Communicating Perspectives on Water Supply and Desalination Energy Use
scwd2 Desalination Program
Kennedy/Jenks Consultants with City of Santa Cruz Water Department Soquel Creek Water District Data Instincts
American Academy of Environmental Engineers
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ALL ENTRIES ARE DUE BY THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 2012. Communicating Perspectives on Water Supply and Desalination Energy Use
Challenges to Address The Regional Seawater Desalination Project has been proposed by the City of Santa Cruz Water Department and the Soquel Creek Water District (partnering as scwd2) to provide a reliable, supplemental water supply to the communities served by these two agencies. The decision to pursue a seawater desalination project was the culmination of more than 25 years of planning, studies and public hearings.
Within the community, there is vocal opposition to the project coming from a coalition of community activists. Their concerns are based on a variety of environmental, social and political issues. Since the energy requirement of the proposed project and the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) associated with its operation are among the major environmental concerns, scwd2 developed a communications and public outreach plan specific to energy and GHGs. One of the challenges in designing this plan was presenting the complex issues of energy requirements and GHGs in terms that could be easily understood by community members and potentially could assuage some of their concerns.
Goals of the Communications Plan The audience for the communications plan included a variety of community stakeholders, such as opponents and supporters of the proposed desalination project, ratepayers, elected officials and members of local business and environmental groups. The goal of the plan was to present an objective description of the energy requirements of the proposed project in comparison to the energy requirements of existing water supplies (groundwater and surface water). In addition, the energy requirements of the desalination project also were put into perspective with existing community energy requirements, such as the local hospital, the mall, and household televisions and refrigerators.
The materials used during the communication and public outreach plan used similar visual elements and adhered to a consistent narrative theme. The energy-specific communications campaign lasted from approximately January 2011 through December of 2011.
An Innovative, Integrated Approach Utilizing Creativity and Clarity A robust public outreach program was established that blended traditional outreach methods with new and innovative methods of engaging the public to enhance the community dialogue and increase the general understanding of the energy requirements of the project. The communications plan utilized a series of strategies, including handouts, direct-mail pieces, community meetings, web pages, email broadcasts, social media, innovative community interviews using iPads, and development of a white paper on water supply and energy use. The strategies that scwd2 found most effective are further described below.
iPad Interviews: Community members were interviewed using an iPad application that provided a five-minute interactive, educational exchange in which visual graphics were used to provide factual information and provide feedback in real-time. With this tool, scwd2 could instantly gauge community concerns and quickly tailor the outreach and messaging accordingly to ensure effectiveness. This strategy is relatively new but has the potential to enhance the way in which community outreach is conducted by public agencies. Attachment 1 shows examples of the iPad interview pages.
For the scwd2 project, we were able to learn that although some local community members are not yet convinced that desalination is the best solution for augmenting the water supply, many do believe that the agencies should continue to evaluate the project and its potential impacts. We also were able to clarify the specific misperception that the proposed project would include GHG-emitting smokestacks at the desalination facility, as shown in Slide 21 of Attachment 1.
Social Media: In an effort to reach a wider demographic, a project page was established on Facebook, and a series of advertisements were developed to appear during targeted time periods. Using several advertisement approaches (Attachment 2), we were able to measure their effectiveness by the site traffic and craft future ads to reach wider audiences. The objective of this particular effort was to direct Facebook visitors to the scwd2 website (Attachment 3) to learn more about the project.
White Paper: A white paper entitled “Perspectives on Water Supply Energy Use,” created as a preface to an energy study being prepared as part of the project environmental review process, was designed as a more user-friendly document that included both charts and creative graphics to convey relative energy consumptions, as well as a narrative description and calculations. As an example, Figure 2-4 in Attachment 4 shows typical residential energy use for a Santa Cruz area residence, including the amount of energy required for water supply. The paper also provided comparative energy requirements of household appliances (i.e. computers and light bulbs) and estimated how much more energy would be required for desalination.
Community Meeting: scwd2 held an informational meeting focusing solely on energy use and GHGs related to desalination. Meeting materials included: • A handout (Attachment 5) explaining how energy requirements and GHGs were calculated and the process under way to reduce the carbon footprint of the project. • A PowerPoint presentation (Attachment 6) that provided the community with information about the energy study and the project goals to reduce GHGs. • Displayboards (Attachment 7) that used graphics comparing energy use in the community with the energy required for a supplemental desalination. • The meeting was videotaped by community television. The video was played repeatedly on local cable and is available on the scwd2 website.
Effective Results and Future Value The documented successful results from the communications plan included increased visits to the project website and Facebook page. As a result of the iPad interviews, a total of 1,600 community members were interviewed, and the results will be used to create messages for future public outreach efforts. Less tangible results included a perceived shift in the public debate away from the issue of energy related to desalination and an understanding that misperceptions about project energy use could be clarified using targeted educational materials. In addition, by packaging information into various formats (interviews, presentations, handouts) and investing time communicating the information, scwd2 is establishing relationships with the community and can now be viewed as accessible, open to discussion, and trusted as a credible source of information. List of Attachments
Attachment 1 – iPad Interview Slides
Attachment 2 – Facebook Advertisements
Attachment 3 – Webpage for Energy on scwd2 website
Attachment 4 – Energy White Paper
Attachment 5 – Desalination Energy Informational Handout
Attachment 6 – Slides from Energy Community Meeting
Attachment 7- Displayboards from Community Meeting Santa Cruz and Soquel Water Planning Question 1
Do you live in the service area?
I get my water from a private well. Question 2
How much do you know about your water supply?
Nothing
Some
A lot Santa Cruz Water Supply
95% of Santa Cruz’s water comes from rainwater captured in streams and reservoirs. The remaining 5% comes from a small groundwater system in the Live Oak Area. Soquel Creek District Supply
Ground Wells 100%
Soquel Creek Water District gets 100% of its water from ground wells located throughout the service area. Question 3
Are you aware of the water shortage issues facing Santa Cruz and Soquel Creek Water District?
Yes
No Variable Supply
Santa Cruz’s water supply is not enough to protect it against severe drought such as the one experienced in 1976-77. Rationing and mandatory curtailment could be as steep as 40%. Preserving Fish Habitat
Santa Cruz must reduce intake from streams and rivers to preserve COHO Salmon and Steelhead Trout habitat. The federal government may heavily fine the city if it doesn’t comply. Soquel Aquifer Overdraft
Soquel Creek Water District Current Overdraft (afy)
5000
3750
2500
1250
0 Sustainable Yield SqCWD 2010 Usage
The Soquel-Aptos Region is currently overdrafting its groundwater basin, which can ultimately lead to seawater intrusion Soquel Aquifer Overdraft
Under normal conditions rainfall percolates into the ground and also flows out to the ocean. Soquel Aquifer Overdraft
In an overdrafted condition, more water is extracted than can be naturally recharged by rainfall - this condition pulls ocean water inward and can ultimately lead to saltwater intrusion. Soquel Aquifer Overdraft
A number of wells all along the Coast of California have already shown significant increases in salinity, rendering them unusable. Question 4
How aware are you of the efforts being taken to solve our local water issues?
nothing some a lot Integrated Water Plan
Both agencies are pursuing a multi-faceted integrated water plan consisting of conservation, rationing, and potential seawater desalination that could augment supplies to meet the demands of customers. Question 5
How much water do you think you conserve?
nothing some a lot Conservation
Santa Cruz uses half as much water as other cities in California. Question 6
“I could do this “I do this already” in my home” Conservation
Would you like a free water survey? Water experts can measure your home’s efficiency, provide free installations, and share landscaping tips.
Yes
No Rationing
15% rationing during droughts is currently part of both agencies contingency planning. Without a supplemental supply, rationing could be as steep as 40%. Question 7
Did you know that the City of Santa Cruz and Soquel Creek Water District are evaluating desalination as a potential supply?
Yes
No Desalination - Scale
The proposed small-scale desalination plant would resemble this facility from Pleasanton CA (top) not the large-scale facility from the Arab Emirates (below). Desalination - Energy Use
Avg annual energy use (MWhr/ yr) 60,000
45,000
30,000
15,000
0
Household Household Wastewater Existing Water Mid-size Desalination Mid-size Amusement Refrigeration Television Treatment System hospital Indoor Mall Park Environmental Impact
Current studies show that the impact on marine life would be minimal thanks to technology for taking in seawater and releasing brine. Question 8
Should we continue to study the environmental impact of desalination to meet our future water needs?
strongly disagree strongly agree Congratulations
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THANK YOU! Environmental Impact Sample Facebook Ads scwd2 Desalination Program Page 1 of 1
Home Desal Project Reports & Documents Public Participation Schedule News FAQs
Regional Seawater Desalination Program Website
Contact Us | Search | Sitemap The City of Santa Cruz Water Department (SCWD) and Soquel Creek Water District (SqCWD) have been collaborating to conserve, protect and create reliable water resources. Both have What's New already implemented numerous stringent conservation and curtailment requirements to maximize efficient water use, but the region needs a reliable supplemental water source that will provide
New! February 2012 Email needed supply during droughts and protect groundwater aquifers from seawater intrusion. Update: Evaluations Continue After over 20 years of multiple studies and scores of public Answering the Top Questions of meetings, SCWD and SqCWD have identified desalination 2011 as the best option for delivering this flexible and reliable supplemental water source. To take advantage of the benefits derived from a cooperative facility, SCWD and SqCWD Meeting Materials from have joined together to address their different needs and share the costs associated with December 8th Community evaluating the proposed project. This program is currently in an Environmental Review Meeting: Energy & Climate process evaluating the potential for a 2.5 million gallon per day desalination facility in Impacts Santa Cruz. No decision has yet been made on the actual construction of the proposed project. Efforts underway to evaluate reducing carbon footprint of Components of Integrated Water Plan project First Time Here? What about...? Latest on the Surface Water Transfer Concept Are you hearing a lot about desalination in the local community or media? To learn scwd2 SWRO Pilot Plant wins more about some of the top issues related to the proposed project or water supply Award issues, click here. Integrated Water Plan Update- Soquel Creek WD
Integrated Water Plan Update- Santa Cruz
Desalinated-Related Issues Alternatives
• City of Santa Cruz’s Proposed Ordinance for • More Conservation Voter Approval of Desalination Plant • Increasing Surface Water Storage • Desal and Energy Use • Recycled Water • Surface Water Transfer Water Shortage Issues • What is currently being evaluated in the EIR
• Drought Protection • Overdrafted Groundwater Resources • Protecting Endangered Species
© 2008-2011 scwd2 Desalination Program, All rights reserved.
http://www.scwd2desal.org/ 3/13/2012 Energy White Paper Perspectives on Water Supply Energy Use
City of Santa Cruz & Soquel Creek Water District scwd2 Desalination Program
Prepared by:
April 2011
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ...... ii List of Tables ...... iv List of Figures ...... iv List of Appendices ...... iv
Section 1: Executive Summary and Background ...... 1 1.1 Executive Summary ...... 1 1.2 Background ...... 2 1.3 Current Water Supply Portfolios ...... 2 1.3.1 SCWD Water Supply Portfolio ...... 2 1.3.2 SqCWD Water Supply Portfolio ...... 3
Section 2: Energy and Our Current Water Supply ...... 4 2.1 What is Energy? ...... 4 2.2 Our Society is Fundamentally Reliant on Energy ...... 5 2.3 Our Current Water Supplies Require Energy ...... 6 2.3.1 SCWD Water Supply Energy Requirements ...... 6 2.3.2 SqCWD Water Supply Energy Requirements ...... 7 2.4 Typical Residential Energy Use Including Water Supply ...... 8
Section 3: Desalination Energy Requirements ...... 12 3.1 The Seawater Desalination Process ...... 12 3.1.1 Seawater Desalination Has Become More Energy Efficient ...... 13 3.2 Energy Use of Proposed Desalination Facility ...... 14
Section 4: Putting Desalination Energy into Perspective ...... 15 4.1 Desalination Energy Compared to Typical Santa Cruz Area Energy Uses ...... 15 4.2 Water Supply Energy with Supplemental Desalination ...... 16 4.2.1 SCWD Water Supply Energy with Supplemental Desalination ...... 16 4.2.2 SqCWD Water Supply Energy with Supplemental Desalination ...... 17 4.3 Desalination Energy Compared to Typical Household Energy Uses ...... 17
ii Energy White Paper, Perspectives on Water Supply Energy Use
Table of Contents (cont'd)
Section 5: Energy Minimization and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Study ...... 19 5.1 GHG Regulatory Guidelines ...... 19 5.1.1 California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) ...... 19 5.1.2 California Global Warming Solutions Act (AB 32) ...... 20 5.1.3 California Coastal Commission and the California Coastal Act ...... 21 5.1.4 Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary ...... 21 5.2 Projected scwd2 Indirect GHG Emissions ...... 21 5.3 Putting Desalination GHG Emissions into Perspective ...... 22 5.4 Investigating Renewable Energy and GHG Reduction Options ...... 23 References ...... 24
Energy White Paper, Perspectives on Water Supply Energy Use iii
List of Tables
Table 2-1 Estimated SCWD Residential Annual Energy Consumption by End Use ...... 9 Table 2-2 Estimated SqCWD Residential Annual Energy Consumption by End Use ...... 10 Table 3-1 Conceptual Range of Energy Requirements of the Project ...... 14
List of Figures
Figure 2-1 PG&E 2009 Power Mix ...... 5 Figure 2-2 SCWD Graham Hill WTP ...... 7 Figure 2-3 SqCWD Groundwater Pump ...... 8 Figure 2-4 Typical Santa Cruz Area Residential Energy Use Including Water Supply ...... 9 Figure 2-5 Estimated SCWD Residential Annual Energy Use ...... 10 Figure 2-6 Current SqCWD Residential Energy End Uses ...... 11 Figure 3-1 Desalination Plant in Pleasanton, CA ...... 12 Figure 3-2 Typical Desalination Process ...... 13 Figure 3-3 Energy Consumption by the RO Desalination Process ...... 14 Figure 4-1 Desalination Energy Use Relative to Santa Cruz Area Demands ...... 15 Figure 4-2 SCWD Residential Annual Energy Consumption with Supplemental Desalination Water Supply ...... 16 Figure 4-3 SqCWD Residential Annual Energy Consumption with Supplemental Desalination Water Supply ...... 17 Figure 4-4 scwd2 Household Desalination Water Supply Energy Equivalents ...... 18 Figure 5-1 Categories of GHG Emissions ...... 20
List of Appendices
Appendix A: Units, Conversion Factors, and Calculations...... 26
iv Energy White Paper, Perspectives on Water Supply Energy Use
Section 1: Executive Summary and Background
1.1 Executive Summary The City of Santa Cruz Water Department (SCWD) and Soquel Creek Water District (SqCWD), partnering together as scwd2, are evaluating seawater desalination as a supplemental source to their current water supply portfolios. The energy requirement of seawater desalination is among the key issues in the evaluation of the proposed scwd2 Regional Seawater Desalination Project (Project). scwd2 is committed to thoroughly studying the potential energy use of the scwd2 Regional Seawater Desalination Project (Project).
A desalination facility uses electricity from the power grid, similar to a home or business. scwd2 is conducting the Energy Minimization and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Study to ensure that the most advanced and energy efficient technologies and approaches are identified and incorporated into the proposed Project and to inform the Project’s Environmental Impact Report (EIR). The study will also explore renewable energy options (such as photovoltaic solar systems, third party providers, etc.) to offset power requirements of the Project.
This paper serves as a preface to the scwd2 Energy Minimization and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Study. This paper will describe the energy requirements of traditional water supplies with those of the Project (which includes the water treatment facility as well as the related intake, pump stations, etc.), and compare the respective energy uses to typical energy requirements for a household. This comparison will put the energy requirements for desalination into broader perspective.
The proposed scwd2 Seawater Desalination Project, running at full capacity year-round would have a peak demand of 1.6 MW and require about 13,700 MWh of energy annually. In a typical, non-drought year, the facility is expected to run at half capacity and thereby require approximately 0.8 MW or about 6,800 MWh annually. This is a small to moderate amount of energy compared to other demands in our society. The desalination plant would use energy similar to a small manufacturing facility or mid-sized hospital.
The energy required to produce water from traditional supplies (such as surface water and groundwater) for customers served by the City of Santa Cruz or Soquel Creek Water District is approximately 0.5 to 0.7 “…because desalinated water would be used percent of a household’s total energy only to supplement existing water supplies usage. While the process of desalination the energy required to deliver water would requires more energy than a typical become approximately 1 to 2.3 percent of the water supply, because desalinated water would be used only to supplement total energy used in a typical household.” existing water supplies, the energy required to deliver water would become approximately 1 to 2.3 percent of the total energy used in a typical household. Although the water supply energy could increase by 2 to 3 times with desalination, the energy use is still only a small percentage of the energy we use in our households every day.
Energy White Paper, Perspectives on Water Supply Energy Use Page 1
1.2 Background The City of Santa Cruz Water Department (SCWD) Integrated Water Plan (IWP, 2005) and the Soquel Creek Water District (SqCWD) Integrated Resources Plan (IRP, 2006) provide a flexible, phased approach for providing a reliable high-quality supply of water while ensuring protection of public health and safety. The integrated water plans for both agencies include the following primary components:
Conservation – Permanently reduce customer demand for water and increase water use efficiency to obtain the greatest public benefit from available supplies.
Curtailment – Further reduce water use by up to 15 percent through temporary water restrictions during times of drought.
Supplemental Supply – Construct a small regional 2.5 million gallon per day (MGD) desalination plant to provide supplemental water during drought and to help protect our coastal aquifers.
SCWD and SqCWD are collaborating to conserve, protect, and create a reliable water supply portfolio. The two agencies have partnered, forming the scwd2 Task Force, to implement the scwd2 Desalination Program. Development and use of the desalination plant and related facilities is being pursued by both agencies through an operational agreement.
The scwd2 Desalination Program proposes a seawater desalination project to provide up to 2.5 million gallons per day (mgd) of water as a supplemental water supply. This water would help SqCWD meet its annual water needs as it reduces groundwater withdrawals of the over- drafted Soquel-Aptos area to prevent seawater intrusion. The desalination facility would help SCWD meet the water needs of its service area during drought periods as well as provide much needed operational flexibility should surface water reductions be required to protect endangered species. 1.3 Current Water Supply Portfolios 1.3.1 SCWD Water Supply Portfolio The City of Santa Cruz (SCWD) relies primarily on surface water runoff that is captured in reservoirs or withdrawn through stream diversions. The SCWD also has several groundwater wells that seasonally supply about 5 percent of its water supply. The SCWD water supply facilities include:
. Surface water storage in Loch Lomond Reservoir . Surface diversions from two locations on the San Lorenzo River . Surface diversions from three coastal streams and a natural spring (i.e., North Coast sources) . Groundwater from the Live Oak Wells.
The SCWD system relies on surface runoff from local rainfall and groundwater infiltration. No water is purchased from State or Federal sources or otherwise imported to the region from
Page 2 Energy White Paper, Perspectives on Water Supply Energy Use
outside the Santa Cruz area. The strong reliance on surface water to provide nearly all of its water supply is the primary threat to the SCWD water system. Stream flows vary for a number of reasons including seasonal variations, drought, and potential long term impacts from climate change. If SCWD were faced with drought conditions similar to the 1977 drought, the SCWD would not have enough water to meet current demands; drought-related curtailment has historically been estimated to be as high as 45 percent. Even with ongoing conservation efforts and 15-percent additional rationing/water-use restrictions during drought, additional water supplies are needed to meet potable water needs for public health and safety, economic stability, and provide water for protection of endangered species.
1.3.2 SqCWD Water Supply Portfolio SqCWD obtains 100 percent of its water supply from groundwater aquifers within the Soquel- Aptos area via production wells. Similar to SCWD, no water is purchased from State or Federal sources or imported to the region from outside the Santa Cruz area. The groundwater aquifers are located within two geologic formations that underlie the SqCWD service area, the Purisima Formation and the Aromas Red Sands aquifer. The Purisima Formation provides the majority of the SqCWD’s annual needs. These aquifers provide groundwater to SqCWD as well as other municipal utilities (such as SCWD, Central Water District, and the City of Watsonville), small mutual water districts or companies, and private well owners. The primary threat to the SqCWD water supply is overdrafting of the aquifers and the subsequent potential for seawater intrusion. The basin currently is in a state of overdraft, and the cumulative impact of pumping in excess of sustainable yields will eventually lead to seawater intrusion and to potential contamination of the groundwater basin.
SqCWD has practiced groundwater management for over 25 years and continually monitors for changes in water quality and groundwater levels. In addition, to conserve and protect its potable water supply, SqCWD has joined SCWD to address common water supply issues. SqCWD needs to find a supplemental water supply that will permit them to reduce pumping from the overdrafted groundwater aquifers and naturally allow the coastal groundwater levels to rise and thereby prevent seawater intrusion.
Energy White Paper, Perspectives on Water Supply Energy Use Page 3
Section 2: Energy and Our Current Water Supply
2.1 What is Energy? The terms “power” and “energy” are often used, and sometimes confused, in discussions about energy requirements of a desalination facility. Power is a measurement of instantaneous electricity or force: this is also called energy demand. Scientific units of energy demand include watts (W) and horsepower (HP). For example, we may describe a power plant as having a capacity of 100 megawatts (MW), which is equivalent to 100 million watts. A vehicle often is described as having a 250 HP engine.
Energy is a term that describes energy demand over time and is equal to the instantaneous demand multiplied by the time that the demand is used, typically in hours.
Energy = Demand x Time
Scientific units of energy include watt-hours (W.h). For example, if a 100 MW power plant operated 24 hours per day for a year at maximum capacity, it would produce during that year:
100 MW x 24 hours/day x 365 days/year = 870,600 MWh of energy.
If the same power plant operated at only half its capacity (50 MW) for 24 hours per day over the year, then it would produce during that year:
50 MW x 24 hours/day x 365 days/year = 430,800 MWh (only half the amount of energy)
The appendix to this white paper includes additional descriptions, definitions, and relationships for units of power and energy, as well as detailed calculations to support energy numbers provided in the text.
Electricity on our California power grid comes from many different sources, including both fossil- fuel based and renewable energy sources. Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) supplies electricity for the power grid in the Santa Cruz area. The energy that PG&E produces emits a varying amount of greenhouse gases for every kilowatt-hour produced, depending on the mix of renewable and non-renewable energy sources. As a society, there is an increased awareness about reducing the amount of fossil-fuel, greenhouse gas-emitting energy we produce, and increasing the amount of renewable energy we produce, regardless of the end use of our energy. Figure 3-1 illustrates PG&E’s energy portfolio for 2009. Over time, PG&E anticipates that their energy portfolio will shift toward more climate neutral and renewable sources.
Page 4 Energy White Paper, Perspectives on Water Supply Energy Use
Figure 2-1 PG&E 2009 Power Mix
Source: PG&E, 2009.
2.2 Our Society is Fundamentally Reliant on Energy Human societies worldwide are dependent on the use of energy. We use energy to cook our food, to provide light in the darkness, to heat or cool our homes, to transport ourselves and materials of commerce, and to run much of our machinery. Perceptions and ideas about energy use in our “Perceptions and ideas about energy use in society are changing, with a greater our society are changing, with … an awareness of the impacts of energy emphasis on reducing the production of consumption on the environment and greenhouse gases that contribute to global an emphasis on reducing the climate change.” production of greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change.
Some examples of power and energy use in our society include: . The state of California uses an average 257 million MWh of electrical energy per year, or about 7 MWh per capita per year. (California Energy Commission (CEC), 2009) . The average power plant in California can produce approximately 385 MW of electrical capacity. (CEC, 2011). The Moss Landing power plant, south of Santa Cruz, has a capacity of 2,500 MW. The Metcalf Energy Center in San Jose, CA has a capacity of 600 MW.
Energy White Paper, Perspectives on Water Supply Energy Use Page 5
. Large data centers are being built around the United States and the world to increase Internet bandwidth and download speeds. A proposed large Microsoft Chicago data center would require an electrical power capacity of 198 MW and could use up to 1,700,000 MWh of energy per year. (WDR, 2008). A smaller Internet Data Center, in Santa Cruz, operating with 30 data server racks, requires about 0.2 MW of power demand or 1,580 MWh per year of energy. . A typical refrigerator uses about 1,100 kWh per year, or about 6% of a California household’s energy use. A community of about 50,000 households (approximate number of households in each of the service areas for the City of Santa Cruz Water Department and the Soquel Creek Water District) requires about 6 MW of power demand or 54,000 MWh of energy for operating refrigerators for a period of one year. (Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2005) . Annual energy use for televisions in California is approximately 8.8 million MWh or about 725 kWh per year per household. A community of about 50,000 households requires about 4 MW of power demand or 36,000 MWh of energy for operating televisions for a period of one year. (CEC, 2009) . A mid-sized inpatient hospital with 200 to 300 beds similar to Dominican Hospital in Santa Cruz, CA, requires about 0.75 MW of power demand and consumes about 6,600 MWh of electricity annually. (EIA, 2003).
2.3 Our Current Water Supplies Require Energy 2.3.1 SCWD Water Supply Energy Requirements The SCWD drinking water system relies on surface runoff from local rainfall and groundwater infiltration. Some of the surface water is captured in Loch Lomond and pumped to the Graham Hill Water Treatment Plant (WTP). Surface water diversions on the San Lorenzo River and the North Coast supplies also are pumped up to the Graham Hill WTP. Treated water flows by gravity to some areas of Santa Cruz. In other areas at higher elevations, the water must be pumped to storage tanks to provide enough pressure for use in homes and businesses and for fire protection. The primary energy requirements for SCWD’s current water supplies include:
. Pumping energy to lift water to the Graham Hill WTP from all surface sources
. Pumping energy to lift groundwater to the surface
. Energy for the filtration and disinfection processes at the WTP
. Pumping energy to move water and provide potable water pressure for portions of the Santa Cruz service area not served by gravity.
The SCWD Graham Hill WTP, which treats surface water to drinking water quality, is shown in Figure 2-2.
Page 6 Energy White Paper, Perspectives on Water Supply Energy Use
Figure 2-2 SCWD Graham Hill WTP
The water supplies for SCWD require approximately 1.4 kilowatt-hours (kwh) per one thousand gallons (kgal) of water delivered (1.4 kwh/kgal) for collection, treatment and delivery to customers. Residential water use is approximately 75 gallons per person per day. Assuming an average of 2.2 people for a residential connection, the average energy for water supply collection, treatment and delivery per household for SCWD is 83 kWh per year.
2.3.2 SqCWD Water Supply Energy Requirements The SqCWD obtains all of its water supply from two separate groundwater aquifers. Groundwater wells and pumps located throughout the SqCWD service area lift the water several hundred feet to the ground surface. The water is disinfected and pumped to homes and businesses and storage tanks to provide enough pressure for potable water and fire protection. The primary energy requirements for SqCWD’s current water supplies include:
. Pumping energy to lift water from underground up to the surface
. Energy for the treatment (if needed) and disinfection processes at the wells
. Pumping energy to move water and provide potable water pressure for the SqCWD service area.
Energy White Paper, Perspectives on Water Supply Energy Use Page 7
A SqCWD pump, which treats groundwater to provide drinking water supply, is shown in Figure 2-3. Figure 2-3 SqCWD Groundwater Pump
The SqCWD water supply requires approximately 2.1 kWh/kgal of water delivered. The energy requirements for SqCWD are higher than for SCWD because more energy is required to pump water from beneath the ground than to capture surface water. Assuming an average of 2.2 people for a residential connection, and a water use rate of approximately 75 gallons per person per day, the average energy for water supply collection, treatment and delivery per household for SqCWD is 129 kWh per year.
2.4 Typical Residential Energy Use Including Water Supply In surveys of household energy consumption, the major electrical and natural gas energy uses include:
. Home heating and air conditioning . Heating of water (water heaters) . Lighting and household appliances . Refrigeration
Because the energy for drinking water collection, treatment and delivery is associated with a community’s water utility infrastructure, water supply energy has not typically been considered in household energy consumption surveys. However, the water used by a household or business does require “The water used by a household or business energy, as described above, and is does require energy … and is worth worth considering in relation to other considering in relation to other household household energy uses. energy uses.”
Page 8 Energy White Paper, Perspectives on Water Supply Energy Use
Figures 2-4 and 2-5, and Table 2-1 show the estimated annual household energy consumption for a typical household in the SCWD service area, including energy for water supply. The Santa Cruz area is assumed to have similar residential energy use patterns as the rest of California with the exception of air conditioning, since Santa Cruz has a cooler coastal climate. The energy associated with air conditioning was removed from the 2005 US Department of Energy survey data to develop the typical household energy values below. (Calculations are shown in Appendix A).
Figure 2-4 Typical Santa Cruz Area Residential Energy Use Including Water Supply
Table 2-1 Estimated SCWD Residential Annual Energy Consumption by End Use
Other Appliances Water Heating Heating Refrigeration Water Supply Total & Lighting kWh/ 6,828 5,773 4,601 1,084 83 18,370 household % 37% 31% 25% 6% 0.5% 100%
Energy White Paper, Perspectives on Water Supply Energy Use Page 9
Figure 2-5 Estimated SCWD Residential Annual Energy Use
The energy used for water supply (collection, treatment and distribution) is a small percentage of overall household energy use, and for each SCWD household is only approximately 0.5 percent of total household energy.
For SqCWD, the average household energy consumption is summarized in Table 2-2 and shown in Figure 2-6.
Table 2-2 Estimated SqCWD Residential Annual Energy Consumption by End Use
Other Appliances Water Heating Heating Refrigeration Water Supply Total & Lighting kWh/ 6,828 5,773 4,601 1,084 129 18,416 household % 37% 31% 25% 6% 0.7% 100%
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Figure 2-6 Current SqCWD Residential Energy End Uses
The SqCWD residential energy used for water supply (collection, treatment and distribution) is a small percentage of household energy use at only 0.7 percent of a household’s total energy. It is slightly greater than that of Santa Cruz because more energy is needed to pump water from beneath the ground than to capture surface water.
NOTE: Although these figures show water supply as a household energy end use for comparative purposes, water supply energy is associated with a community’s water facilities, and does not show up on a household electricity use meter.
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Section 3: Desalination Energy Requirements
3.1 The Seawater Desalination Process The seawater desalination process withdraws water from the ocean, either through a screened intake or through the sands of the ocean floor, and delivers it to the treatment facility. At the desalination plant, the water is first filtered to remove “dirt” particles and bacteria from the water (just like the filtration treatment at the SCWD Graham Hill WTP). The filtered seawater is pumped at high pressure through reverse osmosis (RO) membranes that produce fresh water and water with concentrated salts. The fresh water is disinfected and treated to minimize corrosion (also similar to the SCWD Graham Hill WTP). The treated water is then pumped into the existing potable water distribution system. The desalination treatment processes are typically housed in a building that could look like an office building or business facility.
The scwd2 Desalination plant could look similar to this brackish water facility in Northern California, shown in Figure 3-1.
Figure 3-1 Desalination Plant in Pleasanton, CA
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Figure 3-2 shows the general process steps for a typical seawater desalination facility.
Figure 3-2 Typical Desalination Process
The primary energy requirements for the proposed scwd2 Regional Seawater Desalination Project include:
. Pumping energy to lift seawater from the ocean to the desalination facility
. Energy for filtration processes
. Energy for the RO desalination process Energy for the disinfection and corrosion reduction processes
. Pumping energy to provide potable water pressure.
Of these energy uses, the seawater RO desalination process makes up the greatest part (approximately 70 percent) of the overall energy requirements.
3.1.1 Seawater Desalination Has Become More Energy Efficient Improvements in RO membrane and energy recovery technology have cut the energy requirements for RO desalination to approximately one-third of what they were twenty years ago. With high efficiency design, the typical modern, high-efficiency desalination project uses about 15 kWh per thousand gallons of water produced (kWh/kgal). As shown in Figure 3-3, the most energy-intensive step of the treatment is seawater RO process.
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Figure 3-3 Energy Consumption by the RO Desalination Process
Intake Filtration SWRO Disinfection & Pumping 1 kWh/kgal 2 kWh/kgal 10 kWh/kgal 2 kWh/kgal
The Affordable Desalination Collaboration (ADC) recently operated seawater RO equipment at a test facility in southern California that used approximately 8 kWh/kgal. The scwd2 Desalination Facility would be designed with similar advanced, high-efficiency energy recovery components to minimize the energy requirements of the seawater RO equipment.
Looking forward, nano-particle technology and other chemistry improvements to the RO membranes hold the promise of additional energy savings. However, because the energy for desalination is related to the salt levels in the water being treated, the laws of physics will eventually limit how much energy can be saved.
3.2 Energy Use of Proposed Desalination Facility The SCWD and SqCWD propose to operate the seawater desalination facility to provide water to each agency at different times to meet the different objectives and needs of the two agencies.
The amount of energy used for scwd2 Desalination Facility would depend on how much water is produced. Table 3-1 below summarizes a range of energy requirements of the proposed Project from half capacity to full capacity.
Table 3-1 Conceptual Range of Energy Requirements of the Project
Operating Half Capacity Full Capacity Condition Average Flow 1.25 2.5 (Mgal/day) Flow 465 930 (Mgal/yr) Electrical Demand 0.8 1.6 (MW) Energy 6,800 13,700 (MWh/yr)
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Section 4: Putting Desalination Energy into Perspective
4.1 Desalination Energy Compared to Typical Santa Cruz Area Energy Uses The energy demands required by the proposed high-efficiency scwd2 Desalination Facility would be similar to a small manufacturing facility or a mid-sized hospital. In a typical year, the scwd2 Desalination Facility is expected to operate at about half capacity over the year. Figure 4-1 shows the average annual energy use of the scwd2 Desalination Facility compared to other typical Santa Cruz area energy uses, describe in Section 2.2.
Figure 4-1 Desalination Energy Use Relative to Santa Cruz Area Demands
For typical non-drought year operations, the annual energy use of the proposed scwd2 Desalination Facility of 6,800 kWh per year is equivalent to any one of the following examples:
. The annual energy used by a mid-sized hospital such as Dominican Hospital. . The annual energy use (electric and gas) for approximately 370 Santa Cruz area households. . Annual refrigeration energy use for about 13% of households served by the Santa Cruz Water Department and Soquel Creek Water District. . Annual television energy use for about 20% of Santa Cruz of households served by the Santa Cruz Water Department and Soquel Creek Water District.
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Compared to other typical energy demands and uses in the Santa Cruz Area, the proposed high-efficiency scwd2 Desalination Facility is relatively small to moderate in demand and average annual energy use.
4.2 Water Supply Energy with Supplemental Desalination 4.2.1 SCWD Water Supply Energy with Supplemental Desalination In a drought year, desalinated seawater could account for up to 15 percent of the water portfolio for SCWD. With the supplemental desalination water supply, the annual SCWD household energy use for water supply would increase from 83 kWh per year to 183 KWh per year.
As shown in Figure 4-2, the percentage of household energy for water supply with supplemental desalination is 1 percent of overall household energy usage for the drought year. (This additional energy would not show up on a household electric meter, but is the energy associated with supplying water to a typical household.)
Figure 4-2 SCWD Residential Annual Energy Consumption with Supplemental Desalination Water Supply
Typical household energy use Typical household energy use with current water supply with current and supplemental desal water
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4.2.2 SqCWD Water Supply “… the percentage of household energy for Energy with Supplemental water supply with supplemental desalination Desalination would be 2.3 percent of overall household In periods of non-drought, desalination energy usage.” could account for 30-40% of the water portfolio for the SqCWD. With this level of supplemental desalination water supply, SqCWD household energy use for water supply would increase from 129 kWh per year to approximately 429 KWh per year. As shown in Figure 4-3, the percentage of household energy for water supply with supplemental desalination would be 2.3 percent of overall household energy usage. This additional energy would not show up on a household electric meter, but is the energy associated with supplying water to a typical household.
Figure 4-3 SqCWD Residential Annual Energy Consumption with Supplemental Desalination Water Supply
Typical household energy use Typical household energy use with current water supply with current and supplemental desal water
4.3 Desalination Energy Compared to Typical Household Energy Uses On a household basis, the additional annual energy associated with the supplemental desalination water supply could be approximately 100 kWh during a drought year for SCWD, and could be about 300 kWh per year for SqCWD. This is a relatively small amount of energy and is equivalent to:
Energy White Paper, Perspectives on Water Supply Energy Use Page 17
. One 35-watt CFL light bulb on for about 8 hours per day for SCWD, and on for about 24 hours per day for SqCWD. . The energy for a washing machine load (warm wash/cold rinse) for 1 to 3 loads per week. . The energy for a typical computer for about 1 to 3 hours per day (US DOE, 2009). . The energy saved by turning down the thermostat by about 1 or 2 oF in winter heating months (EIA, 1997).
Figure 4-4 scwd2 Household Desalination Water Supply Energy Equivalents
The energy required to treat seawater to drinking water standards is higher than for surface and groundwater sources: desalinated water, at15 kWh/kgal, is approximately 7 to 10 times the energy of the traditional water “…because desalinated water will be used supply (1.4 to 2.1 kWh/kgal). However, only to supplement existing water supplies because desalinated water will be used the energy required to deliver water would only to supplement existing water become approximately 1 to 2.3 percent of the supplies, the energy required to deliver water could increase by 2 to 3 times. total energy used in a typical household.” However, the water supply energy would still only be 1 to 2.3 percent of the total energy used in a typical household, and relatively small compared to other daily household energy uses.
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Section 5: Energy Minimization and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Study scwd2 is conducting an Energy Minimization and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction Study (Energy Study) to ensure that the most advanced and energy efficient technologies and approaches are identified and incorporated into the proposed Project, 2 and to explore renewable energy “scwd is conducting an Energy Minimization projects to offset power requirements and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Study to… of the Project explore renewable energy projects to offset power requirements of the Project.” The Energy Study will:
Describe current GHG regulatory guidelines.
Calculate estimated indirect GHG emissions from the project.
Compare the project emissions with potential baseline GHG goals to determine the amount of GHGs that could be reduced or mitigated.
Identify renewable energy and GHG mitigation options.
Prepare an Energy Minimization and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction Plan to meet the goals of the scwd2 Desalination Program.
The first several elements of the Energy Study are summarized below followed by next steps in development of this Study.
5.1 GHG Regulatory Guidelines The following sections describe regulatory guidelines regarding seawater desalination energy use and GHG emissions that could inform or set energy minimization and GHG reduction requirements for the scwd2 Desalination Project. These sections also provide examples of energy or GHG minimization goals or requirements for other California desalination projects.
5.1.1 California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) requires projects to investigate and report on potential environmental impacts of projects. For the scwd2 Desalination Project, SCWD and SqCWD will be required to complete an Environmental Impact Report (EIR), which must include an estimation of GHGs emissions associated with the project.
CEQA does not identify a threshold of significance for project-related GHGs, but allows the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and regional air quality management district’s to establish thresholds. Currently, thresholds vary based on agency and region. CARB has a preliminary draft significance threshold of 7,000 MT CO2e per year. Monterey Bay Unified Air Pollution Control District (MBUAPCD) currently does not have a threshold, but the nearby Bay
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Area AQMD has a threshold of 10,000 MT CO2e per year, and the San Joaquin Valley AQMD guidance states that a project is “less than significant” if GHGs are mitigated to AB 32 levels.
The local 10-mgd Monterey Regional Desalination Project is proposing to use the CARB significance threshold of 7,000 MT/yr as its GHG reduction goal.
5.1.2 California Global Warming Solutions Act (AB 32) The California Assembly Bill 32: Global Warming Solutions Act (AB 32) sets reduction goals for emitters of GHGs. The AB 32 goal is to reduce statewide GHG emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2020. A facility, such as a power generation site, that directly emits GHGs is considered to produce “Scope 1” direct emissions. A facility or site, such as a home or a water treatment plant, that consumes power and purchases electricity is considered to have “Scope 2” indirect emissions. “Scope 3” indirect emissions refer to GHGs emitted indirectly through the purchase of products that emit GHGs, such as air travel or manufacturing of materials. Compliance with AB 32 is mandatory for Scope 1 emissions, but is voluntary for Scope 2 and Scope 3 emissions. CARB is the agency responsible for achieving AB 32 goals.
Figure 5-1 Categories of GHG Emissions
The scwd2 Desalination Project primarily would be a Scope 2 emitter since the facility would consume energy, although construction of the facility and some purchased materials would have associated Scope 3 emissions. The GHGs associated with the project would be indirect emissions from Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E). The energy that PG&E produces emits a varying amount of greenhouse gases for every kilowatt-hour produced, depending on the mix of renewable and non-renewable energy sources that supply PG&E. Over time, PG&E anticipates
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that their energy portfolio will shift toward more climate neutral and renewable sources. Each year PG&E publishes a certified conversion factor to determine the amount of indirect GHG emissions that are associated with the electrical energy a Scope 2 consumer uses.
5.1.3 California Coastal Commission and the California Coastal Act Coastal development in California is regulated by the California Coastal Commission (CCC). The construction of the scwd2 Desalination Facililty would require a permit from the CCC, which would include a review of the facility’s proposed energy consumption.
The California Coastal Act regulates coastal development that is within the coastal zone near the ocean or that draws water from the ocean. The Coastal Act encourages coastal facilities “to locate or expand within existing sites” where possible. The Coastal Act describes that “uses of the marine environment shall be carried out in a manner that will sustain the biological productivity of the coastal waters.” Guidance from the CCC in a March 2004 document titled, “Seawater Desalination and the California Coastal Act”, describes that, “energy consumption of new development be minimized.”
While the CCC does not have specific regulatory authority for GHG mitigation, the CCC has put GHG mitigation requirements in permits on a case-by-case basis. For example, the CCC has required the 50-mgd Carlsbad Project to mitigate GHG impacts to a goal of being “net carbon neutral.” Alternatively, the CCC did not require the 0.6 mgd Sand City desalination plant to provide specific GHG reduction or mitigation.
5.1.4 Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary The Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) was established by the National Marine Sanctuaries Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act to protect valuable marine resources. MBNMS is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The intake portion of the proposed desalination facility would be located within the MBNMS boundaries. The MBNMS would therefore authorize and/or provide a permit for construction activities associated with the intake that have the potential to disturb the seafloor in the sanctuary. MBNMS guidelines for energy use and greenhouse gas emissions issued in May 2010 state that:
“The project proponent should provide estimates of a facility’s projected annual electricity use and the greenhouse gas emissions resulting from that use. Applicants should also identify measures available to reduce electricity use and related emissions (e.g., energy efficient pumps, low resistance pipes, use of sustainable electricity sources, etc.) and to mitigate for all remaining emissions (e.g., purchase of offsets and/or credits that are consistent with the policies and guidelines of the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32), etc.).”
5.2 Projected scwd2 Indirect GHG Emissions This section summarizes the projections for the SCWD IWP and SqCWD IRP water supply energy use and associated indirect GHG emissions. The projections estimate the energy use for the SCWD and SqCWD to supply water to meet their goals through the implementation of
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the IWP and IRP, which includes conservation, curtailment and the operation of the scwd2 Desalination Facility as a supplemental supply.
The projected annual water supply emissions were calculated by multiplying the estimated annual water supply from surface water, groundwater and desalinated water, by the respective energy requirements for each supply. The IWP or IRP overall water supply energy use is then multiplied by an equivalent CO2 (CO2e) emissions factor. The calculations use the 2008 PG&E emission factor of 641.35 lbs CO2e/ MWh.
Based on state regulations and PG&E company goals, it is anticipated that the emission factor will decrease over time as PG&E’s energy portfolio shifts toward increased alternative and renewable energy sources that produce less carbon emissions. However, to be conservative, the calculations have assumed that the emission factor will not change.
The estimated annual indirect GHG emissions for the projected operation of the scwd2 Desalination Facility by the SCWD, during drought year operations, are equivalent to approximately 2,000 metric tons (MT) CO2e.
The estimated annual indirect GHG emissions for the projected operation of the scwd2 Desalination Facility by the SqCWD, during non-drought year operations, are also equivalent to approximately 2,000 metric tons (MT) CO2e.
5.3 Putting Desalination GHG Emissions into Perspective Similar to the energy of the proposed scwd2 Desalination Facility, the indirect (Scope 2) GHG emissions from the project are relatively small to moderate when compared to other GHG emissions in the Santa Cruz area (City Draft CAP, 2010) and current regulatory guidelines. Those GHG emissions levels include:
CARB preliminary draft significance threshold of 7,000 MT CO2e per year.
City of Santa Cruz, 2008 Commercial/Industrial emissions of The estimated annual indirect GHG emissions 93,000 MT CO2e per year. are equivalent to the emissions from City of Santa Cruz, 2008 approximately 400 to 700 typical automobiles. Transportation emissions of 96,000 MT CO2e per year.
City of Santa Cruz, 2008 Residential emissions of 76,000 MT CO2e per year.
The operation of the scwd2 Desalination Facility by either or both SCWD and SqCWD could produce indirect GHG emissions that range from approximately 2,000 MT/yr CO2e in a normal year, to approximately 3,500 MT CO2e in a drought year. These indirect GHG emissions are equivalent to the emissions from approximately 400 to 700 typical automobiles.
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5.4 Investigating Renewable Energy and GHG Reduction Options Even though the indirect GHG emissions from the proposed scwd2 Desalination Facility are relatively small to moderate, the Energy Study will investigate options for renewable energy and GHG mitigation projects to meet the goals of the scwd2 Desalination Program.
scwd2 will be evaluating additional local solar power opportunities similar to this 127kW system on the Graham Hill WTP.
The potential renewable energy and GHG mitigation projects will be evaluated for local benefit, technical maturity and reliability, operational impacts, amount of energy produced/saved or GHG emission reductions, and environmental and community impacts. A technical working group (TWG) has been formed to help evaluate mitigation projects.
The top ranking alternatives could then form the elements of the scwd2 Energy Minimization and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction Plan for the project.
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References
American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE). “Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings: Condensed Online Version.” http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/waterheating.htm. 2007.
California Energy Commission (CEC). “Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs, Energy Efficiency Standards for Televisions.” http://www.energy.ca.gov/appliances/tv_faqs.html updated 3 December 2010.
California Energy Commission (CEC). “Power Plant Fact Sheet.” http://www.energy.ca.gov/sitingcases/FACTSHEET_SUMMARY.PDF updated 7 January 2011.
California Energy Commission. U.S. Per Capita Electricy Use By State in 2009. http://www.energyalmanac.ca.gov/electricity/us_per_capita_electricity.html
California Coastal Commission. Seawater Desalination and the California Coastal Act. March 2004.
City of Santa Cruz. Draft Climate Action Plan. September 2010.
Crisp, Gary. “Perth provides world desalination sustainability model.” Desalination and Water Reuse, Volume 19/No. 3. November/December 2009.
Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption and Expenditure Tables. Table C14A. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/detailed_tables_2 003.html#consumexpen03
Energy Information Administration. 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Household Consumption and Expenditure Tables. Table US14. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2005/c&e/detailed_tables2005c&e.html
Energy Information Administration. Dollars Saved per Household for a 1° F Lower Thermostat Setting by Division in the West Census Region, 1997. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumptionbriefs/recs/thermostat_settings/table4.pdf
Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary and National Marine Fisheries Service (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Guidelines for Seawater Desalination in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. May 2010.
Pacific Gas and Electric Company. “PG&E 2009 Projected Power Mix.” November 2009 Bill Insert.http://www.pge.com/myhome/myaccount/explanationofbill/billinserts/previous/2009 /november.shtml
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U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE). “Estimating Appliance and Home Electronic Energy Use.” http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/appliances/index.cfm/mytopic=10040. 24 March 2009.
Siemens, Vossloh Euro Series Locomotive Engines, http://www.railcolor.net/index.php?nav=1405862&lang=1
Water Desalination Report (WDR), “Energy Priorities.” Volume 44, Issue no. 20. 2 June 2008.
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Appendix A: Units, Conversion Factors, and Calculations
A.1 Units Power: watts (W), kilowatts (kW)
. Energy: watt-hours (W h), British thermal units (Btu)
Water volume: gallons (gal), kilogallons (kgal), million gallons (MG)
Water flowrate: gallons per day (gpd), million gallons per day (MGD)
A.2 Conversion Factors
. Energy (W h) = Power (W) x Time (h)
1 kW = 1,000 W 1 MW = 1,000 kW = 1 million W 1 GW = 1,000 MW = 1 million kW = 1 billion W
. . 1 kWh = 1,000 W h 1 MWh = 1,000 kWh = 1 million W h 1 GWh = 1,000 MWh = 1 million kWh
1 kWh = 3412.3 Btu
A.3 Calculations Section 2.2
DATA CENTER
Proposed Microsoft data center power capacity = 198 MW (WDR, 2008)
Annual energy = 198 MW x 24 hours/day x 365 days/year = 1,734,480 MWh per year
Santa Cruz, Cruzio Data Center data center power requirements = 52.5 MWh per year per rack (Cruzio Center Staff, 2011)
Annual energy use = 52.5 MWh/yr per rack x 30 racks = 1,576.8 MWh per year
Energy Demand = 1,576.8 MWh per year / 365 days / 24 hrs = 0.18 MW
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REFRIGERATION
Annual energy per household for refrigeration in California = 3,700,000 Btu = 1,084 kWh (EIA, 2005)
Total annual household energy use in California = 67,100,000 Btu = 19,664 kWh
1,084 kWh / 19,664 kWh = 5.5% household energy spent on refrigeration
1,084 kWh/household x 50,000 households = 54,200,000 kWh/yr = 54,200 MWh/yr
54,200 MWh/yr / 365d/yr / 24h/d = 6.2 MW
TELEVISION
TV annual energy use in California = 8,772 GWh = 8,772,000,000 kWh (CEC, 2009)
Approximate households in California = 12,100,000
8,772,000,000 kWh / 12,100,000 households = 725 kWh/household annually
725 kWh/household x 50,000 households = 36,250,000 kWh/yr = 36,250 MWh/yr
36,250 MWh/yr / 365d/yr / 24h/d = 4.1 MW
Section 2.3
SCWD
Average energy use per year = 5,504,600 kWh/yr = 5,504 MWh/yr
Average water production per year = 3,992 MG/yr = 3,992,000 kgal/yr
5,504,600 kWh/yr / 3,992,000 kgal/yr = 1.4 kWh/kgal
Average residential water use = 75 gallons/person/day
2.2 people/household (SCWD General Plan)
1.4 kWh/kgal / 1000 gal/1 kgal x 75 gal/person/day = 0.10 kWh/person/day
0.10 kWh/person/day x 365 days/year x 2.2 people/household = 83 kWh/household/year
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SqCWD
Estimated annual energy use (2001 – 2005) = 3,765,534 kWh/yr = 3,766 MWh/yr
Average annual water production (2001 – 2005) = 1,760 MG/yr = 1,760,000 kgal/yr
3,765,534 kWh/yr / 1,760,000 kgal/yr = 2.1 kWh/kgal
Average residential water use = 75 gallons/person/day
2.2 people/household (AMBAG)
2.1 kWh/kgal / 1000 gal/1 kgal x 75 gal/person/day = 0.16 kWh/person/day
0.16 kWh/person/day x 365 days/year x 2.2 people/household = 129 kWh/household/year
Section 2.4
Typical California Residential Annual Energy Consumption by End Use Water Heating Other Appliances & Lighting Heating AC Refrigeration Total million Btu 23.3 19.7 15.7 4.7 3.7 67.1 kWh 6,828 5,773 4,601 1,377 1,084 19,664 % 35% 29% 23% 7% 6% 100% Source: EIA, 2005
Section 3.2
Mid Capacity operation = 1.25 MG/day x 365 days/yr x 15 kWh/kgal = 6,844 MWh/yr
Capacity = 6,844 MWh/yr x 1 year/8760 hours = 0.8 MW
Full operation = 2.5 MG/day x 365 days/yr x 15 kWh/kgal = 13,688 MWh/yr
Capacity = 13,688 MWh/yr x 1 year/8760 hours = 1.6 MW
Section 4.1
Mid Capacity operation = 6,844 MWh/yr
HOSPITAL (EIA, 2003)
6,844 MWh/yr / 6,628 MWh/yr = 103%
HOUSEHOLD
6,844,000 kWh/yr / 18,469 kWh/household in SCWD = 371 households
REFRIGERATION
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6,844,000 kWh/yr / 1,084 kWh/household = 6,314 households / 50,000 households in Santa Cruz = 13%
TELEVISION
6,844,000 kWh/yr / 725 kWh/household = 9,440 households / 50,000 households in Santa Cruz = 19%
Section 4.2
SCWD 75 gal/person/day x (88% x 1.4 kWh/kgal + 12% x 15 kWh/kgal) x 1kgal/1000 gal = 0.23 kWh/person/day
0.23 kWh/person/day x 365 d/yr x 2.2 people/household = 183 kWh/yr per household
Water Other Appliances & Water Supply Space Heating Refrigeration Total Heating Lighting with Desal kWh 6,828 5,773 4,601 1,084 183 18,469 % 37% 31% 25% 6% 1% 100%
SqCWD 75 gal/person/day x (61% x 2.1 kWh/kgal + 39% x 15 kWh/kgal) x 1kgal/1000 gal = 0.53 kWh/person/day
0.53 kWh/person/day x 365 d/yr x 2.2 people/household = 429 kWh/yr per household
Water Other Appliances Water Supply Space Heating Refrigeration Total Heating & Lighting with Desal kWh 6,828 5,773 4,601 1,084 429 18,715 % 36% 31% 25% 6% 2.3% 100%
Section 4.3
SCWD
LIGHTBULB
35 W x 8 hours/day x 365 days/yr = 110 kWh/yr
THERMOSTAT
Lowering thermostat by 1 oF during winter months saves 227 kWh/yr (EIA, 1997)
100 kWh/yr x 1 oF / 227 kWh/yr = 0.4 oF
COMPUTER USE
Average computer + monitor wattage = 270 W (US DOE, 2009)
270 W x 1 hours/day turned off x 365 days/year = 99 kWh/year saved
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WASHING MACHINE USE
Average washing machine load (warm wash/cold rinse) = 2 kWh/load (US DOE, 2009)
2 kWh/load x 50 loads/yr = 100 kWh/year
SqCWD
LIGHTBULB
35W x 24 hours/day x 365 days/yr = 307 kWh/yr
THERMOSTAT
Lowering thermostat by 1 oF during winter months saves 227 kWh/yr (EIA, 1997)
300 kWh/yr x 1.1 oF / 227 kWh/yr = 1.3 oF
COMPUTER USE
Average computer + monitor wattage = 270 W (US DOE, 2009)
270 x 3 hours/day turned off x 365 days/year = 296 kWh/year saved
WASHING MACHINE USE
Average washing machine load (warm wash/cold rinse) = 2 kWh/load (US DOE, 2009)
2 kWh/load x 150 loads/yr = 300 kWh/year
Section 5.3
AUTOMOBILE
Typical automobile produces 5 MT of CO2e per year (US DOE, 2009)
2,000 MT/yr / 5 MT/yr per car = 400 cars
3,500 MT/yr / 5 MT/yr per car = 700 cars
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Desal: Energy Use & Climate Impacts Informational Handout • December 2011
Energy Required Energy Use in Our Community for Desalination with Desalination
2 In April 2011, scwd released a white Current Drinking paper that describes the energy required Water: Treatment Mid-size Hospital and Distribution 6,600 MWh/year to produce current water supplies for the SqCWD 2,800 MWh/year City of Santa Cruz (SCWD) and Soquel SCWD 4,400 MWh/year Creek Water District (SqCWD) as well as the energy required to produce desalinated water. To provide context Amusement Park Wastewater Treatment and perspective, it describes other energy 1,500 MWh/year 12,000 MWh/year requirements for typical households in the Santa Cruz/Soquel area.
Desalination requires 7 to 10 times more Supplemental Water energy than traditional water treatment Indoor Mid-size Mall Supply: Desalination methods to produce drinking water, but 6,200 MWh/year 6,800 MWh/year Typical use by SCWD during drought the energy used to produce a typical conditions or by SqCWD during non- household’s water would only increase drought conditions approximately 2 to 3 times because SqCWD = Soquel Creek Water District SCWD = Santa Cruz Water Department MWh = megawatt hour desalinated water will be contributing a small portion of the total water supply The graphic above compares various energy uses in the community, including the energy used to treat and supplement existing supplies. and distribute water currently and the energy for a supplemental supply provided by desalination. For source and calculation information, visit www.scwd2desal.org/Page-Energy-Calcs.php During a typical year, the proposed desalination facility would require City would utilize the plant at 2.5 mgd in Water supply energy isn’t typically con- approximately 6,800 MWh per year to the summertime during drought years and sidered in household energy consumption operate. It is important to note that under SqCWD would utilize the plant at lesser because that energy is associated with a the conceptual operational scenarios, the capacity (~1.25 mgd) at all other times. continued on page 2
Energy Study Analyzes Greenhouse What is the scwd2 Gas Reduction and Alternatives Regional Seawater Desalination Project? As part of the ongoing review of the and a list of potential projects to offset proposed Regional Seawater Desalination the energy demands and reduce GHGs is The City of Santa Cruz and Soquel Project, the energy requirements and being developed. Creek Water District are collaborat- greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) of ing to conserve, protect, and create a An Energy Minimization and desalination are being thoroughly studied reliable water supply portfolio. Greenhouse Gas Reduction Study Together, as scwd2, they are evaluat- (Energy Study) is currently under way ing a 2.5 million gallon per day that will evaluate the most advanced and (mgd) seawater desalination facility energy efficient technologies and their that would be shared to help meet incorporation into the project. The study water needs during drought periods, will also evaluate alternative projects and reduce groundwater withdrawals to programs to offset the project’s energy prevent seawater intrusion, and requirements and thereby reduce GHGs. provide system flexibility when Solar panels at the City of Santa Cruz Graham Hill Water Treatment Plant. continued on page 4 continued on page 4 Calculating Carbon Emissions from Desal’s Energy Use
The desalination process does not directly emit greenhouse gases (GHGs) How much energy does it take...? in the way that a power plant does. The emissions are attributed to the power that is purchased — similar to the way emis- sions are attributed to electricity used in a One Glass One Minute on home or business. Based on the amount of Water Laptop Computer 0.3 Wh 0.8 Wh of energy used by the proposed project, the GHGs are calculated using PG&E’s Emissions Factor.
Electricity on the California power grid One Cup Two Pieces of Coee of Toast comes from many different sources, 88 Wh 92 Wh including both fossil-fuel based and renewable energy sources. PG&E supplies electricity for the power grid in the Santa Cruz area. This energy emits a varying Dry Your Hair One Glass of Water with amount of greenhouse gases for every 128 Wh Supplemental Desalination kilowatt-hour produced, depending on 0.7 Wh the mix of renewable and non-renewable (fossil-fuel) energy sources. Wh = watts per hour scwd2 calculated the proposed project’s GHG footprint using PG&E’s most The graphic above compares energy requirements for everyday activities, including the energy recent emission factors. Based on state used to treat and distribute a glass of water currently and with a supplemental supply provided by desalination. For source and calculation information, visit www.scwd2desal.org/Page- regulations, it is anticipated that the Energy-Calcs.php emission factor will decrease over time as PG&E’s energy portfolio shifts toward increased alternative and renewable SCWD are equivalent to approximately *Assumes SCWD operates the project during 1,100-2,000 metric tons (MT) CO2e/yr*. summer months of a drought year and SqCWD energy sources that produce less carbon operates the project at a lesser amount at all emissions to meet AB32. The estimated annual indirect GHG emissions for the projected operation of other times. The estimated annual indirect GHG the scwd2 Desalination Facility by emissions for the assumed operation SqCWD are equivalent to approximately of the scwd2 Desalination Facility by 900-1,600 MT CO2e/yr*.
“Energy Required for Desalination” continued from distribute. Compared to the typical approximately 0.5 percent of a house- page 1... residential energy use in the Santa Cruz hold’s energy requirements. For the area, current water supply is a relatively SqCWD, which currently relies solely on water utility’s infrastructure, not a house- small energy user — less than 1 percent groundwater, the household energy hold’s. But water used by a household of a household’s energy total. equivalent is approximately 0.7 percent. requires energy to collect, treat and This paper describes the additional ener- F o r gy that would be required to produce a SCWD, " ! " supplemental water supply using desali- the energy nation and how it would increase energy Lighting and other required usage in a typical household. For SCWD, Appliances for water the percentage of energy to produce water p r o d u c - would double to about 1 percent of a t i o n household’s energy usage, while for Water Heating ( w h i c h SqCWD it would increase to 2.3 percent. Heating i n c l u d e s s u r f a c e To view the Energy White Paper, water and Perspectives on Water Supply Energy Use g r o u n d - on the project website, visit: Refrigeration " w a t e r ) http://www.scwd2desal.org/Page- makes up Documents_FactSheets.php
2 Energy Study Evaluates New Technologies, Renewable Sources
Energy is one of the key issues in the 2 evaluation of the proposed scwd2 How scwd is Addressing and Minimizing Desalination Project. scwd2 is committed Energy Use and Reducing Climate Impacts to thoroughly studying the potential energy use and indirect greenhouse gas Step 1: Commissioned Energy Study emissions of the project and is conducting 1. Formed Technical Working Group (TWG) to advise Energy Analysis & Study an Energy Minimization and Greenhouse 2. Assessed current and projected energy use Gas Reduction Study (Energy Study) to 3. Calculated indirect GHGs from purchased energy evaluate the most advanced and energy efficient technologies and their incorpo- ration into the proposed project. The study also includes identifying renewable Step 2: Components of Energy Study energy/GHG reduction projects that 1. Methods to 2. Understand Greenhouse 3. Develop List of Energy/ could offset the power requirements and Minimize Energy Gas Reduction Goals GHG Reduction Projects reduce the carbon footprint of the Requirements at proposed project. Environmental Review/ the Desal Facility TWG Reviewed 40+ Projects: CEQA Process Identifies • Water & Energy Efficiency A Technical Working Group, including • Advanced RO Threshold of Significance • Other Renewable Energy local professionals, experts and practi- Membranes • GHG Offset tioners in the water and energy fields, is Operating at Additional goals to consider: providing guidance and input on the Lower Pressure Created detailed assessment • Assembly Bill 32 of 16 projects (including cost, Energy Study. The group developed a • Energy Efficient • City Climate Action Plan local benefits, reliability, etc.) list of nearly 50 potential Energy/GHG Pumps • Energy Recovery • No Increase Developed list of 11 recom- reduction projects and methods, narrow- Devices (Net Carbon Neutral) ing it down to 11 potential projects. • Carbon Free mended projects to be used to reduce Energy/GHGs In addition to its evaluation under CEQA, the Energy Study will further evaluate GHGs with respect to a number of other potential goals: Next Steps Assembly Bill 32 (AB32): Reduce total 1. Complete the scwd2 Energy Study and incorporate GHG emissions for treating and deliver- into the environmental review process ing water to 1990 levels. 2. Should the project be approved, implement the Energy Study and its related projects No Increase (Net Carbon Neutral): A programmatic approach to evaluate energy impacts of the proposed project. Carbon Free: A project-only approach Santa Cruz has identified a GHG reduc- Considers the fact that desalinated water to evaluate energy impacts. Considers tion goal of 30 percent below the AB32 is supplemental to existing sources and just the proposed project when assessing goal for water-related emissions. replaces others. There is no increase in energy and GHG implications and that energy/GHGs based on the net differ- all the energy/GHGs would be offset. County Climate Action Strategy: The ence of existing and proposed water County of Santa Cruz is in the process supplies. City’s Climate Action Plan: City of of developing programs and goals for reducing GHG emissions.
Comparing the Project’s Expected GHGs with Other GHG Emissions in the Santa Cruz area
City of Santa Cruz, 2008 Commercial/Industrial emissions: 93,000 MT CO2e per year.*
City of Santa Cruz, 2008 Transportation emissions: 96,000 MT CO2e per year.*
City of Santa Cruz, 2008 Residential emissions: 76,000 MT CO2e per year.*
scwd2 Desalination Facility by SCWD during drought conditions: ~1,100-2,000 MT CO2e
scwd2 Desalination Facility by SqCWD during non-drought conditions: ~900-1,600 MT CO2e
2,000 metric tons CO2e is equivalent to the emissions from approximately 400 typical automobiles travelling 12,000 miles a year. *City of Santa Cruz Draft Climate Action Plan, 2010 3 “Energy Study” continued from page 1... Technical Working Group Recommends The City of Santa Cruz and the Soquel Creek Water District, in collaboration as 11 Projects to Offset Energy/GHGs scwd2, are committed to a thorough analysis of the energy needs of the pro- The Technical Working Group (TWG) posed project and will utilize the Energy reviewed nearly 50 potential projects that Study to inform the Environmental included the categories of Energy Impact Report (EIR). Once the EIR is Efficiency (such as programs to accelerate certified, the Energy Study would be used retrofits of efficient washing machines, as a guide to establishing GHG reduction pumps and motors), Renewable Energy goals and selecting projects to offset the (such as solar photovoltaics, wind, and energy requirements. hydropower), and GHG Reduction (such as fleet vehicles and GHG offsets). The analyses in the Energy Study will be part of the Draft EIR, which is anticipat- The TWG was asked to: ed to be complete in early 2012. This study includes a portfolio of GHG reduc- • Consider which projects make the tion projects that could be used to meet most sense for the scwd2 Desalin- the GHG Reduction Goal and reduce ation Program and the Santa Cruz the carbon footprint of the project. and Soquel communities • Consider projects that offset GHGs “What is...” continued from page 1... and can be verified by an independent reductions in the use of surface water agency The Technical Working group evaluated 48 potential projects, including high-efficiency are required to maintain adequate stream • Select projects for the next step of washing machines and wind power. flows to protect endangered species. detailed project evaluation The project is currently in the evalua- From the initial list of projects identified nation project. The list includes a diverse, tion phase. The Draft Environmental by the TWG, 11 were recommended to feasible and flexible group of projects Impact Report is scheduled to be create the portfolio of Energy/GHG capable of meeting the current set of released in early 2012. For additional reduction projects that could be used to GHG reduction goals. These projects information, visit these websites: reduce the carbon footprint of the desali- include: scwd2 Regional Seawater Desalination Estimated Annual GHG Project: www.scwd2desal.org Water and Energy Efficiency Projects Reduction Potential Proposed Project Schedule: High-efficiency washing machine rebates (accelerated program) 453 MT CO2e/yr www.scwd2desal.org/Page-schedule.php Commercial and residential solar rebates 246 MT CO2e/yr Implement advanced mixing technologies at SCWWTP* 266 MT CO e/yr Energy & Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 2 Implement additional energy savings at SCWWTP* 329 MT CO e/yr www.scwd2desal.org/Page-Energy.php 2 Improve pump and motor efficiency (accelerated program) 29 MT CO2e/yr Glossary of Terms Renewable Energy Projects Program to convert food waste to energy at SCWWTP* 810 MT CO2e/yr Power: measurement of electricity, Invest in renewable energy projects instead of purchasing usually in Watts (W), kilowatts (KW or power from PG&E Variable (as required) 1000W) or megawatts (MW or 1,000,000W) Install local solar projects 750 MT CO2e/yr Energy: measurement of power over Install micro-hydropower turbine at Graham Hill Water Treatment Plant 76 MT CO2e/yr time, usually watt-hours (Wh) or kWh GHG Reduction Projects (1000Wh) or MWh (1,000 KWh) Use recovered CO2 from local sources for desal process 70 MT CO2e/yr GHGs: Greenhouse Gas Emissions. For Purchase certified GHG offsets Variable (as required) desal project, this is primarily from indi- rect emissions from PG&E. Measured in *SCWWTP = Santa Cruz Wastewater Treatment Plant MT C0 e/yr = equivalent of a metric ton per year of carbon dioxide emissions Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide equiva- 2 For more information on these projects, visit: http://www.scwd2desal.org/Page-Energy-Project.php lent per year (MTCO2e/yr)
For More Information, Contact: More information is available at: Melanie Mow Schumacher www.scwd2desal.org Public Outreach Coordinator Soquel Creek Water District Esta información está disponible en español. 5180 Soquel Drive, Soquel, CA 95073 Por favor llame al (831) 475-8500. (831) 475-8501 ext. 153 City of Santa Cruz & Soquel Creek Water District [email protected] printed on recycled paper 4 Seawater Desalination – Energy Use & Climate Impacts scwd2 Program Community Meeting December 8, 2011
1 Community Meetings to Date Include:
Completion and Findings of the scwd2 Pilot Plant- April & September 2009 Water Conservation – May 2010 History of Water Planning for the City of SC and Soquel Creek Water District – July 2010 Recycled Water: Opportunities and Limitations – September 2010 Marine Issues related to Desalination and the Environmental Review Process – November 2010
Meeting Materials are available on project website: www.scwd2desal.org
2 Energy Community Meeting Focus
Supplemental Supply: Background and Explanation
Energy in our Community
Desalination Energy Frequently Asked Questions
Summary and Next Steps
Panel Question and Answer Period
3 Supplemental Supply and Desalination Project Evaluation
4 Our Primary Goals Regarding Water Supply:
Safe Adequate Reliable
The Challenge Every Water Utility Faces: How to best balance available water supplies with the needs/demands of utility customers, now and into the future.
5 California Water Challenges
Drought Population growth Aging infrastructure Endangered species/environmental needs Unsustainable groundwater over-pumping Climate change All these factors affect reliability, “sustainability” Our Water Supply Issues
7 Finding a Community-Based and Regional Solution
8 Our Water Plan
9 Conceptual 2.5 MGD Desalination Facility
Potential Facility: Located within the Industrial Area of SC
* Shared Use *Shared Costs 10
Frequently Asked Questions to be Addressed Tonight
Who is working on the energy evaluation? How much electricity would the desalination project use? What is the carbon footprint of the project? What level of GHG reduction is required? Who decides? What projects can be used to reduce the carbon footprint to acceptable levels? What are the next steps? Energy and Our Community
13 14 Energy Use in Our Homes
<1%
Less than 1% of typical Santa Cruz area household energy is used to treat & deliver water to your home. 15 Frequently Asked Questions to be Addressed Tonight
Who is working on the energy evaluation? How much electricity would the desalination project use? What is the carbon footprint of the project? What level of GHG reduction is required? Who decides? What projects can be used to reduce the carbon footprint to acceptable levels? What are the next steps? Energy Study Technical Working Group: A Collaborative Approach
Formation of a Energy Technical Working Group to provide diverse perspectives, informed and robust input.
17 Who was asked to participate and why?
Diverse positions on desalination. Diverse positions on project selection methodology. Experts in aspects of desalination, climate and energy policy:
– Water-energy nexus
– GHG mitigation
– Project selection and feasibility
– Economics of carbon reduction
– Desalination water policy
18 Energy Technical Working and Workshop Participants
TWG Member or Title or Expertise Affiliation Workshop Participant James Barsimantov, PhD Principal; Lecturer EcoShift Consulting; UCSC Environmental Studies Dept. Shahid Chaudhry Water-Energy Efficiency California Energy Commission Program Mgr. Ross Clark Climate Action Coordinator; City of Santa Cruz; County of SC, Vice Chair Commission on the Environment
Brent Haddad, PhD Founder and Director; UCSC Center for Integrated Water Professor Research; UCSC Environmental Studies Dept. Dan Haifley Chairperson County of SC, Commission on the Environment Lon House, PhD Founder; Co-Director of Water and Energy Consulting; UC Hydropower Collaborative Davis Energy Institute Paul Brown Community Member Joe Jordan Director; Board Member Sky Power Institute; Ecology Action Kirsten Liske Vice President Ecology Action Rick Meyer Founder Home Energy Savings Analysts Technical Working Group’s Goals and Objectives
Review and provide feedback on approach Evaluate energy projections and potential GHG reduction goals Help identify, assess and endorse a group of projects for GHG reduction.
20 Frequently Asked Questions to be Addressed Tonight
Who is working on the energy evaluation? How much electricity would the desalination project use? What is the carbon footprint of the project? What level of GHG reduction is required? Who decides? What projects can be used to reduce the carbon footprint to acceptable levels? What are the next steps? Our Current Water Supplies Require Energy
Pumping to lift and treat surface water Pumping to lift water from underground to the surface Pumping to provide potable water pressure
SCWD Graham Hill Surface WTP SqCWD Groundwater Pumps
1.4 kWh / thousand gallons 2.1 kWh / thousand gallons
22 Different Water Supplies Require Varying Amounts of Energy
Importation of water from State Water Project requires more energy than typical local supplies.
up to 10.5 kWh / thousand gallons 23 Energy Use of Proposed High-Efficiency Design Desalination Facility
Intake 1 kWh / thousand gallons Pretreatment Filtration 2 kWh / thousand gallons SWRO Desalination 10 kWh / thousand gallons Post Treatment & Pumping 2 kWh / thousand gallons Total Energy 15 kWh / thousand gallons 24
Advanced Design Reduces SWRO Energy Use
New membrane materials operate at lower pressures Energy recovery utilizes brine pressure High Efficiency pumps and motors The energy used by the scwd2 desal plant depends on how much water is produced.
Conceptual Range of Energy Requirements
Operating Typical Use Full Capacity Condition City: during drought conditions District: during non-drought conditions
Average Flow 1.25 MGD (year round) 2.5 (Mgal/day) or 2.5 MGD (summer/drought) Flow 465 930 (Mgal/yr) Electrical 0.8 1.6 Demand (MW) Energy 6,800 13,700 (MWh/yr)
26 27 Energy Use in Our Homes with Supplemental Desalination Supply
<2.3%
With supplemental desal supply, the energy to treat & deliver water to your home is still a small percentage of the typical household energy use. 28 29 Frequently Asked Questions to be Addressed Tonight
Who is working on the energy evaluation? How much electricity would the desalination project use? What is the carbon footprint of the project? What level of GHG reduction is required? Who decides? What projects can be used to reduce the carbon footprint to acceptable levels? What are the next steps? All Electricity (Grid Power) Users Have a Carbon Footprint Calculating GHGs: PG&E’s Historical Carbon Emission Factors
PG&E Energy produces varying amounts of CO2 for every MWh of electricity use: Future emission factors are projected to decrease to ~290 lbs per MWh to meet AB32. The GHG produced by the scwd2 desal project will depend on how much water is produced and the PG&E Emissions Factor. Conceptual Range of Energy and GHGs Operating Typical Use Full Capacity Condition City: during drought conditions District: during non-drought conditions Average Flow 1.25 MGD (year round) 2.5 (Mgal/day) or 2.5 MGD (summer/drought) Flow 465 930 (Mgal/yr) Electrical Demand 0.8 1.6 (MW) Energy 6,800 13,700 (MWh/yr) GHG 1,970 to 900 3,950 to 1,800
(MT CO2/yr)
GHG range from current drought year EF to projected EF to meet AB32 33 Frequently Asked Questions to be Addressed Tonight
Who is working on the energy evaluation? How much electricity would the desalination project use? What is the carbon footprint of the project? What level of GHG reduction is required? Who decides? What projects can be used to reduce the carbon footprint to acceptable levels? What are the next steps? Required Greenhouse Gas Analysis
The CEQA process requires an evaluation of the energy and greenhouse gas impact of the project.
35 Resource Agencies Could Negotiate Additional GHG Reductions in Permitting Process
Some projects have set GHG reduction goals based on AB 32, or to have “No Increase” in GHGs
36 GHG Reductions could be Community-Based Goals
“Carbon Free” Goal
City and/or County Draft Climate Action Plans
37 In addition to the CEQA Threshold, Potential GHG reduction goals could include:
38 Frequently Asked Questions to be Addressed Tonight
Who is working on the energy evaluation? How much electricity would the desalination project use? What is the carbon footprint of the project? What level of GHG reduction is required? Who decides? What projects can be used to reduce the carbon footprint to acceptable levels? What are the next steps? Typical Energy and GHG Reduction Projects
Energy Efficiency – High Efficiency Rebates – Treatment Plants – Pumps & Motors Renewables – Solar PV – Wind – Hydro Solar Power at Carbon Reduction Projects SCWD Graham Hill WTP – Fleet Vehicles – Offsets
Identification of GHG Reduction Projects Look for energy efficiency, renewable power generation and GHG reduction project opportunities: • In the boundary of the desal project • In the agency’s infrastructure • In the community • In region & beyond
41 Each Project Should be:
Additional Quantifiable Verifiable Permanent But also: Cost Effective Technically Mature Reliable Reflective of Community Values
42 Multi-step process to evaluate and select GHG projects Initial TWG Workshop
48 TWG and staff identified 48 potential projects All day workshop to discuss and narrow down projects TWG narrowed down to 16 more favorable projects for detailed assessment. Detailed Project Assessments
Outlined and quantified specific project components: Assessment 16 – Cost – Reliability – Etc. Ranking 2nd TWG Workshop TWG narrowed down to 11 recommended Shortlist 11 projects. 43 TWG Identified Energy Efficiency Projects
Pump Efficiency Improvement Solar Water Heater Rebates
High-Efficiency Washing Machine Rebates
Improved Digester Mixing at WWTP 44 TWG Identified Renewable Energy Projects
Local Solar PV Micro-hydro at Graham Hill WTP
New, Non-Local Renewable Energy Food Waste to Energy 45 11 Projects were selected to provide menu of options for GHG Reduction
Annual GHG Project Title Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Water and Energy Efficiency Projects High efficiency washing machine rebates (accelerated program) 453 Commercial and Residential Solar Rebates 246 Implement advanced mixing technologies at SCWWTP 266 Implement additional energy savings at SCWWTP 329 Improve pump & motor efficiency (accelerated program) 29 Renewable Energy Projects Program to convert food waste to energy at SCWWTP 810 Invest in renewable energy projects instead of purchasing power Variable (as required) from PG&E Install local solar projects 750 Install micro-hydropower turbine at Graham Hill WTP 76 GHG Reduction Projects
Use Recovered CO2 from local sources for desal process 70 Purchase certified GHG GHG Offsets Variable (as required) Diverse, feasible and flexible group of projects capable of meeting all potential GHG reduction goals and objectives.
46 Frequently Asked Questions to be Addressed Tonight
Who is working on the energy evaluation? How much electricity would the desalination project use? What is the carbon footprint of the project? What level of GHG reduction is required? Who decides? What projects can be used to reduce the carbon footprint to acceptable levels? What are the next steps? How do we use the Energy Study moving forward?
Addresses Regulatory Requirements
Purpose Identify Addresses Feasible and of the Community Reliable Energy Issues Projects Study
Addresses Policy Considerations When do we select and implement GHG reduction projects?
Policy Energy/GHG Considerations Reduction •Proven Project Technology •Cost •Local Benefit
After EIR is certified. After desalination project is approved.
Reduction Goal that can be achieved
Cost In Summary:
All water supplies requires energy. scwd2 recognizes that the energy use of the desalination project is an important consideration. However, the impact of desalination as a supplemental supply is manageable. scwd2 has a plan to address the energy use and carbon footprint of the project. A technical working group has participated in the entire study and planning process.
50 How to stay informed about the project
Handouts are available at back table
E-mail Updates – sign up to receive monthly email notices and project updates
For more info contact: Desalination Program Coordinator at (831) 420-5214
Visit our website: www.scwd2desal.org
51 Panel Q&A
Water Supply, Energy, and GHG Reduction
52