobody can violate the law and escape punish- taxes. profits from state-run industrial enter- ment.

14 Pektns Reuiew, No. 50 Szechuon Todoy (tll)

togos: An lnexhaustible Energy Resource

by Our Correspondent Chou Chiri

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1| HINA follows an energy policy of "vigorous- tains 60-70 per cent methane, an inflammable \/.Iy tapping all forms of energy resources gas. and utilizing As a them rationally." ours is In 19?2, when the Chinese AcademY of vast, populous country with back- a relatively Sciences organized an on-the-spot meeting in ward economy, some our it will be time before Chungchiang County, Szechuan Province, to big power grids coal, petroleum gas and and popularize biogas, there were some 3,000 marsh industries are able provide aII energy to the gas digesters in use in this province and a small country the needs. For this reason the energy number of trial ones in some other prov-- problem must be solved every means, just by inces and municipalities. By 1975, when--tk6 as the Party and government advocate for other first national conference to swap experience and undertakings. popularize biogas was convened in the city of In Szechuan there are huge coal deposits Mienyang in Szechuan, there were 460,000 di- and plenty of other energy resources. Natural gesters in use in the rural areas of the nation. gas has been used for 2,000 years but utilization The number of biogas digesters has now multi- of its water resources has just begun. In recent plied 15 times to 7 million. years; while continuing to exploit natural ener- ,,. gy resources, much has been done to popularize Four Out of Five'Rurol Houselpldc Use Biogos biogas, a cheap and easily obtainable fuel and source of energy. Mienyang again figured proyninently when the second national conference was held there Biogas, or marsh gas, is a product of in summer this year.' The city was among the anaerobic bacterial decomposition of such first in this country to use -marsh gas exten- organic matter as night-soil, vegetation, crop sively as a fuel and a source of energy. Three stalks and sludge isolated from oxygen. It con- years'ago some 80 percent of Mienyang's sub- urban househblds iagricultural population g for lighting 10,000) were already ,ttt biogas end'cookrrrfl. 'l I was among the secbnd national biogas con- ferees who visited the No. 5 team of the Yunghsing commune's No. 7 produition brigade' We were told that 45' of the team's 47 house- holds .had their own small digesters to iJenerate biogas with hirman and pig excrement. Most of lhe qir-tight digesters are 7 to 8 dubic metres big. There is an opening on either end fbr adding and removing organic-matter. Plastic tubes lead the gas to a stoye in the A biogas plant. kitchen and living rooms. There is a gas-gauge

Decenber 15, 1978 l5 cooking. Her family had to buy coal from the city or gather firewood up in the hiUs g0 kilo- metres away. 'on wet days it was a trial to get a meal cooked. Gone now are the smoke, .soot and tears. With her biogas stove she hes,,a hot meal ready with a minimum of effort after she

gets back from work. :.. 1 Wen Shou-chih who is in his sixties iold me how extensive use of biogas helped boost farm production in his team of 3i3 people. For fer- tilizer the team's 17 hectares of farmland depend mainly on composting excreta and stalks. Several years ago, team leader Wen saidi the year A biogas stove, team wanted to grow two crops a instead of just one on their paddy-fields, but they were stumped by a shortage in manure because and a tap on the wall near the stove. Switch on most stalks had to be used to cook meals. the gas, strike a match, and the biogas burning In 1974, he continued, when his team began with a bluish flame will cook a meal in 40 mi- nutes. using marsh gas, the position changed. For the first time the stalks were not burned but At the No.'5 team I also saw a 136-cubic- crushed and treated to feed the team's collec- metre digester not far from the team's collec- tively owned pigs. The dung, mixed with tively owned pig farm. Its gas powers the night-soil, is dumped into digesters to produce diesel engines working rice-huskers, fodder- biogas. The left

December 15, L978 17 The method used in popularizing the'pro- duction and use of marsh gas is kne$an as "going in for mass movements in a big w4y'1 and "strengthening leadership." This .meag6 mo- bilizing the peasant masses to build d$esters together instead of entirely waiting for iiiofes- sional help and state funds; at the sanlb time the government earnestly organizes and helps the peasants in their efforts. This is tlre way people in this Country today do many thlhgs. At the second national conference to"s*ap experience in popularizing biogas, I heart that development in this -tfrerefield across the lan{ was quite unev'en. ana are still pro6tL*r. Rice-husker powered by a biogas-diesel generator. Some digesters worked unsatisfactorily and those which produced a constant supply of bio- (good-quality organic manure) were piled up for gas must be made to perform better. These were later use. Thus the contradiction.between pro- all discussed at the conference which alio de- duction of biogas and manure for the fields is cided to set'up a national biogas research in- now not nearly so acute. stitute in Szechuan.

Explanatory Notes to Yolume V of "selected Works of Mao Tsetung" (26)

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?his is the last instalment of "E*planatory rialists and other reactionaries irr- various coun- Nofes fo Volume V o! 'Selected, Works of Mo,o tries seized the opportunity to stir up a storm Tsetung."' The first irwtalment was carried in against communism, At the same time, a stormy our issue No. 1, 7978. debate over a series of major issues result- ing from the 20th Congress of the C.P.S.U. The imperiolists stirred up two storms was carried out between Marxists and revi- ogoinst communism, ond there were two sionists in the international communist move- stormy debotes in the internotionol ment. In autumn that year, the imperialists communist moYement churned up another storm against communism after the failure of the counter-revolutionary (See p. 354, Vol. V, Eng. Ed.) rebellion in Hungary. During this period, there At the 20th Conlress of the Communist was another great polemic in the international Part) of the Soviet Union in spring 1956, communist movemeflt ove,r .such questions as Khrushchov completely negated and attacked the Hungarian counter-revolutionary rebellion, Stalin on the pretext of "combating the person- the appraisal of Stalin and the socialist system' ality cult." He advocated the so-called "parlia- In view of this situation, the Chinese Commu- mentary road'l of peaceful transition to social- nist Party in April and December 1956 publish- ism, thereby betraying the revolutionary ed two articles "On the Historical Experience principles of Marxism-Leninism, The impe- of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" and

18 Peking Rersiew, No. 50 "More:rion the Historical Experience of the October Revolution and affirmed the achieve- Dictatofship of the Proletariat" which made a ments of the Soviet Union in socialist revolu- comprehensive appraisal of the life of Stalin, tion and socialist construction under the leader- summed up the historical experience of the ship of Stalin. It also pointed out: "No coun- dictatoiship of the proletariat and defended the try can ever avoid these [mistakes and failures] revoluJionary principles of Marxism-Leninism. entirely, though they may vary in form and degree. And it was even more difficult for the Soviet Union to avoid them, because it was the This time vhen our delegotion vent to the first socialist country and had no successful 'Soviet Union, we come stroight to the experience of others to go by." "The inter- point on o number of questions national communist movement has a history of only 92 years, reckoning from the establish- (See p. 365.) . ment of the First International in 1864. Despite In January 1957 when the Government many ups and downs, the progress of the move- Delegation of the People's Republic of China ment as a whole has been very rapid." "How- headed by Premier Chou En-lai visited the ever many twists and turns may await us on Soviet Union, Premier Chou explained to the our forward journey, humanity will eventually leaders of the C.P.S.U. our viewpoints concern- reach its bright destiny - communism. There ing Stalin and criticized the Khrushchov revi- is no force that can stop it." This article gave sionist renegade clique's mistakes, including its a powerful rebuff to the hysteria whipped up failure to make "a comprehensive appraisal of by the imperialists and modern revisionists .its Sta[n;" "lack of self-criticism" on the ques- against communism and Stalin. tion of Stalin and its failure to "consult the fraternal Parties in advance." Premier Chou also systematically expounded our views re- For o long time Stolin denied thot contro- garding the erroneous slogan of "peaceful dictions between the relotions of transition" raised at the 20th Congress of the production ond the productiye C.P.S.U., the. international situation and prob- forces... exist under the Iems of strategy concerning the international communist movement. sociolist system

(See p. 376.) The orticle !'More on the Historicol After agricultural collectivization was com- Experience of the Dictotorship of the pleted in the Soviet Union 'in 1936, Stalin Proletoriot" deqls precisely with o moiol declared in his report On the Draft Consti.tu- cose of unovoidobility tion o! the U.S.S.R. that all exploiting classes (See p. i70.) had been eliminated in the Soviet Union. In his Di,alectical anil Historical Materialism in This article was written by the Editorial 1938, Stalin said that under the socialist system, Department ol Renmin Riboo on the basis of the relations of production completely cor- a discussion at an enlarged meeting of the responded to the character of the productive Political Bureau of the Central Committee of forces. Again in his report to the 18th Congress the Cornmunist Party of China and published in of the C.P.S.U. (B.) in March 1939, he further the same paper on December 29, 1956. It rnade described the conformity between the moral a comprehensive summing-up of the basic ex- and the political factors in Soviet society as the perience gained in following the road of the motive force propelling it forward. That is to

Decernber 15, 1978 19 sayn there were no longer any contradictions in government articles in a Polish weekly. Its the Soviet Union, in socialist society, but only proposal that the weekly be closed down was '"conformity." approved in a decision by the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Poli:sh United It was not until 1952, a year before his Workers; Party. This aroused dissati*{ction death, that Stalin in his Ecopomic Problems of . amonEl the students. On the evening of October Socialism, in the U.S.S.R. admitted: "It would 3, thousands of students of an engipeering be wrong . . . to think that there are no con- universily in Warsaw rallied at their dormitory productive tradictions between our forces and in protest against the decision, and clashed with the relations of production. There certainly police sent by the Polish Government to stop are, and will be, contradictions, seeing that the them. About 100 students were arrestede;Fol- development of the rela.tions of production lags, lowing this, protest rallies were held in W,ersaw and will lag, behind the development of the and elsewhere by students who took to the productive forces." "Given a correct policy on streets demanding the release of the afrested the part of the directing bodies," he added, students and the revocation of the decision to "these contradictions cannot grow into antago- close down the weekly. They put up slogans .of nisms, and there is no chance matters com- calling for freedom of speech. This incident ing to a conflict between the relations of lasted several days and were not called off until production and the productive forces of society. the students rbsumed classes. It would be a different matter if we were to conduct a wrong policy, such as that which Comrade Yaroshenko recommends. In that ease This declorotion of our l2 countries conflict would be inevitable, and'our relations of production might become a serious brake on (See p. 514.) the further development of the productive Meeting of forces." This is the Declaration of the Representatives of the Communist and Workers' But Chairman Mao pointed out: "Even then Parties of the Socialist Countries, held in he [Stalin] did not pose the question of the Moscow, November 14-16, 1957.. Signatories contradictions between the relations of produc- to this declaration were delegations of the tion and the productive forces and between the Albanian Party of Labour, the Bulgarian Com- superstructure and the economic base under the munist Party, the Hungarian Socialist Workers' socialist system as a question of overall import- Party, the Workers' Party of Viet Nam, the ance, nor did he. realize that they are the basic Socialist Unity Party of Germany, the Com- contradictions which propel socialist society munist Party of China, the Workers' Party of forward." Korea, the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, the Polish United Workers' Party, the Romanian Workers' Party, the Communist Such incidents os . . . whot is Party of the Soviet Union and the Communist hoppening in Polond Party of Czechoslovakia. Hence it was called the declaration of the 12 countries for short. (See p. 504.). The declaration adhered to the principles This refers to the disturbances created by of upholding Marxism-Leninism and opposing students in Poland in early October 1957. Prior revisionism . and imperialism, but it was later to this incident, the press censorship department betrayed by the Soviet revisionist renegade of the Polish Government discovered some anti- clique.

20 Peking Reuiew, No. 50 _-t

! r.r I Neir Hanoi Hoar

T N ,i'statement issue( in Phnom Penh on has carried out a new ground offensive against I December 9, the spokesman of the Ministry Kampuchea and Vietnamese aircraft have of News and Propaganda of Democratic pounded peaceful Kampuchean villages and Karnprithea pointed out that Hanoi's creation drbpped anti-personnel devices. It even used of a $'Kampuchean national front for national poison gas against the civilian population. salvation" * a puppet organization ryygs ('16 Hanoi's military - venture has met heroic resist- serve its strategy of aggression, expansion, an- ance from the Kampuchean'people, and has nexation and genocide against the Kampuchean been roundly condemned by world public nation, and was nothing new at a11." opinion. The Vietnamese authorities announced the The Vietnamese authorities have been pre- setting up of this puppet organization on De- paring public opinion to cover up their aggres- cember 3 and this was swiftly followed by a sion. They gave out that there were "insur- barrage of statements and editorials from gence" and "general uprising" in Kampuchea. Hanoi's propaganda machine hailing this as However, these lies have been exposed by the a "major political event" and "a great press in most countries. One Western newspaper turning point." Why all this hullabaloo from pointed out that the "irisurgence" was fabricat- Hanoi? It is a signal announcing Hanoi's launch- ed by Viet Nam as a camouflage to "attack an ing a full-scale aggression against Kampuchea, enemy neighbour." One Western news agency another step in its bid for regional hegemonism. said the fabrication was aimed at covering up "the aggresiion . . the and To realize its strategy of creating qn . by Soviet Union "Indo- Viet Nam." china federation," Viet Nam has for years em- ployed a dual tactic towards Kampuchea: armed aggression coupled with political sland- , Honoi's Dodge ers and subversion. It engineered one counter- The so-called "Kampuchean national front revolutionary coup after another to topple the for national salvation" organized by Hanoi is Government of Democratic Kampuchea. But in reality a Vietnamese task force for enlarging they were all smashed by the Kampuchean its. aggression against Kampuchea. people. Hanoi was beaten soundly by the Kam- puchean army and people in its large-scale Hanoi's clumsy canard was at once seen armed intrusion at. the end of 1977. through by world public opinion. The Neut ' York Times pointed out that the creation of Covering Up Aggression the "front" '"portends a full-scale Vietnamese Instead of learning their lesson and draw- military and political campaign . . and ing in their horns, the Vietnamese authorities provides a Cambodian [Kampuchean] 'cover' have completely sold themselves to Soviet for the operation." Reuter quoted observers in social-imperialism in the hope of getting more Bangkok as saying that one reason for establish- support. Last month, it eoncluded with the ing the puppet "front" was a try "to give legiti- Soviet Union a "treaty of friendship and co- macy" to further moves by Vietnamese troops, operation" which is actually a military alliance. "portraying the actions as genuinely Cambo. The treaty has emboldened Hanoi to seek the dian [Kampuchean] in origin." The Thai paper occupation of more Kampuchean territory. In Bangkok Post noted that the aim of the Viet- the past few weeks, Viet Nam's regular army namese move was to "set up a pro-Hanoi gov-

December 15, 1978 21 er:lment in Phnom on the "front" tnmsdiatdy a{ter vlt wos Penh. Such a gov- released by the Viet Nam N6ws iAgency. ernment would bring The Viet Nam party paper Nhop Don ln an Cambodia [Kam- editorial expressed "delight" over the,forma- )) puchea] into the In- tion of the "front;" saying that it is a imoment dochina federation." of !'big hope'' for Viet Nam. At the saltie time HAnoi's purpose, of it let slip who the boss behind the sceries was. course, is to describe The paper said: "The Kampuchean'revolution its armed aggression has become part of the international revolu- as an "uprising" of tionary curent and has won the treme.ndorrs the Kampuchean peo- support of the revolution and tlre progrerlve ple, the Kampuchean world." The "pxtgrecrive world" in the.,yecab territories it has oc- ulary of the Vietnamese authoritiea is synony- cupied as areas "Iibe- mous with the "big international community" rated" by that puppet controlled by the Soviet Union. It mu{t be organization, and nqted that when relaying the VNA news item, the Asian Cuba. TASS highlighted the intention to set up a bg Chiong Fan anil Mei Lu thus its war of ag- gression against the "government" in Kampuchea. This shows'that Kampuchean people aS a "civil war." Hanoi the Soviet Union and Viet Nam are certainly planning government tries to escape being branded the aggressor even to create a puppet in as it occupias Kampuchea. Kampuchea at some date they think appro- priate. Plot by Big ond Smott Hegemonists Creating, a puppet regime in order to an- The above-mentioned steps of aggression nex a country is what the Soviet Union has and subversion carried out against Kampuchea done in the past. The Vietnamese authorities were jointly plotted by the Soviet Union and today are following this example with Kam- Viet Nam, big and small hegemonists. The puchea. An AFP dispatch from Hanoi on De- Soviet Union has been boosting Viet Nam's cember 5 said that the appeal by the !'front" to morale in its aggression against Kampuchea by all countries for "active support in all fields" sending a stream of military personnel and offers "objectively a legitimate, if not legal, arms there. Rumours have been created and basis for a posslble 'Prague-style action' by spread by Brezhnev and Soviet publications, Viet Nam." If successful in Kampuchea, the radio and TASS to whitewash the aggression. Vietnamese authorities will certainly duplicate Good Soviet-Vietnamese teamwork was dis- their performance elsewhere in Asia, Southeast played in forging and bringing out the Asia in particular. People are closely watching puppet organization. TASS relayed the story the next move of this'Asian Cub'a.

the people of AsIa and, the rest of .the utotld,, broadening the internotional uniteil front uhrhm against hegemonism and' smashtng the plot ot the Souiet social-i"mperialists onil ther lackeys. Here are ercerpts of some of these statements, $ouiet-Uietnamese Treaty: [n - Eit. Alliance ol lggression o The statement of the Centrat Committee ot A number of Mardst-Leninist Parties ond the Marxist-Lcninist Communist Party oI orgonizations qnd. journols haoe etposed. the France which appeared in the Deeember I issue nature of the Soui.et-Vietnarnese "treaty of of I'hwnanite rouge says: "To realize their friendship and. co-oyteration" since its si,gning annexationist project, the' Vietnamese leaders and co,lled for strengthening the unitg among have given their full allegiance to the Soviet

22 Peking Reoieto, No. 50 superd6wer whieh harbours hegemonist ambi- 'Indoehina federation."' Once the aim is achiev- tions if, the region. This is proved by the entry ed, Hanoi would try to gain hegemony over the of Viet Nam into the Council for Mutual whole of Southeast Asia, the article goes on to EconoEri.c Assistance (C.M.E.A.), the signing of say. "This is the underlying cause for the (which the Souiet-Vietnamese treaty is in fact conflict and instability of the region, and aggression peoples a trealy of against the of there is no use for the Yietnamese expansionists neighbouring countries) anC the influx of to deny it." civilian,. and military Soviet 'advisors.' " The article adds: "Today, Viet Nam is The statement adds that the new aggression neither a revolutionary, socialist state nor a againsir" Kampuchea being prepared by the non-aligned country. It has become part of the Sovieti{Jnion and Viet Nam, and the purported economic, political and military system of "gen'dlal uprising" in that country loudly Soviet social-imperialism." annOfftibed by Hanoi Radio remind one of the situdYldn preceding the invasion of Czecho- The Soviet Union'.wants to lord it over slovakla by Warsaw Pact forces led by the Southeast Asia, the article stiesses, "to Soviet Union ten years ago. plunder the resources there, control the passage The present policy pursued by the Hanoi tinking the Pacific and Indian Oceans and seize leaders "is in all respects against the aspirations more footholds in its rivalry with U.S. im- and fundamental interests of the Vietnamese perialism for world hegemony." people and other Southeast Asian peoples," the o O Comanisto, organ of the Oentral Com,mittee statement points out. of the Portuguese (M-L) Communist Party, points recent , o The Call, organ of the U.S. Communist Party out in a article: "Democratic Kampuchea is threatened by the treaty. (M-L), in an editorial of its November 20 issue directly Viet Nam and Soviet which pursue entitled "Soviet-Viet Nam Treaty, a Pact of the Union an expansionist policy are aggres- Aggression," says: "The so-called'Treaty of committing sion against Kampuchea." The article states that Peace, and Friendship' recently signed between and Viet the Soviet Union and Viet Nam has nothing to the treaty between the Soviet Union Nam is ensure their political and military do with 'peace' nor with the 'friendship' of these "to co-operation when they were preparing a, large- two countries towards the peoples of the world. scale aggression." offensive mounted by On the contrary, it is a boost to hegemony "The Asia is seeking and military aggression in Asia." the Soviet Union in Southeast today directly threatening the peace and security of The editorial points out: "The treaty the countries in this region," it adds. formalizes a reactionary alliance between Viet Nam and the U.S.S.R. to dominate all of "The ambition of the Soviet rerrisionists Southeast Asia as part of Moscow's preparations and their flunkeys is inordinate, but the to launch a new world war. In addition to determination of the peoples throughout the economic wealth in the area, the U.S.S.R. worl.d to ,fight for the independence and especially wants control of the sea routes sovereignty of their countries is invincible," between the Middle East oilfields and the Sea says the acticle. of Japan, and Southeast Asia is key to this control. This treaty is also part of a Soviet o Jinm,in Shin"po, organ of the Provisional plan to encircle and isolate socialist China, Central Committee of the Communist Party of which is a major obstacle standing in the way Japan (Leftist), in a November 15 article points of the social-imperialists' war drive." out that since Viet Nam has signed a de facto military alliance treaty with the Soviet hege- o Octobre, organ of the Communist Party of monists, the Soviet Union will drive Viet Nam Switzerland (Marxist-Leninist), says in an to push hegemonism in Southeast Asia. "The article of its latest issue: "Hanoi is using every conclusion of the Soviet-Vietnamese treaty of means at its disposal to conquer Democratic friendship and co-operation will pose a. grave Kampuchea so as to establish a so-called danger to peace and security in Asia."

December 15, 1978 23 '"Viet Nam is not oniy posing a military its global contention with the United Sliates, is threat to Kampuchea and China; it is also doing its utmost to have the Asian region'.under becoming a grave mifitary threat to other Asian its thumb." With this aim in mind, the:Soviet countries including Japan, through making Cam Union some time ago put forward a so-called Ranh Bay and other base facilities available "collective security system for Asia." to the Sqviet navy," the article adds. The The statement notes that the Soviet Japanese people must further strengthen authorities are making use of the regional solidarity with the people of other Asian coun- hegemonist ambitions of the Vietnamese .au- tries, oppose Soviet hegemonism and Vietna- thoriiies in order to achieve their aim of sub. mese regional hegemonism and prevent them jugating the countries of Southeast Asia. from starting a new war in Asia, the article "The Soviet-Vietnamese treaty is nott'otrly says. for assisting Vietnamese aggression 4#h$t Kampuchea. Its main aim is to subver"t.'gov- o Rono Senbo, organ of the Central Committee ernments of Southeast Asia and destroy the of the Workers' Party of Japan, editorialized liberation movements of the peoples of'' the recently: "The aim of the pact is to legalize the region until ultimately this entire area is under military collaboration between the Soviet Union Soviet-Vietnamese control," and Viet Nam and further carry out hege- monism, aggression and expansion in Southeast The statement says in conclusion that "the Asia." By concluding the treaty, the leadership countries and peoples of the whole of Asia clique of Viet Nam have tied their country to must unite to oppose the manoeuvres of the pawn, Soviet social-imperialismls war chariot for ag- Soviet hegemonists and their Asian the gression and sold to it the fruits of libera- Vietnamese authorities." gained people tion by the Vietnamese in their r The Central Committee of the Revolutionary struggle against U.S. imperialism. They have Communist Movement of Greeci says in a also invited the major source of another world recent letter to the Central Committee of the war - the Soviet Union - deep into Southeast Communist Party of Kampuchea: "The Asia, and, backed by Soviet military strength, Vietnamese leading clique recently ordered the have themselves carried out regional hege- armed invasion of Kampuchea, the looting of monism in a more vicious way. the country's wealth and the disruption of its national economy; at the same time, it was "Viet Nam has become the Cuba in Asia in trying to impose the shackle of its regional its true sense," the editorial adds. "However, hegemonism on Democratic Kampuchea in counter-revolutionary collaboration between a bid to incorporate it into Viet Nam's the big and small hegemonisms will come to 'Indochina federation."' no good end. Ttre Brezhnev clique and Le Duan The letter points out that in the past and his ilk have revealed themielves for what Moscow had flirted with the fascist Lon they are to the people Asia." of Nol clique. After Kampuchea was liberated, The editorial ealls upon the Japanese people Moscow and its pawn in Asia, the Vietnamese to unite with the people of the rest of Asia and leading clique, colluded in forcing Kampuchea the world to further strengthen and expand the to its knees so that their hegemonist plan could international anti-hegemony united front and succeed. thoroughly frustrate the machinations of the The Revolutionary Communist Movement Soviet social-imperialists and their henchmen. of Greece resolutely supports the Communist Party of Kampuchea and the Kampuchean o The Central Committee of the Communist people in their struggle to defend their revolu- Party oI Sri Lanka (Marxist-Leninist) in a tionary achievements, national independence recent statement says: "Since its degeneration and the territorial integrity of their motherland, into an imperialist power, the Soviet Union, in the letter concludes.

24 Peking Reoiew, No. 50 Warsortr Poct Moscow Meeting

Kremlin's Highhondedness Iutnnntnuutntuuurtunrrtuntnnturunrttnnrrnnttuttnttutfluunurrrtttirrrr f N the name of the Politburo of the C.P.S.U. least one ,of the couqtries participating in the r Central Committee, the Supreme Soviet Moscow meeting'has already declared its firm Presidium and the Soviet Council of Ministers, opposition to the Kremlin's demand " which the Soviet leading clique on November 29 issu- means a heavier military burden for the other ed a communique on the Moscow meeting of countries of the bloc and a damage to their the Political Consultative Committee of the - sovereignty. Warsaw Pact. The communique stresses a number of important points not found in the - Ttre declaration of' the Moscow meeting declaration of the meeting signed by all seven makes no mention of Viet Nam or Cubh. Yet, participating countries. The Kremlin bosses the communique stresses "the enoimous signif- who failed to impose their views on others at icance" of the conclusion of the Soviet-Viet the meeting are trying to set forth their tlesigns Nam treaty, the U.S.S.R.'s "all-round co- as if they represented the spirit of the meeting. operation" uiith Cuba and Viet Nam and their "bupport to each. otherl' and "indestructible Kremlin tried at the meeting to set up a unity." This shows the Kremlin's attempt to ' Soviet-controlled unified command under the link Viet Nam and Cuba up *ittr ttre Warsaw guise of "rnilitary co-operation" and strength- Pact and extend the treaty's commitments to ening "integration." The aim was ,to divest areas well beyond Europe, a development which all other member states of the Warsaw Pact the other countries of the bloc do not wish to of their right to control their own armed forces. see. The communique is indicative of the Kremlin's . 'the resolve to i.nvolve the Warsaw bloc's military - The statement on Middle East was might in its own pursuit of world hegemony, issued by six, not all seven, participating coun- despite the objections of other member states. tries of the Moscow meeting. It is obvious that there were differences at the meeting over Points Not Mentioned Before whether to attack the Egypt-Israel talks. Yet, the Kremlin's communique plays up "the vital points The following are in the Soviet signifieance" of the six-nation statement. communique but not in the declaration of the Moscow meeting: The Kremlin's communique vilifies the Chinese- leaders as "outright accomplices" of -The communique says: "In vie'iv of the "the forces of imperialism and reaction." Not armament race steadily intensified by the reconciled with their failure to write into the countries, NATO it is necessary to maintain Moscow megting's declaration this threadbare potential and increase the defence of the com- anti-China lie customary in Soviet documents, bined armed forces of the Warsaw Pact." It the Krerqlin occupants have now decided to press was noted in the Western that the essence emphasizd it in their own communique on the of this statement is a call to the other member meeting. This is a heavy setback they have countries of the. Warsaw Pact to boost their suffered in pressing other Warsaw Pact coun- military budget, accept tighter Soviet control tries to toe their anti-China line. and unified command of their armed forces and allow the holding of combined military It is well known that the Soviet Ieaders exercises on their soil. This gives the lie to have not always had their ov/n way at the past what the Kremlin has trumpeted - "an end meetings of the Political Consultative Commit- to the armament race and disarmament." At tee of the Warsaw Pact. But it is a develop-

December 15, 1978 25 -,inent without parallel that so many pnopositions The London Financial Times in a November 28 irital to the Soviet strategy of hegemonism were article held that the difference reflected at the 'meeting rejected by other countries at the Mo,Ecow Warsaw Pac! was the gravest crisis meeting. ,for this blob since the Sovie{ invasion of Czechoslovakia in August. 1968 'and that it This has been pointed out. by the Western would also greatly influence East European press and news agencies in their commentaries. political developments.

Guba: From Economic llependence to Political $ubmission

f\ UBAN leaders have recently been boasting ' In the ensuing years, the Soviet Union and V about how their "close" relations with the Cuba signed several agreements under which q'model" Soviet Union serve as a for other coun- Cuba was to sell most of its sugar, nickel, tries in their future international relations. tobacco and fruit in exchange for all. or most of the oil, cereals and industrial products it What kind of relationship exists between needed. These agreements have in effect main- Cuba and the U.S.S.R.? Let facts speak for tained and aggravated Cuba's single-product themselves. economy and made the country economically Of all countries in the world, Cuba receives dependent on the Soviet Union. The latter, on the largest amount of Soviet "aid" and conse- the principle of "international division of quently depends on Moscow the most. This island labour" in the "big community," encouraged the country with a population of less than 10 million inappropriate expansion of Cuban sugar produc- subsists on several million U.S. dollars per day tion so that -the island's dependence on this in t'aid" from Moscow which'provides it with single product is even more serious than during 80 per cent of the grain and all the petroleum the reactionary rule of the U.S. puppet regime. and cotton it consumes. Although more than According to statistics, sugar exports in 1957 half of its sugar and two-thirds of its nickel are accounted for 80 per cent of Cuba's total export sold in "exchange," its debt to the Soviet Union earnings; since 1974 the figure has increased to reaches 700 to 800 dollars per capita. 86.5 .per cent. 'Cuba's growing economic insolvency has In these circumstances, Cuba must throw pnable$ the social-imperialists to undermine its itself on the mercy of the Soviet Union in the independence and turn it into a source of mer- economic fields. In 1977, Cuban-Soviet trade cenaries for Soviet expansion in Africa and a totalled 4,400 million U.S. dollars, accounting Soviet Trojan horse within the non-aligned for over 60 per cent of Cuba's foreign trade, movement. a ratio which would reach about 70 per cent if Cuba's trade with other. member countries of A. Soviet Trop ' the "Council for Mutual Economic Assistance" A review of the history of Soviet-Cuban is added. The sharp drop in sugar prices on relations reveals.that the Soviet Union began international markets since 1975 has drastically to impose a neocolonial rule on this Caribbean reduced Cuba's hard currency income from the island in 1960 by concluding an agreement to free sales of the small remaining portion of its buy huge quantities of Cuban sugar at a time sugarr Consequently, Cuba has had to cut down when the United States had adopted a measure on badly needed imports from Japan iand cancelling its quota of sugar imports from Cuba. Western Europe.

26 Peki.ng Reuiew, No' 50 1976 by the Soviet Union in purchasing sugar and nickel from Cuba'and selling it oil were

estimated at .. more than 3,630 million U.S. dollars. The main reaSon why the new tsars, the greediest plunderers in the world, have put such high stakes on Cuba is that they are seek- ing political and strategic advantages from the island. In 1962, soon after the special relations be- tween the two countries were established, the Soviet Union shipped missiles to the island Accomplices. bg Chrang Fan country as a threat to the United States from the back door. The Soviet Union has gradually since then turned Cuba into a bridgehead for For the past ten years or more, the Soviet infiltration and expansion in the Western Union has been strengthening its hold on Cuba, Hemisphere. In recent years, the Soviet Union and each time it tightens its grip, Cuba is forced has forced Cuba to send cannon fodder for to move further in pursuance of Soviet hege- Soviet military expansion in Africa. In so doing, monic aims. the Russians don't have to shed a drop of blood In the early 1960s, the Soviet Union took themselves or risk the worldwide condemnation the initial step to put Cuba under its wirig by . which would have ensued if thby had sent their signing trade and "aid" agreements with the own soldiers there. Furthermore, to worm their island eountry. Later in 1968, the Cuban lead- way into the non-aligned movement to split arid ers' open support for the Soviet social-imperial- sabotage it is beyond the power of the Russians ists' armed invasion of Czechoslovakia was an themselves, who have to depend on countries important indication of their political sub- like Cuba to do it for them. mission to the Soviet Union. In the past few years, Moscow's rewards Then in 1972, the Soviet Union formally to Cuba for services rendered have increased to "integrated" Cuba with the "C.M.E.4.," in the tune of 580 million dollars annually from other words, institutionalized its neocolonial 1970 to 1973. In 1975 after Cuba sent troops to status. The next year, the Cuban leader put on Africa, Soviet "aid" swelled to more than an inglorious performance in trying to vindicate 1,000 million dollars and will reach 2,300 million social-imperialism at the non-aligned summit this year. held in Algiers. It is estimated that Cuba's accumulated debt Complete Economic Control tb the Soviet Union amounts to 6,000 or 7,000 million U.S. dollars. Under an agree- Following Brezhnev's visit to Cuba in 1974, ment between the two countries, it will be re- the two countries entered. into "all-round co- paid in 25 years, beginning from January 1986. operation.". The following year, they signed a This huge obligation, plus the new debts Cuba protocol which stipulated that Cuba's first five- may incur in the future, represents an irre- year plan (i9?6-80) shoulil be geared to the deemable indenture by which Cuba sells itself Soviet tenth five-year plan. As a result, Cuba, to the Soviet Union. deprived of its right to develop its national economy independently and to work out its own These special economic relations between economic plans, found itself subjected to the the two countries are bound to influence Cuba complete economic control of the Soviet Union. politically. This is an obvious fact that even the That was the year in which Cuban armed forces Cuban leader himself finds it impossible to began to intervene in Angola.' deny. In an interview with U.S. TV broadcaster For more than ten years, the Soviet Union Barbara Walters in May 1977 discussing Cuba's has staked large sums of money on its efforts economie relations with the United States in to dominate Cuba. Subsidies provided up to the past and with the Soviet Union at present,

Deceriber 75, 1978 27 Fidel Castro said: "Historical experience shows, built arms asserhbly arid repair bases, modern just as our own experience does, that once eco- ports and strategic railways'and highways. nomic bonds are established between two coun- Soviet military specialists and advisorsi in- tries, an;r responsible government, any govern- cluding some generals have infiltrated into all ment truly concerned about its people must the military setups of Cuba's three servipes. really think over these interests and connections. They now hold positions at all levels ranging Econlmic bonds, in one way or" another, actually from general staff to company units. They do exercise a certain influence on the govern- exercise direct indirect contnol over com- ment's attitude." or mand,.training and even t\e maintenance and The case in point illustrates the tragedy of use of armaments. a small country like Cuba which has been re- Almost all high-ranking Cuban military dependency social- duced to a new under officers including department heads and army imperialism because of failure to uphold its in- unit commanders were trained in the Soviet dependence after having ended its dependency Union. The same is.true of the majority of the on another imperialist power. naval engineering technicians,.one half of the air force's ground crew and all pilots. The Bridgeheod ond Lockeys Cuban daily Granma on December 2, 19?4 had Cuba's population is less than 10 million, this to report: "The Soviet Union has contri- but its regular armed forces have been expand- buted to the training of our commanders in its ed to 189,000. Of these 160,000 are in the army, military schools and has provided (the Cuban 9,000 in the navy and 20,000 in the air force. armed forces) with the distinguished advisory This makes Cuba's standing army one of the service of its experienced specialists." The largest in Latin America, and second only to Cuban army's military guiding thought, the that of Brazil, a nation with ten times the principles governing its build-up, its strategy population of Cuba. Mexico, with seven times and tactics, and'its intelligence system have aII' Cuba's population, has an armed force only half been adopted to the advantage of the Sovidf as large. Even Fidel Castro cannot but concede Union. that the number of "regular effectives in the As a matter of fact Cuba has become the revolutionary armed forces far exceeds the limits Soviet Union's military springboard in the warranted by the economic and demographic Caribbean. At present, more than 20 Soviet conditions of the country." One-fourth of this TU-95B long-range reconnaissance bombers are standing army has now been sent overseas to stationed at Cuban air bases. From their berve as Soviet mercenary troops in Africa. bases in this country, they often fly missions over places near U.S. territory. Cienfuegos in The Soviet Union supplied all the arrhs and Cuba has become a base for Soviet naval task equipment now used by the Cuban armed forces, force manoeuvring Caribbean. including 600 tanks, 200 armoured personnel- in the carriers, artillery and anti-aircraft missiles, Castro said: "The history of the develop- more than 60 naval Vessels, and 100 MIG-21s, ment of our military power is'a history of co- 50 MIG-15s and 50 MIG-1?s. Recently, the operation with the Soviet armed forces." Es- Kremlin has shipped to Cuba MIG-23s with sentially, the history of the military co-operation a range of 1,200 miles. Castro revealed that the between the two countries is a record of how value in pesos of the "modern means of the Soviet Union turned Cuba into a bridgehead defence" supplied to the Cuban armed forces by for hegemonic expansion in Latin America. the Soviet Union "is the order of thousands in 'lhe relations between Cuba and the Soviet of millions." Union are no different from those between im- The Soviet Union has built many modern perialism and its colonies and dependencies; military bases and installations in Cuba. They between master and servants. Cuban leaders include air ferce bases, nuclear-powered sub- who are boasting about this have really become marine bases and arms depots as well as com- "model" lackeys to serve the needs of the Soviet mand telecommunication centres.' It has also Union's strategy for world domination.

28 Peking Revieus, No. 50 Ttre treaty is the third of its ROUND kind signed by the Soviet Union beginning or Novem- TH E WORLD NR.\\\\\\\\\N ffi:'n" four' of the treaty ERITREAN GUERRILLAS Eritrea, the last important city Article stipulates that the interests to fall into government hands. "in Soviet Novol of strengthening the defence Bombordment The offensive to capture capacity of the high contracting Soviet warships anchored off Keren was the second launched p rties they shall continue to the Red Sea coast pounded this year by Ethiopian govern- develop co-operation in the Eritrean guerrilla positions in ment troops against the guerril- military field on the basis of northern Eritrea on December las. In June, the Ethiopian appropriate agreements con- 2;,. The Soviet attempt to land Government had hurled 200,000 cluded between them." Article men and material was repulsed troops and militiamen into the ten states, "Ttre high contract- by the guerrillas. Once more biggest offensive in that region ing parties. shall consult each the nature of Soviet social- and occupied most of the cities other on all major international imperialism is exposed. controlled by the guerrillas. issues affecting the interests of the two countries." Article In the war between Eritrean eight says, "The high contract- guerrillas and. Ethiopian gov- Eritrea is in northern Ethi- opia. According to the Decem- ing parties shall facilitate the ernment troops, two high- development of co-operation ranking Soviet generals, one air ber 2, 1950 decision by the U.N. General Assembly, Eritrea is an among Asian states and the force and the other infantry, establishment of relations of 200 high-ranking Soviet officers autonomous community forming a "'union" with Ethiopia. In peace, good-neighbourliness and over 2,000 Cubans were and mutual confidence among e.pgaged in directing and co- November 1962, the Congress of Eritrea adopted a decision to them and the creation of an ordinating the war at all levels. effective security system in An Eritrean People's Liberation turn Eritrea into an Ethiopian province, which has now be- Asia on the basis of joint efforts Front spokesman at its Paris by all countries of the con- war come an administrative region. office said: "We are at tinent." *ittr the Soviet lJnion." An The armed struggle for indepen- dence waged by the Eritreari AFP dispatch quoted observers Speaking at a December 5 peopl6 since 1961 developed as saying that the latest Soviet- dinner given by the Soviet side backed Ethiopian offensive rapidly and by 1977 more than per in honour of Taraki, Chairman coincided with the signing of a 90 cent of the territory was in the hands of the Eritrean of the Revolutionary Coirncil "treaty of friendship and ce and Prime Minister of Afghani- Moscow between guerrillas. operation" in stan, Brezhnev said, "The treatY the Soviet Unioro and Ethiopia. is an outstanding political act." During fierce fighting with U.S.S.R.-AFGHANISTAN "The Soviet Union stands for Ethiopian government troops, the deepening and expansion of Eritrean guer:rillas destroyed 20 Militory Co-operotion international detente, for its ex-. and captured five Soviet-made tension also to the'moet PoPu- per- The Soviet Union and tanks manned by Soviet lated continent of the Planet - sonnel. The guerrillas also shot Afghanistan will "eontinue to Asia," he added. down a helicopter with a senior develop co-operation in the Russian army officer on board. military field" and facilitate In reply, Taraki said, "The The intervention of Soviet and "the creation of an effective Democratic Republic of Af- Cuban military personnel in the security system in Asia," saYs ghanistan strives to have rela- offensive against the Eritrean the "treaty of friendship, good.: tions of good-neighbourliness guerrillas has enabled Ethiopian ,neighbourlines.s and co-opera- and friendshiP with its neigh- government troops to occupy tion" signed by the two coun- bouring countries and other the important city of Keren in tries in Moscow on December 5. countries of that area."

December 15, 7978 29 JAPAN matter of security assurance. members of this cult later That is expansion of the self- moved to Guyana. Jones pro- New Cobinet Formed defenee force and the mainte- claimed that the end of the nance of the Japanese-U.S. world was. imminent and that A new Japanese cabinet, with security assurance system which suicide was a "holy death;" Masayoshi Ohira as its prime is supplementary to Japan's Adherents were physically minister, was formed on Decem- self-defence force. We have all punished for failing to observe ber 7 and included Minister bf along relied on all this,.coupled the cult's and savage Justice Yosfimi Furui, Minister strict with other factors of strength, rules. Ttrere were growitrg of .Foreign Affairs Sunao Sono- to guarantee Japan's security." complaints about this from the and Minister of Finance .di public. When a fact-finding mis- Ippei Kaneko. 1972, Ohira In September had sion led by Representative Leo visited China as Minister of Masayoshi Ohira, Secretary- Ryan of the United States Foreign Affairs with Prime was about to leave the cult's Genejral of the Japanese ruling Ttre Minister Kakuei Tanaka. cpmp in Guyana for California, Liberal Democratic Party, was visit brought about normaliz* new party president at about 20 members of the cult elected. tion of relations between China special party conven- asked to leave with him. Jones the 35th and Japan. He carne to China held on December The ordered his followers to kill tiort 1. again in January 1974 to sign Fukuda cabinet resigned on De- Ryan and the reporters who a Japan-China trade agreement. were with him. Then Jones cember 6 and an ad hoc session Minister of The new Prime ordered all cult adherents to of the Japanese Diet was to im- Japan is known for his commit suicide. have been called the same day, portant contributions to nor- to within but due disagreements malizing relations between That such a tragedy took Liberal Democratic Party the China and Japan. place is not hard to understand. over the selection of its secre- Since World War II, the corrod- tary-general, the election of irg, mounting economic and prinle minister was postponed u.s,A. social crises in the United to December 7 when Masayoshi States have. made growing Ohira was formally elected The Peopte's Tempte a prime minister by a majority Trogedy number of Americans lose faith vote in the House of Represent- in their social system. Many On November 18 more than atives and House of Council- were led to think that life was 900 members of the U.S. Peo- lors. meaningless and there was no ple's Temple killed themselves truth in the world. Traditional According to an Asahi Shim- at their camp near Georgetown, morals and standards of value ban report, the main contents capital of Guyana. The U.S. were upset. In the United States, of Ohira's "policy outline" are public was shocked. People has led to widespread dis- described as: Taking a compre- everywhere have been discuss- this hensive security and defence ing this mass suicide and the illusion and nihilism, and has strateg'y to safeguard peace; cult. People were puzzled. How given rise to nearly a hundred working out a joint pan-Pacific cou1d, such a tragedy take Place kinds of new cults. The People's . diplomacy; establishing econom- among a group of citizens of a Temple was one. This cult was ic contacts acceptable to the country with such a high ma- born of the American social - international eommunity; and terial civilization as the United system and prevailing social developing unofficial econornic States?' trends. The tragedy sheds some relations. Ohira on December 1 People's Temple was founded light on what passes for "free- emphasized that Japan should years by its leader James dom" and "civilization" in the endeavour to upgrade its self- L5 ago Jones who led his adherents to United States today. It i;s also defence force. live as an agricultural com- a reflection of the hollowness, Ohira said: "To my mind, munity cut off from the rest of mental repression and disillu- Japan has made no mistakes the world. Deluded and de- sionment of life in the caPitalist with regard to its option in the ceived by Jones, some 1,200 system.

30 Peking Reuieu, No. 50 ON THE HOME FRONT

Peoplets "smashing the public security Proeuiotorater orgarui, the people's procura- Re-Detabltched torates and the peoPle's courts." fr HIEF and deputy chief proc- .' \-r urators have been appoint- Tientsin's New ed to 29 provinces (except Induo|rlal Proleotc Taiwan Province), mtinicipali- tr'es and autonomous regions in TN north China's key industrial China. Similarl5r, 60 per cent of I city of Tientsin, more Chong Hual.hu. the prefectural and city people's capital construction projects are procuratorates (a province has under way in the Power, Varehoatcmara) several prefectures) and 40 per metallurgical, chemical, . oil, cent of the more than 2,100 transport and textile industries' Spceto,l Grade county people's procuratorates Some projects have alreadY rftHE Ministry of Communica- had chief and deputy chief gone into production. have I tions recently conferred the procurators appointed. on Chang Of the two sets of 320,000- ' title of Labour Hero Huai-hu, a Communist PartY 1978 kw. generators imPorted bY this This accords with the made him "ware- port city to suPPlY Power for member, and Cqnstitution and the Party Cen- sPecial grade." off-shore oil drilling, one is house'keePer, tral Committee directive to The prornotion carried higher alreadyin use and the other now stiengthen the socialist legal wages. go system. According to Article 43 under trial operation will into former stevedore in of the Constitution, the people's service next. spring. This Wuhan, central China's river procuratorates exercise procura- Capital construction and port city, got a job as ware- torial authority ensuring obser- equipment installation are well houseman after recovering vance of the Constitution and under way at the fientsin from injuries sustained at work the law by aII state organs and Petrochemical ComPlex, one o,f in 1956. For 21 Years he has their personnel and all citizens. the state's key projects. It will never asked for a single daY off' The procuratorial organs, public produce 80,000 tons of polyester work. Even durin$ the Period security organs and people's cut film and 50,000 tons of when Lin Piao and the "gang of courts complement and restrict' dacron short fibre each year four" were sPreading anarchist each other in their work. when completed. Wlth a totat ideas and some PeoPle stoPPed building floor space of 480,000 going to work, Chang Huai-hu Competent people who have square metres, it will have 2,000 was at his Post as usual. strong Party a a spirit and pieces of imported equipment Devoting everY effort to his good are style of work selected and 14,000 imported instruments work, he'has not made one mis- people's procura- to work in the and meters. A further 5,200 take in all the 21 Years he has torates at various levels. pieces of China-made equip- been working as a warehouse- ment will be put in. man. Millions of Pieces of goods, The Supreme People's Proc- ranging from confectionarY to uratorate and local people's A quarry to supply 600,000 highiy prized ginseng and procuratorates ceased function- tons of stone a year for the leopard bones, from needles to ing during the Cultural Revolu- projects went into production colour television sets, have tion after Lin Piao and the this year in Chihsien County in passed through his hands "gang of four" called for Tientsin's northern suburb. without damage or loss.

December 75, 1978 31 f)v. fr #.* i SETECTED STrORKS fr r, i- f OF * 11- 4 + f MAO TSETUNG fA fi- s L fr 6r Volume V rt {t a a I English Edition )L =

This uolume conta,tns 70 of Comrade Mao Tsetung's important writr,ngs lrom September 7949 through 1957.

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